151
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Inhibition of androgen/AR signaling inhibits diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced tumour initiation and remodels liver immune cell networks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3646. [PMID: 33574348 PMCID: PMC7878907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A promotional role for androgen receptor (AR) signaling in hepatocellular carcinogenesis is emerging. In pre-clinical models, including diethylnitrosamine- (DEN-) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), anti-androgen therapies delay hepatocarcinogenesis. However, pharmacologic anti-androgen therapy in advanced HCC patients fails, suggesting that AR plays a role in HCC onset. This study aims to characterize AR expression and function throughout DEN-induced liver inflammation and carcinogenesis and evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic AR antagonism to prevent hepatocarcinogenesis. We demonstrate that pharmacologic AR antagonism with enzalutamide inhibits hepatocellular carcinogenesis. With enzalutamide treatment, we observe decreased CYP2E1 expression, reducing DEN-induced hepatocyte death and DNA ethyl-adducts. AR protein expression analyses show that DEN causes an initial upregulation of AR in portal fibroblasts and leukocytes, but not hepatocytes, suggesting that hepatocyte-autonomous AR signaling is not essential for DEN-induced carcinogenesis. Ablating androgen signaling by surgical castration reduced pre-carcinogen Kupffer cell populations but did not alter DEN-mediated immune cell recruitment nor AR expression. In this study, we identified that anti-androgen interventions modulate mutagenic DNA adducts, tumour initiation, and immune cell composition. Additionally, we find that AR expression in hepatocytes is not present during nor required for early DEN-mediated carcinogenesis.
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152
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Hastings KL, Green MD, Gao B, Ganey PE, Roth RA, Burleson GR. Beyond Metabolism: Role of the Immune System in Hepatic Toxicity. Int J Toxicol 2021; 39:151-164. [PMID: 32174281 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819898399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver is primarily thought of as a metabolic organ; however, the liver is also an important mediator of immunological functions. Key perspectives on this emerging topic were presented in a symposium at the 2018 annual meeting of the American College of Toxicology entitled "Beyond metabolism: Role of the immune system in hepatic toxicity." Viral hepatitis is an important disease of the liver for which insufficient preventive vaccines exist. Host immune responses inadequately clear these viruses and often potentiate immunological inflammation that damages the liver. In addition, the liver is a key innate immune organ against bacterial infection. Hepatocytes and immune cells cooperatively control systemic and local bacterial infections. Conversely, bacterial infection can activate multiple types of immune cells and pathways to cause hepatocyte damage and liver injury. Finally, the immune system and specifically cytokines and drugs can interact in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. This rare disease can result in a disease spectrum that ranges from mild to acute liver failure. The immune system plays a role in this disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gary R Burleson
- BRT-Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, NC, USA
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153
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Hogg C, Panir K, Dhami P, Rosser M, Mack M, Soong D, Pollard JW, Jenkins SJ, Horne AW, Greaves E. Macrophages inhibit and enhance endometriosis depending on their origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2013776118. [PMID: 33536334 PMCID: PMC8017702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013776118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are intimately involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue (lesions) outside the uterus. By combining genetic and pharmacological monocyte and macrophage depletion strategies we determined the ontogeny and function of macrophages in a mouse model of induced endometriosis. We demonstrate that lesion-resident macrophages are derived from eutopic endometrial tissue, infiltrating large peritoneal macrophages (LpM) and monocytes. Furthermore, we found endometriosis to trigger continuous recruitment of monocytes and expansion of CCR2+ LpM. Depletion of eutopic endometrial macrophages results in smaller endometriosis lesions, whereas constitutive inhibition of monocyte recruitment significantly reduces peritoneal macrophage populations and increases the number of lesions. Reprogramming the ontogeny of peritoneal macrophages such that embryo-derived LpM are replaced by monocyte-derived LpM decreases the number of lesions that develop. We propose a putative model whereby endometrial macrophages are "proendometriosis" while newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages, possibly in LpM form, are "antiendometriosis." These observations highlight the importance of monocyte-derived macrophages in limiting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Hogg
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kavita Panir
- Centre for Early Life, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Priya Dhami
- Centre for Early Life, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Rosser
- Centre for Early Life, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Soong
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Jenkins
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Horne
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Greaves
- Centre for Early Life, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX Coventry, United Kingdom;
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154
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Xie M, Chia RH, Li D, Teo FX, Krueger C, Sabapathy K. Functional interaction between macrophages and hepatocytes dictate the outcome of liver fibrosis. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/4/e202000803. [PMID: 33514653 PMCID: PMC7893818 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes and liver-resident macrophages known as Kupffer cells (KCs) are key cell types involved in liver fibrosis. The transcription factor c-Jun plays a fundamental role in regulating hepatocyte and macrophage functions. We have examined c-Jun's role in the functional interaction of these cells during liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride. While hepatocyte-specific c-jun deletion led to increased fibrosis, the opposite outcome was observed when c-jun was deleted in both hepatocytes and KCs. Molecular analyses revealed compromised cytokine gene expression as the apical event related to the phenotype. Yet, purified hepatocytes from both mouse cohorts showed similar defects in cytokine gene expression. However, we noted increased macrophage infiltration in the absence of c-Jun in hepatocytes, which when chemically depleted, reversed the phenotype. Consistently, c-jun deletion in KCs alone also led to reduced fibrosis and cytokine gene expression. By contrast, c-jun deletion in hepatocytes and KCs did not affect the resolution phase after fibrotic injury. These data together demonstrate a pro-fibrogenic role for c-Jun in hepatocytes and KCs that functionally interact to regulate liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ren Hui Chia
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fanny Xueting Teo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Krueger
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kanaga Sabapathy
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore .,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore, Singapore
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155
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Wang H, Zhang CS, Fang BB, Hou J, Li WD, Li ZD, Li L, Bi XJ, Li L, Abulizi A, Shao YM, Lin RY, Wen H. Dual Role of Hepatic Macrophages in the Establishment of the Echinococcus multilocularis Metacestode in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 11:600635. [PMID: 33488594 PMCID: PMC7820908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis larvae, predominantly located in the liver, cause a tumor-like parasitic disease, alveolar echinococcosis (AE), that is characterized by increased infiltration of various immune cells, including macrophages, around the lesion that produces an "immunosuppressive" microenvironment, favoring its persistent infection. However, the role of hepatic macrophages in the host defense against E. multilocularis infection remains poorly defined. Using human liver tissues from patients with AE and a hepatic experimental mouse model of E. multilocularis, we investigated the phenotype and function of hepatic macrophages during the parasite infection. In the present study, we found that a large number of CD68+ macrophages accumulated around the metacestode lesion in the liver of human AE samples and that both S100A9+ proinflammatory (M1 phenotype) and CD163+ anti-inflammatory (M2 phenotype) macrophages were significantly higher in close liver tissue (CLT) than in distant liver tissue (DLT), whereas M2 macrophages represent the dominant macrophage population. Furthermore, E. multilocularis-infected mice exhibited a massive increase in macrophage (F4/80+) infiltration in the liver as early as day 5, and the infiltrated macrophages were mainly monocyte-derived macrophages (CD11bhi F4/80int MoMFs) that preferentially differentiated into the M1 phenotype (iNOS+) at the early stage of E. multilocularis infection and then polarized to anti-inflammatory macrophages of the M2 phenotype (CD206+) at the chronic stage of infection. We further showed that elimination of macrophages by treatment of mice with clodronate-liposomes before E. multilocularis infection impaired worm expulsion and was accompanied by a reduction in liver fibrosis, yielding a high parasite burden. These results suggest that hepatic macrophages may play a dual role in the establishment and development of E. multilocularis metacestodes in which early larvae clearance is promoted by M1 macrophages while persistent metacestode infection is favored by M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Changji, China
| | - Chuan-Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bin-Bin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen-Ding Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhi-De Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Liang Li
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Bi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Liang Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abuduaini Abulizi
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ying-Mei Shao
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ren-Yong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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156
