151
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Zhu Y, Tonne JM, Liu Q, Schreiber CA, Zhou Z, Rakshit K, Matveyenko AV, Terzic A, Wigle D, Kudva YC, Ikeda Y. Targeted Derivation of Organotypic Glucose- and GLP-1-Responsive β Cells Prior to Transplantation into Diabetic Recipients. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:307-321. [PMID: 31378674 PMCID: PMC6700523 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of functional β cells from pluripotent sources would accelerate diagnostic and therapeutic applications for diabetes research and therapy. However, it has been challenging to generate competent β cells with dynamic insulin-secretory capacity to glucose and incretin stimulations. We introduced transcription factors, critical for β-cell development and function, in differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and assessed the impact on the functionality of derived β-cell (psBC) progeny. A perifusion system revealed stepwise transduction of the PDX1, NEUROG3, and MAFA triad (PNM) enabled in vitro generation of psBCs with glucose and GLP-1 responsiveness within 3 weeks. PNM transduction upregulated genes associated with glucose sensing, insulin secretion, and β-cell maturation. In recipient diabetic mice, PNM-transduced psBCs showed glucose-responsive insulin secretion as early as 1 week post transplantation. Thus, enhanced pre-emptive β-cell specification of PSCs by PNM drives generation of glucose- and incretin-responsive psBCs in vitro, offering a competent tissue-primed biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jason M Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Claire A Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dennis Wigle
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yogish C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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152
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A case of mediastinal teratoma with pancreatic islets accompanied by discontinuation of insulin treatment in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Int 2019; 10:295-299. [PMID: 31592406 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-019-00401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A 74-year-old woman of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus presented with gradually improvement of blood glucose control and finally discontinuation of insulin therapy, for some unknown reason. During follow-up period, she was admitted with hemoptysis. CT imaging showed a heterogeneous enhancement mass in the middle mediastinum with cyst and calcification, suggesting the diagnosis of mediastinal teratoma. Immediately after excision of the tumor, her plasma glucose levels again increased, and she required insulin therapy for glycemic control. Immunohistochemical examination showed that the tumor contained pancreatic tissue with both exocrine and endocrine components consisted with the islet cells of Langerhans with insulin-positive cells. Accordingly, we diagnosed insulin-producing mediastinal teratoma. Although hypoglycemic agents are the commonest cause of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients, an insulin-producing tumor should be considered in the patients who have dramatic improvement of diabetes mellitus, particularly after withdrawal of all hypoglycemic treatment. Mediastinal teratomas should be considered in differential diagnosis as etiology in undiagnosed case of hypoglycemia or blood glucose fluctuations.
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153
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Jaafar R, Tran S, Shah AN, Sun G, Valdearcos M, Marchetti P, Masini M, Swisa A, Giacometti S, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Matveyenko A, Hebrok M, Dor Y, Rutter GA, Koliwad SK, Bhushan A. mTORC1 to AMPK switching underlies β-cell metabolic plasticity during maturation and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4124-4137. [PMID: 31265435 PMCID: PMC6763225 DOI: 10.1172/jci127021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells (β-cells) differentiate during fetal life, but only postnatally acquire the capacity for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). How this happens is not clear. In exploring what molecular mechanisms drive the maturation of β-cell function, we found that the control of cellular signaling in β-cells fundamentally switched from the nutrient sensor target of rapamycin (mTORC1) to the energy sensor 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and that this was critical for functional maturation. Moreover, AMPK was activated by the dietary transition taking place during weaning, and this in turn inhibited mTORC1 activity to drive the adult β-cell phenotype. While forcing constitutive mTORC1 signaling in adult β-cells relegated them to a functionally immature phenotype with characteristic transcriptional and metabolic profiles, engineering the switch from mTORC1 to AMPK signaling was sufficient to promote β-cell mitochondrial biogenesis, a shift to oxidative metabolism, and functional maturation. We also found that type 2 diabetes, a condition marked by both mitochondrial degeneration and dysregulated GSIS, was associated with a remarkable reversion of the normal AMPK-dependent adult β-cell signature to a more neonatal one characterized by mTORC1 activation. Manipulating the way in which cellular nutrient signaling pathways regulate β-cell metabolism may thus offer new targets to improve β-cell function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Jaafar
- The Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stella Tran
- The Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ajit N. Shah
- The Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gao Sun
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matilde Masini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Avital Swisa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anil Bhushan
- The Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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154
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Mawla AM, Huising MO. Navigating the Depths and Avoiding the Shallows of Pancreatic Islet Cell Transcriptomes. Diabetes 2019; 68:1380-1393. [PMID: 31221802 PMCID: PMC6609986 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Islet gene expression has been widely studied to better understand the transcriptional features that define a healthy β-cell. Transcriptomes of FACS-purified α-, β-, and δ-cells using bulk RNA-sequencing have facilitated our understanding of the complex network of cross talk between islet cells and its effects on β-cell function. However, these approaches were by design not intended to resolve heterogeneity between individual cells. Several recent studies used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to report considerable heterogeneity within mouse and human β-cells. In this Perspective, we assess how this newfound ability to assess gene expression at single-cell resolution has enhanced our understanding of β-cell heterogeneity. We conduct a comprehensive assessment of several single human β-cell transcriptome data sets and ask if the heterogeneity reported by these studies showed overlap and concurred with previously known examples of β-cell heterogeneity. We also illustrate the impact of the inevitable limitations of working at or below the limit of detection of gene expression at single cell resolution and their consequences for the quality of single-islet cell transcriptome data. Finally, we offer some guidance on when to opt for scRNA-Seq and when bulk sequencing approaches may be better suited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Mawla
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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155
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Ma F, Tremmel DM, Li Z, Lietz CB, Sackett SD, Odorico JS, Li L. In Depth Quantification of Extracellular Matrix Proteins from Human Pancreas. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3156-3165. [PMID: 31200599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of the pancreatic microenvironment which regulates β cell proliferation, differentiation, and insulin secretion. Protocols have recently been developed for the decellularization of the human pancreas to generate functional scaffolds and hydrogels. In this work, we characterized human pancreatic ECM composition before and after decellularization using isobaric dimethylated leucine (DiLeu) labeling for relative quantification of ECM proteins. A novel correction factor was employed in the study to eliminate the bias introduced during sample preparation. In comparison to the commonly employed sample preparation methods (urea and FASP) for proteomic analysis, a recently developed surfactant and chaotropic agent assisted sequential extraction/on pellet digestion (SCAD) protocol has provided an improved strategy for ECM protein extraction of human pancreatic ECM matrix. The quantitative proteomic results revealed the preservation of matrisome proteins while most of the cellular proteins were removed. This method was compared with a well-established label-free quantification (LFQ) approach which rendered similar expressions of different categories of proteins (collagens, ECM glycoproteins, proteoglycans, etc.). The distinct expression of ECM proteins was quantified comparing adult and fetal pancreas ECM, shedding light on the correlation between matrix composition and postnatal β cell maturation. Despite the distinct profiles of different subcategories in the native pancreas, the distribution of matrisome proteins exhibited similar trends after the decellularization process. Our method generated a large data set of matrisome proteins from a single tissue type. These results provide valuable insight into the possibilities of constructing a bioengineered pancreas. It may also facilitate better understanding of the potential roles that matrisome proteins play in postnatal β cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Daniel M Tremmel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Zihui Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Christopher B Lietz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Sara Dutton Sackett
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Jon S Odorico
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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156
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Veres A, Faust AL, Bushnell HL, Engquist EN, Kenty JHR, Harb G, Poh YC, Sintov E, Gürtler M, Pagliuca FW, Peterson QP, Melton DA. Charting cellular identity during human in vitro β-cell differentiation. Nature 2019; 569:368-373. [PMID: 31068696 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of human stem cells can produce pancreatic β-cells; the loss of this insulin-secreting cell type underlies type 1 diabetes. Here, as a step towards understanding this differentiation process, we report the transcriptional profiling of more than 100,000 human cells undergoing in vitro β-cell differentiation, and describe the cells that emerged. We resolve populations that correspond to β-cells, α-like poly-hormonal cells, non-endocrine cells that resemble pancreatic exocrine cells and a previously unreported population that resembles enterochromaffin cells. We show that endocrine cells maintain their identity in culture in the absence of exogenous growth factors, and that changes in gene expression associated with in vivo β-cell maturation are recapitulated in vitro. We implement a scalable re-aggregation technique to deplete non-endocrine cells and identify CD49a (also known as ITGA1) as a surface marker of the β-cell population, which allows magnetic sorting to a purity of 80%. Finally, we use a high-resolution sequencing time course to characterize gene-expression dynamics during the induction of human pancreatic endocrine cells, from which we develop a lineage model of in vitro β-cell differentiation. This study provides a perspective on human stem-cell differentiation, and will guide future endeavours that focus on the differentiation of pancreatic islet cells, and their applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Veres
