151
|
Althari S, Gloyn AL. When is it MODY? Challenges in the Interpretation of Sequence Variants in MODY Genes. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 12:330-48. [PMID: 27111119 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomics revolution has raised more questions than it has provided answers. Big data from large population-scale resequencing studies are increasingly deconstructing classic notions of Mendelian disease genetics, which support a simplistic correlation between mutational severity and phenotypic outcome. The boundaries are being blurred as the body of evidence showing monogenic disease-causing alleles in healthy genomes, and in the genomes of individu-als with increased common complex disease risk, continues to grow. In this review, we focus on the newly emerging challenges which pertain to the interpretation of sequence variants in genes implicated in the pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a presumed mono-genic form of diabetes characterized by Mendelian inheritance. These challenges highlight the complexities surrounding the assignments of pathogenicity, in particular to rare protein-alerting variants, and bring to the forefront some profound clinical diagnostic implications. As MODY is both genetically and clinically heterogeneous, an accurate molecular diagnosis and cautious extrapolation of sequence data are critical to effective disease management and treatment. The biological and translational value of sequence information can only be attained by adopting a multitude of confirmatory analyses, which interrogate variant implication in disease from every possible angle. Indeed, studies which have effectively detected rare damaging variants in known MODY genes in normoglycemic individuals question the existence of a sin-gle gene mutation scenario: does monogenic diabetes exist when the genetic culprits of MODY have been systematical-ly identified in individuals without MODY?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Althari
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Kofent J, Spagnoli FM. Xenopus as a model system for studying pancreatic development and diabetes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:106-16. [PMID: 26806634 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease caused by the loss or dysfunction of the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. To date, much of our knowledge about β-cells in humans comes from studying rare monogenic forms of diabetes. Importantly, the majority of mutations so far associated to monogenic diabetes are in genes that exert a regulatory role in pancreatic development and/or β-cell function. Thus, the identification and study of novel mutations open an unprecedented window into human pancreatic development. In this review, we summarize major advances in the genetic dissection of different types of monogenic diabetes and the insights gained from a developmental perspective. We highlight future challenges to bridge the gap between the fast accumulation of genetic data through next-generation sequencing and the need of functional insights into disease mechanisms. Lastly, we discuss the relevance and advantages of studying candidate gene variants in vivo using the Xenopus as model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kofent
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Voevoda MI, Ivanova AA, Shakhtshneider EV, Ovsyannikova AK, Mikhailova SV, Astrakova KS, Voevoda SM, Rymar OD. Molecular genetics of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016. [DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2016884117-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
154
|
Estevez P, Boscolo O, Quiroga E, Fernandez Penuto R, Buontempo F, Tripodi V, Lucangioli S. Development and stability study of glibenclamide oral liquid paediatric formulations for the treatment of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2015; 23:213-218. [PMID: 31156851 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2015-000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glibenclamide is a second-generation oral sulfonylurea used to treat neonatal permanent diabetes mellitus. It is more effective and safer than the first-generation agents. However, no liquid oral formulation is commercially available and, therefore, it cannot be used for individuals who cannot swallow the solid form. Objectives To develop and study the physicochemical and microbiological stability of two liquid glibenclamide formulations for the treatment of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: two suspensions (2.5 mg/mL)-one using glibenclamide raw material and the other, glibenclamide tablets. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) stability showed that the method is optimised and validated for analysis of glibenclamide in the formulations studied. Methods Samples were stored at 4°C, 25°C and 40°C. The amount of glibenclamide in each formulation was analysed in duplicate using HPLC at 0, 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days. Other parameters were also determined-for example, the appearance, pH and morphology. Microbiological studies according to the guidelines of the US Pharmacopoeia for non-sterile products at 0 and 90 days were carried out. Results All formulations remained physicochemically and microbiologically stable at three different temperatures during the 90-day study. Therefore, glibenclamide formulations can be stored for at least 90 days at ≤40°C. Conclusions These formulations are ideally suited for paediatric patients who usually cannot swallow tablets. The proposed analytical method was suitable for studying the stability of different formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oriana Boscolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Quiroga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Quality Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacists of Buenos Aires Province, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Fabian Buontempo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Pharmacy Service, Pediatric Hospital J P Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Tripodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Silvia Lucangioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Bouillon R, Drucker DJ, Ferrannini E, Grinspoon S, Rosen CJ, Zimmet P. The past 10 years-new hormones, new functions, new endocrine organs. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:681-6. [PMID: 26323661 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication of the first issue of this journal in November 2005, our understanding of the endocrine system has evolved, with the identification of novel hormones and novel endocrine roles for previously identified molecules. Here, we have asked six of our Advisory Board Members to comment on how these insights have led to the recognition that many organs and tissues that were not widely considered part of the classic endocrine system in the past have important endocrine functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 ON1, Box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, 600 University Avenue, TCP5-1004 MailBox 39, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- University of Pisa, Department of Internal Medicine, Via Roma 67, Pisa, PI 56100, Italy
| | - Steven Grinspoon
- Harvard Medical School, MGH Program in Nutritional Metabolism, 5 Longfellow Place, Room 207, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Paul Zimmet
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Epidemiology &Clinical Diabetes, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Parthasarathy S, Choudhary P. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. ADVANCED NUTRITION AND DIETETICS IN DIABETES 2015:51-59. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119121725.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
|
157
|
Bosma AR, Rigter T, Weinreich SS, Cornel MC, Henneman L. A genetic diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY): experiences of patients and family members. Diabet Med 2015; 32:1385-92. [PMID: 25763774 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Genetic testing for maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) facilitates a correct diagnosis, enabling treatment optimization and allowing monitoring of asymptomatic family members. To date, the majority of people with MODY remain undiagnosed. To identify patients' needs and areas for improving care, this study explores the experiences of patients and family members who have been genetically tested for MODY. METHODS Fourteen semi-structured interviews with patients and the parents of patients, and symptomatic and asymptomatic family members were conducted. Atlas.ti was used for thematic analysis. RESULTS Most people with MODY were initially misdiagnosed with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes; they had been seeking for the correct diagnosis for a long time. Reasons for having a genetic test included reassurance, removing the uncertainty of developing diabetes (in asymptomatic family members) and informing relatives. Reasons against testing were the fear of genetic discrimination and not having symptoms. Often a positive genetic test result did not come as a surprise. Both patients and family members were satisfied with the decision to get tested because it enabled them to adjust their lifestyle and treatment accordingly. All participants experienced a lack of knowledge of MODY among healthcare professionals, in their social environment and in patient organizations. Additionally, problems with the reimbursement of medical expenses were reported. CONCLUSIONS Patients and family members are generally positive about genetic testing for MODY. More education of healthcare professionals and attention on the part of diabetes organizations is needed to increase awareness and optimize care and support for people with MODY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Bosma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Rigter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S S Weinreich
- Department of Clinical Genetics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M C Cornel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Henneman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Clinical, molecular, and therapeutic aspects of NDM in ten cases with diabetes in 1st 6 months of life. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-015-0431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