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Liang XY, Hong FF, Yang SL. Astragaloside IV Alleviates Liver Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis to Protect Against Experimental Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:1871-1883. [PMID: 33953586 PMCID: PMC8089473 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s304817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main form of chronic liver disease in the world. Astragaloside IV (ASIV) has been tested in experimental models of different diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and protective mechanism of ASIV on NAFLD. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and palmitate acid (PA)-induced RAW264.7 cells and LO2 cells were used as a NAFLD model. The mice NAFLD model was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE staining), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Liver lipid metabolism was evaluated by triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) kits and oil red O staining. Oxidative stress indicators were examined through biochemical methods. Inflammatory factors were explored through enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA), real-time quantitative PCR and oxidative stress indicator kits. The expression levels of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase) and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) were checked by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI cell apoptosis detection kit. RESULTS Our results showed that in vivo ASIV significantly reduced liver tissue damage, and serum AST, ALT and serum TG levels in NAFLD mice. In vitro, ASIV reduced cell supernatant TG and TC content increased by PA treatment, and significantly decreased the accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets induced by PA treatment. Additionally, ASIV reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and restored glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in PA-treated LO2 cell supernatant. Furthermore, ASIV inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS. We also found that ASIV downregulated the expression of 5-LO and LTB4 (leukotriene B4) in NAFLD mice. Moreover, ASIV restored apoptotic protein (Bax and Bcl-2) expression in PA-treated LO2 cells. CONCLUSION ASIV may reduce liver steatosis, hepatocyte oxidative stress and apoptosis, and decrease liver inflammation, thereby attenuating the progression of NAFLD and thus might be of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yu Liang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen-Fang Hong
- Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People’s Republic of China
- Fen-Fang Hong Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 18970965319 Email
| | - Shu-Long Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shu-Long Yang Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 13576291532 Email
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157
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Su SB, Qin SY, Xian XL, Huang FF, Huang QL, ZhangDi HJ, Jiang HX. Interleukin-22 regulating Kupffer cell polarization through STAT3/Erk/Akt crosstalk pathways to extenuate liver fibrosis. Life Sci 2021; 264:118677. [PMID: 33129875 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin (IL)-22 activates multiple signaling pathways to exert anti-inflammatory effects, but few studies have examined whether and how IL-22 may shift macrophage polarization between M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) states and thereby influence the progression of hepatic fibrosis. MAIN METHODS Utilized CCl4 to induce liver fibrosis in mice, detected the role of IL-22 in inhibiting liver fibrosis by regulating Kupffer cells (KCs) polarization in vivo and in vitro. U937 cells were used to confirm the mechanism of IL-22 regulating macrophage polarization via the STAT3/Erk/Akt pathways. Human liver specimens were collected to verify the correlation between the levels of IL-22 and KCs during liver fibrogenesis. KEY FINDINGS During CCl4-induced liver fibrosis progression in mice, adding exogenous IL-22 significantly inhibited pro-fibrogenic and macrophage phenotype-altering factors secreted by M1-KCs, and it increased the number of M2-KCs. In co-cultures of hepatic stellate cells and KCs from mice treated with IL-22, a high M2/M1-KCs ratio inhibited collagen production and stellate cell activation. These results suggest that IL-22 can increase the ratio of M2-KCs to M1-KCs and thereby attenuate the progression of liver fibrosis. Mechanistic studies in vitro showed that IL-22 promoted polarization of lipopolysaccharide-treated U937 macrophages from M1 to M2. The cytokine exerted these effects by activating the STAT3 pathway while suppressing Erk1/2 and Akt pathways. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining in human liver specimens confirmed that IL-22 levels positively correlated with the number of M2-KCs during liver fibrogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE IL-22 regulates the STAT3/Erk/Akt to increase the M2/M1-KCs ratio and thereby slow liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Biao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Shan-Yu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xian
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Fei-Fei Huang
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Qiu-Lan Huang
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Han-Jing ZhangDi
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Xing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China.
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158
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Feng D, Gao B. From basic liver immunology to therapeutic opportunities for liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1-3. [PMID: 33339875 PMCID: PMC7852661 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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159
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Cell therapy for advanced liver diseases: Repair or rebuild. J Hepatol 2021; 74:185-199. [PMID: 32976865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advanced liver disease presents a significant worldwide health and economic burden and accounts for 3.5% of global mortality. When liver disease progresses to organ failure the only effective treatment is liver transplantation, which necessitates lifelong immunosuppression and carries associated risks. Furthermore, the shortage of suitable donor organs means patients may die waiting for a suitable transplant organ. Cell therapies have made their way from animal studies to a small number of early clinical trials. Herein, we review the current state of cell therapies for liver disease and the mechanisms underpinning their actions (to repair liver tissue or rebuild functional parenchyma). We also discuss cellular therapies that are on the clinical horizon and challenges that must be overcome before routine clinical use is a possibility.
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160
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Pilling D, Karhadkar TR, Gomer RH. A CD209 ligand and a sialidase inhibitor differentially modulate adipose tissue and liver macrophage populations and steatosis in mice on the Methionine and Choline-Deficient (MCD) diet. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244762. [PMID: 33378413 PMCID: PMC7773271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes and is characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver (steatosis). NAFLD can transition into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with liver cell injury, inflammation, and an increased risk of fibrosis. We previously found that injections of either 1866, a synthetic ligand for the lectin receptor CD209, or DANA, a sialidase inhibitor, can inhibit inflammation and fibrosis in multiple animal models. The methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet is a model of NASH which results in the rapid induction of liver steatosis and inflammation. In this report, we show that for C57BL/6 mice on a MCD diet, injections of both 1866 and DANA reversed MCD diet-induced decreases in white fat, decreases in adipocyte size, and white fat inflammation. However, these effects were not observed in type 2 diabetic db/db mice on a MCD diet. In db/db mice on a MCD diet, 1866 decreased liver steatosis, but these effects were not observed in C57BL/6 mice. There was no correlation between the ability of 1866 or DANA to affect steatosis and the effects of these compounds on the density of liver macrophage cells expressing CLEC4F, CD64, F4/80, or Mac2. Together these results indicate that 1866 and DANA modulate adipocyte size and adipose tissue macrophage populations, that 1866 could be useful for modulating steatosis, and that changes in the local density of 4 different liver macrophages cell types do not correlate with effects on liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Pilling
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Tejas R Karhadkar
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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161
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Buberci R, Paydas S. Elevated Monocyte Count and Loss of Renal Function in Renal Transplant Patients. Transplant Proc 2020; 52:3080-3084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.02.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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162
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RIP1 kinase activity promotes steatohepatitis through mediating cell death and inflammation in macrophages. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:1418-1433. [PMID: 33208891 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00668-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte cell death and liver inflammation have been well recognized as central characteristics of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), however, the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. The kinase receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) is a multitasking molecule with distinct functions in regulating apoptosis, necroptosis, and inflammation. Dissecting the role of RIP1 distinct functions in different pathophysiology has absorbed huge research enthusiasm. Wild-type and RIP1 kinase-dead (Rip1K45A/K45A) mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) to investigate the role of RIP1 kinase activity in the pathogenesis of NASH. Rip1K45A/K45A mice exhibited significantly alleviated NASH phenotype of hepatic steatosis, liver damage, fibrosis as well as reduced hepatic cell death and inflammation compared to WT mice. Our results also indicated that both in vivo lipotoxicity and in vitro saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid) treatment were able to induce the kinase activation of RIP1 in liver macrophages. RIP1 kinase was required for mediating inflammasome activation, apoptotic and necrotic cell death induced by palmitic acid in both bone marrow-derived macrophage and mouse primary Kupffer cells. Results from chimeric mice established through lethal irradiation and bone marrow transplantation further confirmed that the RIP1 kinase in hematopoietic-derived macrophages contributed mostly to the disease progression in NASH. Consistent with murine models, we also found that RIP1 kinase was markedly activated in human NASH, and the kinase activation mainly occurred in liver macrophages as indicated by immunofluorescence double staining. In summary, our study indicated that RIP1 kinase was phosphorylated and activated mainly in liver macrophages in both experimental and clinical NASH. We provided direct genetic evidence that the kinase activity of RIP1 especially in hematopoietic-derived macrophages contributes to the pathogenesis of NASH, through mediating inflammasome activation and cell death induction. Macrophage RIP1 kinase represents a specific and potential therapeutic target for NASH.