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Systems Biology PhD Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aubrey L Faust
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Henry L Bushnell
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elise N Engquist
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elad Sintov
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Quinn P Peterson
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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157
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Wilson CS, Spaeth JM, Karp J, Stocks BT, Hoopes EM, Stein RW, Moore DJ. B lymphocytes protect islet β cells in diabetes prone NOD mice treated with imatinib. JCI Insight 2019; 5:125317. [PMID: 30964447 PMCID: PMC6538336 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib (Gleevec) reverses type 1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice and is currently in clinical trials in individuals with recent-onset disease. While research has demonstrated that imatinib protects islet β cells from the harmful effects of ER stress, the role the immune system plays in its reversal of T1D has been less well understood, and specific cellular immune targets have not been identified. In this study, we demonstrate that B lymphocytes, an immune subset that normally drives diabetes pathology, are unexpectedly required for reversal of hyperglycemia in NOD mice treated with imatinib. In the presence of B lymphocytes, reversal was linked to an increase in serum insulin concentration, but not an increase in islet β cell mass or proliferation. However, improved β cell function was reflected by a partial recovery of MafA transcription factor expression, a sensitive marker of islet β cell stress that is important to adult β cell function. Imatinib treatment was found to increase the antioxidant capacity of B lymphocytes, improving reactive oxygen species (ROS) handling in NOD islets. This study reveals a novel mechanism through which imatinib enables B lymphocytes to orchestrate functional recovery of T1D β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason M. Spaeth
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jay Karp
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Blair T. Stocks
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emilee M. Hoopes
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roland W. Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel J. Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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158
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Huijbregts L, Petersen MBK, Berthault C, Hansson M, Aiello V, Rachdi L, Grapin-Botton A, Honore C, Scharfmann R. Bromodomain and Extra Terminal Protein Inhibitors Promote Pancreatic Endocrine Cell Fate. Diabetes 2019; 68:761-773. [PMID: 30655386 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins are epigenetic readers that interact with acetylated lysines of histone tails. Recent studies have demonstrated their role in cancer progression because they recruit key components of the transcriptional machinery to modulate gene expression. However, their role during embryonic development of the pancreas has never been studied. Using mouse embryonic pancreatic explants and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), we show that BET protein inhibition with I-BET151 or JQ1 enhances the number of neurogenin3 (NEUROG3) endocrine progenitors. In mouse explants, BET protein inhibition further led to increased expression of β-cell markers but in the meantime, strongly downregulated Ins1 expression. Similarly, although acinar markers, such as Cpa1 and CelA, were upregulated, Amy expression was repressed. In hiPSCs, BET inhibitors strongly repressed C-peptide and glucagon during endocrine differentiation. Explants and hiPSCs were then pulsed with BET inhibitors to increase NEUROG3 expression and further chased without inhibitors. Endocrine development was enhanced in explants with higher expression of insulin and maturation markers, such as UCN3 and MAFA. In hiPSCs, the outcome was different because C-peptide expression remained lower than in controls, but ghrelin expression was increased. Altogether, by using two independent models of pancreatic development, we show that BET proteins regulate multiple aspects of pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Huijbregts
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Maja Borup Kjær Petersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claire Berthault
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Virginie Aiello
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Latif Rachdi
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Honore
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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159
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Li Z, Shi X, Liu J, Shao F, Huang G, Zhou Z, Zheng P. Artesunate prevents type 1 diabetes in NOD mice mainly by inducing protective IL‐4—producing T cells and regulatory T cells. FASEB J 2019; 33:8241-8248. [PMID: 30916998 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900146r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Li
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Xiajie Shi
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Junbin Liu
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
- Department of EndocrinologyShenzhen People's HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and TechnologyThe Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University Shenzhen China
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160
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Tao T, Wang Y, Chen W, Li Z, Su W, Guo Y, Deng P, Qin J. Engineering human islet organoids from iPSCs using an organ-on-chip platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:948-958. [PMID: 30719525 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived islet cells provide promising resources for diabetes studies, cell replacement treatment and drug screening. Recently, hPSC-derived organoids have represented a new class of in vitro organ models for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. However, rebuilding biomimetic human islet organoids from hPSCs remains challenging. Here, we present a new strategy to engineer human islet organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using an organ-on-a-chip platform combined with stem cell developmental principles. The microsystem contains a multi-layer microfluidic device that allows controllable aggregation of embryoid bodies (EBs), in situ pancreatic differentiation and generation of heterogeneous islet organoids in parallel under perfused 3D culture in a single device. The generated islet organoids contain heterogeneous islet-specific α and β-like cells that exhibit favorable growth and cell viability. They also show enhanced expression of pancreatic β-cell specific genes and proteins (PDX1 and NKX6.1) and increased β-cell hormone specific INS gene and C-peptide protein expressions under perfused 3D culture conditions compared to static cultures. In addition, the islet organoids exhibit more sensitive glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and higher Ca2+ flux, indicating the role of biomimetic mechanical flow in promoting endocrine cell differentiation and maturation of islet organoids. This islet-on-a-chip system is robust and amenable to real-time imaging and in situ tracking of islet organoid growth, which may provide a promising platform for organoid engineering, disease modeling, drug testing and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tao
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
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161
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Huising MO, van der Meulen T, Huang JL, Pourhosseinzadeh MS, Noguchi GM. The Difference δ-Cells Make in Glucose Control. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:403-411. [PMID: 30303773 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of beta and α-cells to glucose control are established, but the physiological role of δ-cells is poorly understood. Delta-cells are ideally positioned within pancreatic islets to modulate insulin and glucagon secretion at their source. We review the evidence for a negative feedback loop between delta and β-cells that determines the blood glucose set point and suggest that local δ-cell-mediated feedback stabilizes glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Jessica L Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Mohammad S Pourhosseinzadeh
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Glyn M Noguchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
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162
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Zhong F, Jiang Y. Endogenous Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration: A Potential Strategy for the Recovery of β Cell Deficiency in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:101. [PMID: 30842756 PMCID: PMC6391341 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous pancreatic β cell regeneration is a potential strategy for β cell expansion or neogenesis to treat diabetes. Regeneration can occur through stimulation of existing β cell replication or conversion of other pancreatic cells into β cells. Recently, various strategies and approaches for stimulation of endogenous β cell regeneration have been evaluated, but they were not suitable for clinical application. In this paper, we comprehensively review these strategies, and further discuss various factors involved in regulation of β cell regeneration under physiological or pathological conditions, such as mediators, transcription factors, signaling pathways, and potential pharmaceutical drugs. Furthermore, we discuss possible reasons for the failure of regenerative medicines in clinical trials, and possible strategies for improving β cell regeneration. As β cell heterogeneity and plasticity determines their function and environmental adaptability, we focus on β cell subtype markers and discuss the importance of research evaluating the characteristics of new β cells. In addition, based on the autoimmunologic features of type 1 diabetes, NOD/Lt-SCID-IL2rg null (NSG) mice grafted with human immune cells and β cells are recommended for use in evaluation of antidiabetic regenerative medicines. This review will further understand current advances in endogenous β cell regeneration, and provide potential new strategies for the treatment of diabetes focused on cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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163
