151
|
Barroso-Batista J, Demengeot J, Gordo I. Adaptive immunity increases the pace and predictability of evolutionary change in commensal gut bacteria. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8945. [PMID: 26615893 PMCID: PMC4674774 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-evolution between the mammalian immune system and the gut microbiota is believed to have shaped the microbiota's astonishing diversity. Here we test the corollary hypothesis that the adaptive immune system, directly or indirectly, influences the evolution of commensal species. We compare the evolution of Escherichia coli upon colonization of the gut of wild-type and Rag2−/− mice, which lack lymphocytes. We show that bacterial adaptation is slower in immune-compromised animals, a phenomenon explained by differences in the action of natural selection within each host. Emerging mutations exhibit strong beneficial effects in healthy hosts but substantial antagonistic pleiotropy in immune-deficient mice. This feature is due to changes in the composition of the gut microbiota, which differs according to the immune status of the host. Our results indicate that the adaptive immune system influences the tempo and predictability of E. coli adaptation to the mouse gut. The mechanisms underlying host-commensal coevolution are incompletely understood. Here the authors show that host adaptive immunity directs the evolution of Escherichia coli in the mouse gut towards host benefit by influencing the microbiome composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Barroso-Batista
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jocelyne Demengeot
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gordo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1 infection is characterized by altered intestinal barrier, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that changes of the gut microbiota predict immune dysfunction and HIV-1 progression, and that antiretroviral therapy (ART) partially restores the microbiota composition. DESIGN An observational study including 28 viremic patients, three elite controllers, and nine uninfected controls. Blood and stool samples were collected at baseline and for 19 individuals at follow-up (median 10 months) during ART. METHODS Microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). Soluble markers of microbial translocation and monocyte activation were analyzed by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay or ELISA. RESULTS Several alpha-diversity measures, including number of observed bacterial species and Shannon index, were significantly lower in viremic patients compared to controls. The alpha diversity correlated with CD4 T-cell counts and inversely with markers of microbial translocation and monocyte activation. In multivariate linear regression, for every age and sex-adjusted increase in the number of bacterial species, the CD4 T-cell count increased with 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.35-1.41) cells/μl (P = 0.002). After introduction of ART, microbiota alterations persisted with further reduction in alpha diversity. The microbiota composition at the genus level was profoundly altered in viremic patients, both at baseline and after ART, with Prevotella reduced during ART (P < 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Gut microbiota alterations are closely associated with immune dysfunction in HIV-1 patients, and these changes persist during short-term ART. Our data implicate that re-shaping the microbiota may be an adjuvant therapy in patients commencing successful ART.
Collapse
|
153
|
Naquet P, Giessner C, Galland F. Metabolic adaptation of tissues to stress releases metabolites influencing innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 38:30-8. [PMID: 26605965 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments have demonstrated that metabolic rewiring imposed by adaptation of tissues to stress leads to the release of various metabolites which directly or indirectly impact innate immune responses and inflammation. Some metabolites can behave as second messengers and leave local cues in tissues. Immune cells which infiltrate stressed tissues reorient their metabolism to cope with these microenvironmental cues while preserving their effector functions in tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Naquet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Caroline Giessner
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Franck Galland
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
T regulatory cells and B cells cooperate to form a regulatory loop that maintains gut homeostasis and suppresses dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1297-312. [PMID: 25807185 PMCID: PMC4583327 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and B cells present in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) are both implicated in the resolution of colitis. However, how the functions of these cells are coordinated remains elusive. We used the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model combined with gene-modified mice to monitor the progression of colitis, and simultaneously examine the number of Tregs and B cells, and the production of IgA antibodies. We found that DSS-treated mice exhibited more severe colitis in the absence of B cells, and that the adoptive transfer of B cells attenuated the disease. Moreover, the transfer of IL-10(-/-) B cells also attenuated colitis, suggesting that B cells inhibited colitis through an interleukin-10 (IL-10)-independent pathway. Furthermore, antibody depletion of Tregs resulted in exacerbated colitis. Intriguingly, the number of GALT Tregs in B cell-deficient mice was significantly decreased during colitis and the adoptive transfer of B cells into these mice restored the Treg numbers, indicating that B cells contribute to Treg homeostasis. We also found that B cells induced the proliferation of Tregs that in turn promoted B-cell differentiation into IgA-producing plasma cells. These results demonstrate that B cells and Tregs interact and cooperate to prevent excessive immune responses that can lead to colitis.