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163
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Dewhurst MR, Ow JR, Zafer G, van Hul NKM, Wollmann H, Bisteau X, Brough D, Choi H, Kaldis P. Loss of hepatocyte cell division leads to liver inflammation and fibrosis. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009084. [PMID: 33147210 PMCID: PMC7641358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity based partly on the ability of hepatocytes to re-enter the cell cycle and divide to replace damaged cells. This capability is substantially reduced upon chronic damage, but it is not clear if this is a cause or consequence of liver disease. Here, we investigate whether blocking hepatocyte division using two different mouse models affects physiology as well as clinical liver manifestations like fibrosis and inflammation. We find that in P14 Cdk1Liv-/- mice, where the division of hepatocytes is abolished, polyploidy, DNA damage, and increased p53 signaling are prevalent. Cdk1Liv-/- mice display classical markers of liver damage two weeks after birth, including elevated ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels, despite the lack of exogenous liver injury. Inflammation was further studied using cytokine arrays, unveiling elevated levels of CCL2, TIMP1, CXCL10, and IL1-Rn in Cdk1Liv-/- liver, which resulted in increased numbers of monocytes. Ablation of CDK2-dependent DNA re-replication and polyploidy in Cdk1Liv-/- mice reversed most of these phenotypes. Overall, our data indicate that blocking hepatocyte division induces biological processes driving the onset of the disease phenotype. It suggests that the decrease in hepatocyte division observed in liver disease may not only be a consequence of fibrosis and inflammation, but also a pathological cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Dewhurst
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation; and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Rong Ow
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Gözde Zafer
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Noémi K. M. van Hul
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Heike Wollmann
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Xavier Bisteau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - David Brough
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation; and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Sweden
- * E-mail:
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164
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Abstract
Aging increases the incidence of chronic liver disease (CLD), worsens its prognosis, and represents the predominant risk factor for its development at all different stages. The hepatic sinusoid, which is fundamental for maintaining liver homeostasis, is composed by hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, and hepatic macrophages. During CLD progression, hepatic cells suffer deregulations in their phenotype, which ultimately lead to disease development. The effects of aging on the hepatic sinusoid phenotype and function are not well understood, nevertheless, studies performed in experimental models of liver diseases and aging demonstrate alterations in all hepatic sinusoidal cells. This review provides an updated description of age-related changes in the hepatic sinusoid and discusses the implications for CLD development and treatment. Lastly, we propose aging as a novel therapeutic target to treat liver diseases and summarize the most promising therapies to prevent or improve CLD and extend healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Maeso-Díaz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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165
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Wang G, Wang Z, Sun N, Cai Y, Yang X. Reactive oxygen species-responsive silk sericin microcapsules used for antioxidative stress damage. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:618-626. [PMID: 33089567 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Silk sericin microcapsules loaded with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) are prepared through protein self-assembly in a green environment containing enzymes to protect liver cells from alcohol damage. Load content and release dynamics of HRP in sericin microcapsules are investigated. The role of HRP-loaded microcapsules in hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) degradation is demonstrated using electrochemical method. Furthermore, the effect of the HRP-loaded microcapsules on cells and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level is evaluated using an alcohol damage model in vitro. Results show that HRP can be loaded effectively in the sericin microcapsules and can be released ROS-responsively from microcapsules. Cell survival rate increases after suffering from alcohol damage due to the presence of HRP-loaded microcapsule, and the active oxygen content in cells is maintained at a stable level even when it remained in an environment with high alcohol concentration. We believe that the internalized sericin microcapsules maintain HRP activity intracellularly, allow controlled HRP release within a host cell, and show excellent ability in antioxidative stress injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yurong Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Academy of Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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166
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Wen Y, Lambrecht J, Ju C, Tacke F. Hepatic macrophages in liver homeostasis and diseases-diversity, plasticity and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:45-56. [PMID: 33041338 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, which are key cellular components of the liver, have emerged as essential players in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis and in injury and repair processes in acute and chronic liver diseases. Upon liver injury, resident Kupffer cells (KCs) sense disturbances in homeostasis, interact with hepatic cell populations and release chemokines to recruit circulating leukocytes, including monocytes, which subsequently differentiate into monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMϕs) in the liver. Both KCs and MoMϕs contribute to both the progression and resolution of tissue inflammation and injury in various liver diseases. The diversity of hepatic macrophage subsets and their plasticity explain their different functional responses in distinct liver diseases. In this review, we highlight novel findings regarding the origins and functions of hepatic macrophages and discuss the potential of targeting macrophages as a therapeutic strategy for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joeri Lambrecht
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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167
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Khanam A, Kottilil S. Abnormal Innate Immunity in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Immunotargets for Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2013. [PMID: 33117329 PMCID: PMC7578249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a severe life-threatening condition with high risk of multiorgan failure, sepsis, and mortality. ACLF activates a multifaceted interplay of both innate and adaptive immune response in the host which governs the overall outcome. Innate immune cells recognize the conserved elements of microbial and viral origin, both to extort instant defense by transforming into diverse modules of effector responses and to generate long-lasting immunity but can also trigger a massive intrahepatic immune inflammatory response. Acute insult results in the activation of innate immune cells which provokes cytokine and chemokine cascade and subsequently initiates aggressive systemic inflammatory response syndrome, hepatic damage, and high mortality in ACLF. Dysregulated innate immune response not only plays a critical role in disease progression but also potentially correlates with clinical disease severity indices including Child-Turcotte-Pugh, a model for end-stage liver disease, and sequential organ failure assessment score. A better understanding of the pathophysiological basis of the disease and precise immune mechanisms associated with liver injury offers a novel approach for the development of new and efficient therapies to treat this severely ill entity. Immunotherapies could be helpful in targeting immune-mediated organ damage which may constrain progression toward liver failure and eventually reduce the requirement for liver transplantation. Here, in this review we discuss the defects of different innate immune cells in ACLF which updates the current knowledge of innate immune response and provide potential targets for new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Khanam
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shyam Kottilil
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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168
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Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Plasma of Children with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8327945. [PMID: 32963496 PMCID: PMC7501567 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8327945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) were evaluated in peripheral blood leukocytes of children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Gene expression patterns were correlated with their plasma protein counterparts, systemic parameters of liver injury, and selected markers of inflammation. The MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-12, MMP-14, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TGF-β, and IL-6 transcripts levels were tested by the real-time PCR. Plasma concentrations of MMP-9, TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio, sCD14, leptin, resistin, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 and serum markers of liver injury were estimated by ELISA. The MMP-9, TIMP-2 expression levels, plasma amounts of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were increased in children with NAFLD. Concentrations of AST, ALT, GGT, and leptin were elevated in serum patients with NAFLD, while concentration of other inflammatory or liver injury markers was unchanged. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels correlated with serum liver injury parameters (ALT and GGT concentrations, respectively); there were no other correlations between MMP/TIMP gene expression profiles, their plasma counterparts, and serum inflammatory markers. Association of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression with serum liver injury parameters (ALT, GGT) may suggest leukocyte engagement in the early stages of NAFLD development which possibly precedes subsequent systemic inflammatory responses.
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169
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Cacicedo ML, Medina-Montano C, Kaps L, Kappel C, Gehring S, Bros M. Role of Liver-Mediated Tolerance in Nanoparticle-Based Tumor Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E1985. [PMID: 32872352 PMCID: PMC7563539 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the use of nanocarriers for immunotherapeutic purposes has gained a lot of attention, especially in the field of tumor therapy. However, most types of nanocarriers accumulate strongly in the liver after systemic application. Due to the default tolerance-promoting role of liver non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), Kupffer cells (KCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), their potential role on the immunological outcome of systemic nano-vaccination approaches for therapy of tumors in the liver and in other organs needs to be considered. Concerning immunological functions, KCs have been the focus until now, but recent studies have elucidated an important role of LSECs and HSCs as well. Therefore, this review aims to summarize current knowledge on the employment of nanocarriers for immunotherapeutic therapy of liver diseases and the overall role of liver NPCs in the context of nano-vaccination approaches. With regard to the latter, we discuss strategies on how to address liver NPCs, aiming to exploit and modulate their immunological properties, and alternatively how to avoid unwanted engagement of nano-vaccines by liver NPCs for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano L. Cacicedo
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.L.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Carolina Medina-Montano
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (C.M.-M.); (C.K.)
| | - Leonard Kaps
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, I. Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Cinja Kappel
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (C.M.-M.); (C.K.)
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.L.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (C.M.-M.); (C.K.)
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170
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Oxidative Stress in Chronic Liver Disease and Portal Hypertension: Potential of DHA as Nutraceutical. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092627. [PMID: 32872239 PMCID: PMC7551786 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease constitutes a growing public health issue worldwide, with no safe and effective enough treatment clinical scenarios. The present review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD), focusing on the major contributors of its pathophysiology: inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis and portal hypertension. We present the benefits of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid triglycerides (TG-DHA) in other health areas as demonstrated experimentally, and explore its potential as a novel nutraceutical approach for the treatment of ACLD and portal hypertension based on published pre-clinical data.