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Nair GG, Liu JS, Russ HA, Tran S, Saxton MS, Chen R, Juang C, Li ML, Nguyen VQ, Giacometti S, Puri S, Xing Y, Wang Y, Szot GL, Oberholzer J, Bhushan A, Hebrok M. Recapitulating endocrine cell clustering in culture promotes maturation of human stem-cell-derived β cells. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:263-274. [PMID: 30710150 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells, the generation of mature functional β cells in vitro has remained elusive. To accomplish this goal, we have developed cell culture conditions to closely mimic events occurring during pancreatic islet organogenesis and β cell maturation. In particular, we have focused on recapitulating endocrine cell clustering by isolating and reaggregating immature β-like cells to form islet-sized enriched β-clusters (eBCs). eBCs display physiological properties analogous to primary human β cells, including robust dynamic insulin secretion, increased calcium signalling in response to secretagogues, and improved mitochondrial energization. Notably, endocrine cell clustering induces metabolic maturation by driving mitochondrial oxidative respiration, a process central to stimulus-secretion coupling in mature β cells. eBCs display glucose-stimulated insulin secretion as early as three days after transplantation in mice. In summary, replicating aspects of endocrine cell clustering permits the generation of stem-cell-derived β cells that resemble their endogenous counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika G Nair
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Liu
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stella Tran
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Saxton
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Chen
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charity Juang
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mei-Lan Li
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vinh Q Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Simone Giacometti
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Xing
- Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gregory L Szot
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anil Bhushan
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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164
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Zhao J, Zong W, Zhao Y, Gou D, Liang S, Shen J, Wu Y, Zheng X, Wu R, Wang X, Niu F, Wang A, Zhang Y, Xiong JW, Chen L, Liu Y. In vivo imaging of β-cell function reveals glucose-mediated heterogeneity of β-cell functional development. eLife 2019; 8:41540. [PMID: 30694176 PMCID: PMC6395064 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How pancreatic β-cells acquire function in vivo is a long-standing mystery due to the lack of technology to visualize β-cell function in living animals. Here, we applied a high-resolution two-photon light-sheet microscope for the first in vivo imaging of Ca2+activity of every β-cell in Tg (ins:Rcamp1.07) zebrafish. We reveal that the heterogeneity of β-cell functional development in vivo occurred as two waves propagating from the islet mantle to the core, coordinated by islet vascularization. Increasing amounts of glucose induced functional acquisition and enhancement of β-cells via activating calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling. Conserved in mammalians, calcineurin/NFAT prompted high-glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of neonatal mouse islets cultured in vitro. However, the reduction in low-glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was dependent on optimal glucose but independent of calcineurin/NFAT. Thus, combination of optimal glucose and calcineurin activation represents a previously unexplored strategy for promoting functional maturation of stem cell-derived β-like cells in vitro. When the amount of sugar in our body rises, specialised cells known as β-cells respond by releasing insulin, a hormone that acts on various organs to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range. These cells cluster in small ‘islets’ inside our pancreas. If the number of working β-cells declines, diseases such as diabetes may appear and it becomes difficult to regulate the amount of sugar in our bodies. Understanding how β-cells normally develop and mature in the embryo could help us learn how to make new ones in the laboratory. In particular, researchers are interested in studying how different body signals, such as blood sugar levels, turn immature β-cells into fully productive cells. However, in mammals, the pancreas and its islets are buried deep inside the embryo and they cannot be observed easily. Here, Zhao et al. circumvented this problem by doing experiments on zebrafish embryos, which are transparent, grow outside their mother’s body, and have pancreatic islets that are similar to the ones found in mammals. A three-dimensional microscopy technique was used to watch individual β-cells activity over long periods, which revealed that the cells start being able to produce insulin at different times. The β-cells around the edge of each islet were the first to have access to blood sugar signals: they gained their hormone-producing role earlier than the cells in the core of an islet, which only sensed the information later on. Zhao et al. then exposed the zebrafish embryos to different amounts of sugar. This showed that there is an optimal concentration of sugar which helps β-cells develop by kick-starting a cascade of events inside the cell. Further experiments confirmed that the same pathway and optimal sugar concentration exist for mammalian islets grown in the laboratory. These findings may help researchers find better ways of making new β-cells to treat diabetic patients. In the future, using the three-dimensional imaging technique in zebrafish embryos may lead to more discoveries on how the pancreas matures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijian Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,China Department of Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongzhou Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Runlong Wu
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuzeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Wei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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165
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Yabe SG, Fukuda S, Nishida J, Takeda F, Nashiro K, Okochi H. Induction of functional islet-like cells from human iPS cells by suspension culture. Regen Ther 2019; 10:69-76. [PMID: 30623004 PMCID: PMC6317273 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To complement islet transplantation for type1 diabetic patients, cell-based therapy using pluripotent stem cells such as ES cells and iPS cells is promising. Many papers have already reported the induction of pancreatic β cells from these cell types, but a suspension culture system has not usually been employed. The aim of this study is to establish a suspension culture method for inducing functional islet-like cells from human iPS cells. Methods We used 30 ml spinner type culture vessels for human iPS cells throughout the differentiation process. Differentiated cells were analyzed by immunostaining and C-peptide secretion. Cell transplantation experiments were performed with STZ-induced diabetic NOD/SCID mice. Blood human C-peptide and glucagon levels were measured serially in mice, and grafts were analyzed histologically. Results We obtained spherical pancreatic beta-like cells from human iPS cells and detected verifiable amounts of C-peptide secretion in vitro. We demonstrated reversal of hyperglycemia in diabetic model mice after transplantation of these cells, maintaining non-fasting blood glucose levels along with the human glycemic set point. We confirmed the secretion of human insulin and glucagon dependent on the blood glucose level in vivo. Immunohistological analysis revealed that grafted cells became α, β and δ cells in vivo. Conclusions These results suggest that differentiated cells derived from human iPS cells grown in suspension culture mature and function like pancreatic islets in vivo. Functional islet-like cells were induced from human iPS cells by suspension culture. They ameliorated hyperglycemia in diabetic mice and secreted human insulin and glucagon. Grafted cells became α, β and δ cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu G Yabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Satsuki Fukuda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Junko Nishida
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Fujie Takeda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Nashiro
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okochi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
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166
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Vethe H, Ghila L, Berle M, Hoareau L, Haaland ØA, Scholz H, Paulo JA, Chera S, Ræder H. The Effect of Wnt Pathway Modulators on Human iPSC-Derived Pancreatic Beta Cell Maturation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:293. [PMID: 31139151 PMCID: PMC6518024 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current published protocols for targeted differentiation of human stem cells toward pancreatic β-cells fail to deliver sufficiently mature cells with functional properties comparable to human islet β-cells. We aimed to assess whether Wnt-modulation could promote the final protocol stages of β-cell maturation, building our hypothesis on our previous findings of Wnt activation in immature hiPSC-derived stage 7 (S7) cells compared to adult human islets and with recent data reporting a link between Wnt/PCP and in vitro β-cell maturation. In this study, we stimulated canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling in hiPSC-derived S7 cells using syntetic proteins including WNT3A, WNT4, WNT5A and WNT5B, and we inhibited endogenous Wnt signaling with the Tankyrase inhibitor G007-LK (TKi). Whereas neither canonical nor non-canonical Wnt stimulation alone was able to mature hiPSC-derived S7 cells, WNT-inhibition with TKi increased the fraction of monohormonal cells and global proteomics of TKi-treated S7 cells showed a proteomic signature more similar to adult human islets, suggesting that inhibition of endogenous Wnt contributes toward final β-cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Vethe
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luiza Ghila
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Magnus Berle
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Laurence Hoareau
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein A. Haaland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joao A. Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simona Chera
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Ræder
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Helge Ræder
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167
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Farack L, Golan M, Egozi A, Dezorella N, Bahar Halpern K, Ben-Moshe S, Garzilli I, Tóth B, Roitman L, Krizhanovsky V, Itzkovitz S. Transcriptional Heterogeneity of Beta Cells in the Intact Pancreas. Dev Cell 2018; 48:115-125.e4. [PMID: 30503750 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells have been shown to be heterogeneous at multiple levels. However, spatially interrogating transcriptional heterogeneity in the intact tissue has been challenging. Here, we developed an optimized protocol for single-molecule transcript imaging in the intact pancreas and used it to identify a sub-population of "extreme" beta cells with elevated mRNA levels of insulin and other secretory genes. Extreme beta cells contain higher ribosomal and proinsulin content but lower levels of insulin protein in fasted states, suggesting they may be tuned for basal insulin secretion. They exhibit a distinctive intra-cellular polarization pattern, with elevated mRNA concentrations in an apical ER-enriched compartment, distinct from the localization of nascent and mature proteins. The proportion of extreme cells increases in db/db diabetic mice, potentially facilitating the required increase in basal insulin. Our results thus highlight a sub-population of beta cells that may carry distinct functional roles along physiological and pathological timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Farack