159
|
Tallapragada DSP, Bhaskar S, Chandak GR. New insights from monogenic diabetes for "common" type 2 diabetes. Front Genet 2015; 6:251. [PMID: 26300908 PMCID: PMC4528293 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Boundaries between monogenic and complex genetic diseases are becoming increasingly blurred, as a result of better understanding of phenotypes and their genetic determinants. This had a large impact on the way complex disease genetics is now being investigated. Starting with conventional approaches like familial linkage, positional cloning and candidate genes strategies, the scope of complex disease genetics has grown exponentially with scientific and technological advances in recent times. Despite identification of multiple loci harboring common and rare variants associated with complex diseases, interpreting and evaluating their functional role has proven to be difficult. Information from monogenic diseases, especially related to the intermediate traits associated with complex diseases comes handy. The significant overlap between traits and phenotypes of monogenic diseases with related complex diseases provides a platform to understand the disease biology better. In this review, we would discuss about one such complex disease, type 2 diabetes, which shares marked similarity of intermediate traits with different forms of monogenic diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sri Priyanka Tallapragada
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Hyderabad, India
| | - Seema Bhaskar
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Hyderabad, India
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Østoft SH, Bagger JI, Hansen T, Hartmann B, Pedersen O, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. Postprandial incretin and islet hormone responses and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 enzymatic activity in patients with maturity onset diabetes of the young. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:205-15. [PMID: 25953829 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of the incretin hormones in the pathophysiology of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is unclear. DESIGN We studied the postprandial plasma responses of glucagon, incretin hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)) and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) enzymatic activity in patients with glucokinase (GCK) diabetes (MODY2) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1A) diabetes (MODY3) as well as in matched healthy individuals (CTRLs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ten patients with MODY2 (mean age ± S.E.M. 43 ± 5 years; BMI 24 ± 2 kg/m(2); fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 7.1 ± 0.3 mmol/l: HbA1c 6.6 ± 0.2%), ten patients with MODY3 (age 31 ± 3 years; BMI 24 ± 1 kg/m(2); FPG 8.9 ± 0.8 mmol/l; HbA1c 7.0 ± 0.3%) and ten CTRLs (age 40 ± 5 years; BMI 24 ± 1 kg/m(2); FPG 5.1 ± 0.1 mmol/l; HbA1c 5.3 ± 0.1%) were examined with a liquid test meal. RESULTS All of the groups exhibited similar baseline values of glucagon (MODY2: 7 ± 1 pmol/l; MODY3: 6 ± 1 pmol/l; CTRLs: 8 ± 2 pmol/l, P=0.787), but patients with MODY3 exhibited postprandial hyperglucagonaemia (area under the curve (AUC) 838 ± 108 min × pmol/l) as compared to CTRLs (182 ± 176 min × pmol/l, P=0.005) and tended to have a greater response than did patients with MODY2 (410 ± 154 min × pmol/l, P=0.063). Similar peak concentrations and AUCs for plasma GIP and plasma GLP1 were observed across the groups. Increased fasting DPP4 activity was seen in patients with MODY3 (17.7 ± 1.2 mU/ml) vs CTRLs (13.6 ± 0.8 mU/ml, P=0.011), but the amount of activity was similar to that in patients with MODY2 (15.0 ± 0.7 mU/ml, P=0.133). CONCLUSION The pathophysiology of MODY3 includes exaggerated postprandial glucagon responses and increased fasting DPP4 enzymatic activity but normal postprandial incretin responses both in patients with MODY2 and in patients with MODY3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Signe Harring Østoft
- Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonatan Ising Bagger
- Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Diabetes ResearchGentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Fang C, Huang J, Huang Y, Chen L, Chen X, Hu J. A novel nonsense mutation of the HNF1α in maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3 in Asian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 109:e5-7. [PMID: 26050565 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We reported a novel nonsense mutation, R54X of the hepatic nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) gene in a Chinese family. The mutation was identified in a 47 years old woman and her 19 years old daughter within a five-family members tested. Both the two patients were sensitive to insulin and glibenclamide treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Linqi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Chakera AJ, Steele AM, Gloyn AL, Shepherd MH, Shields B, Ellard S, Hattersley AT. Recognition and Management of Individuals With Hyperglycemia Because of a Heterozygous Glucokinase Mutation. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1383-92. [PMID: 26106223 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase-maturity-onset diabetes of the young (GCK-MODY), also known as MODY2, is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in the GCK gene. GCK gene mutations are present in ∼1 in 1,000 of the population, but most are not diagnosed. They are common causes of MODY (10-60%): persistent incidental childhood hyperglycemia (10-60%) and gestational diabetes mellitus (1-2%). GCK-MODY has a unique pathophysiology and clinical characteristics, so it is best considered as a discrete genetic subgroup. People with GCK-MODY have a defect in glucose sensing; hence, glucose homeostasis is maintained at a higher set point resulting in mild, asymptomatic fasting hyperglycemia (5.4-8.3 mmol/L, HbA1c range 5.8-7.6% [40-60 mmol/mol]), which is present from birth and shows slight deterioration with age. Even after 50 years of mild hyperglycemia, people with GCK-MODY do not develop significant microvascular complications, and the prevalence of macrovascular complications is probably similar to that in the general population. Treatment is not recommended outside pregnancy because glucose-lowering therapy is ineffective in people with GCK-MODY and there is a lack of long-term complications. In pregnancy, fetal growth is primarily determined by whether the fetus inherits the GCK gene mutation from their mother. Insulin treatment of the mother is only appropriate when increased fetal abdominal growth on scanning suggests the fetus is unaffected. The impact on outcome of maternal insulin treatment is limited owing to the difficulty in altering maternal glycemia in these patients. Making the diagnosis of GCK-MODY through genetic testing is essential to avoid unnecessary treatment and investigations, especially when patients are misdiagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Chakera
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K. MacLeod Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, Exeter, U.K.
| | - Anna M Steele
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Maggie H Shepherd
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Beverley Shields
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Sian Ellard
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K. Department of Molecular Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K. MacLeod Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, Exeter, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Abstract
Monogenic diabetes is frequently mistakenly diagnosed as either type 1 or type 2 diabetes, yet accounts for approximately 1-2% of diabetes. Identifying monogenic forms of diabetes has practical implications for specific therapy, screening of family members and genetic counselling. The most common forms of monogenic diabetes are due to glucokinase (GCK), hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1A and HNF-4A, HNF-1B, m.3243A>G gene defects. Practical aspects of their recognition, diagnosis and management are outlined, particularly as they relate to pregnancy. This knowledge is important for all physicians managing diabetes in pregnancy, given this is a time when previously unrecognised monogenic diabetes may be uncovered with careful attention to atypical features of diabetes misclassified as type 1, type 2, or gestational diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Kharroubi AT, Darwish HM. Diabetes mellitus: The epidemic of the century. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:850-67. [PMID: 26131326 PMCID: PMC4478580 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic nature of diabetes mellitus in different regions is reviewed. The Middle East and North Africa region has the highest prevalence of diabetes in adults (10.9%) whereas, the Western Pacific region has the highest number of adults diagnosed with diabetes and has countries with the highest prevalence of diabetes (37.5%). Different classes of diabetes mellitus, type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes and other types of diabetes mellitus are compared in terms of diagnostic criteria, etiology and genetics. The molecular genetics of diabetes received extensive attention in recent years by many prominent investigators and research groups in the biomedical field. A large array of mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that play a role in the various steps and pathways involved in glucose metabolism and the development, control and function of pancreatic cells at various levels are reviewed. The major advances in the molecular understanding of diabetes in relation to the different types of diabetes in comparison to the previous understanding in this field are briefly reviewed here. Despite the accumulation of extensive data at the molecular and cellular levels, the mechanism of diabetes development and complications are still not fully understood. Definitely, more extensive research is needed in this field that will eventually reflect on the ultimate objective to improve diagnoses, therapy and minimize the chance of chronic complications development.