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171
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Diaz Soto MP, Lim JK. Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Cenicriviroc in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis with Fibrosis: A Brief Report on Emerging Data. Hepat Med 2020; 12:115-123. [PMID: 32884369 PMCID: PMC7434517 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s230613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and represents a leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States (U.S.). A growing spectrum of novel therapies are currently in clinical development and target several mechanisms of action which address hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis. Cenicriviroc (Allergan, Dublin, Ireland) is a novel oral antagonist of CC-motif chemokine receptors 2 and 5 (CCR2/5) which have demonstrated expression on circulating monocytes and Kupffer cells. Preclinical models have confirmed that CCR2/5 antagonism may block fat accumulation and Kupffer cell activation and disrupt monocyte/macrophage recruitment and hepatic stellate cell activation responsible for fibrogenesis. Herein we review results from the phase 2b CENTAUR trial and study designs for the phase 2b TANDEM and phase 3 AURORA trials and discuss the potential role of cenicriviroc in future pharmacotherapy for NASH fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph K Lim
- Yale Liver Center and Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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172
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Laskowski J, Renner B, Pickering MC, Serkova NJ, Smith-Jones PM, Clambey ET, Nemenoff RA, Thurman JM. Complement factor H-deficient mice develop spontaneous hepatic tumors. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4039-4054. [PMID: 32369457 PMCID: PMC7410061 DOI: 10.1172/jci135105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult to detect, carries a poor prognosis, and is one of few cancers with an increasing yearly incidence. Molecular defects in complement factor H (CFH), a critical regulatory protein of the complement alternative pathway (AP), are typically associated with inflammatory diseases of the eye and kidney. Little is known regarding the role of CFH in controlling complement activation within the liver. While studying aging CFH-deficient (fH-/-) mice, we observed spontaneous hepatic tumor formation in more than 50% of aged fH-/- males. Examination of fH-/- livers (3-24 months) for evidence of complement-mediated inflammation revealed widespread deposition of complement-activation fragments throughout the sinusoids, elevated transaminase levels, increased hepatic CD8+ and F4/80+ cells, overexpression of hepatic mRNA associated with inflammatory signaling pathways, steatosis, and increased collagen deposition. Immunostaining of human HCC biopsies revealed extensive deposition of complement fragments within the tumors. Investigating the Cancer Genome Atlas also revealed that increased CFH mRNA expression is associated with improved survival in patients with HCC, whereas mutations are associated with worse survival. These results indicate that CFH is critical for controlling complement activation in the liver, and in its absence, AP activation leads to chronic inflammation and promotes hepatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Laskowski
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brandon Renner
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew C. Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J. Serkova
- Department of Medicine, Radiology
- Department of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, and
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter M. Smith-Jones
- Department of Medicine, Radiology
- Department of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, and
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric T. Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Raphael A. Nemenoff
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua M. Thurman
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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173
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Huang E, Peng N, Xiao F, Hu D, Wang X, Lu L. The Roles of Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis of Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5203. [PMID: 32708044 PMCID: PMC7432671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury and inflammatory response trigger the development of fibrosis in various diseases. It has been recognized that both innate and adaptive immune cells are important players with multifaceted functions in fibrogenesis. The activated immune cells produce various cytokines, modulate the differentiation and functions of myofibroblasts via diverse molecular mechanisms, and regulate fibrotic development. The immune cells exhibit differential functions during different stages of fibrotic diseases. In this review, we summarized recent advances in understanding the roles of immune cells in regulating fibrotic development and immune-based therapies in different disorders and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms with a focus on mTOR and JAK-STAT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Huang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Na Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second People’s Hospital of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China; (N.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Fan Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Dajun Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second People’s Hospital of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China; (N.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
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174
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Cho YC, Vuong HL, Ha J, Lee S, Park J, Wibow AE, Cho S. Inhibition of Inflammatory Responses by Centella asiatica via Suppression of IRAK1-TAK1 in Mouse Macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1103-1120. [PMID: 32668965 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (C. asiatica) has been widely treated for inflammation-related diseases in China for thousands of years. While C. asiatica showed relevant effects as traditional medicine, the mechanism of C. asiatica suppressing inflammation has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study was conducted to reveal the anti-inflammatory mechanism of methanol fraction from C. asiatica (MCA) at the molecular level in murine macrophages. Levels of inflammation-related mediators were observed with treatment of MCA. MCA significantly suppressed nitric oxide production and iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Prostaglandin E2 production was alleviated by MCA via the downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2. MCA treatment also reduced pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] and interleukin (IL)-6 levels. LPS/D-GalN-induced acute hepatitis in mouse was alleviated by MCA treatment. In addition, MCA decreased the phosphorylation of inhibitory [Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] (I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text]) at Ser32/36 and thereby blocked I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] degradation. TXY motif phosphorylation in the activation loops of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was also suppressed by MCA treatment. Further investigation revealed that MCA inhibited transforming growth factor-[Formula: see text]-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) phosphorylation and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK1) degradation, the upstream kinases activating nuclear factor [Formula: see text]B and MAPKs. Taken together, MCA exhibited anti-inflammatory properties via the downregulation of IRAK1-TAK1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Huong Lan Vuong
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jain Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewoong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Agung Eru Wibow
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Deputy for Agroindustrial Technology and Biotechnology, The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Sayeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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175
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Sangineto M, Grabherr F, Adolph TE, Grander C, Reider S, Jaschke N, Mayr L, Schwärzler J, Dallio M, Moschen AR, Moschetta A, Sabbà C, Tilg H. Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates hepatic inflammation in alcohol related liver disease. Liver Int 2020; 40:1610-1619. [PMID: 32306456 PMCID: PMC7383968 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) comprises different liver disorders which impose a health care issue. ALD and particularly alcoholic steatohepatitis, an acute inflammatory condition, cause a substantial morbidity and mortality as effective treatment options remain elusive. Inflammation in ALD is fuelled by macrophages (Kupffer cells [KCs]) which are activated by intestinal pathogen associated molecular patterns, eg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), disseminated beyond a defective intestinal barrier. We hypothesized that the immunomodulator dimethyl-fumarate (DMF), which is approved for the treatment of human inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, ameliorates the course of experimental ALD. METHODS Dimethyl-fumarate or vehicle was orally administered to wild-type mice receiving a Lieber-DeCarli diet containing 5% ethanol for 15 days. Liver injury, steatosis and inflammation were evaluated by histology, biochemical- and immunoassays. Moreover, we investigated a direct immunosuppressive effect of DMF on KCs and explored a potential impact on ethanol-induced intestinal barrier disruption. RESULTS Dimethyl-fumarate protected against ethanol-induced hepatic injury, steatosis and inflammation in mice. Specifically, we observed reduced hepatic triglyceride and ALT accumulation, reduced hepatic expression of inflammatory cytokines (Tnf-α, Il-1β, Cxcl1) and reduced abundance of neutrophils and macrophages in ethanol-fed and DMF-treated mice when compared to vehicle. DMF protected against ethanol-induced barrier disruption and abrogated systemic LPS concentration. In addition, DMF abolished LPS-induced cytokine responses of KCs. CONCLUSIONS Dimethyl-fumarate counteracts ethanol-induced barrier dysfunction, suppresses inflammatory responses of KCs and ameliorates hepatic inflammation and steatosis, hallmarks of experimental ALD. Our data indicates that DMF treatment might be beneficial in human ALD and respective clinical trials are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moris Sangineto
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,Department of Interdisciplinary MedicineUniversity of BariBariItaly
| | - Felix Grabherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Timon E. Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Christoph Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Simon Reider
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal ImmunologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Nikolai Jaschke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Julian Schwärzler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,Department of Precision MedicineUniversity of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Alexander R. Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal ImmunologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary MedicineUniversity of BariBariItaly
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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176
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Mariqueo TA, Zúñiga-Hernández J. Omega-3 derivatives, specialized pro-resolving mediators: Promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of pain in chronic liver disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 158:102095. [PMID: 32450460 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The main causes of liver injury are associated with inflammation and permanent damage. They can cause chronic liver disease (CLD), which is mainly related to viral hepatitis, alcohol consumption and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These conditions prevent the liver from working normally and make it begin to fail, which in turn may prompt a liver transplant. CLD and cirrhosis are the eleventh cause of death worldwide. At present, there are no approved pharmacological treatments to prevent, treat or resolve liver fibrosis. The prevalence of pain in the hepatic disease is elevated with ranges between 30% and 40%. Most of the pain drugs require hepatic function; therefore, the suitable control of pain is still a clinical challenge. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM): lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins, are potent endogenous molecules (nM concentrations) that modulate inflammatory body responses by reducing neutrophil infiltration, macrophage activity and pain sensitization. SPM have anti-inflammatory properties, stimulate tissue resolution, repair and regeneration, and exhibit anti-nociceptive actions. Furthermore, SPM were tried on different cellular, animal models and human observational data of liver injury, improving the pathogenesis of inflammation and fibrosis. In the present work, we will describe recent evidence that suggests that SPM can be used as a therapeutic option for CLD. Additionally, we will examine the role of SPM in the control of pain in pathologies associated with liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Mariqueo
- Centro de Investigaciones Medicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - J Zúñiga-Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Medicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
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177
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Hou L, Yang L, Chang N, Zhao X, Zhou X, Dong C, Liu F, Yang L, Li L. Macrophage Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 2 Blockade Attenuates Liver Inflammation and Fibrogenesis Triggered by NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1149. [PMID: 32695095 PMCID: PMC7333785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome accompanies chronic liver injury and is a critical mediator of inflammation-driven liver fibrosis. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P Receptor (S1PR) signaling participates in liver fibrogenesis by affecting bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes/macrophage (BMM) activation. However, the relationship between S1P/S1PR signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome in BMMs remains unclear. Here, we found significantly elevated gene expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, pro-interleukin-1β, and pro-interleukin-18) and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome significantly elevated during murine chronic liver injury induced by a bile duct ligation operation, a methionine-choline–deficient and high-fat diet, or carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneal injection. Moreover, the increased expression of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), the rate-limiting synthetic enzyme of S1P, was positively correlated with NLRP3 inflammasome components in both patients and mouse model livers. Flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence staining showed BMMs contributed to the significant proportion of NLRP3+ cells in murine inflammatory livers, but not Kupffer cells, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, T cells, and hepatocytes. Focusing on macrophages, S1P promoted NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation in a dose-dependent manner. Blockade of S1PR2 by JTE-013 (antagonist of S1PR2) or S1PR2-siRNA inhibited S1P-induced NLRP3 inflammasome priming and inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1β and interleukin-18) secretion, whereas blockade of S1PR1 or S1PR3 had no such effect. in vivo, a β1,3-d-glucan-encapsulated siRNA particle (GeRP) delivery system is capable of silencing genes in macrophages specifically. Treatment with S1PR2 siRNA-GeRPs markedly reduced NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation and attenuated liver inflammation and fibrosis. Together, the conclusions indicated that targeting macrophage S1PR2 retarded liver inflammation and fibrogenesis via downregulating NLRP3 inflammasome, which may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhao Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengbin Dong
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuquan Liu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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178
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Sepulveda-Crespo D, Resino S, Martinez I. Innate Immune Response against Hepatitis C Virus: Targets for Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020313. [PMID: 32560440 PMCID: PMC7350220 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite successful treatments, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections continue to be a significant world health problem. High treatment costs, the high number of undiagnosed individuals, and the difficulty to access to treatment, particularly in marginalized susceptible populations, make it improbable to achieve the global control of the virus in the absence of an effective preventive vaccine. Current vaccine development is mostly focused on weakly immunogenic subunits, such as surface glycoproteins or non-structural proteins, in the case of HCV. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccine formulations that increase immunogenic performance. As we learn more information about how adjuvants work, it is becoming clear that proper stimulation of innate immunity is crucial to achieving a successful immunization. Several hepatic cell types participate in the early innate immune response and the subsequent inflammation and activation of the adaptive response, principally hepatocytes, and antigen-presenting cells (Kupffer cells, and dendritic cells). Innate pattern recognition receptors on these cells, mainly toll-like receptors, are targets for new promising adjuvants. Moreover, complex adjuvants that stimulate different components of the innate immunity are showing encouraging results and are being incorporated in current vaccines. Recent studies on HCV-vaccine adjuvants have shown that the induction of a strong T- and B-cell immune response might be enhanced by choosing the right adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Resino
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.M.); Tel.: +34-91-8223266 (S.R.); +34-91-8223272 (I.M.); Fax: +34-91-5097919 (S.R. & I.M.)