Collapse
|
155
|
Morgun A, Dzutsev A, Dong X, Greer RL, Sexton DJ, Ravel J, Schuster M, Hsiao W, Matzinger P, Shulzhenko N. Uncovering effects of antibiotics on the host and microbiota using transkingdom gene networks. Gut 2015; 64:1732-43. [PMID: 25614621 PMCID: PMC5166700 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite widespread use of antibiotics for the treatment of life-threatening infections and for research on the role of commensal microbiota, our understanding of their effects on the host is still very limited. DESIGN Using a popular mouse model of microbiota depletion by a cocktail of antibiotics, we analysed the effects of antibiotics by combining intestinal transcriptome together with metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota. In order to identify specific microbes and microbial genes that influence the host phenotype in antibiotic-treated mice, we developed and applied analysis of the transkingdom network. RESULTS We found that most antibiotic-induced alterations in the gut can be explained by three factors: depletion of the microbiota; direct effects of antibiotics on host tissues and the effects of remaining antibiotic-resistant microbes. Normal microbiota depletion mostly led to downregulation of different aspects of immunity. The two other factors (antibiotic direct effects on host tissues and antibiotic-resistant microbes) primarily inhibited mitochondrial gene expression and amounts of active mitochondria, increasing epithelial cell death. By reconstructing and analysing the transkingdom network, we discovered that these toxic effects were mediated by virulence/quorum sensing in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a finding further validated using in vitro experiments. CONCLUSIONS In addition to revealing mechanisms of antibiotic-induced alterations, this study also describes a new bioinformatics approach that predicts microbial components that regulate host functions and establishes a comprehensive resource on what, why and how antibiotics affect the gut in a widely used mouse model of microbiota depletion by antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon,
USA,Ghost Lab, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute/Leidos
Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon,
USA
| | - Renee L Greer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA
| | - D Joseph Sexton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin Schuster
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA
| | - William Hsiao
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada
| | - Polly Matzinger
- Ghost Lab, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA,Ghost Lab, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Rangel I, Sundin J, Fuentes S, Repsilber D, de Vos WM, Brummer RJ. The relationship between faecal-associated and mucosal-associated microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42:1211-21. [PMID: 26376728 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The faecal-associated microbiota is commonly seen as a surrogate of the mucosal-associated microbiota. However, previous studies indicate that they are different. Furthermore, analyses of the mucosal microbiota are commonly done after standard bowel cleansing, affecting the microbial composition. AIM To compare the mucosal-associated microbiota, obtained from unprepared colon, with faecal-associated microbiota in healthy subjects and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. METHODS Faecal and mucosal biopsies were obtained from 33 IBS patients and 16 healthy controls. Of IBS patients, 49% belonged to the diarrhoea-predominant subgroup and 80% suffered from IBS symptoms during at least 5 years. Biopsies were collected from unprepared sigmoid colon and faecal samples a day before colonoscopy. Microbiota analyses were performed with a phylogenetic microarray and redundancy discriminant analysis. RESULTS The composition of the mucosal- and the faecal-associated microbiota in unprepared sigmoid colon differs significantly (P = 0.002). Clinical characteristics of IBS did not correlate with this difference. Bacteroidetes dominate the mucosal-associated microbiota. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria dominate the faecal-associated microbiota. Healthy subjects had a significantly higher (P < 0.005) abundance (1.9%) of the bacterial group uncultured Clostridiales I in the mucosal-associated microbiota than IBS patients (0.3%). Bacterial diversity was higher in faecal- compared with mucosal-associated microbiota in IBS patients (P < 0.005). No differences were found in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the mucosal-associated microbiota between healthy individuals and IBS patients are minimal (one bacterial group) compared to differences in the faecal microbiota of both groups (53 bacterial groups). Microbial aberrations characterising IBS are more pronounced in the faeces than in the mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Rangel
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - J Sundin
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - S Fuentes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Repsilber
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - W M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Departments of Bacteriology & Immunology and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R J Brummer
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
|
158
|
Miller PG, Bonn MB, Franklin CL, Ericsson AC, McKarns SC. TNFR2 Deficiency Acts in Concert with Gut Microbiota To Precipitate Spontaneous Sex-Biased Central Nervous System Demyelinating Autoimmune Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4668-84. [PMID: 26475926 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TNF-α antagonists provide benefit to patients with inflammatory autoimmune disorders such as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. However, TNF antagonism unexplainably exacerbates CNS autoimmunity, including multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. The underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. We demonstrate that TNFR2 deficiency results in female-biased spontaneous autoimmune CNS demyelination in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific 2D2 TCR transgenic mice. Disease in TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 mice was associated with CNS infiltration of T and B cells as well as increased production of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific IL-17, IFN-γ, and IgG2b. Attenuated disease in TNF(-/-) 2D2 mice relative to TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 mice identified distinctive roles for TNFR1 and TNFR2. Oral antibiotic treatment eliminated spontaneous autoimmunity in TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 mice to suggest role for gut microbiota. Illumina sequencing of fecal 16S rRNA identified a distinct microbiota profile in male TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 that was associated with disease protection. Akkermansia muciniphila, Sutterella sp., Oscillospira sp., Bacteroides acidifaciens, and Anaeroplasma sp. were selectively more abundant in male TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 mice. In contrast, Bacteroides sp., Bacteroides uniformis, and Parabacteroides sp. were more abundant in affected female TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 mice, suggesting a role in disease causation. Overall, TNFR2 blockade appears to disrupt commensal bacteria-host immune symbiosis to reveal autoimmune demyelination in genetically susceptible mice. Under this paradigm, microbes likely contribute to an individual's response to anti-TNF therapy. This model provides a foundation for host immune-microbiota-directed measures for the prevention and treatment of CNS-demyelinating autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Miller