Collapse
|
165
|
Gandica RG, Chung WK, Deng L, Goland R, Gallagher MP. Identifying monogenic diabetes in a pediatric cohort with presumed type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16:227-33. [PMID: 25082184 PMCID: PMC4767163 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monogenic diabetes (MD) is rare and can often be confused with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a pediatric cohort. We sought to determine clinical criteria that could optimally identify candidates for genetic testing of two common forms of MD that alter therapy: glucokinase (GCK) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1α). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of 939 patients with a presumed diagnosis of T1D, 6 months-20 yr of age, and identified four clinical criteria that were unusual for T1D and could warrant further evaluation for MD: (i) negative pancreatic autoantibodies, (ii) evidence of prolonged endogenous insulin production, or (iii) strong family history of diabetes in multiple generations. One hundred and twenty-one patients were identified as having one or more of these high-risk clinical criteria and were offered screening for mutations in GCK and HNF1α; 58 consented for genetic testing. RESULTS Of 58 patients with presumed T1D who underwent genetic testing, four were found to have GCK and one had HNF1α. No patients with only one high-risk feature were found to have MD. Of 10 patients who had two or more high risk criteria, five had MD (50%). CONCLUSION A high frequency of MD from mutations in GCK/HNF1α may be identified among pediatric diabetic patients originally considered to have T1D by performing genetic testing on those patients with multiple clinical risk factors for MD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle G. Gandica
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Liyong Deng
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robin Goland
- Division of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mary Pat Gallagher
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Egan AM, Cunningham A, Jafar-Mohammadi B, Dunne FP. Diabetic ketoacidosis in the setting of HNF1A-maturity onset diabetes of the young. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2014-209163. [PMID: 25837654 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-209163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A female patient was treated for type 1 diabetes following presentation at 12 years of age with hyperglycaemia, polydipsia and weight loss. Eleven years later, while screening relatives attending a genetic diabetes clinic, she was identified as potentially harbouring a mutation in the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A (HNF1A) gene. Biochemical testing supported the diagnosis of HNF1A-maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and genetic screening was positive for a heterozygous mutation in the HNF1A gene. The patient transitioned from insulin to sulfonylurea therapy. Three years later, in the setting of poor metabolic control, the patient presented to the emergency department with a history of nausea, vomiting and palpitations. A diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was confirmed and successfully treated. Although a diagnosis of HNF1A-MODY is rarely considered in a patient with a history of DKA, we demonstrate that DKA is possible in the setting of non-compliance with sulfonylurea therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M Egan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Galway Diabetes Research Centre, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aine Cunningham
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Galway Diabetes Research Centre, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bahram Jafar-Mohammadi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Galway Diabetes Research Centre, Galway, Ireland King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Fidelma P Dunne
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Galway Diabetes Research Centre, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Prasad RB, Groop L. Genetics of type 2 diabetes-pitfalls and possibilities. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:87-123. [PMID: 25774817 PMCID: PMC4377835 DOI: 10.3390/genes6010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex disease that is caused by a complex interplay between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. While the major environmental factors, diet and activity level, are well known, identification of the genetic factors has been a challenge. However, recent years have seen an explosion of genetic variants in risk and protection of T2D due to the technical development that has allowed genome-wide association studies and next-generation sequencing. Today, more than 120 variants have been convincingly replicated for association with T2D and many more with diabetes-related traits. Still, these variants only explain a small proportion of the total heritability of T2D. In this review, we address the possibilities to elucidate the genetic landscape of T2D as well as discuss pitfalls with current strategies to identify the elusive unknown heritability including the possibility that our definition of diabetes and its subgroups is imprecise and thereby makes the identification of genetic causes difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi B Prasad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
- Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Bennett JT, Vasta V, Zhang M, Narayanan J, Gerrits P, Hahn SH. Molecular genetic testing of patients with monogenic diabetes and hyperinsulinism. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:451-8. [PMID: 25555642 PMCID: PMC7852340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.12.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic sequencing has become a critical part of the diagnosis of certain forms of pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. Despite great advances in the speed and cost of DNA sequencing, determining the pathogenicity of variants remains a challenge, and requires sharing of sequence and phenotypic data between laboratories. We reviewed all diabetes and hyperinsulinism-associated molecular testing done at the Seattle Children's Molecular Genetics Laboratory from 2009 to 2013. 331 probands were referred to us for molecular genetic sequencing for Neonatal Diabetes (NDM), Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), or Congenital Hyperinsulinism (CHI) during this period. Reportable variants were identified in 115 (35%) patients with 91 variants in one of 6 genes: HNF1A, GCK, HNF4A, ABCC8, KCNJ11, or INS. In addition to identifying 23 novel variants, we identified unusual mechanisms of inheritance, including mosaic and digenic MODY presentations. Re-analysis of all reported variants using more recently available databases led to a change in variant interpretation from the original report in 30% of cases. These results represent a resource for molecular testing of monogenic forms of diabetes and hyperinsulinism, providing a mutation spectrum for these disorders in a large North American cohort. In addition, they highlight the importance of periodic review of molecular testing results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James T Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Valeria Vasta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jaya Narayanan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Peter Gerrits
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Beaumont Children's Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Si Houn Hahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Alvelos MI, Rodrigues M, Lobo L, Medeira A, Sousa AB, Simão C, Lemos MC. A novel mutation of the HNF1B gene associated with hypoplastic glomerulocystic kidney disease and neonatal renal failure: a case report and mutation update. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e469. [PMID: 25700310 PMCID: PMC4554182 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 beta (HNF1B) plays an important role in embryonic development, namely in the kidney, pancreas, liver, genital tract, and gut. Heterozygous germline mutations of HNF1B are associated with the renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (RCAD). Affected individuals may present a variety of renal developmental abnormalities and/or maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). A Portuguese 19-month-old male infant was evaluated due to hypoplastic glomerulocystic kidney disease and renal dysfunction diagnosed in the neonatal period that progressed to stage 5 chronic renal disease during the first year of life. His mother was diagnosed with a solitary hypoplastic microcystic left kidney at age 20, with stage 2 chronic renal disease established at age 35, and presented bicornuate uterus, pancreatic atrophy, and gestational diabetes. DNA sequence analysis of HNF1B revealed a novel germline frameshift insertion (c.110_111insC or c.110dupC) in both the child and the mother. A review of the literature revealed a total of 106 different HNF1B mutations, in 236 mutation-positive families, comprising gross deletions (34%), missense mutations (31%), frameshift deletions or insertions (15%), nonsense mutations (11%), and splice-site mutations (8%). The study of this family with an unusual presentation of hypoplastic glomerulocystic kidney disease with neonatal renal dysfunction identified a previously unreported mutation of the HNF1B gene, thereby expanding the spectrum of known mutations associated with renal developmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Alvelos
- From the CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (MIA, MCL); Paediatric Nephrology & Renal Transplantation Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal (MR, CS); Department of Radiology, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal (LL); and Genetics Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal (AM, ABS)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Bhattacharya N, Basu N, Banerjee SK, Malakar D. Concern for Pharmacogenomics and Autologous Cell Therapy: Can This Be a Direction Toward Medicine for the Future? Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
171
|
Synofzik M, Haack T, Kopajtich R, Gorza M, Rapaport D, Greiner M, Schönfeld C, Freiberg C, Schorr S, Holl R, Gonzalez M, Fritsche A, Fallier-Becker P, Zimmermann R, Strom T, Meitinger T, Züchner S, Schüle R, Schöls L, Prokisch H. Absence of BiP co-chaperone DNAJC3 causes diabetes mellitus and multisystemic neurodegeneration. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:689-97. [PMID: 25466870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and neurodegeneration are common diseases for which shared genetic factors are still only partly known. Here, we show that loss of the BiP (immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein) co-chaperone DNAJC3 leads to diabetes mellitus and widespread neurodegeneration. We investigated three siblings with juvenile-onset diabetes and central and peripheral neurodegeneration, including ataxia, upper-motor-neuron damage, peripheral neuropathy, hearing loss, and cerebral atrophy. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous stop mutation in DNAJC3. Screening of a diabetes database with 226,194 individuals yielded eight phenotypically similar individuals and one family carrying a homozygous DNAJC3 deletion. DNAJC3 was absent in fibroblasts from all affected subjects in both families. To delineate the phenotypic and mutational spectrum and the genetic variability of DNAJC3, we analyzed 8,603 exomes, including 506 from families affected by diabetes, ataxia, upper-motor-neuron damage, peripheral neuropathy, or hearing loss. This analysis revealed only one further loss-of-function allele in DNAJC3 and no further associations in subjects with only a subset of the features of the main phenotype. Our findings demonstrate that loss-of-function DNAJC3 mutations lead to a monogenic, recessive form of diabetes mellitus in humans. Moreover, they present a common denominator for diabetes and widespread neurodegeneration. This complements findings from mice in which knockout of Dnajc3 leads to diabetes and modifies disease in a neurodegenerative model of Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome.