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.M.); Tel.: +34-91-8223266 (S.R.); +34-91-8223272 (I.M.); Fax: +34-91-5097919 (S.R. & I.M.)
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179
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Krishnan A, Katsumi T, Guicciardi ME, Azad AI, Ozturk NB, Trussoni CE, Gores GJ. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor Deficiency Promotes the Ductular Reaction, Macrophage Accumulation, and Hepatic Fibrosis in the Abcb4 -/- Mouse. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1284-1297. [PMID: 32240619 PMCID: PMC7280758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL; TNFSF10) receptor (TR) is a pro-apoptotic receptor whose contribution to chronic cholestatic liver disease is unclear. Herein, we examined TRAIL receptor signaling in a mouse model of cholestatic liver injury. TRAIL receptor-deficient (Tnsf10 or Tr-/-) mice were crossbred with ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 4-deficient (Abcb4-/-, alias Mdr2-/-) mice. Male and female wild-type, Tr-/-, Mdr2-/-, and Tr-/-Mdr2-/- mice were assessed for liver injury, fibrosis, and ductular reactive (DR) cells. Macrophage subsets were examined by high-dimensional mass cytometry (time-of-flight mass cytometry). Mdr2-/- and Tr-/-Mdr2-/- mice had elevated liver weights and serum alanine transferase values. However, fibrosis was primarily periductular in Mdr2-/- mice, compared with extensive bridging fibrosis in Tr-/-Mdr2-/- mice. DR cell population was greatly expanded in the Tr-/-Mdr2-/- versus Mdr2-/- mice. The expanded DR cell population in Tr-/-Mdr2-/- mice was due to decreased cell loss by apoptosis and not enhanced proliferation. As assessed by time-of-flight mass cytometry, total macrophages were more abundant in Tr-/-Mdr2-/- versus Mdr2-/- mice, suggesting the DR cell population promotes macrophage-associated hepatic inflammation. Inhibition of monocyte-derived recruited macrophages using the CCR2/CCR5 antagonist cenicriviroc in the Mdr2-/- mice resulted in further expansion of the DR cell population. In conclusion, genetic deletion of TRAIL receptor increased the DR cell population, macrophage accumulation, and hepatic fibrosis in the Mdr2-/- model of cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tomohiro Katsumi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Maria E Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adiba I Azad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nazli B Ozturk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christy E Trussoni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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180
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Dai S, Liu F, Qin Z, Zhang J, Chen J, Ding WX, Feng D, Ji Y, Qin X. Kupffer cells promote T-cell hepatitis by producing CXCL10 and limiting liver sinusoidal endothelial cell permeability. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7163-7177. [PMID: 32641985 PMCID: PMC7330839 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Kupffer cells (KCs) play a crucial role in liver immune homeostasis through interacting with other immune cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). However, how KCs exactly interact with these cells for maintaining the homeostasis still require the further investigation. CXCL10 is a chemokine that has been implicated in chemoattraction of monocytes, T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells, and promotion of T cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Although CXCL10 is also known to participate in the pathogenesis of hepatic inflammation, the degree to which it is functionally involved in the crosstalk between immune cells and regulation of immune response is still unclear. Methods: To dynamically investigate the function of KCs, we used our recently developed rapid cell ablation model, intermedilysin (ILY)/human CD59 (hCD59)-mediated cell ablation tool, to selectively ablate KC pool under normal condition or concanavalin A (Con A)- induced hepatitis. At certain time points after KCs ablation, we performed flow cytometry to monitor the amount of hepatic infiltrating immune cells. mRNA array was used to detect the change of hepatic cytokines and chemokines levels. Cytokines and chemokines in the serum were further measured by LEGENDplexTM mouse proinflammatory chemokine panel and inflammation panel. Evans blue staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the interaction between KCs and LSECs in steady condition. CXCL10 neutralizing antibody and CXCL10 deficient mouse were used to study the role of CXCL10 in immune cell migration and pathogenesis of Con A-induced hepatitis. Results: At steady state, elimination of KCs results in a reduction of hepatic infiltrating monocytes, T, B, and NK cells and a list of cytokines and chemokines at transcriptional level. In the meantime, the depletion of KCs resulted in increased sinusoidal vascular permeability. In the pathological condition, the KCs elimination rescues Con A-induced acute hepatitis through suppressing proinflammatory immune responses by down-regulation of hepatitis-associated cytokines/chemokines in serum such as CXCL10, and recruitment of infiltrating immune cells (monocytes, T, B, and NK cells). We further documented that deficiency or blockade of CXCL10 attenuated the development of Con A-induced hepatitis associated with reduction of the infiltrating monocytes, especially inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes. Conclusions: This study supports the notion that KCs actively interact with immune cells and LSECs for maintaining immune response and liver homeostasis. Our data indicate that the interplay between KCs and infiltrated monocytes via CXCL10 contribute to Con A-induced hepatitis.
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181
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Human Liver-Derived Extracellular Matrix for the Culture of Distinct Human Primary Liver Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061357. [PMID: 32486126 PMCID: PMC7349413 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of robust methods to preserve, purify and in vitro maintain the phenotype of the human liver’s highly specialized parenchymal and non-parenchymal cell types importantly hampers their exploitation for the development of research and clinical applications. There is in this regard a growing interest in the use of tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) to provide cells with an in vitro environment that more closely resembles that of the native tissue. In the present study, we have developed a method that allows for the isolation and downstream application of the human liver’s main cell types from cryopreserved material. We also isolated and solubilized human liver ECM (HL-ECM), analyzed its peptidomic and proteomic composition by mass spectrometry and evaluated its interest for the culture of distinct primary human liver cells. Our analysis of the HL-ECM revealed proteomic diversity, type 1 collagen abundance and partial loss of integrity following solubilization. Solubilized HL-ECM was evaluated either as a coating or as a medium supplement for the culture of human primary hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Whereas the solubilized HL-ECM was suitable for cell culture, its impact on the phenotype and/or functionality of the human liver cells was limited. Our study provides a first detailed characterization of solubilized HL-ECM and a first report of its influence on the culture of distinct human primary liver cells.