- Laboratory of TGF-β Biology, Epigenetics, and Cytokine Regulation, Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Michael B Bonn
- Laboratory of TGF-β Biology, Epigenetics, and Cytokine Regulation, Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201; and
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201; and
| | - Susan C McKarns
- Laboratory of TGF-β Biology, Epigenetics, and Cytokine Regulation, Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Alcohol and the Intestine. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2573-88. [PMID: 26501334 PMCID: PMC4693248 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease and can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction in a subset of alcoholics. However, a subset of alcoholics without any of these predisposing factors can develop alcohol-mediated organ injury. The gastrointestinal tract (GI) could be an important source of inflammation in alcohol-mediated organ damage. The purpose of review was to evaluate mechanisms of alcohol-induced endotoxemia (including dysbiosis and gut leakiness), and highlight the predisposing factors for alcohol-induced dysbiosis and gut leakiness to endotoxins. Barriers, including immunologic, physical, and biochemical can regulate the passage of toxins into the portal and systemic circulation. In addition, a host of environmental interactions including those influenced by circadian rhythms can impact alcohol-induced organ pathology. There appears to be a role for therapeutic measures to mitigate alcohol-induced organ damage by normalizing intestinal dysbiosis and/or improving intestinal barrier integrity. Ultimately, the inflammatory process that drives progression into organ damage from alcohol appears to be multifactorial. Understanding the role of the intestine in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease can pose further avenues for pathogenic and treatment approaches.
Collapse
|
160
|
Out C, Patankar JV, Doktorova M, Boesjes M, Bos T, de Boer S, Havinga R, Wolters H, Boverhof R, van Dijk TH, Smoczek A, Bleich A, Sachdev V, Kratky D, Kuipers F, Verkade HJ, Groen AK. Gut microbiota inhibit Asbt-dependent intestinal bile acid reabsorption via Gata4. J Hepatol 2015; 63:697-704. [PMID: 26022694 PMCID: PMC5293168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regulation of bile acid homeostasis in mammals is a complex process regulated via extensive cross-talk between liver, intestine and intestinal microbiota. Here we studied the effects of gut microbiota on bile acid homeostasis in mice. METHODS Bile acid homeostasis was assessed in four mouse models. Germfree mice, conventionally-raised mice, Asbt-KO mice and intestinal-specific Gata4-iKO mice were treated with antibiotics (bacitracin, neomycin and vancomycin; 100 mg/kg) for five days and subsequently compared with untreated mice. RESULTS Attenuation of the bacterial flora by antibiotics strongly reduced fecal excretion and synthesis of bile acids, but increased the expression of the bile acid synthesis enzyme CYP7A1. Similar effects were seen in germfree mice. Intestinal bile acid absorption was increased and accompanied by increases in plasma bile acid levels, biliary bile acid secretion and enterohepatic cycling of bile acids. In the absence of microbiota, the expression of the intestinal bile salt transporter Asbt was strongly increased in the ileum and was also expressed in more proximal parts of the small intestine. Most of the effects of antibiotic treatment on bile acid homeostasis could be prevented by genetic inactivation of either Asbt or the transcription factor Gata4. CONCLUSIONS Attenuation of gut microbiota alters Gata4-controlled expression of Asbt, increasing absorption and decreasing synthesis of bile acids. Our data support the concept that under physiological conditions microbiota stimulate Gata4, which suppresses Asbt expression, limiting the expression of this transporter to the terminal ileum. Our studies expand current knowledge on the bacterial control of bile acid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Out
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jay V. Patankar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcela Doktorova
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Boesjes
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Trijnie Bos
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanna de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renze Boverhof
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H. van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Smoczek
- Zentrales Tierlaboratorium und Institut für Versuchstierkunde, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Zentrales Tierlaboratorium und Institut für Versuchstierkunde, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vinay Sachdev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Corresponding author. Address: Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 50 3613156. (A.K. Groen)
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Yooseph S, Kirkness EF, Tran TM, Harkins DM, Jones MB, Torralba MG, O'Connell E, Nutman TB, Doumbo S, Doumbo OK, Traore B, Crompton PD, Nelson KE. Stool microbiota composition is associated with the prospective risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:631. [PMID: 26296559 PMCID: PMC4546150 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In humans it is unknown if the composition of the gut microbiota alters the risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection or the risk of developing febrile malaria once P. falciparum infection is established. Here we collected stool samples from a cohort composed of 195 Malian children and adults just prior to an intense P. falciparum transmission season. We assayed these samples using massively parallel sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene to identify the composition of the gut bacterial communities in these individuals. During the ensuing 6-month P. falciparum transmission season we examined the relationship between the stool microbiota composition of individuals in this cohort and their prospective risk of both P. falciparum infection and febrile malaria. Results Consistent with prior studies, stool microbial diversity in the present cohort increased with age, although the overall microbiota profile was distinct from cohorts in other regions of Africa, Asia and North America. Age-adjusted Cox regression analysis revealed a significant association between microbiota composition and the prospective risk of P. falciparum infection; however, no relationship was observed between microbiota composition and the risk of developing febrile malaria once P. falciparum infection was established. Conclusions These findings underscore the diversity of gut microbiota across geographic regions, and suggest that strategic modulation of gut microbiota composition could decrease the risk of P. falciparum infection in malaria-endemic areas, potentially as an adjunct to partially effective malaria vaccines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1819-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibu Yooseph