Collapse
|
172
|
Passanisi S, Timpanaro T, Lo Presti D, Mammì C, Caruso-Nicoletti M. Treatment of transient neonatal diabetes mellitus: insulin pump or insulin glargine? Our experience. Diabetes Technol Ther 2014; 16:880-4. [PMID: 25437016 PMCID: PMC4241878 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2014.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) results from impaired insulin secretion, occurring within the first 6 months of life. NDM is classified as transient NDM (TNDM) or permanent NDM. To date there are no universal guidelines regarding its management. Intravenous insulin infusion represents the first and most adequate therapeutic approach for sustained hyperglycemia, but this can provide only a short-term solution. Several factors should be taken into account in the choice of the long-term treatment. We describe our experience with two infants affected by TNDM. The first child was treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, whereas the second infant was treated with subcutaneous insulin glargine injections. Our experience shows that the two different therapeutic approaches, if properly managed, are equally effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, University of Catania, University Hospital Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Timpanaro
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, University of Catania, University Hospital Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Donatella Lo Presti
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, University of Catania, University Hospital Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Mammì
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Bianchi Melacrino Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Manuela Caruso-Nicoletti
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, University of Catania, University Hospital Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Myngheer N, Allegaert K, Hattersley A, McDonald T, Kramer H, Ashcroft FM, Verhaeghe J, Mathieu C, Casteels K. Fetal macrosomia and neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia associated with transplacental transfer of sulfonylurea in a mother with KCNJ11-related neonatal diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:3333-5. [PMID: 25231897 PMCID: PMC5894804 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sulfonylureas (SUs) are effective at controlling glycemia in permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) caused by KCNJ11 (Kir6.2) mutations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We report the case of a woman with PNDM who continued high doses of glibenclamide (85 mg/day) during her pregnancy. The baby was born preterm, and presented with macrosomia and severe hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia requiring high-rate intravenous glucose infusion. RESULTS Postnatal genetic testing excluded a KCNJ11 mutation in the baby. Glibenclamide was detected in both the baby's blood and the maternal milk. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that high doses of glibenclamide in the mother led to transplacental passage of the drug and overstimulation of fetal β-cells, which resulted in severe hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in the neonate (who did not carry the mutation) and contributed to fetal macrosomia. We suggest that glibenclamide (and other SUs) should be avoided in mothers with PNDM if the baby does not carry the mutation or if prenatal screening has not been performed, while glibenclamide may be beneficial when the fetus is a PNDM carrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nele Myngheer
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Tim McDonald
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Holger Kramer
- University Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - Johan Verhaeghe
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristina Casteels
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Alkorta-Aranburu G, Carmody D, Cheng Y, Nelakuditi V, Ma L, Dickens JT, Das S, Greeley S, del Gaudio D. Phenotypic heterogeneity in monogenic diabetes: the clinical and diagnostic utility of a gene panel-based next-generation sequencing approach. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 113:315-320. [PMID: 25306193 PMCID: PMC4756642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Single gene mutations that primarily affect pancreatic β-cell function account for approximately 1-2% of all cases of diabetes. Overlapping clinical features with common forms of diabetes makes diagnosis of monogenic diabetes challenging. A genetic diagnosis often leads to significant alterations in treatment, allows better prediction of disease prognosis and progression, and has implications for family members. Currently, genetic testing for monogenic diabetes relies on selection of appropriate individual genes for analysis based on the availability of often-limited phenotypic information, decreasing the likelihood of making a genetic diagnosis. We thus developed a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay for the detection of mutations in 36 genes known to cause monogenic forms of diabetes, including transient or permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM or PNDM), maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and rare syndromic forms of diabetes. A total of 95 patient samples were analyzed: 19 with known causal mutations and 76 with a clinically suggestive phenotype but lacking a genetic diagnosis. All previously identified mutations were detected, validating our assay. Pathogenic sequence changes were identified in 19 out of 76 (25%) patients: 7 of 32 (22%) NDM cases, and 12 of 44 (27%) MODY cases. In 2 NDM patients the causal mutation was not expected as consanguinity was not reported and there were no clinical features aside from diabetes. A 3 year old patient with NDM diagnosed at 3 months of age, who previously tested negative for INS, KCNJ11 and ABCC8 mutations, was found to carry a novel homozygous mutation in EIF2AK3 (associated with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome), a gene not previously suspected because consanguinity, delayed growth, abnormal bone development and hepatic complications had not been reported. Similarly, another infant without a history of consanguinity was found to have a homozygous GCK mutation causing PNDM at birth. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of multi-gene panel analysis in uncovering molecular diagnoses in patients with monogenic forms of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Carmody
- Department of Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y.W. Cheng
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - V. Nelakuditi
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L. Ma
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jazzmyne T. Dickens
- Department of Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S. Das
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S.A.W. Greeley
- Department of Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D. del Gaudio
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Corresponding author at: University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave. MC.0077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Fax: +1 773 834 0556. (D. del Gaudio)
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated to HNF4A T130I polymorphism in families of central Spain. J Investig Med 2014; 62:968-74. [PMID: 25361053 DOI: 10.1097/jim.0000000000000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and maturity-onset diabetes of the young present some similar clinical and biochemical characteristics that make them difficult to differentiate. Currently, the polymorphism T130I (rs1800961) in the HNF4A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A) gene has been described as a risk factor to type 2 DM and shows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern associated to β-cell function decrease. The aim of the present work was to characterize the phenotypic profile of the T130I carrier and noncarrier relatives included in 3 unrelated families. METHODS We studied GCK, HNF1A, and HNF4A genes by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in 3 unrelated subjects from Valladolid, Spain, in which maturity-onset diabetes of the young was suspected. We collected genetic, clinical, and biochemical data from these subjects and their relatives in order to check the presence of the T130I polymorphism. RESULTS The heterozygous T130I mutation was the unique functional gene variation that could explain diabetes phenotype. We observed significant differences in glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and Homeostasis Model Assessment index when we compared T130I mutation carriers and noncarriers. Diabetes diagnosed in T130I mutation carriers was related to stressful situations in an earlier age and tightly associated with gestational diabetes. Fasting plasma glucose and HbA(1c) levels increased with age in all carriers (r = 0.69 and r = 0.66, P < 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the T130I variant in HNF4A as a major susceptibility genotype associated with early-onset type 2 DM. Healthy carriers of this mutation require a stricter control in the population of central Spain.