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182
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de Gregorio E, Colell A, Morales A, Marí M. Relevance of SIRT1-NF-κB Axis as Therapeutic Target to Ameliorate Inflammation in Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3858. [PMID: 32485811 PMCID: PMC7312021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an adaptive response in pursuit of homeostasis reestablishment triggered by harmful conditions or stimuli, such as an infection or tissue damage. Liver diseases cause approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide and hepatic inflammation is a common factor to all of them, being the main driver of hepatic tissue damage and causing progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and, ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The metabolic sensor SIRT1, a class III histone deacetylase with strong expression in metabolic tissues such as the liver, and transcription factor NF-κB, a master regulator of inflammatory response, show an antagonistic relationship in controlling inflammation. For this reason, SIRT1 targeting is emerging as a potential strategy to improve different metabolic and/or inflammatory pathologies. In this review, we explore diverse upstream regulators and some natural/synthetic activators of SIRT1 as possible therapeutic treatment for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía de Gregorio
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBEREHD, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
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183
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Harb Z, Deckert V, Bressenot AM, Christov C, Guéant-Rodriguez RM, Raso J, Alberto JM, de Barros JPP, Umoret R, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Lagrost L, Bronowicki JP, Guéant JL. The deficit in folate and vitamin B12 triggers liver macrovesicular steatosis and inflammation in rats with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108415. [PMID: 32645655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The risks of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and deficiency in vitamin B12 and folate (methyl donor deficiency, MDD) are increased in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We investigated the influence of MDD on NASH in rats with DSS-induced colitis. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were subjected to MDD diet and/or ingestion of DSS and compared to control animals. We studied steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, plasma levels of metabolic markers, cytokines and lipopolysaccharide, and inflammatory pathways in liver. MDD triggered a severe macrovesicular steatosis with inflammation in DSS animals that was not observed in animals subjected to DSS or MDD only. The macrovesicular steatosis was closely correlated to folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine plasma level and liver S-adenosyl methionine/S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAM/SAH) ratio. Liver inflammation was evidenced by activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) pathway and nuclear translocation of NFκB phospho-p65. MDD worsened the increase of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and abolished the increase of IL10 produced by DSS colitis. It increased monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). MDD triggers liver macrovesicular steatosis and inflammation through imbalanced expression of IL-1β vs. IL10 and increase of MCP-1 in DSS colitis. Our results suggest evaluating whether IBD patients with MDD and increase of MCP-1 are at higher risk of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Harb
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Valérie Deckert
- INSERM UMR1231 Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Aude Marchal Bressenot
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; Division of Anatomo-Pathology, Robert Debré University Hospital, Reims
| | - Christo Christov
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Rosa-Maria Guéant-Rodriguez
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; Biochemical and Molecular biology lab, Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Jérémie Raso
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Jean Marc Alberto
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- INSERM UMR1231 Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Remy Umoret
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- INSERM UMR1231 Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bronowicki
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Louis Guéant
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; Biochemical and Molecular biology lab, Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France; Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
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184
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Taylor SA, Yeap X, Wang J, Gromer KD, Kriegermeier A, Green RM, Zhang ZJ. A novel murine model of reversible bile duct obstruction demonstrates rapid improvement of cholestatic liver injury. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14446. [PMID: 32441483 PMCID: PMC7243199 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited murine models of cholestatic liver diseases characterized by chronic biliary obstruction and resumption of bile flow. While murine bile duct ligation (BDL) is a well-established model of obstructive cholestasis, current models of BDL reversal (BDLR) alter biliary anatomy. We aimed to develop a more physiologic model of BDLR to evaluate the time course and mechanism for resolution of hepatic injury after biliary obstruction. In the present study, we restored bile flow into the duodenum without disruption of the gall bladder after murine BDL using biocompatible PE-50 tubing. After establishing the technique, overall survival for BDLR at 7 or 14 days after BDL was 88%. Sham laparotomy was performed in control mice. Laboratory data, liver histology, and hepatic gene expression were compared among BDL, BDLR, and controls. Laboratory evidence of cholestatic liver injury was observed at day 7 after BDL and rapid improvement occurred within 48 hr of BDLR. After BDLR there was also enhanced gene expression for the bile acid transporter Abcb11, however, bile duct proliferation persisted. Assessment of the immune response showed increased gene and protein expression for the general immune cell marker Cd45 in BDLR versus BDL mice suggesting a reparative immune response after BDLR. In summary, we have established a novel murine model of BDLR that allows for the investigation into bile acid and immune pathways responsible for hepatic repair following obstructive cholestasis. Future studies with our model may identify targets for new therapies to improve outcome in pediatric and adult cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Taylor
- Department of PediatricsAnn and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Xin‐Yi Yeap
- Department of SurgeryNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Jiao‐Jing Wang
- Department of SurgeryNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Kyle D. Gromer
- Department of PediatricsAnn and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Alyssa Kriegermeier
- Department of PediatricsAnn and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Richard M. Green
- Department of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Zheng J. Zhang
- Department of SurgeryNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
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185
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Seidman JS, Troutman TD, Sakai M, Gola A, Spann NJ, Bennett H, Bruni CM, Ouyang Z, Li RZ, Sun X, Vu BT, Pasillas MP, Ego KM, Gosselin D, Link VM, Chong LW, Evans RM, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, Hosseini M, Witztum JL, Germain RN, Glass CK. Niche-Specific Reprogramming of Epigenetic Landscapes Drives Myeloid Cell Diversity in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Immunity 2020; 52:1057-1074.e7. [PMID: 32362324 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident and recruited macrophages contribute to both host defense and pathology. Multiple macrophage phenotypes are represented in diseased tissues, but we lack deep understanding of mechanisms controlling diversification. Here, we investigate origins and epigenetic trajectories of hepatic macrophages during diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The NASH diet induced significant changes in Kupffer cell enhancers and gene expression, resulting in partial loss of Kupffer cell identity, induction of Trem2 and Cd9 expression, and cell death. Kupffer cell loss was compensated by gain of adjacent monocyte-derived macrophages that exhibited convergent epigenomes, transcriptomes, and functions. NASH-induced changes in Kupffer cell enhancers were driven by AP-1 and EGR that reprogrammed LXR functions required for Kupffer cell identity and survival to instead drive a scar-associated macrophage phenotype. These findings reveal mechanisms by which disease-associated environmental signals instruct resident and recruited macrophages to acquire distinct gene expression programs and corresponding functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Seidman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mashito Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anita Gola
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cassi M Bruni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rick Z Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - BaoChau T Vu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martina P Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kaori M Ego
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Gosselin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Verena M Link
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ling-Wa Chong
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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186
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Roth K, Strickland J, Copple BL. Regulation of macrophage activation in the liver after acute injury: Role of the fibrinolytic system. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1879-1887. [PMID: 32390699 PMCID: PMC7201151 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i16.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver functions, in part, to prevent exposure of the body to potentially harmful substances ingested in the diet. While it is highly efficient at accomplishing this, it is frequently prone to liver injury due to the biotransformation of xenobiotics into toxic metabolites. To counter this injury, the liver has evolved a unique capacity to rapidly and efficiently repair itself. Successful resolution of acute liver injury relies on hepatic macrophage populations that orchestrate the reparative response. After injury, Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages of the liver, become activated and secrete proinflammatory cytokines. These cytokines recruit other immune cells, including monocyte-derived macrophages, to the liver where they contribute to the repair process. Monocyte-derived macrophages traffic into the necrotic foci where they rapidly phagocytose dead cell debris. Simultaneous with this process, these cells change phenotype from a proinflammatory macrophage to a pro-restorative macrophage that produce pro-mitogenic growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately this process triggers resolution of inflammation, and along with proliferation of other hepatic cells, restores the liver architecture and function. While the mechanisms regulating specific macrophage functions during repair remain to be elucidated, recent studies indicate a key role for the fibrinolytic system in coordinating macrophage function during repair. In this review, we will highlight the function and role of hepatic macrophages in repair after acute liver injury, and will discuss the role of the fibrinolytic enzyme, plasmin, in regulation of these various processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Jenna Strickland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Bryan L Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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187
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Abstract
Ample evidence suggests that hepatic macrophages play key roles in the injury and repair mechanisms during liver disease progression. There are two major populations of hepatic macrophages: the liver resident Kupffer cells and the monocyte-derived macrophages, which rapidly infiltrate the liver during injury. Under different disease conditions, the tissue microenvironmental cues of the liver critically influence the phenotypes and functions of hepatic macrophages. Furthermore, hepatic macrophages interact with multiple cells types in the liver, such as hepatocytes, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and platelets. These crosstalk interactions are of paramount importance in regulating the extents of liver injury, repair, and ultimately liver disease progression. In this review, we summarize the novel findings highlighting the impact of injury-induced microenvironmental signals that determine the phenotype and function of hepatic macrophages. Moreover, we discuss the role of hepatic macrophages in homeostasis and pathological conditions through crosstalk interactions with other cells of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Shan
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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188
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Tabeshpour J, Hosseinzadeh H, Hashemzaei M, Karimi G. A review of the hepatoprotective effects of hesperidin, a flavanon glycoside in citrus fruits, against natural and chemical toxicities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:305-317. [PMID: 32277430 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver is the most important and functional organ in the body to metabolize and detoxify endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. The major goal of the present narrative review is to assess the hepatoprotective properties of hesperidin against a variety of natural and chemical hepatotoxins via different mechanisms. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Scientific databases such as Scopus, Medline, Web of Science and Google scholar were thoroughly searched, based on different keywords. RESULTS A variety of natural hepatotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide, concanavalin A and microcystins, and chemical hepatotoxins such as ethanol, acrylamide and carbon tetrachloride have been shown to damage hepatocytes as well as other liver cells. In addition to hepatocytes, ethanol can also damage liver hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells. In this regard, the flavanone hesperidin, occur in the rind of citrus fruits, had been demonstrated to possess widespread pharmacological properties. Hesperidin exerts its hepatoprotective properties via different mechanisms including elevation in the activities of nuclear factor-like 2/antioxidant response element and heme oxygenase 1 as well as the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of high-mobility group box 1 protein, inhibitor of kappa B protein-alpha, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and C-reactive protein are some other important hesperidin-derived hepatoprotective mechanisms. CONCLUSION Based on several research papers, it could be concluded that hesperidin is able to protect against liver damage from inflammation and/or oxidative stress-mediated natural and chemical toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Tabeshpour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 1365-91775, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 1365-91775, Mashhad, Iran.