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Ewen F Kirkness
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Tuan M Tran
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Derek M Harkins
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Marcus B Jones
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Manolito G Torralba
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Elise O'Connell
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. elise.o'
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Safiatou Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Host genetics and diet, but not immunoglobulin A expression, converge to shape compositional features of the gut microbiome in an advanced intercross population of mice. Genome Biol 2015; 15:552. [PMID: 25516416 PMCID: PMC4290092 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuality in the species composition of the vertebrate gut microbiota is driven by a combination of host and environmental factors that have largely been studied independently. We studied the convergence of these factors in a G10 mouse population generated from a cross between two strains to search for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect gut microbiota composition or ileal Immunoglobulin A (IgA) expression in mice fed normal or high-fat diets. Results We found 42 microbiota-specific QTLs in 27 different genomic regions that affect the relative abundances of 39 taxa, including four QTL that were shared between this G10 population and the population previously studied at G4. Several of the G10 QTLs show apparent pleiotropy. Eight of these QTLs, including four at the same site on chromosome 9, show significant interaction with diet, implying that diet can modify the effects of some host loci on gut microbiome composition. Utilization patterns of IghV variable regions among IgA-specific mRNAs from ileal tissue are affected by 54 significant QTLs, most of which map to a segment of chromosome 12 spanning the Igh locus. Despite the effect of genetic variation on IghV utilization, we are unable to detect overlapping microbiota and IgA QTLs and there is no significant correlation between IgA variable pattern utilization and the abundance of any of the taxa from the fecal microbiota. Conclusions We conclude that host genetics and diet can converge to shape the gut microbiota, but host genetic effects are not manifested through differences in IgA production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0552-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
163
|
Org E, Parks BW, Joo JWJ, Emert B, Schwartzman W, Kang EY, Mehrabian M, Pan C, Knight R, Gunsalus R, Drake TA, Eskin E, Lusis AJ. Genetic and environmental control of host-gut microbiota interactions. Genome Res 2015; 25:1558-69. [PMID: 26260972 PMCID: PMC4579341 DOI: 10.1101/gr.194118.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetics provides a potentially powerful approach to dissect host-gut microbiota interactions. Toward this end, we profiled gut microbiota using 16s rRNA gene sequencing in a panel of 110 diverse inbred strains of mice. This panel has previously been studied for a wide range of metabolic traits and can be used for high-resolution association mapping. Using a SNP-based approach with a linear mixed model, we estimated the heritability of microbiota composition. We conclude that, in a controlled environment, the genetic background accounts for a substantial fraction of abundance of most common microbiota. The mice were previously studied for response to a high-fat, high-sucrose diet, and we hypothesized that the dietary response was determined in part by gut microbiota composition. We tested this using a cross-fostering strategy in which a strain showing a modest response, SWR, was seeded with microbiota from a strain showing a strong response, A×B19. Consistent with a role of microbiota in dietary response, the cross-fostered SWR pups exhibited a significantly increased response in weight gain. To examine specific microbiota contributing to the response, we identified various genera whose abundance correlated with dietary response. Among these, we chose Akkermansia muciniphila, a common anaerobe previously associated with metabolic effects. When administered to strain A×B19 by gavage, the dietary response was significantly blunted for obesity, plasma lipids, and insulin resistance. In an effort to further understand host-microbiota interactions, we mapped loci controlling microbiota composition and prioritized candidate genes. Our publicly available data provide a resource for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Org
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Brian W Parks
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jong Wha J Joo
- Bioinformatics IDP, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin Emert
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - William Schwartzman
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Eun Yong Kang
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Robert Gunsalus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Thomas A Drake
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Pantazi E, Marks E, Stolarczyk E, Lycke N, Noelle RJ, Elgueta R. Cutting Edge: Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Essential for Oral Immunization and Microflora Composition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1368-71. [PMID: 26163586 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a critical regulator of the intestinal adaptive immune response. However, the intrinsic impact of RA on B cell differentiation in the regulation of gut humoral immunity in vivo has never been directly shown. To address this issue, we have been able to generate a mouse model where B cells specifically express a dominant-negative receptor α for RA. In this study, we show that the silencing of RA signaling in B cells reduces the numbers of IgA(+) Ab-secreting cells both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that RA has a direct effect on IgA plasma cell differentiation. Moreover, the lack of RA signaling in B cells abrogates Ag-specific IgA responses after oral immunization and affects the microbiota composition. In conclusion, these results suggest that RA signaling in B cells through the RA receptor α is important to generate an effective gut humoral response and to maintain a normal microbiota composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pantazi
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Marks
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Stolarczyk
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Lycke
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccines Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03755
| | - Raul Elgueta
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Diversification of memory B cells drives the continuous adaptation of secretory antibodies to gut microbiota. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:880-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
166
|