Collapse
|
176
|
Kawakita R, Hosokawa Y, Fujimaru R, Tamagawa N, Urakami T, Takasawa K, Moriya K, Mizuno H, Maruo Y, Takuwa M, Nagasaka H, Nishi Y, Yamamoto Y, Aizu K, Yorifuji T. Molecular and clinical characterization of glucokinase maturity-onset diabetes of the young (GCK-MODY) in Japanese patients. Diabet Med 2014; 31:1357-62. [PMID: 24804978 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the molecular and clinical characteristics of the largest series of Japanese patients with glucokinase maturity-onset diabetes of the young (GCK-MODY), and to find any features specific to Asian people. METHODS We enrolled 78 Japanese patients with GCK-MODY from 41 families (55 probands diagnosed at the age of 0-14 years and their 23 adult family members). Mutations were identified by direct sequencing or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification of all exons of the GCK gene. Detailed clinical and laboratory data were collected on the probands using questionnaires, which were sent to the treating physicians. Data on current clinical status and HbA1c levels were also collected from adult patients. RESULTS A total of 35 different mutations were identified, of which seven were novel. Fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels of the probands were ≤9.3 mmol/l and ≤56 mmol/mol (7.3%), respectively, and there was considerable variation in their BMI percentiles (0.4-96.2). In total, 25% of the probands had elevated homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance values, and 58.3% of these had evidence of concomitant Type 2 diabetes in their family. The HbA1c levels for adults were slightly higher, up to 61 mmol/mol (7.8%). The incidence of microvascular complications was low. Out of these 78 people with GCK-MODY and 40 additional family members with hyperglycaemia whose genetic status was unknown, only one had diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS The molecular and clinical features of GCK-MODY in Japanese people are similar to those of other ethnic populations; however, making a diagnosis of GCK-MODY was more challenging in patients with signs of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kawakita
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children's Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
van der Zwaag AM, Weinreich SS, Bosma AR, Rigter T, Losekoot M, Henneman L, Cornel MC. Current and best practices of genetic testing for maturity onset diabetes of the young: views of professional experts. Public Health Genomics 2014; 18:52-9. [PMID: 25341961 DOI: 10.1159/000367963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Currently, many patients with maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with type 1 or 2 diabetes. This study aims to assess professional experts' views on factors which may influence the current practice of genetic testing for MODY and to explore next steps toward best practice. METHODS Twelve semistructured interviews were conducted with professional experts. These experts included physicians with potential or actual experience with genetic testing for MODY, representatives of (para)medical professional associations and a staff member of a diabetes patients' organization. RESULTS Participants differed in their valuation of genetic testing for MODY. While most considered the test useful, not all were convinced of its clinical utility. Other factors mentioned to influence current practice were: (perceived lack of) possibilities for treatment and prevention, patients' perspectives and perceived barriers, such as costs and a lack of knowledge and awareness. Participants agreed that guidelines would be helpful to facilitate expedient testing. CONCLUSIONS This study identified next steps that should be taken to improve genetic diagnosis and care for patients with MODY. Besides the development of a consensus guideline, other suggestions included more education of healthcare professionals, a clearer allocation of responsibilities with regard to genetic testing for MODY and further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeli M van der Zwaag
- Section of Community Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Uday S, Campbell FM, Cropper J, Shepherd M. Monogenic diabetes and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a challenging combination. PRACTICAL DIABETES 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona M Campbell
- Leeds Children's Hospital, St James's Multi-specialty Day Hospital; Leeds UK
| | - Julie Cropper
- Leeds Children's Hospital, St James's Multi-specialty Day Hospital; Leeds UK
| | - Maggie Shepherd
- University of Exeter Medical School and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust; Exeter Devon UK
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
An integrated cell purification and genomics strategy reveals multiple regulators of pancreas development. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004645. [PMID: 25330008 PMCID: PMC4199491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory logic underlying global transcriptional programs controlling development of visceral organs like the pancreas remains undiscovered. Here, we profiled gene expression in 12 purified populations of fetal and adult pancreatic epithelial cells representing crucial progenitor cell subsets, and their endocrine or exocrine progeny. Using probabilistic models to decode the general programs organizing gene expression, we identified co-expressed gene sets in cell subsets that revealed patterns and processes governing progenitor cell development, lineage specification, and endocrine cell maturation. Purification of Neurog3 mutant cells and module network analysis linked established regulators such as Neurog3 to unrecognized gene targets and roles in pancreas development. Iterative module network analysis nominated and prioritized transcriptional regulators, including diabetes risk genes. Functional validation of a subset of candidate regulators with corresponding mutant mice revealed that the transcription factors Etv1, Prdm16, Runx1t1 and Bcl11a are essential for pancreas development. Our integrated approach provides a unique framework for identifying regulatory genes and functional gene sets underlying pancreas development and associated diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Discovery of specific pancreas developmental regulators has accelerated in recent years. In contrast, the global regulatory programs controlling pancreas development are poorly understood compared to other organs or tissues like heart or blood. Decoding this regulatory logic may accelerate development of replacement organs from renewable sources like stem cells, but this goal requires identification of regulators and assessment of their functions on a global scale. To address this important challenge for pancreas biology, we combined purification of normal and mutant cells with genome-scale methods to generate and analyze expression profiles from developing pancreas cells. Our work revealed regulatory gene sets governing development of pancreas progenitor cells and their progeny. Our integrative approach nominated multiple pancreas developmental regulators, including suspected risk genes for human diabetes, which we validated by phenotyping mutant mice on a scale not previously reported. Selection of these candidate regulators was unbiased; thus it is remarkable that all were essential for pancreatic islet development. Thus, our studies provide a new heuristic resource for identifying genetic functions underlying pancreas development and diseases like diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
180
|
Rubio-Cabezas O, Hattersley AT, Njølstad PR, Mlynarski W, Ellard S, White N, Chi DV, Craig ME. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. The diagnosis and management of monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 Suppl 20:47-64. [PMID: 25182307 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rubio-Cabezas
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
Craig ME, Jefferies C, Dabelea D, Balde N, Seth A, Donaghue KC. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 Suppl 20:4-17. [PMID: 25182305 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Craig
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Østoft SH, Bagger JI, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. Incretin effect and glucagon responses to oral and intravenous glucose in patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young--type 2 and type 3. Diabetes 2014; 63:2838-44. [PMID: 24677712 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous subgroup of nonautoimmune diabetes, constituting 1-2% of all diabetes. Because little is known about incretin function in patients with MODY, we studied the incretin effect and hormone responses to oral and intravenous glucose loads in patients with glucokinase (GCK)-diabetes (MODY2) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1A)-diabetes (MODY3), respectively, and in matched healthy control subjects. Both MODY groups exhibited glucose intolerance after oral glucose (most pronounced in patients with HNF1A-diabetes), but only patients with HNF1A-diabetes had impaired incretin effect and inappropriate glucagon responses to OGTT. Both groups of patients with diabetes showed normal suppression of glucagon in response to intravenous glucose. Thus, HNF1A-diabetes, similar to type 2 diabetes, is characterized by an impaired incretin effect and inappropriate glucagon responses, whereas incretin effect and glucagon response to oral glucose remain unaffected in GCK-diabetes, reflecting important pathogenetic differences between the two MODY forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Signe H Østoft
- Diabetes Research Division, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan I Bagger
- Diabetes Research Division, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Diabetes Research Division, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Diabetes Research Division, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Andersson C, Kolmodin M, Ivarsson SA, Carlsson A, Forsander G, Lindblad B, Ludvigsson J, Kockum I, Marcus C, Samuelsson U, Ortqvist E, Lernmark A, Elding Larsson H, Törn C. Islet cell antibodies (ICA) identify autoimmunity in children with new onset diabetes mellitus negative for other islet cell antibodies. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15:336-44. [PMID: 24206368 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to explore whether islet cell antibodies (ICA) could be identified in children with newly onset diabetes mellitus but negative for autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), islet antigen-2 (IA-2A), insulin (IAA), or any of the three variants with arginine (R), tryptophan (W), or glutamine (Q) at position 325 of the zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A). METHODS A population-based analysis of autoantibodies was performed from 1 May 2005 to 2 September 2010 in Swedish children newly diagnosed with diabetes. ICA was analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and if positive, reanalyzed in the classical ICA immunofluorescence assay, in 341 samples among 3545 children who had been tested negative for all of GADA, IA-2A, IAA, or ZnT8A (R, W, Q). RESULTS An isolated positivity for ICA was identified in 5.0% (17/341) of the newly diagnosed children. The levels of ICA in positive subjects ranged from 3 to 183 JDF-U (median 30). This finding increased the diagnostic sensitivity of islet autoimmunity as 3204/3545 patients (90.4%) were islet autoantibody positive without the ICA analyses and 3221 patients (90.9%) were positive with the inclusion of ICA. CONCLUSIONS The finding of an isolated positivity for ICA despite negativity for GADA, IA-2A, IAA, and ZnT8A (R, W, Q) suggests that still another yet unidentified autoantigen(s) may contribute to the ICA immunofluorescence. Hence, ICA is important to analyze in type 1 diabetes children and adolescents that would otherwise be islet autoantibody negative.