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Matan Golan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Adi Egozi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nili Dezorella
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Keren Bahar Halpern
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shani Ben-Moshe
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Immacolata Garzilli
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Beáta Tóth
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lior Roitman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Valery Krizhanovsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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168
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Huising MO, Lee S, van der Meulen T. Evidence for a Neogenic Niche at the Periphery of Pancreatic Islets. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800119. [PMID: 30264410 PMCID: PMC6570402 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently discovered a novel subset of beta cells that resemble immature beta cells during pancreas development. We named these "virgin" beta cells as they do not stem from existing mature beta cells. Virgin beta cells are found exclusively at the islet periphery in areas that we therefore designated as the "neogenic niche." As beta cells are our only source of insulin, their loss leads to diabetes. Islets also contain glucagon-producing alpha cells and somatostatin-producing delta cells, that are important for glucose homeostasis and form a mantle surrounding the beta cell core. This 3D architecture is important and determines access to blood flow and innervation. We propose that the distinctive islet architecture may also play an important, but hitherto unappreciated role in generation of new endocrine cells, including beta cells. We discuss several predictions to further test the contribution of the neogenic niche to beta cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O. Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sharon Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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169
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Soltanian A, Ghezelayagh Z, Mazidi Z, Halvaei M, Mardpour S, Ashtiani MK, Hajizadeh-Saffar E, Tahamtani Y, Baharvand H. Generation of functional human pancreatic organoids by transplants of embryonic stem cell derivatives in a 3D-printed tissue trapper. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9564-9576. [PMID: 30362564 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organoids can be regarded as a beneficial tool for discovery of new therapeutics for diabetes and/or maturation of pancreatic progenitors (PP) towards β cells. Here, we devised a strategy to enhance maturation of PP by assembly of three-dimensional (3D) pancreatic organoids (PO) containing human embryonic stem (ES) cell derivatives including ES-derived pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) + early PP, mesenchymal stem cells, and endothelial cells at an optimized cell ratio, on Matrigel. The PO was placed in a 3D-printed tissue trapper and heterotopically implanted into the peritoneal cavity of immunodeficient mice where it remained for 90 days. Our results indicated that, in contrast to corresponding early PP transplants, 3D PO developed more vascularization as indicated by greater area and number of vessels, a higher number of insulin-positive cells and improvement of human C-peptide secretions. Based on our findings, PO-derived β cells could be considered a novel strategy to study human β-cell development, novel therapeutics, and regenerative medicine for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Soltanian
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghezelayagh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mazidi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Halvaei
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soura Mardpour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Ashtiani
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Hajizadeh-Saffar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
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170
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Neurogenin3 phosphorylation controls reprogramming efficiency of pancreatic ductal organoids into endocrine cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15374. [PMID: 30337647 PMCID: PMC6193982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cell replacement has been proposed as an effective treatment for some forms of diabetes, and in vitro methods for β-cell generation are being extensively explored. A potential source of β-cells comes from fate conversion of exocrine pancreatic cells into the endocrine lineage, by overexpression of three regulators of pancreatic endocrine formation and β-cell identity, Ngn3, Pdx1 and MafA. Pancreatic ductal organoid cultures have recently been developed that can be expanded indefinitely, while maintaining the potential to differentiate into the endocrine lineage. Here, using mouse pancreatic ductal organoids, we see that co-expression of Ngn3, Pdx1 and MafA are required and sufficient to generate cells that express insulin and resemble β-cells transcriptome-wide. Efficiency of β-like cell generation can be significantly enhanced by preventing phosphorylation of Ngn3 protein and further augmented by conditions promoting differentiation. Taken together, our new findings underline the potential of ductal organoid cultures as a source material for generation of β-like cells and demonstrate that post-translational regulation of reprogramming factors can be exploited to enhance β-cell generation.
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171
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Mahmoud AI, Galdos FX, Dinan KA, Jedrychowski MP, Davis JC, Vujic A, Rachmin I, Shigley C, Pancoast JR, Lee S, Hollister-Lock J, MacGillivray CM, Gygi SP, Melton DA, Weir GC, Lee RT. Apolipoprotein E is a pancreatic extracellular factor that maintains mature β-cell gene expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204595. [PMID: 30303984 PMCID: PMC6179231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo microenvironment of tissues provides myriad unique signals to cells. Thus, following isolation, many cell types change in culture, often preserving some but not all of their in vivo characteristics in culture. At least some of the in vivo microenvironment may be mimicked by providing specific cues to cultured cells. Here, we show that after isolation and during maintenance in culture, adherent rat islets reduce expression of key β-cell transcription factors necessary for β-cell function and that soluble pancreatic decellularized matrix (DCM) can enhance β-cell gene expression. Following chromatographic fractionation of pancreatic DCM, we performed proteomics to identify soluble factors that can maintain β-cell stability and function. We identified Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) as an extracellular protein that significantly increased the expression of key β-cell genes. The ApoE effect on beta cells was mediated at least in part through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Together, these results reveal a role for ApoE as an extracellular factor that can maintain the mature β-cell gene expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Mahmoud
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Francisco X. Galdos
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Dinan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Jedrychowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Davis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ana Vujic
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Inbal Rachmin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Christian Shigley
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - James R. Pancoast
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Samuel Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. MacGillivray
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Gordon C. Weir
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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172
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Ceasrine AM, Lin EE, Lumelsky DN, Iyer R, Kuruvilla R. Adrb2 controls glucose homeostasis by developmental regulation of pancreatic islet vasculature. eLife 2018; 7:39689. [PMID: 30303066 PMCID: PMC6200393 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of processes controlling the development and function of pancreatic islets is critical for diabetes prevention and treatment. Here, we reveal a previously unappreciated function for pancreatic β2-adrenergic receptors (Adrb2) in controlling glucose homeostasis by restricting islet vascular growth during development. Pancreas-specific deletion of Adrb2 results in glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion in mice, and unexpectedly, specifically in females. The metabolic phenotypes were recapitulated by Adrb2 deletion from neonatal, but not adult, β-cells. Mechanistically, Adrb2 loss increases production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) in female neonatal β-cells and results in hyper-vascularized islets during development, which in turn, disrupts insulin production and exocytosis. Neonatal correction of islet hyper-vascularization, via VEGF-A receptor blockade, fully rescues functional deficits in glucose homeostasis in adult mutant mice. These findings uncover a regulatory pathway that functions in a sex-specific manner to control glucose metabolism by restraining excessive vascular growth during islet development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Ceasrine
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Eugene E Lin
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - David N Lumelsky
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Radhika Iyer
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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173
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Deussing JM, Chen A. The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2225-2286. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt to the current and future demands. A maladaptive stress response has been linked to the etiology of a variety of disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, and the metabolic syndrome. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its relatives, the urocortins 1–3, in concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged as central components of the physiological stress response. This central peptidergic system impinges on a broad spectrum of physiological processes that are the basis for successful adaptation and concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral stress responses. This review focuses on the physiology of CRF-related peptides and their cognate receptors with the aim of providing a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the field. We describe the major molecular features covering aspects of gene expression and regulation, structural properties, and molecular interactions, as well as mechanisms of signal transduction and their surveillance. In addition, we discuss the large body of published experimental studies focusing on state-of-the-art genetic approaches with high temporal and spatial precision, which collectively aimed to dissect the contribution of CRF-related ligands and receptors to different levels of the stress response. We discuss the controversies in the field and unravel knowledge gaps that might pave the way for future research directions and open up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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174