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundantly produced immunoglobulin found primarily on mucosal surfaces. The generation of IgA and its involvement in mucosal immune responses have been intensely studied over the past years. IgA can be generated in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent pathways, and it has an important impact on maintaining homeostasis within the mucosal immune system. There is good evidence that B-1 cells contribute substantially to the production of mucosal IgA and thus play an important role in regulating commensal microbiota. However, whether B-1 cells produce antigen-specific or only nonspecific IgA remains to be determined. This review will discuss what is currently known about IgA production by B-1 cells and the functional relevance of B-1 cell-derived IgA both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Dong X, Yambartsev A, Ramsey SA, Thomas LD, Shulzhenko N, Morgun A. Reverse enGENEering of Regulatory Networks from Big Data: A Roadmap for Biologists. Bioinform Biol Insights 2015; 9:61-74. [PMID: 25983554 PMCID: PMC4415676 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Omics technologies enable unbiased investigation of biological systems through massively parallel sequence acquisition or molecular measurements, bringing the life sciences into the era of Big Data. A central challenge posed by such omics datasets is how to transform these data into biological knowledge, for example, how to use these data to answer questions such as: Which functional pathways are involved in cell differentiation? Which genes should we target to stop cancer? Network analysis is a powerful and general approach to solve this problem consisting of two fundamental stages, network reconstruction, and network interrogation. Here we provide an overview of network analysis including a step-by-step guide on how to perform and use this approach to investigate a biological question. In this guide, we also include the software packages that we and others employ for each of the steps of a network analysis workflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Anatoly Yambartsev
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephen A Ramsey
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lina D Thomas
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Miller JD. An evolutionary perspective on intestinal lymphatic fat absorption, the industrialization of food, and allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 113:339-42. [PMID: 25256027 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; Department of Pediatrics, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut; Mission: Allergy Inc, Hawleyville, Connecticut.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
El Aidy S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Gut Microbiota: The Conductor in the Orchestra of Immune-Neuroendocrine Communication. Clin Ther 2015; 37:954-67. [PMID: 25846319 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is well established that mammals are so-called super-organisms that coexist with a complex microbiota. Growing evidence points to the delicacy of this host-microbe interplay and how disruptive interventions could have lifelong consequences. The goal of this article was to provide insights into the potential role of the gut microbiota in coordinating the immune-neuroendocrine cross-talk. METHODS Literature from a range of sources, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE, was searched to identify recent reports regarding the impact of the gut microbiota on the host immune and neuroendocrine systems in health and disease. FINDINGS The immune system and nervous system are in continuous communication to maintain a state of homeostasis. Significant gaps in knowledge remain regarding the effect of the gut microbiota in coordinating the immune-nervous systems dialogue. Recent evidence from experimental animal models found that stimulation of subsets of immune cells by the gut microbiota, and the subsequent cross-talk between the immune cells and enteric neurons, may have a major impact on the host in health and disease. IMPLICATIONS Data from rodent models, as well as from a few human studies, suggest that the gut microbiota may have a major role in coordinating the communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems to develop and maintain homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The challenge now is to fully decipher the molecular mechanisms that link the gut microbiota, the immune system, and the neuroendocrine system in a network of communication to eventually translate these findings to the human situation, both in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar El Aidy
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Houghteling PD, Walker WA. Why is initial bacterial colonization of the intestine important to infants' and children's health? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60:294-307. [PMID: 25313849 PMCID: PMC4340742 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the infant occurs during a critical time window for immune and gastrointestinal development. Infant colonization sets the stage for the adult microbiome. This review is a broad survey of the factors affecting infant colonization and the downstream effects on gastrointestinal health and disease. Major topics affecting colonization include initial inoculation dependent on birth mode, the impact of breast-feeding, and inside-out modulation of the developing microbiome by the immune system. Major outcomes of colonization include the timing-dependent education of the neonatal immune system, which is interconnected with barrier function and metabolism. These all engage in further continuing cross-talk with the microbiome, genetics, and nutrition. This review also briefly examines mechanisms of disease resulting from disrupted colonization as well as nutritional and microbial therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pearl D. Houghteling
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16th Street (114-3505), Charlestown, MA02129-4404, USA
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - W. Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16th Street (114-3505), Charlestown, MA02129-4404, USA
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Kato LM, Kawamoto S, Maruya M, Fagarasan S. The role of the adaptive immune system in regulation of gut microbiota. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:67-75. [PMID: 24942682 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut nourishes rich bacterial communities that affect profoundly the functions of the immune system. The relationship between gut microbiota and the immune system is one of reciprocity. The microbiota contributes to nutrient processing and the development, maturation, and function of the immune system. Conversely, the immune system, particularly the adaptive immune system, plays a key role in shaping the repertoire of gut microbiota. The fitness of host immune system is reflected in the gut microbiota, and deficiencies in either innate or adaptive immunity impact on diversity and structures of bacterial communities in the gut. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that underlie this reciprocity and emphasize how the adaptive immune system via immunoglobulins (i.e. IgA) contributes to diversification and balance of gut microbiota required for immune homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Kato
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