Collapse
|
184
|
Galderisi A. Autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes: are we still in the cave of an ancient myth? Diabetologia 2014; 57:1502-3. [PMID: 24838679 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Galderisi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Nolan CJ, Delghingaro-Augusto V. RNA sequencing of all transcripts and how islet β-cells fail. Diabetes 2014; 63:1823-5. [PMID: 24853891 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Nolan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, AustraliaThe Australian National University Medical School, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Abstract
Most diabetes is polygenic in etiology, with (type 1 diabetes, T1DM) or without (type 2 diabetes, T2DM) an autoimmune basis. Genetic counseling for diabetes generally focuses on providing empiric risk information based on family history and/or the effects of maternal hyperglycemia on pregnancy outcome. An estimated one to five percent of diabetes is monogenic in nature, e.g., maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), with molecular testing and etiology-based treatment available. However, recent studies show that most monogenic diabetes is misdiagnosed as T1DM or T2DM. While efforts are underway to increase the rate of diagnosis in the diabetes clinic, genetic counselors and clinical geneticists are in a prime position to identify monogenic cases through targeted questions during a family history combined with working in conjunction with diabetes professionals to diagnose and assure proper treatment and familial risk assessment for individuals with monogenic diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Stein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristin L Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland ; Program in Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toni I Pollin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland ; Program in Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland ; Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Mohamed S, Elkholy S, El-Meleagy E, Abu-Amero K, Hellani AM. Clinical and molecular characterization of maturity onset-diabetes of the young caused by hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha mutation: red flags for prediction of the diagnosis. Ann Saudi Med 2014; 34:217-21. [PMID: 25266181 PMCID: PMC6074599 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2014.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The prevalence of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) in Saudi population remains unknown, and data on molecular etiology of this condition is limited. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to elucidate clinical and molecular characteristics of a Saudi family with MODY 1. DESIGN AND SETTINGS This is a case series study conducted at Saad Specialist Hospital in Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS A 12-year-old female presented to us with symptoms suggestive of diabetes. Investigations revealed hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria without acidosis. Pancreatic antibodies were negative. She responded well to subcutaneous insulin. Her family history revealed that 2 of her siblings were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), while her father and mother had type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In view of this strong family history, the possibility of monogenic diabetes was raised, and the 2 genes consistent with this phenotype, hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF1a) and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha (HNF4a), were studied. Accordingly, genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of the 8 members of this family, polymerase chain reaction was carried out, and sequencing of the whole HNF4a and HNF1a genes was done. RESULTS DNA study of the proband revealed a heterozygous substitution in intron 1 (IVS1b C > T-5)(c.50-5C > T) of the HNF1a gene. This mutation was identified in other 5 members of the family. CONCLUSION This study alerts physicians to suspect MODY in patients who have a strongly positive family history of diabetes over a few generations with negative pancreatic antibodies and absence of ketoacidosis and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarar Mohamed
- Sarar Mohamed, Department of Pediatrics,, College of Medicine,, King Saud University,, PO Box 2925, Riyadh 11461,, Saudi Arabia, T: +966541235272, F: +966114691512,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
A decade of molecular genetic testing for MODY: a retrospective study of utilization in The Netherlands. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:29-33. [PMID: 24736738 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic testing for maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) may be relevant for treatment and prognosis in patients with usually early-onset, non-ketotic, insulin-sensitive diabetes and for monitoring strategies in non-diabetic mutation carriers. This study describes the first 10 years of genetic testing for MODY in The Netherlands in terms of volume and test positive rate, medical setting, purpose of the test and age of patients tested. Some analyses focus on the most prevalent subtype, HNF1A MODY. Data were retrospectively extracted from a laboratory database. In total, 502 individuals were identified with a pathogenic mutation in HNF4A, GCK or HNF1A between 2001 and 2010. Although mutation scanning for MODY was used at an increasing rate, cascade testing was only used for one relative, on average, per positive index patient. Testing for HNF1A MODY was mostly requested by internists and paediatricians, often from regional hospitals. Primary care physicians and clinical geneticists rarely requested genetic testing for HNF1A MODY. Clinical geneticists requested cascade testing relatively more often than other health professionals. A substantial proportion (currently 29%) of HNF1A MODY probands was at least 40 years old at the time of testing. In conclusion, the number of individuals genetically tested for MODY so far in The Netherlands is low compared with previously predicted numbers of patients. Doctors' valuation of the test and patients' and family members' response to (an offer of) genetic testing on the other hand need to be investigated. Efforts may be needed to develop and implement translational guidelines.