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189
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Lafoz E, Ruart M, Anton A, Oncins A, Hernández-Gea V. The Endothelium as a Driver of Liver Fibrosis and Regeneration. Cells 2020; 9:E929. [PMID: 32290100 PMCID: PMC7226820 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common feature of sustained liver injury and represents a major public health problem worldwide. Fibrosis is an active research field and discoveries in the last years have contributed to the development of new antifibrotic drugs, although none of them have been approved yet. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) are highly specialized endothelial cells localized at the interface between the blood and other liver cell types. They lack a basement membrane and display open channels (fenestrae), making them exceptionally permeable. LSEC are the first cells affected by any kind of liver injury orchestrating the liver response to damage. LSEC govern the regenerative process initiation, but aberrant LSEC activation in chronic liver injury induces fibrosis. LSEC are also main players in fibrosis resolution. They maintain liver homeostasis and keep hepatic stellate cell and Kupffer cell quiescence. After sustained hepatic injury, they lose their phenotype and protective properties, promoting angiogenesis and vasoconstriction and contributing to inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, improving LSEC phenotype is a promising strategy to prevent liver injury progression and complications. This review focuses on changes occurring in LSEC after liver injury and their consequences on fibrosis progression, liver regeneration, and resolution. Finally, a synopsis of the available strategies for LSEC-specific targeting is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lafoz
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Maria Ruart
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Aina Anton
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Oncins
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Virginia Hernández-Gea
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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190
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Zhou Y, Dong B, Kim KH, Choi S, Sun Z, Wu N, Wu Y, Scott J, Moore DD. Vitamin D Receptor Activation in Liver Macrophages Protects Against Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice. Hepatology 2020; 71:1453-1466. [PMID: 31381163 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, whether triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic factors, can be resolved by the unfolded protein response (UPR). Sustained UPR activation leads to cell death and inflammatory response and contributes to liver disease progression. Hepatic tissue macrophages are key players in orchestrating liver inflammation, and ER stress can enhance macrophage activation. However, it is not well defined how the interplay between ER stress and inflammation is regulated during hepatic stress response. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here we demonstrate that vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation mitigates hepatic ER stress response, whereas VDR knockout mice undergo persistent UPR activation and apoptosis in response to chemical ER stress inducer. Moreover, VDR deficiency promotes hepatic macrophage infiltration and increases gene expression and systematic levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α. VDR expression is induced in hepatic macrophages by ER stress, and VDR plays a dual regulatory role in macrophages by protecting against ER stress and promoting anti-inflammatory polarization. Co-culture with VDR-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages suppresses UPR target genes in primary hepatocytes treated with ER stress inducers. Thus, the immunomodulatory functions of VDR in macrophages are critical in hepatic ER stress resolution in mice. CONCLUSIONS VDR signaling in macrophages regulates a shift between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activation during ER stress-induced inflammation to promote hepatic ER stress resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sungwoo Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Program in Development Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jessica Scott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Program in Development Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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191
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STING expression in monocyte-derived macrophages is associated with the progression of liver inflammation and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Transl Med 2020; 100:542-552. [PMID: 31745210 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in macrophages plays a crucial role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. However, there is a lack of evidence from large samples of patients to validate a deleterious role for STING in NAFLD. Moreover, sources of STING-expressing cells that are related to NAFLD remain to be definitively characterized. To investigate STING expression and explore its correlation with NAFLD progression in human subjects, our study involved liver samples from 98 NAFLD subjects and 8 controls. STING and p-TBK1 expression in nonparenchymal liver cells was analyzed and correlated with NAFLD pathological features. Numbers of STING+ cells were increased in livers from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients compared with controls, especially in the liver portal tract of NASH patients with fibrosis (p < 0.05). Moreover, numbers of STING+ cells in livers of NASH patients were increased with aggravation of inflammation grade and fibrosis stage (p < 0.05). STING was mainly expressed in macrophages, including monocyte-derived macrophages (CCR2+, S100A9+), Kupffer cells (CD68+) and CD163+ macrophages. Compared with controls, numbers of STING+/CCR2+ and STING+/S100A9+ cells were significantly increased in livers from NASH patients with fibrosis and positively correlated with liver inflammation grade and fibrosis stage (p < 0.05). However, numbers of STING+/CD68+ and STING+/CD163+ cells were significantly increased in livers from NASH patients with advanced fibrosis and correlated only with aggravation of fibrosis stage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with controls, NASH patients exhibited significantly increased STING+/p-TBK1+ cell numbers. In a coculture system, the amount of p-TBK1 and the mRNAs of IL1β and IL6 in THP1 macrophages, as well as the amount of α-SMA and the mRNAs of Col1a1, Fn and TGFβ1 in LX2 cells were significantly increased upon STING activation in macrophages (p < 0.05). Therefore, increased STING expression in MoMFs appears to be indicative of NAFLD progression, and STING could be a new target for NAFLD therapy.
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192
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Sällberg M, Pasetto A. Liver, Tumor and Viral Hepatitis: Key Players in the Complex Balance Between Tolerance and Immune Activation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:552. [PMID: 32292409 PMCID: PMC7119224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the third most common cause of cancer related death in the World. From an epidemiological point of view the risk factors associated to primary liver cancer are mainly viral hepatitis infection and alcohol consumption. Even though there is a clear correlation between liver inflammation, cirrhosis and cancer, other emerging liver diseases (like fatty liver) could also lead to liver cancer. Moreover, the liver is the major site of metastasis from colon, breast, ovarian and other cancers. In this review we will address the peculiar status of the liver as organ that has to balance between tolerance and immune activation. We will focus on macrophages and other key cellular components of the liver microenvironment that play a central role during tumor progression. We will also discuss how current and future therapies may affect the balance toward immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Sällberg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Pasetto
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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193
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Wang J, Deng M, Wu H, Wang M, Gong J, Bai H, Wu Y, Pan J, Chen Y, Li S. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid alleviates orthotopic liver transplantation‑induced hepatic ischemia‑reperfusion injury by regulating the AKT/GSK3β/NF‑κB and AKT/mTOR pathways in rat Kupffer cells. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1875-1887. [PMID: 32236599 PMCID: PMC7169828 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms are involved in regulating hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), in which Kupffer cells (KCs), which are liver-resident macrophages, play critical roles by regulating inflammation and the immune response. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor, has anti-inflammatory effects and induces autophagy. To investigate whether SAHA ameliorates IRI and the mechanisms by which SAHA exerts its effects, an orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) rat model was established after treatment with SAHA. The results showed that SAHA effectively ameliorated OLT-induced IRI by reducing M1 polarization of KCs through inhibition of the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β/NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, the present study found that SAHA upregulates autophagy 5 protein (ATG5)/LC3B in KCs through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibition of autophagy by knockdown of ATG5 in KCs partly impaired the protective effect of SAHA on IR-injured liver. Therefore, the current study demonstrated that SAHA reduces M1 polarization of KCs by inhibiting the AKT/GSK3β/NF-κB pathway and upregulates autophagy in KCs through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which both alleviate OLT-induced IRI. The present study revealed that SAHA may be a novel treatment for the amelioration of OLT-induced IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Minghua Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Menghao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - He Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yakun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan 629000, P.R. China
| | - Junjiang Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Yibin City, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Shengwei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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194
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Deng J, Wang M, Guo Y, Fischer H, Yu X, Kem D, Li H. Activation of α7nAChR via vagus nerve prevents obesity-induced insulin resistance via suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced inflammation in Kupffer cells. Med Hypotheses 2020; 140:109671. [PMID: 32182560 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance (IR). In the state of obesity, excess fat accumulates in the liver, a key organ in systemic metabolism, altering the inflammatory and metabolic signals contributing substantially to the development of hepatic IR. Current therapies for these metabolic disorders have not been able to reverse their rapidly rising prevalence. One of the reasons is that the effects of existing drugs are predominantly non-lasting [1,2]. The vagus nerve (VN) is known to play an essential role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis while decreased VN activity has been suggested to contribute to obesity associated metabolic syndrome [3,4]. Several studies have reported that activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) cholinergic signaling with or without VN intervention has protective effects against obesity-related inflammation and other metabolic complications [5]. However, the molecular mechanisms are still not elucidated. Exaggerated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequent dysregulated inflammation has been implicated in the development of lipid accumulation and IR [6]. Whether targeting α7nAChR can regulate IR through these pathways is rarely reported. Accordingly, the present proposal posits that activation of the α7nAChR by VNS attenuates ER stress induced inflammation, thus ameliorating hepatic IR in Kupffer cell. We will focus on the specific interaction between vagal cholinergic activity and the modulation of ER stress induced inflammation via the α7nAChR associated pathway during IR development. Recently, the Endocrine Society has emphasized the absence of specific evidence from basic science, clinical, and epidemiological literature to assess current knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms of obesity [7]. In this proposal, we assign a significant role to α7nAChR in obesity-induced hepatic IR, and suggest a possible therapeutic strategy with VNS intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yankai Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, China; Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hayley Fischer
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, China
| | - Xichun Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, China
| | - David Kem
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, China.