HIV enteropathy and aging: gastrointestinal immunity, mucosal epithelial barrier, and microbial translocation. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2015; 9:309-16. [PMID: 24871087 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite decreases in morbidity and mortality as a result of antiretroviral therapy, gastrointestinal dysfunction remains common in HIV infection. Treated patients are at risk for complications of 'premature' aging, such as cardiovascular disease, osteopenia, neurocognitive decline, malignancies, and frailty. This review summarizes recent observations in this field. RECENT FINDINGS Mucosal CD4 lymphocytes, especially Th17 cells, are depleted in acute HIV and simian immune deficiency virus (SIV) infections, although other cell types also are affected. Reconstitution during therapy often is incomplete, especially in mucosa. Mucosal barrier function is affected by both HIV infection and aging and includes paracellular transport via tight junctions and uptake through areas of apoptosis; other factors may affect systemic antigen exposure. The resultant microbial translocation is associated with systemic immune activation in HIV and SIV infections. There is evidence of immune activation and microbial translocation in the elderly. The immune phenotypes of immunosenescence in HIV infection and aging appear similar. There are several targets for intervention; blockage of residual mucosal virus replication, preventing antigen uptake, modulating the microbiome, improving T cell recovery, combining therapies aimed at mucosal integrity, augmenting mucosal immunity, and managing traditional risk factors for premature aging in the general population. SUMMARY Aging may interact with HIV enteropathy to enhance microbial translocation and immune activation.
Collapse
|
173
|
|
174
|
Chorny A, Cerutti A. Regulation and Function of Mucosal IgA and IgD. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
175
|
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of bacteria, which vastly outnumber host cells in the body. Although generally overlooked in the field of endocrinology, gut microbial symbionts organize to form a key endocrine organ that converts nutritional cues from the environment into hormone-like signals that impact both normal physiology and chronic disease in the human host. Recent evidence suggests that several gut microbial-derived products are sensed by dedicated host receptor systems to alter cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. In fact, gut microbial metabolism of dietary components results in the production of proatherogenic circulating factors that act through a meta-organismal endocrine axis to impact CVD risk. Whether pharmacological interventions at the level of the gut microbial endocrine organ will reduce CVD risk is a key new question in the field of cardiovascular medicine. Here we discuss the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead in targeting meta-organismal endocrinology for CVD prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Smith PM, Garrett WS. Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Adaptive Immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
177
|
Gnotobiology and the Study of Complex Interactions between the Intestinal Microbiota, Probiotics, and the Host. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
178
|
Abstract
Animals and many of their chronic microbial inhabitants form relationships of symbiotic mutualism, which occurs when coexisting life-forms derive mutual benefit from stable associations. While microorganisms receive a secure habitat and constant food source from vertebrate hosts, they are required for optimal immune system development and occupy niches otherwise abused by pathogens. Microbes have also been shown to provide vertebrate hosts with metabolic capabilities that enhance energy and nutrient uptake from the diet. The immune system plays a central role in the establishment and maintenance of host-microbe homeostasis, and B lineage cells play a key role in this regulation. Here, I reviewed the structure and function of the microbiota and the known mechanisms of how nonpathogenic microbes influence B cell biology and immunoglobulin repertoire development early in life. I also discuss what is known about how B lineage cells contribute to the process of shaping the composition of commensal/mutualistic microbe membership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Paquin-Proulx D, Sandberg JK. Persistent Immune Activation in CVID and the Role of IVIg in Its Suppression. Front Immunol 2014; 5:637. [PMID: 25566250 PMCID: PMC4267274 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is one of the most common and clinically important primary immune deficiencies. CVID patients have poor humoral immunity, resulting in recurrent infections of the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts, as well as increased incidence of some forms of cancers and autoimmune diseases. The treatment for CVID is IgG replacement, often given as intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg). IVIg consists of monomeric IgG purified from pooled plasma from healthy donors and is used to treat an increasing number of conditions including autoimmune diseases. In the case of CVID, IVIg has mainly been seen as reconstitution therapy, providing patients with pathogen-specific antibodies. Recent evidence shows that IVIg has diverse effects on the immune system of CVID patients, and one important component is that IVIg alleviates the state of chronic immune activation. In this review, we will discuss causes and consequences of persistent immune activation in CVID, possible underlying mechanisms for how IVIg treatment reduces immune activation, and implications for our understanding of primary as well as acquired immune deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Graves CL, Harden SW, LaPato M, Nelson M, Amador B, Sorenson H, Frazier CJ, Wallet SM. A method for high purity intestinal epithelial cell culture from adult human and murine tissues for the investigation of innate immune function. J Immunol Methods 2014; 414:20-31. [PMID: 25193428 PMCID: PMC4384334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) serve as an important physiologic barrier between environmental antigens and the host intestinal immune system. Thus, IECs serve as a first line of defense and may act as sentinel cells during inflammatory insults. Despite recent renewed interest in IEC contributions to host immune function, the study of primary IEC has been hindered by lack of a robust culture technique, particularly for small intestinal and adult tissues. Here, a novel adaptation for culture of primary IEC is described for human duodenal organ donor tissue as well as duodenum and colon of adult mice. These epithelial cell cultures display characteristic phenotypes and are of high purity. In addition, the innate immune function of human primary IEC, specifically with regard to Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and microbial ligand responsiveness, is contrasted with a commonly used intestinal epithelial cell line (HT-29). Specifically, TLR expression at the mRNA level and production of cytokine (IFNγ and TNFα) in response to TLR agonist stimulation is assessed. Differential expression of TLRs as well as innate immune responses to ligand stimulation is observed in human-derived cultures compared to that of HT-29. Thus, use of this adapted method to culture primary epithelial cells from adult human donors and from adult mice will allow for more appropriate studies of IECs as innate immune effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Graves
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Scott W Harden
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA.