Collapse
|
189
|
Abstract
Diabetes is a much more heterogeneous disease than the present subdivision into types 1 and 2 assumes; type 1 and type 2 diabetes probably represent extremes on a range of diabetic disorders. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes seem to result from a collision between genes and environment. Although genetic predisposition establishes susceptibility, rapid changes in the environment (ie, lifestyle factors) are the most probable explanation for the increase in incidence of both forms of diabetes. Many patients have genetic predispositions to both forms of diabetes, resulting in hybrid forms of diabetes (eg, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults). Obesity is a strong modifier of diabetes risk, and can account for not only a large proportion of the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in Asia but also the ever-increasing number of adolescents with type 2 diabetes. With improved characterisation of patients with diabetes, the range of diabetic subgroups will become even more diverse in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mengyin Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Johnson AK, Gaudio DD. Clinical utility of next-generation sequencing for the molecular diagnosis of monogenic diabetes. Per Med 2014; 11:155-165. [PMID: 29751380 DOI: 10.2217/pme.13.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monogenic diabetes resulting from mutations that primarily reduce insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cell function accounts for 1-2% of all cases of diabetes, and is genetically and clinically heterogeneous. Currently, genetic testing for monogenic diabetes relies on selection of the appropriate gene for analysis based on the availability of comprehensive phenotypic information, which can be time consuming, costly and can limit the differential diagnosis to a few selected genes. In recent years, the exponential growth in the field of high-throughput capture and sequencing technology has made it possible and cost effective to sequence many genes simultaneously, making it an efficient diagnostic tool for clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders such as monogenic diabetes. Making a diagnosis of monogenic diabetes is important as it enables more appropriate treatment, better prediction of disease prognosis and progression, and counseling and screening of family members. We provide a concise overview of the genetic etiology of some forms of monogenic diabetes, as well as a discussion of the clinical utility of genetic testing by comprehensive multigene panel using next-generation sequencing methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Knight Johnson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland MC0077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daniela Del Gaudio
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland MC0077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Gao R, Liu Y, Gjesing AP, Hollensted M, Wan X, He S, Pedersen O, Yi X, Wang J, Hansen T. Evaluation of a target region capture sequencing platform using monogenic diabetes as a study-model. BMC Genet 2014; 15:13. [PMID: 24476040 PMCID: PMC3943834 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monogenic diabetes is a genetic disease often caused by mutations in genes involved in beta-cell function. Correct sub-categorization of the disease is a prerequisite for appropriate treatment and genetic counseling. Target-region capture sequencing is a combination of genomic region enrichment and next generation sequencing which might be used as an efficient way to diagnose various genetic disorders. We aimed to develop a target-region capture sequencing platform to screen 117 selected candidate genes involved in metabolism for mutations and to evaluate its performance using monogenic diabetes as a study-model. RESULTS The performance of the assay was evaluated in 70 patients carrying known disease causing mutations previously identified in HNF4A, GCK, HNF1A, HNF1B, INS, or KCNJ11. Target regions with a less than 20-fold sequencing depth were either introns or UTRs. When only considering translated regions, the coverage was 100% with a 50-fold minimum depth. Among the 70 analyzed samples, 63 small size single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels as well as 7 large deletions and duplications were identified as being the pathogenic variants. The mutations identified by the present technique were identical with those previously identified through Sanger sequencing and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification. CONCLUSIONS We hereby demonstrated that the established platform as an accurate and high-throughput gene testing method which might be useful in the clinical diagnosis of monogenic diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Yi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
George DCP, Chakraborty C, Haneef SAS, NagaSundaram N, Chen L, Zhu H. Evolution- and structure-based computational strategy reveals the impact of deleterious missense mutations on MODY 2 (maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 2). Theranostics 2014; 4:366-85. [PMID: 24578721 PMCID: PMC3936290 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the central glycolytic enzyme glucokinase (GCK) can result in an autosomal dominant inherited disease, namely maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 2 (MODY 2). MODY 2 is characterised by early onset: it usually appears before 25 years of age and presents as a mild form of hyperglycaemia. In recent years, the number of known GCK mutations has markedly increased. As a result, interpreting which mutations cause a disease or confer susceptibility to a disease and characterising these deleterious mutations can be a difficult task in large-scale analyses and may be impossible when using a structural perspective. The laborious and time-consuming nature of the experimental analysis led us to attempt to develop a cost-effective computational pipeline for diabetic research that is based on the fundamentals of protein biophysics and that facilitates our understanding of the relationship between phenotypic effects and evolutionary processes. In this study, we investigate missense mutations in the GCK gene by using a wide array of evolution- and structure-based computational methods, such as SIFT, PolyPhen2, PhD-SNP, SNAP, SNPs&GO, fathmm, and Align GVGD. Based on the computational prediction scores obtained using these methods, three mutations, namely E70K, A188T, and W257R, were identified as highly deleterious on the basis of their effects on protein structure and function. Using the evolutionary conservation predictors Consurf and Scorecons, we further demonstrated that most of the predicted deleterious mutations, including E70K, A188T, and W257R, occur in highly conserved regions of GCK. The effects of the mutations on protein stability were computed using PoPMusic 2.1, I-mutant 3.0, and Dmutant. We also conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis through in silico modelling to investigate the conformational differences between the native and the mutant proteins and found that the identified deleterious mutations alter the stability, flexibility, and solvent-accessible surface area of the protein. Furthermore, the functional role of each SNP in GCK was identified and characterised using SNPeffect 4.0, F-SNP, and FASTSNP. We hope that the observed results aid in the identification of disease-associated mutations that affect protein structure and function. Our in silico findings provide a new perspective on the role of GCK mutations in MODY2 from an evolution-based structure-centric point of view. The computational architecture described in this paper can be used to predict the most appropriate disease phenotypes for large-genome sequencing projects and to provide individualised drug therapy for complex diseases such as diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doss C. Priya George
- 1. Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- 2. Department of Computer Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- 3. Department of Bioinformatics, School of Computer and Information sciences, Galgotias University, India
| | - SA Syed Haneef
- 1. Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Nagarajan NagaSundaram
- 1. Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Luonan Chen
- 4. Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Hailong Zhu
- 2. Department of Computer Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Groop L, Pociot F. Genetics of diabetes--are we missing the genes or the disease? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:726-739. [PMID: 23587769 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes. These range from autoimmune destruction of the beta-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action (American Diabetes Association, 2011). The vast majority of cases of diabetes fall into two broad categories. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), the cause is an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, whereas in type 2 diabetes (T2D), the cause is a combination of resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response. However, the subdivision into two main categories represents a simplification of the real situation, and research during the recent years has shown that the disease is much more heterogeneous than a simple subdivision into two major subtypes assumes. Worldwide prevalence figures estimate that there are 280 million diabetic patients in 2011 and more than 500 million in 2030 (http://www.diabetesatlas.org/). In Europe, about 6-8% of the population suffer from diabetes, of them about 90% has T2D and 10% T1D, thereby making T2D to the fastest increasing disease in Europe and worldwide. This epidemic has been ascribed to a collision between the genes and the environment. While our knowledge about the genes is clearly better for T1D than for T2D given the strong contribution of variation in the HLA region to the risk of T1D, the opposite is the case for T2D, where our knowledge about the environmental triggers (obesity, lack of exercise) is much better than the understanding of the underlying genetic causes. This lack of knowledge about the underlying genetic causes of diabetes is often referred to as missing heritability (Manolio et al., 2009) which exceeds 80% for T2D but less than 25% for T1D. In the following review, we will discuss potential sources of this missing heritability which also includes the possibility that our definition of diabetes and its subgroups is imprecise and thereby making the identification of genetic causes difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, University Hospital Skåne, Malmö, Sweden; Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, University Hospital Skåne, Malmö, Sweden; Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Steenkamp DW, Alexanian SM, Sternthal E. Approach to the patient with atypical diabetes. CMAJ 2014; 186:678-84. [PMID: 24396100 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.130185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devin W Steenkamp
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
| | - Sara M Alexanian
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Elliot Sternthal
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
|
196
|
Naylor RN, John PM, Winn AN, Carmody D, Greeley SAW, Philipson LH, Bell GI, Huang ES. Cost-effectiveness of MODY genetic testing: translating genomic advances into practical health applications. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:202-9. [PMID: 24026547 PMCID: PMC3867988 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a genetic testing policy for HNF1A-, HNF4A-, and GCK-MODY in a hypothetical cohort of type 2 diabetic patients 25-40 years old with a MODY prevalence of 2%. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a simulation model of type 2 diabetes complications based on UK Prospective Diabetes Study data, modified to account for the natural history of disease by genetic subtype to compare a policy of genetic testing at diabetes diagnosis versus a policy of no testing. Under the screening policy, successful sulfonylurea treatment of HNF1A-MODY and HNF4A-MODY was modeled to produce a glycosylated hemoglobin reduction of -1.5% compared with usual care. GCK-MODY received no therapy. Main outcome measures were costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) based on lifetime risk of complications and treatments, expressed as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) (USD/QALY). RESULTS The testing policy yielded an average gain of 0.012 QALYs and resulted in an ICER of 205,000 USD. Sensitivity analysis showed that if the MODY prevalence was 6%, the ICER would be ~50,000 USD. If MODY prevalence was >30%, the testing policy was cost saving. Reducing genetic testing costs to 700 USD also resulted in an ICER of ~50,000 USD. CONCLUSIONS Our simulated model suggests that a policy of testing for MODY in selected populations is cost-effective for the U.S. based on contemporary ICER thresholds. Higher prevalence of MODY in the tested population or decreased testing costs would enhance cost-effectiveness. Our results make a compelling argument for routine coverage of genetic testing in patients with high clinical suspicion of MODY.