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Adams MT, Gilbert JM, Hinojosa Paiz J, Bowman FM, Blum B. Endocrine cell type sorting and mature architecture in the islets of Langerhans require expression of Roundabout receptors in β cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10876. [PMID: 30022126 PMCID: PMC6052079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets of Langerhans display characteristic spatial architecture of their endocrine cell types. This architecture is critical for cell-cell communication and coordinated hormone secretion. Islet architecture is disrupted in type-2 diabetes. Moreover, the generation of architecturally correct islets in vitro remains a challenge in regenerative approaches to type-1 diabetes. Although the characteristic islet architecture is well documented, the mechanisms controlling its formation remain obscure. Here, we report that correct endocrine cell type sorting and the formation of mature islet architecture require the expression of Roundabout (Robo) receptors in β cells. Mice with whole-body deletion of Robo1 and conditional deletion of Robo2 either in all endocrine cells or selectively in β cells show complete loss of endocrine cell type sorting, highlighting the importance of β cells as the primary organizer of islet architecture. Conditional deletion of Robo in mature β cells subsequent to islet formation results in a similar phenotype. Finally, we provide evidence to suggest that the loss of islet architecture in Robo KO mice is not due to β cell transdifferentiation, cell death or loss of β cell differentiation or maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Adams
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jennifer M Gilbert
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jesus Hinojosa Paiz
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Faith M Bowman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Barak Blum
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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175
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Amin S, Cook B, Zhou T, Ghazizadeh Z, Lis R, Zhang T, Khalaj M, Crespo M, Perera M, Xiang JZ, Zhu Z, Tomishima M, Liu C, Naji A, Evans T, Huangfu D, Chen S. Discovery of a drug candidate for GLIS3-associated diabetes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2681. [PMID: 29992946 PMCID: PMC6041295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GLIS3 mutations are associated with type 1, type 2, and neonatal diabetes, reflecting a key function for this gene in pancreatic β-cell biology. Previous attempts to recapitulate disease-relevant phenotypes in GLIS3−/− β-like cells have been unsuccessful. Here, we develop a “minimal component” protocol to generate late-stage pancreatic progenitors (PP2) that differentiate to mono-hormonal glucose-responding β-like (PP2-β) cells. Using this differentiation platform, we discover that GLIS3−/− hESCs show impaired differentiation, with significant death of PP2 and PP2-β cells, without impacting the total endocrine pool. Furthermore, we perform a high-content chemical screen and identify a drug candidate that rescues mutant GLIS3-associated β-cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we discovered that loss of GLIS3 causes β-cell death, by activating the TGFβ pathway. This study establishes an optimized directed differentiation protocol for modeling human β-cell disease and identifies a drug candidate for treating a broad range of GLIS3-associated diabetic patients. GLIS3 mutations are associated with type 1, type 2, and neonatal diabetes. Here, the authors generate mono-hormonal glucose-responding pancreatic β-like cells in vitro and through a screen identify a drug that rescues pancreatic β-like cell death in GLIS3 mutants by inhibiting the abnormally activated TGFβ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Amin
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Brandoch Cook
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Raphael Lis
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mona Khalaj
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Miguel Crespo
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Manuradhi Perera
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Zengrong Zhu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mark Tomishima
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,SKI Stem Cell Research Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chengyang Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Danwei Huangfu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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176
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Nasteska D, Hodson DJ. The role of beta cell heterogeneity in islet function and insulin release. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:R43-R60. [PMID: 29661799 PMCID: PMC5976077 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that not all insulin-secreting beta cells are equal. Subtle differences exist at the transcriptomic and protein expression levels, with repercussions for beta cell survival/proliferation, calcium signalling and insulin release. Notably, beta cell heterogeneity displays plasticity during development, metabolic stress and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thus, heterogeneity or lack thereof may be an important contributor to beta cell failure during T2DM in both rodents and humans. The present review will discuss the molecular and cellular features of beta cell heterogeneity at both the single-cell and islet level, explore how this influences islet function and insulin release and look into the alterations that may occur during obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Nasteska
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR)University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham MidlandsBirmingham, UK
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR)University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham MidlandsBirmingham, UK
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177
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Ghazalli N, Wu X, Walker S, Trieu N, Hsin LY, Choe J, Chen C, Hsu J, LeBon J, Kozlowski MT, Rawson J, Tirrell DA, Yip MLR, Ku HT. Glucocorticoid Signaling Enhances Expression of Glucose-Sensing Molecules in Immature Pancreatic Beta-Like Cells Derived from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:898-909. [PMID: 29717618 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells may serve as an alternative source of beta-like cells for replacement therapy of type 1 diabetes; however, the beta-like cells generated in many differentiation protocols are immature. The maturation of endogenous beta cells involves an increase in insulin expression starting in late gestation and a gradual acquisition of the abilities to sense glucose and secrete insulin by week 2 after birth in mice; however, what molecules regulate these maturation processes are incompletely known. In this study, we aim to identify small molecules that affect immature beta cells. A cell-based assay, using pancreatic beta-like cells derived from murine embryonic stem (ES) cells harboring a transgene containing an insulin 1-promoter driven enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter, was used to screen a compound library (NIH Clinical Collection-003). Cortisone, a glucocorticoid, was among five positive hit compounds. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that glucocorticoids enhance the gene expression of not only insulin 1 but also glucose transporter-2 (Glut2; Slc2a2) and glucokinase (Gck), two molecules important for glucose sensing. Mifepristone, a pharmacological inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling, reduced the effects of glucocorticoids on Glut2 and Gck expression. The effects of glucocorticoids on ES-derived cells were further validated in immature primary islets. Isolated islets from 1-week-old mice had an increased Glut2 and Gck expression in response to a 4-day treatment of exogenous hydrocortisone in vitro. Gene deletion of GR in beta cells using rat insulin 2 promoter-driven Cre crossed with GRflox/flox mice resulted in a reduced gene expression of Glut2, but not Gck, and an abrogation of insulin secretion when islets were incubated in 0.5 mM d-glucose and stimulated by 17 mM d-glucose in vitro. These results demonstrate that glucocorticoids positively regulate glucose sensors in immature murine beta-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Ghazalli
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
- 2 The Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
- 3 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Xiaoxing Wu
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Stephanie Walker
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Nancy Trieu
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Li-Yu Hsin
- 4 High Throughput Screening Core, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Justin Choe
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Chialin Chen
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Jasper Hsu
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Jeanne LeBon
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Mark T Kozlowski
- 5 Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
| | - Jeffrey Rawson
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - David A Tirrell
- 5 Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
| | - M L Richard Yip
- 4 High Throughput Screening Core, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Hsun Teresa Ku
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
- 2 The Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California
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178
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The Polycomb-Dependent Epigenome Controls β Cell Dysfunction, Dedifferentiation, and Diabetes. Cell Metab 2018; 27:1294-1308.e7. [PMID: 29754954 PMCID: PMC5989056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, it remains largely unclear to what extent chromatin machinery contributes to the susceptibility and progression of complex diseases. Here, we combine deep epigenome mapping with single-cell transcriptomics to mine for evidence of chromatin dysregulation in type 2 diabetes. We find two chromatin-state signatures that track β cell dysfunction in mice and humans: ectopic activation of bivalent Polycomb-silenced domains and loss of expression at an epigenomically unique class of lineage-defining genes. β cell-specific Polycomb (Eed/PRC2) loss of function in mice triggers diabetes-mimicking transcriptional signatures and highly penetrant, hyperglycemia-independent dedifferentiation, indicating that PRC2 dysregulation contributes to disease. The work provides novel resources for exploring β cell transcriptional regulation and identifies PRC2 as necessary for long-term maintenance of β cell identity. Importantly, the data suggest a two-hit (chromatin and hyperglycemia) model for loss of β cell identity in diabetes.