| | - Melissa LaPato
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Michael Nelson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Byron Amador
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Heather Sorenson
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Charles J Frazier
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Volpe GE, Ward H, Mwamburi M, Dinh D, Bhalchandra S, Wanke C, Kane AV. Associations of cocaine use and HIV infection with the intestinal microbiota, microbial translocation, and inflammation. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2014; 75:347-57. [PMID: 24650829 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV and illicit drug use have been associated with altered nutrition, immune function, and metabolism. We hypothesized that altered composition and decreased diversity of the intestinal microbiota, along with microbial translocation, contribute to nutritional compromise in HIV-infected drug users. METHOD We enrolled 26 men and 6 women, 15 HIV infected and 17 HIV uninfected, in this exploratory, cross-sectional study; 7 HIV-infected and 7 HIV-uninfected participants had used cocaine within the previous month. We examined the independent effects of cocaine use and HIV infection on the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota, determined by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Using dietary records, anthropometrics, and dual x-ray absorptiometry, we examined the additional effects of nutritional indices on the intestinal microbiota. We compared markers of inflammation and microbial translocation between groups. RESULTS Cocaine users had a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (M ± SD = 57.0% ± 21 vs. 37.1% ± 23, p = .02) than nonusers. HIV-infected individuals had a higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria (Mdn [interquartile range] = 1.56% [0.5, 2.2] vs. 0.36% [0.2, 0.7], p = .03), higher levels of soluble CD14 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and lower levels of anti-endotoxin core antibodies than uninfected subjects. HIV-infected cocaine users had higher interferon-γ levels than all other groups. Food insecurity was higher in HIV-infected cocaine users. CONCLUSIONS We identified differences in the relative abundance of major phyla of the intestinal microbiota, as well as markers of inflammation and microbial translocation, based on cocaine use and HIV infection. Nutritional factors, including alcohol use and lean body mass, may contribute to these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Volpe
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Honorine Ward
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mkaya Mwamburi
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Duy Dinh
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Seema Bhalchandra
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine Wanke
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne V Kane
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Jacobs JP, Braun J. Immune and genetic gardening of the intestinal microbiome. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4102-11. [PMID: 24613921 PMCID: PMC4156569 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system - consisting of adaptive and innate immune cells as well as the epithelium - is profoundly influenced by its microbial environment. There is now growing evidence that the converse is also true, that the immune system shapes the composition of the intestinal microbiome. During conditions of health, this bidirectional interaction achieves a homeostasis in which inappropriate immune responses to non-pathogenic microbes are averted and immune activity suppresses blooms of potentially pathogenic microbes (pathobionts). Genetic alteration in immune/epithelial function can affect host gardening of the intestinal microbiome, contributing to the diversity of intestinal microbiota within a population and in some cases allowing for unfavorable microbial ecologies (dysbiosis) that confer disease susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Jacobs
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Proietti M, Cornacchione V, Rezzonico Jost T, Romagnani A, Faliti CE, Perruzza L, Rigoni R, Radaelli E, Caprioli F, Preziuso S, Brannetti B, Thelen M, McCoy KD, Slack E, Traggiai E, Grassi F. ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor controls follicular T helper cell numbers in Peyer's patches to promote host-microbiota mutualism. Immunity 2014; 41:789-801. [PMID: 25464855 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the gut induces the development of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The molecular mechanisms that regulate GALT function and result in gut-commensal homeostasis are poorly defined. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in Peyer's patches (PPs) promote high-affinity IgA responses. Here we found that the ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor controls Tfh cell numbers in PPs. Lack of P2X7 in Tfh cells enhanced germinal center reactions and high-affinity IgA secretion and binding to commensals. The ensuing depletion of mucosal bacteria resulted in reduced systemic translocation of microbial components, lowering B1 cell stimulation and serum IgM concentrations. Mice lacking P2X7 had increased susceptibility to polymicrobial sepsis, which was rescued by Tfh cell depletion or administration of purified IgM. Thus, regulation of Tfh cells by P2X7 activity is important for mucosal colonization, which in turn results in IgM serum concentrations necessary to protect the host from bacteremia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Proietti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Cornacchione
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Fabrickstrasse 2, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Rezzonico Jost
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Romagnani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Elisa Faliti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rosita Rigoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Flavio Caprioli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Unit of Gastroenterology 2, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Preziuso
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Barbara Brannetti
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Fabrickstrasse 2, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, HCI F 413 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Traggiai