Collapse
|
197
|
DellaManna T, Silva MRD, Chacra AR, Kunii IS, Rolim AL, Furuzawa G, Maciel RMDB, Reis AF. Clinical follow-up of two Brazilian subjects with glucokinase-MODY (MODY2) with description of a novel mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 56:490-5. [PMID: 23295287 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the glucokinase gene (GCK) account for many cases of monogenic diabetes featuring maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2). The clinical pattern of this form of hyperglycemia is rather stable, with a slight elevation in blood glucose, which is usually not progressive. Patients rarely require pharmacological interventions and microvascular complications related to diabetes are unusual. We describe the clinical follow-up of two cases of MODY2 with two different mutations in GCK gene, one in exon 7, p.Glu265Lys (c.793 G> A), which has been previously described, and a novel one, in exon 2, p.Ser69Stop (c. 206C> G). The clinical course of both cases shows similarity in metabolic control of this form of diabetes over the years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais DellaManna
- Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Caetano LA, Jorge AAL, Malaquias AC, Trarbach EB, Queiroz MS, Nery M, Teles MG. Incidental mild hyperglycemia in children: two MODY 2 families identified in Brazilian subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 56:519-24. [PMID: 23295292 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, early onset of hyperglycemia, and defects of insulin secretion. MODY subtypes described present genetic, metabolic, and clinical differences. MODY 2 is characterized by mild asymptomatic fasting hyperglycemia, and rarely requires pharmacological treatment. Hence, precise diagnosis of MODY is important for determining management and prognosis. We report two heterozygous GCK mutations identified during the investigation of short stature. Case 1: a prepubertal 14-year-old boy was evaluated for constitutional delay of growth and puberty. During follow-up, he showed abnormal fasting glucose (113 mg/dL), increased level of HbA1c (6.6%), and negative β-cell antibodies. His father and two siblings also had slightly elevated blood glucose levels. The mother had normal glycemia. A GCK heterozygous missense mutation, p.Arg191Trp, was identified in the proband. Eighteen family members were screened for this mutation, and 11 had the mutation in heterozygous state. Case 2: a 4-year-old boy investigated for short stature revealed no other laboratorial alterations than elevated glycemia (118 mg/dL); β-cell antibodies were negative. His father, a paternal aunt, and the paternal grandmother also had slightly elevated glycemia, whereas his mother had normal glycemia. A GCK heterozygous missense mutation, p.Glu221Lys, was identified in the index patient and in four family members. All affected patients had mild elevated glycemia. Individuals with normal glycemia did not harbor mutations. GCK mutation screening should be considered in patients with chronic mild early-onset hyperglycemia, family history of impaired glycemia, and negative β-cell antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lílian A Caetano
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Celular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
Tatsi C, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Vazeou-Gerassimidi A, Chrysis D, Delis D, Tentolouris N, Dacou-Voutetakis C, Chrousos GP, Sertedaki A. The spectrum of HNF1A gene mutations in Greek patients with MODY3: relative frequency and identification of seven novel germline mutations. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14:526-34. [PMID: 23517481 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) is the most common type of monogenic diabetes accounting for 1-2% of the population with diabetes. The relative incidence of HNF1A-MODY (MODY3) is high in European countries; however, data are not available for the Greek population. The aims of this study were to determine the relative frequency of MODY3 in Greece, the type of the mutations observed, and their relation to the phenotype of the patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Three hundred ninety-five patients were referred to our center because of suspected MODY during a period of 15 yr. The use of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction amplified DNA revealed 72 patients carrying Glucokinase gene mutations (MODY2) and 8 patients carrying HNF1A gene mutations (MODY3). After using strict criteria, 54 patients were selected to be further evaluated by direct sequencing or by multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) for the presence of HNF1A gene mutations. RESULTS In 16 unrelated patients and 13 of their relatives, 15 mutations were identified in the HNF1A gene. Eight of these mutations were previously reported, whereas seven were novel. Clinical features, such as age of diabetes at diagnosis or severity of hyperglycemia, were not related to the mutation type or location. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort of patients fulfilling strict clinical criteria for MODY, 12% carried an HNF1A gene mutation, suggesting that defects of this gene are responsible for a significant proportion of monogenic diabetes in the Greek population. No clear phenotype-genotype correlations were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tatsi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University School of Medicine, 'Agia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Flannick J, Beer NL, Bick AG, Agarwala V, Molnes J, Gupta N, Burtt NP, Florez JC, Meigs JB, Taylor H, Lyssenko V, Irgens H, Fox E, Burslem F, Johansson S, Brosnan MJ, Trimmer JK, Newton-Cheh C, Tuomi T, Molven A, Wilson JG, O'Donnell CJ, Kathiresan S, Hirschhorn JN, Njølstad PR, Rolph T, Seidman J, Gabriel S, Cox DR, Seidman C, Groop L, Altshuler D. Assessing the phenotypic effects in the general population of rare variants in genes for a dominant Mendelian form of diabetes. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1380-5. [PMID: 24097065 PMCID: PMC4051627 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing can identify individuals in the general population who harbor rare coding variants in genes for Mendelian disorders and who may consequently have increased disease risk. Previous studies of rare variants in phenotypically extreme individuals display ascertainment bias and may demonstrate inflated effect-size estimates. We sequenced seven genes for maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) in well-phenotyped population samples (n = 4,003). We filtered rare variants according to two prediction criteria for disease-causing mutations: reported previously in MODY or satisfying stringent de novo thresholds (rare, conserved and protein damaging). Approximately 1.5% and 0.5% of randomly selected individuals from the Framingham and Jackson Heart Studies, respectively, carry variants from these two classes. However, the vast majority of carriers remain euglycemic through middle age. Accurate estimates of variant effect sizes from population-based sequencing are needed to avoid falsely predicting a substantial fraction of individuals as being at risk for MODY or other Mendelian diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Flannick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola L Beer
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander G Bick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vineeta Agarwala
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Biophysics, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Janne Molnes
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Namrata Gupta
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Noel P Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Herman Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Tougaloo College, Tougaloo MS, USA
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Henrik Irgens
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ervin Fox
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Frank Burslem
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Practice, Prescient Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - Stefan Johansson
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Julia Brosnan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeff K Trimmer
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Program for Molecular Medicine
| | - Anders Molven
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tim Rolph
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J.G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David R Cox
- Applied Quantitative Genotherapeutics, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|