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179
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Reizel Y, Sabag O, Skversky Y, Spiro A, Steinberg B, Bernstein D, Wang A, Kieckhaefer J, Li C, Pikarsky E, Levin-Klein R, Goren A, Rajewsky K, Kaestner KH, Cedar H. Postnatal DNA demethylation and its role in tissue maturation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2040. [PMID: 29795194 PMCID: PMC5966414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Development in mammals is accompanied by specific de novo and demethylation events that are thought to stabilize differentiated cell phenotypes. We demonstrate that a large percentage of the tissue-specific methylation pattern is generated postnatally. Demethylation in the liver is observed in thousands of enhancer-like sequences associated with genes that undergo activation during the first few weeks of life. Using. conditional gene ablation strategy we show that the removal of these methyl groups is stable and necessary for assuring proper hepatocyte gene expression and function through its effect on chromatin accessibility. These postnatal changes in methylation come about through exposure to hormone signaling. These results define the molecular rules of 5-methyl-cytosine regulation as an epigenetic mechanism underlying cellular responses to. changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitzhak Reizel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, , Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 12-126 Translational Research Center, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard Building 421, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5156, USA
| | - Ofra Sabag
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, , Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Yael Skversky
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, , Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Adam Spiro
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, , Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Benjamin Steinberg
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, , Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Diana Bernstein
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 12-126 Translational Research Center, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard Building 421, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5156, USA
| | - Amber Wang
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 12-126 Translational Research Center, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard Building 421, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5156, USA
| | - Julia Kieckhaefer
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 12-126 Translational Research Center, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard Building 421, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5156, USA
| | - Catherine Li
- Broad Technology Labs (BTL), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, , Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Rena Levin-Klein
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alon Goren
- Broad Technology Labs (BTL), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Immune Regulation and Cancer Max-Delbrück-Centrum für, Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, Berlin, 13092, Germany
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 12-126 Translational Research Center, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard Building 421, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5156, USA
| | - Howard Cedar
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, , Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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180
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Abstract
Immature β cells secrete insulin at a lower glucose threshold compared to mature β cells. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Huang et al. (2018) show that the increase in glucose threshold during β cell maturation is achieved through balance between the Ca2+-sensitive synaptotagmin 7 and the Ca2+-insensitive synaptotagmin 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Gilbert
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Barak Blum
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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181
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Huang C, Walker EM, Dadi PK, Hu R, Xu Y, Zhang W, Sanavia T, Mun J, Liu J, Nair GG, Tan HYA, Wang S, Magnuson MA, Stoeckert CJ, Hebrok M, Gannon M, Han W, Stein R, Jacobson DA, Gu G. Synaptotagmin 4 Regulates Pancreatic β Cell Maturation by Modulating the Ca 2+ Sensitivity of Insulin Secretion Vesicles. Dev Cell 2018; 45:347-361.e5. [PMID: 29656931 PMCID: PMC5962294 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Islet β cells from newborn mammals exhibit high basal insulin secretion and poor glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Here we show that β cells of newborns secrete more insulin than adults in response to similar intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, suggesting differences in the Ca2+ sensitivity of insulin secretion. Synaptotagmin 4 (Syt4), a non-Ca2+ binding paralog of the β cell Ca2+ sensor Syt7, increased by ∼8-fold during β cell maturation. Syt4 ablation increased basal insulin secretion and compromised GSIS. Precocious Syt4 expression repressed basal insulin secretion but also impaired islet morphogenesis and GSIS. Syt4 was localized on insulin granules and Syt4 levels inversely related to the number of readily releasable vesicles. Thus, transcriptional regulation of Syt4 affects insulin secretion; Syt4 expression is regulated in part by Myt transcription factors, which repress Syt4 transcription. Finally, human SYT4 regulated GSIS in EndoC-βH1 cells, a human β cell line. These findings reveal the role that altered Ca2+ sensing plays in regulating β cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Program of Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emily M Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Prasanna K Dadi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ruiying Hu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Program of Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Program of Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Tiziana Sanavia
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jisoo Mun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer Liu
- Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Hwee Yim Angeline Tan
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christian J Stoeckert
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics and Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Program of Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Weiping Han
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David A Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Program of Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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182
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Rakshit K, Qian J, Gaonkar KS, Dhawan S, Colwell CS, Matveyenko AV. Postnatal Ontogenesis of the Islet Circadian Clock Plays a Contributory Role in β-Cell Maturation Process. Diabetes 2018; 67:911-922. [PMID: 29500314 PMCID: PMC5910002 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of cell replacement therapies in diabetes requires understanding of the molecular underpinnings of β-cell maturation. The circadian clock regulates diverse cellular functions important for regulation of β-cell function and turnover. However, postnatal ontogenesis of the islet circadian clock and its potential role in β-cell maturation remain unknown. To address this, we studied wild-type Sprague-Dawley as well as Period1 luciferase transgenic (Per1:LUC) rats to determine circadian clock function, clock protein expression, and diurnal insulin secretion during islet development and maturation process. We additionally studied β-cell-specific Bmal1-deficient mice to elucidate a potential role of this key circadian transcription factor in β-cell functional and transcriptional maturation. We report that emergence of the islet circadian clock 1) occurs during the early postnatal period, 2) depends on the establishment of global behavioral circadian rhythms, and 3) leads to the induction of diurnal insulin secretion and gene expression. Islet cell maturation was also characterized by induction in the expression of circadian transcription factor BMAL1, deletion of which altered postnatal development of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the associated transcriptional network. Postnatal development of the islet circadian clock contributes to early-life β-cell maturation and should be considered for optimal design of future β-cell replacement strategies in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Krutika Satish Gaonkar
- Division of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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183
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Kropp PA, Dunn JC, Carboneau BA, Stoffers DA, Gannon M. Cooperative function of Pdx1 and Oc1 in multipotent pancreatic progenitors impacts postnatal islet maturation and adaptability. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E308-E321. [PMID: 29351489 PMCID: PMC5966755 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00260.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) and onecut1 (Oc1) are coexpressed in multipotent pancreatic progenitors (MPCs), but their expression patterns diverge in hormone-expressing cells, with Oc1 expression being extinguished in the endocrine lineage and Pdx1 being maintained at high levels in β-cells. We previously demonstrated that cooperative function of these two factors in MPCs is necessary for proper specification and differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells. In those studies, we observed a persistent decrease in expression of the β-cell maturity factor MafA. We therefore hypothesized that Pdx1 and Oc1 cooperativity in MPCs impacts postnatal β-cell maturation and function. Here our model of Pdx1-Oc1 double heterozygosity was used to investigate the impact of haploinsufficiency for both of these factors on postnatal β-cell maturation, function, and adaptability. Examining mice at postnatal day (P) 14, we observed alterations in pancreatic insulin content in both Pdx1 heterozygotes and double heterozygotes. Gene expression analysis at this age revealed significantly decreased expression of many genes important for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (e.g., Glut2, Pcsk1/2, Abcc8) exclusively in double heterozygotes. Analysis of P14 islets revealed an increase in the number of mixed islets in double heterozygotes. We predicted that double-heterozygous β-cells would have an impaired ability to respond to stress. Indeed, we observed that β-cell proliferation fails to increase in double heterozygotes in response to either high-fat diet or placental lactogen. We thus report here the importance of cooperation between regulatory factors early in development for postnatal islet maturation and adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Kropp
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer C Dunn
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bethany A Carboneau
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Doris A Stoffers
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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184
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Establishment of human pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic β-like cells in the mouse pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3924-3929. [PMID: 29599125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702059115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of β cells located in pancreatic islets. However, tractable in vivo models of human pancreatic β cells have been limited. Here, we generated xenogeneic human pancreatic β-like cells in the mouse pancreas by orthotopic transplantation of stem cell-derived β (SC-β) cells into the pancreas of neonatal mice. The engrafted β-like cells expressed β cell transcription factors and markers associated with functional maturity. Engrafted human cells recruited mouse endothelial cells, suggesting functional integration. Human insulin was detected in the blood circulation of transplanted mice for months after transplantation and increased upon glucose stimulation. In addition to β-like cells, human cells expressing markers for other endocrine pancreas cell types, acinar cells, and pancreatic ductal cells were identified in the pancreata of transplanted mice, indicating that this approach allows studying other human pancreatic cell types in the mouse pancreas. Our results demonstrate that orthotopic transplantation of human SC-β cells into neonatal mice is an experimental platform that allows the generation of mice with human pancreatic β-like cells in the endogenous niche.