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195
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Ishay Y, Nachman D, Khoury T, Ilan Y. The role of the sphingolipid pathway in liver fibrosis: an emerging new potential target for novel therapies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1055-C1064. [PMID: 32130072 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00003.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SL) are a family of bioactive lipids and a major cellular membrane structural component. SLs include three main compounds: ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (Sp), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S-1P), all of which have emerging roles in biological functions in cells, especially in the liver. They are under investigation in various liver diseases, including cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. In this review, we provide an overview on the role of SLs in liver pathobiology and focus on their potential role in the development of hepatic fibrosis. We describe recent evidence and suggest SLs are a promising potential therapeutic target for the treatment of liver disease and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dean Nachman
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tawfik Khoury
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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196
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Saldarriaga OA, Freiberg B, Krishnan S, Rao A, Burks J, Booth AL, Dye B, Utay N, Ferguson M, Akil A, Yi M, Beretta L, Stevenson HL. Multispectral Imaging Enables Characterization of Intrahepatic Macrophages in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:708-723. [PMID: 32363321 PMCID: PMC7193134 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic macrophages influence the composition of the microenvironment, host immune response to liver injury, and development of fibrosis. Compared with stellate cells, the role of macrophages in the development of fibrosis remains unclear. Multispectral imaging allows detection of multiple markers in situ in human formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. This cutting‐edge technology is ideal for analyzing human liver tissues, as it allows spectral unmixing of fluorophore signals, subtraction of auto‐fluorescence, and preservation of hepatic architecture. We analyzed five different antibodies commonly observed on macrophage populations (CD68, MAC387, CD163, CD14, and CD16). After optimization of the monoplex stains and development of a Spectral Library, we combined all of the antibodies into a multiplex protocol and used them to stain biopsies collected from representative patients with chronic liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis C, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Various imaging modalities were tested, including cell phenotyping, tissue segmentation, t‐distributed stochastic neighbor embedding plots, and phenotype matrices that facilitated comparison and visualization of the identified macrophage and other cellular profiles. We then tested the feasibility of this platform to analyze numerous regions of interest from liver biopsies with multiple patients per group, using batch analysis algorithms. Five populations showed significant differences between patients positive for hepatitis C virus with advanced fibrosis when compared with controls. Three of these were significantly increased in patients with advanced fibrosis when compared to controls, and these included CD163+CD16+, CD68+, and CD68+MAC387+. Conclusion: Spectral imaging microscopy is a powerful tool that enables in situ analysis of macrophages and other cells in human liver biopsies and may lead to more personalized therapeutic approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Santhoshi Krishnan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University Houston TX.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University Houston TX.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Radiation Oncology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Jared Burks
- Department of Leukemia University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX
| | - Adam L Booth
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX
| | - Bradley Dye
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX
| | - Netanya Utay
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX
| | - Monique Ferguson
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX
| | - Abdellah Akil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX
| | - Minkyung Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX
| | - Laura Beretta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX
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197
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Srdić M, Ovčina I, Fotschki B, Haros CM, Laparra Llopis JM. C. quinoa and S. hispanica L. Seeds Provide Immunonutritional Agonists to Selectively Polarize Macrophages. Cells 2020; 9:E593. [PMID: 32131465 PMCID: PMC7140429 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-related immunometabolic-based diseases are associated with chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues, and infiltrated macrophages have been suggested as mediators for tissue- damaging inflammation. Growing evidence implicates Chenopodium quinoa and Salvia hispanica L. as important contributors to immunonutritional health. However, the functional roles of the immunonutritional protease inhibitors (PPIs) found in these crops on the macrophages' metabolic and phenotypic adaptation remain to be elucidated. The salt soluble fraction of proteins was extracted and analyzed confirming the presence of 11S and 2S albumin. The <30 kDa fraction of the extract from both crops was subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion, where (RP-LC-MS/MS analyses) polypeptides from 2S-type of proteins were found, along with the 2S albumin (13 kDa) for S. hispanica in the bioaccessible fraction (BAF). Using human-like macrophage cells to deepen our understanding of the modulatory effects of this BAF, FACS analyses revealed their potential as TLR4 agonists, favoring increased phenotypic CD68/CD206 ratios. The results of mitochondrial stress tests showed that cells increased oxygen consumption rates and non-mitochondrial respiration, confirming negligible deleterious effects on mitochondrial function. At molecular-level, adaptation responses shed light on changes showing biological correlation with TLR4 signaling. The resulting immunometabolic effects triggered by PPIs can be a part of a tailored nutritional intervention strategy in immunometabolic-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Srdić
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA Food). Ctra. Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.)
| | - Ivana Ovčina
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA Food). Ctra. Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.)
| | - Bartosz Fotschki
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Claudia Monika Haros
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Jose Moises Laparra Llopis
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA Food). Ctra. Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.)
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198
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Lequoy M, Gigante E, Couty JP, Desbois-Mouthon C. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the context of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): recent advances in the pathogenic mechanisms. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 41:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2019-0044/hmbci-2019-0044.xml. [PMID: 32112699 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. HCC is particularly aggressive and is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality. In recent decades, the epidemiological landscape of HCC has undergone significant changes. While chronic viral hepatitis and excessive alcohol consumption have long been identified as the main risk factors for HCC, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), paralleling the worldwide epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes, has become a growing cause of HCC in the US and Europe. Here, we review the recent advances in epidemiological, genetic, epigenetic and pathogenic mechanisms as well as experimental mouse models that have improved the understanding of NASH progression toward HCC. We also discuss the clinical management of patients with NASH-related HCC and possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lequoy
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, AP-HP, F-75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Elia Gigante
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, AP-HP, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Couty
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Christèle Desbois-Mouthon
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR_S1138, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006 Paris, France
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199
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Orliaguet L, Dalmas E, Drareni K, Venteclef N, Alzaid F. Mechanisms of Macrophage Polarization in Insulin Signaling and Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:62. [PMID: 32140136 PMCID: PMC7042402 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease of two etiologies: metabolic and inflammatory. At the cross-section of these etiologies lays the phenomenon of metabolic inflammation. Whilst metabolic inflammation is characterized as systemic, a common starting point is the tissue-resident macrophage, who's successful physiological or aberrant pathological adaptation to its microenvironment determines disease course and severity. This review will highlight the key mechanisms in macrophage polarization, inflammatory and non-inflammatory signaling that dictates the development and progression of insulin resistance and T2D. We first describe the known homeostatic functions of tissue macrophages in insulin secreting and major insulin sensitive tissues. Importantly we highlight the known mechanisms of aberrant macrophage activation in these tissues and the ways in which this leads to impairment of insulin sensitivity/secretion and the development of T2D. We next describe the cellular mechanisms that are known to dictate macrophage polarization. We review recent progress in macrophage bio-energetics, an emerging field of research that places cellular metabolism at the center of immune-effector function. Importantly, following the advent of the metabolically-activated macrophage, we cover the known transcriptional and epigenetic factors that canonically and non-canonically dictate macrophage differentiation and inflammatory polarization. In closing perspectives, we discuss emerging research themes and highlight novel non-inflammatory or non-immune roles that tissue macrophages have in maintaining microenvironmental and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Orliaguet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Elise Dalmas
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Karima Drareni
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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200
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Öztürk Akcora B, Vassilios Gabriël A, Ortiz-Perez A, Bansal R. Pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 pathway ameliorates acute liver injury in vivo via inactivation of inflammatory macrophages and hepatic stellate cells. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:77-89. [PMID: 32123858 PMCID: PMC7003653 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases represent a major health problem worldwide, in particular, acute liver injury is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Inflammatory macrophages and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute liver injury. In this study, we have investigated the implication of STAT3 inhibition in acute liver injury/early fibrogenesis. In fibrotic human livers, we found STAT3 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated and correlated with collagen I expression. In vitro, STAT3 signaling pathway was found to be activated in TGFβ-activated HSCs and inflammatory macrophages. STAT3 inhibitor, WP1066 significantly inhibited TGFβ-induced collagen I, vimentin and α-SMA expression, and contractility in human HSCs. In LPS- and IFNγ-induced pro-inflammatory macrophages, WP1066 strongly attenuated nitric-oxide release and expression of major inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, iNOS, CCL2, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCR2. In vivo in CCl4-induced acute liver injury mouse model, WP1066 significantly reduced collagen expression, HSCs activation, and intrahepatic inflammation. Finally, in LPS-induced human hepatic 3D spheroid model, WP1066 inhibited LPS-induced fibrotic and inflammatory parameters. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the therapeutic inhibition of STAT3 pathway using WP1066 targeting HSCs and inflammatory macrophages suggests a potential pharmacological approach for the treatment of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büsra Öztürk Akcora
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology Technical Medical Centre Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Alexandros Vassilios Gabriël
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology Technical Medical Centre Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Ana Ortiz-Perez
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology Technical Medical Centre Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology Technical Medical Centre Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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