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185
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Anderson SJ, White MG, Armour SL, Maheshwari R, Tiniakos D, Muller YD, Berishvili E, Berney T, Shaw JAM. Loss of end-differentiated β-cell phenotype following pancreatic islet transplantation. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:750-755. [PMID: 28949067 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Replacement of pancreatic β-cells through deceased donor islet transplantation is a proven therapy for preventing recurrent life-threatening hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Although near-normal glucose levels and insulin independence can be maintained for many years following successful islet transplantation, restoration of normal functional β-cell mass has remained elusive. It has recently been proposed that dedifferentiation/plasticity towards other endocrine phenotypes may play an important role in stress-induced β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Here we report loss of end-differentiated β-cell phenotype in 2 intraportal islet allotransplant recipients. Despite excellent graft function and sustained insulin independence, all examined insulin-positive cells had lost expression of the end-differentiation marker, urocortin-3, or appeared to co-express the α-cell marker, glucagon. In contrast, no insulin+ /urocortin-3- cells were seen in nondiabetic deceased donor control pancreatic islets. Loss of end-differentiated phenotype may facilitate β-cell survival during the stresses associated with islet isolation and culture, in addition to sustained hypoxia following engraftment. As further refinements in islet isolation and culture are made in parallel with exploration of alternative β-cell sources, graft sites, and ultimately fully vascularized bioengineered insulin-secreting microtissues, differentiation status immunostaining provides a novel tool to assess whether fully mature β-cell phenotype has been maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Anderson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - M G White
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - S L Armour
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - R Maheshwari
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - D Tiniakos
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.,Department of Pathology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Y D Muller
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Berishvili
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Research, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - T Berney
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J A M Shaw
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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186
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Puri S, Roy N, Russ HA, Leonhardt L, French EK, Roy R, Bengtsson H, Scott DK, Stewart AF, Hebrok M. Replication confers β cell immaturity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:485. [PMID: 29396395 PMCID: PMC5797102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells are highly specialized to regulate systemic glucose levels by secreting insulin. In adults, increase in β-cell mass is limited due to brakes on cell replication. In contrast, proliferation is robust in neonatal β cells that are functionally immature as defined by a lower set point for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Here we show that β-cell proliferation and immaturity are linked by tuning expression of physiologically relevant, non-oncogenic levels of c-Myc. Adult β cells induced to replicate adopt gene expression and metabolic profiles resembling those of immature neonatal β that proliferate readily. We directly demonstrate that priming insulin-producing cells to enter the cell cycle promotes a functionally immature phenotype. We suggest that there exists a balance between mature functionality and the ability to expand, as the phenotypic state of the β cell reverts to a less functional one in response to proliferative cues. Adult beta cells, which are highly specialised insulin-secreting cells, rarely replicate. Puri et al. demonstrate that beta cell proliferative capacity is inversely correlated with their functionality and differentiation state, by inducing proliferation of adult cells with ectopic overexpression of the cell cycle regulator c-Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nilotpal Roy
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Laura Leonhardt
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Esra K French
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ritu Roy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Bengtsson
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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187
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Kamel M, Ninov N. Catching new targets in metabolic disease with a zebrafish. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 37:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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188
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Skelin Klemen M, Dolenšek J, Slak Rupnik M, Stožer A. The triggering pathway to insulin secretion: Functional similarities and differences between the human and the mouse β cells and their translational relevance. Islets 2017; 9:109-139. [PMID: 28662366 PMCID: PMC5710702 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2017.1342022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In β cells, stimulation by metabolic, hormonal, neuronal, and pharmacological factors is coupled to secretion of insulin through different intracellular signaling pathways. Our knowledge about the molecular machinery supporting these pathways and the patterns of signals it generates comes mostly from rodent models, especially the laboratory mouse. The increased availability of human islets for research during the last few decades has yielded new insights into the specifics in signaling pathways leading to insulin secretion in humans. In this review, we follow the most central triggering pathway to insulin secretion from its very beginning when glucose enters the β cell to the calcium oscillations it produces to trigger fusion of insulin containing granules with the plasma membrane. Along the way, we describe the crucial building blocks that contribute to the flow of information and focus on their functional role in mice and humans and on their translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Skelin Klemen
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Dolenšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Slak Rupnik
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Physiology; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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189
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Bastidas-Ponce A, Scheibner K, Lickert H, Bakhti M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms coordinating pancreas development. Development 2017; 144:2873-2888. [PMID: 28811309 DOI: 10.1242/dev.140756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas is an endoderm-derived glandular organ that participates in the regulation of systemic glucose metabolism and food digestion through the function of its endocrine and exocrine compartments, respectively. While intensive research has explored the signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that govern pancreas development, much remains to be discovered regarding the cellular processes that orchestrate pancreas morphogenesis. Here, we discuss the developmental mechanisms and principles that are known to underlie pancreas development, from induction and lineage formation to morphogenesis and organogenesis. Elucidating such principles will help to identify novel candidate disease genes and unravel the pathogenesis of pancreas-related diseases, such as diabetes, pancreatitis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Bastidas-Ponce
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Scheibner
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany .,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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190
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Matsuda H, Mullapudi ST, Zhang Y, Hesselson D, Stainier DYR. Thyroid Hormone Coordinates Pancreatic Islet Maturation During the Zebrafish Larval-to-Juvenile Transition to Maintain Glucose Homeostasis. Diabetes 2017; 66:2623-2635. [PMID: 28698262 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling promotes tissue maturation and adult organ formation. Developmental transitions alter an organism's metabolic requirements, and it remains unclear how development and metabolic demands are coordinated. We used the zebrafish as a model to test whether and how TH signaling affects pancreatic islet maturation, and consequently glucose homeostasis, during the larval to juvenile transition. We found that exogenous TH precociously activates the β-cell differentiation genes pax6b and mnx1 while downregulating arxa, a master regulator of α-cell development and function. Together, these effects induced hypoglycemia, at least in part by increasing insulin and decreasing glucagon expression. We visualized TH target tissues using a novel TH-responsive reporter line and found that both α- and β-cells become targets of endogenous TH signaling during the larval-to-juvenile transition. Importantly, endogenous TH is required during this transition for the functional maturation of α- and β-cells in order to maintain glucose homeostasis. Thus, our study sheds new light on the regulation of glucose metabolism during major developmental transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Matsuda
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sri Teja Mullapudi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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191
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Different developmental histories of beta-cells generate functional and proliferative heterogeneity during islet growth. Nat Commun 2017; 8:664. [PMID: 28939870 PMCID: PMC5610262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferative and functional heterogeneity among seemingly uniform cells is a universal phenomenon. Identifying the underlying factors requires single-cell analysis of function and proliferation. Here we show that the pancreatic beta-cells in zebrafish exhibit different growth-promoting and functional properties, which in part reflect differences in the time elapsed since birth of the cells. Calcium imaging shows that the beta-cells in the embryonic islet become functional during early zebrafish development. At later stages, younger beta-cells join the islet following differentiation from post-embryonic progenitors. Notably, the older and younger beta-cells occupy different regions within the islet, which generates topological asymmetries in glucose responsiveness and proliferation. Specifically, the older beta-cells exhibit robust glucose responsiveness, whereas younger beta-cells are more proliferative but less functional. As the islet approaches its mature state, heterogeneity diminishes and beta-cells synchronize function and proliferation. Our work illustrates a dynamic model of heterogeneity based on evolving proliferative and functional beta-cell states. Βeta-cells have recently been shown to be heterogeneous with regard to morphology and function. Here, the authors show that β-cells in zebrafish switch from proliferative to functional states with increasing time since β-cell birth, leading to functional and proliferative heterogeneity.
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192
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Dai C, Hang Y, Shostak A, Poffenberger G, Hart N, Prasad N, Phillips N, Levy SE, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Bottino R, Kim SK, Powers AC. Age-dependent human β cell proliferation induced by glucagon-like peptide 1 and calcineurin signaling. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3835-3844. [PMID: 28920919 DOI: 10.1172/jci91761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate pancreatic β cell function underlies type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Strategies to expand functional cells have focused on discovering and controlling mechanisms that limit the proliferation of human β cells. Here, we developed an engraftment strategy to examine age-associated human islet cell replication competence and reveal mechanisms underlying age-dependent decline of β cell proliferation in human islets. We found that exendin-4 (Ex-4), an agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), stimulates human β cell proliferation in juvenile but not adult islets. This age-dependent responsiveness does not reflect loss of GLP-1R signaling in adult islets, since Ex-4 treatment stimulated insulin secretion by both juvenile and adult human β cells. We show that the mitogenic effect of Ex-4 requires calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling. In juvenile islets, Ex-4 induced expression of calcineurin/NFAT signaling components as well as target genes for proliferation-promoting factors, including NFATC1, FOXM1, and CCNA1. By contrast, expression of these factors in adult islet β cells was not affected by Ex-4 exposure. These studies reveal age-dependent signaling mechanisms regulating human β cell proliferation, and identify elements that could be adapted for therapeutic expansion of human β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Dai
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yan Hang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alena Shostak
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nathaniel Hart
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Neil Phillips
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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193
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Abstract
Following differentiation during fetal development, β cells further adapt to their postnatal role through functional maturation. While adult islets are thought to contain functionally mature β cells, recent analyses of transgenic rodent and human pancreata reveal a number of novel heterogeneity markers in mammalian β cells. The marked heterogeneity long after maturation raises the prospect that diverse populations harbor distinct roles aside from glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In this review, we outline our current understanding of the β-cell maturation process, emphasize recent literature on novel heterogeneity markers, and offer perspectives on reconciling the findings from these two areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S E Liu
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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194
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Ramond C, Glaser N, Berthault C, Ameri J, Kirkegaard JS, Hansson M, Honoré C, Semb H, Scharfmann R. Reconstructing human pancreatic differentiation by mapping specific cell populations during development. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28731406 PMCID: PMC5540466 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Information remains scarce on human development compared to animal models. Here, we reconstructed human fetal pancreatic differentiation using cell surface markers. We demonstrate that at 7weeks of development, the glycoprotein 2 (GP2) marks a multipotent cell population that will differentiate into the acinar, ductal or endocrine lineages. Development towards the acinar lineage is paralleled by an increase in GP2 expression. Conversely, a subset of the GP2+ population undergoes endocrine differentiation by down-regulating GP2 and CD142 and turning on NEUROG3, a marker of endocrine differentiation. Endocrine maturation progresses by up-regulating SUSD2 and lowering ECAD levels. Finally, in vitro differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells mimics key in vivo events. Our work paves the way to extend our understanding of the origin of mature human pancreatic cell types and how such lineage decisions are regulated. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27564.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Ramond
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Glaser
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacqueline Ameri
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Europe
| | | | - Mattias Hansson
- Global Research External Affairs, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark, Europe
| | - Christian Honoré
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark, Europe
| | - Henrik Semb
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Europe
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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195
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Probing the missing mature β-cell proteomic landscape in differentiating patient iPSC-derived cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4780. [PMID: 28684784 PMCID: PMC5500592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04979-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
MODY1 is a maturity-onset monogenic diabetes, caused by heterozygous mutations of the HNF4A gene. To date the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to disease onset remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that insulin-positive cells can be generated in vitro from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from patients carrying a non-sense HNF4A mutation, proving for the first time, that a human HNF4A mutation is neither blocking the expression of the insulin genes nor the development of insulin-producing cells in vitro. However, regardless of the mutation or diabetes status, these insulin-producing cells are immature, a common downfall off most current β-cell differentiation protocols. To further address the immature state of the cells, in vitro differentiated cells and adult human islets were compared by global proteomic analysis. We report the predicted upstream regulators and signalling pathways characterizing the proteome landscape of each entity. Subsequently, we focused on the molecular components absent or misregulated in the in vitro differentiated cells, to probe the components involved in the deficient in vitro maturation towards fully functional β-cells. This analysis identified the modulation of key developmental signalling pathways representing potential targets for improving the efficiency of the current differentiation protocols.
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196
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Al-Khawaga S, Memon B, Butler AE, Taheri S, Abou-Samra AB, Abdelalim EM. Pathways governing development of stem cell-derived pancreatic β cells: lessons from embryogenesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Al-Khawaga
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| | - Bushra Memon
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095 U.S.A
| | - Shahrad Taheri
- Department of Medicine; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO BOX 24144; Doha Qatar
- Department of Medicine; Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
| | - Abdul B. Abou-Samra
- Department of Medicine; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO BOX 24144; Doha Qatar
- Department of Medicine; Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
| | - Essam M. Abdelalim
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
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197
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Rodnoi P, Rajkumar M, Moin ASM, Georgia SK, Butler AE, Dhawan S. Neuropeptide Y expression marks partially differentiated β cells in mice and humans. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94005. [PMID: 28614797 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
β Cells are formed in embryonic life by differentiation of endocrine progenitors and expand by replication during neonatal life, followed by transition into functional maturity. In this study, we addressed the potential contribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in pancreatic β cell development and maturation. We show that NPY expression is restricted from the progenitor populations during pancreatic development and marks functionally immature β cells in fetal and neonatal mice and humans. NPY expression is epigenetically downregulated in β cells upon maturation. Neonatal β cells that express NPY are more replicative, and knockdown of NPY expression in neonatal mouse islets reduces replication and enhances insulin secretion in response to high glucose. These data show that NPY expression likely promotes replication and contributes to impaired glucose responsiveness in neonatal β cells. We show that NPY expression reemerges in β cells in mice fed with high-fat diet as well as in diabetes in mice and humans, establishing a potential new mechanism to explain impaired β cell maturity in diabetes. Together, these studies highlight the contribution of NPY in the regulation of β cell differentiation and have potential applications for β cell supplementation for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pope Rodnoi
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mohan Rajkumar
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Senta K Georgia
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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198
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Raptor regulates functional maturation of murine beta cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15755. [PMID: 28598424 PMCID: PMC5472774 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with beta cell mass loss and islet dysfunctions. mTORC1 regulates beta cell survival, proliferation and function in physiological and pathological conditions, such as pregnancy and pancreatectomy. Here we show that deletion of Raptor, which is an essential component of mTORC1, in insulin-expressing cells promotes hypoinsulinemia and glucose intolerance. Raptor-deficient beta cells display reduced glucose responsiveness and exhibit a glucose metabolic profile resembling fetal beta cells. Knockout islets have decreased expression of key factors of functional maturation and upregulation of neonatal markers and beta cell disallowed genes, resulting in loss of functional maturity. Mechanistically, Raptor-deficient beta cells show reduced expression of DNA-methyltransferase 3a and altered patterns of DNA methylation at loci that are involved in the repression of disallowed genes. The present findings highlight a novel role of mTORC1 as a core mechanism governing postnatal beta cell maturation and physiologic beta cell mass during adulthood. mTORC1 regulates beta cell survival, function and adaptation to physiologic and pathological stimuli. Here Ni et al. demonstrate that that deficiency of Raptor, a component of mTORC1 complex, impairs insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in mice by affecting maturation of beta cells during the postnatal period.
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199
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Sinagoga KL, Stone WJ, Schiesser JV, Schweitzer JI, Sampson L, Zheng Y, Wells JM. Distinct roles for the mTOR pathway in postnatal morphogenesis, maturation and function of pancreatic islets. Development 2017; 144:2402-2414. [PMID: 28576773 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
While much is known about the molecular pathways that regulate embryonic development and adult homeostasis of the endocrine pancreas, little is known about what regulates early postnatal development and maturation of islets. Given that birth marks the first exposure to enteral nutrition, we investigated how nutrient-regulated signaling pathways influence postnatal islet development in mice. We performed loss-of-function studies of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a highly conserved kinase within a nutrient-sensing pathway known to regulate cellular growth, morphogenesis and metabolism. Deletion of Mtor in pancreatic endocrine cells had no significant effect on their embryonic development. However, within the first 2 weeks after birth, mTOR-deficient islets became dysmorphic, β-cell maturation and function were impaired, and animals lost islet mass. Moreover, we discovered that these distinct functions of mTOR are mediated by separate downstream branches of the pathway, in that mTORC1 (with adaptor protein Raptor) is the main complex mediating the maturation and function of islets, whereas mTORC2 (with adaptor protein Rictor) impacts islet mass and architecture. Taken together, these findings suggest that nutrient sensing may be an essential trigger for postnatal β-cell maturation and islet development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Sinagoga
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - William J Stone
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Jacqueline V Schiesser
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Jamie I Schweitzer
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Leesa Sampson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA .,Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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200
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Qiu WL, Zhang YW, Feng Y, Li LC, Yang L, Xu CR. Deciphering Pancreatic Islet β Cell and α Cell Maturation Pathways and Characteristic Features at the Single-Cell Level. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1194-1205.e4. [PMID: 28467935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β and α cells play essential roles in maintaining glucose homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which these distinct cell populations are generated, expand, and mature during pancreas development remain unclear. In this study, we addressed this critical question by performing a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of mouse β and α cells sorted from fetal to adult stages. We discovered that β and α cells use different regulatory strategies for their maturation and that cell proliferation peaks at different developmental times. However, the quiescent and proliferative cells in both the β lineage and α lineage are synchronous in their maturation states. The heterogeneity of juvenile β cells reflects distinct cell-cycling phases, origins, and maturation states, whereas adult β cells are relatively homogeneous at the transcriptomic level. These analyses provide not only a high-resolution roadmap for islet lineage development but also insights into the mechanisms of cellular heterogeneity, cell number expansion, and maturation of both β and α cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin-Chen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cheng-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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