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Fabrickstrasse 2, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via G.B. Viotti 3/5, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Strijbis K, Yilmaz ÖH, Dougan SK, Esteban A, Gröne A, Kumamoto CA, Ploegh HL. Intestinal colonization by Candida albicans alters inflammatory responses in Bruton's tyrosine kinase-deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112472. [PMID: 25379804 PMCID: PMC4224491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The commensal yeast Candida albicans is part of the human intestinal microflora and is considered a "pathobiont", a resident microbe with pathogenic potential yet harmless under normal conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of C. albicans on inflammation of the intestinal tract and the role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). Btk is an enzyme that modulates downstream signaling of multiple receptors involved in innate and adaptive immunity, including the major anti-fungal receptor Dectin-1. Colitis was induced in wild type and Btk-/- mice by treatment with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and the gastrointestinal tract of selected treatment groups were then colonized with C. albicans. Colonization by C. albicans neither dampened nor exacerbated inflammation in wild type mice, but colon length and spleen weight were improved in Btk-deficient mice colonized with C. albicans. Neutrophil infiltration was comparable between wild type and Btk-/- mice, but the knockout mice displayed severely reduced numbers of macrophages in the colon during both DSS and DSS/Candida treatment. Smaller numbers and reduced responsiveness of Btk-/- macrophages might partially explain the improved colon length of Btk-/- mice as a result of Candida colonization. Surprisingly, DSS/Candida-treated Btk-/- animals had higher levels of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines and levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β were reduced compared to wild type. A clustering and correlation analysis showed that for wild type animals, spleen TGF-β and colon IL-10 and for Btk-/- spleen and colon levels of IL-17A best correlated with the inflammatory parameters. We conclude that in Btk-/- immunocompromised animals, colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by the commensal yeast C. albicans alters inflammatory symptoms associated with colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Strijbis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ömer H. Yilmaz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie K. Dougan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Esteban
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carol A. Kumamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa harbors the largest population of antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells (PC) in the human body, producing daily several grams of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA has many functions, serving as a first-line barrier that protects the mucosal epithelium from pathogens, toxins and food antigens (Ag), shaping the intestinal microbiota, and regulating host-commensal homeostasis. Signals induced by commensal colonization are central for regulating IgA induction, maintenance, positioning and function and the number of IgA(+) PC is dramatically reduced in neonates and germ-free (GF) animals. Recent evidence demonstrates that the innate immune effector molecules tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are required for IgA(+) PC homeostasis during the steady state and infection. Moreover, new functions ascribed to PC independent of Ab secretion continue to emerge, suggesting that PC, including IgA(+) PC, should be re-examined in the context of inflammation and infection. Here, we outline mechanisms of IgA(+) PC generation and survival, reviewing their functions in health and disease.
Collapse
Key Words
- AID, activation-induced deaminase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Arg, arginase
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- B cell
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BM, bone marrow
- Blimp, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein
- CCL, CC chemokine ligand
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSR, class-switch recombination
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DC, dendritic cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDC, follicular dendritic cells
- FcαR, Fc fragment of IgA receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- GC, germinal center
- GF, germ-free
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP, glucose-regulated proteins
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cells
- ILF, isolated lymphoid follicles
- IRE, inositol-requiring enzyme
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, inhibitor of DNA binding
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgAD, selective IgA deficiency
- L-Arg, L-Arginine
- L-Cit, L-citrulline
- L-Glu, L-Glutamate
- L-Orn, L-Ornithine
- L-Pro, L-Proline
- LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
- LP, lamina propria
- LT, lymphotoxinLTβR, LTβ-receptor
- LTi, lymphoid tissue-inducer
- LTo, lymphoid tissue organizing
- Ly, lymphocyte antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- NO, nitric oxide
- PC, plasma cells
- PP, Peyer's patch
- Pax, paired box
- ROR, Retionic acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid-related orphan receptor
- SC, stromal cells
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SIGNR, specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin-related
- SIgAsecretory IgA
- TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor
- TD, T-dependent
- TFH, T-follicular helper cells
- TGFβR, transforming growth factor β receptor
- TI, T-independent
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, TNF receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Th, T helper cell
- Treg, T-regulatory cell
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP, X-box binding protein
- bcl, B-cell lymphoma
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
- innate immune recognition
- intestinal microbiota
- mucosa
- pIgA, polymeric IgA
- pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor
- plasma cell
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Physiology; Complex Traits Group; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada,Correspondence to: Jörg H Fritz;
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Erickson JJ, Rogers MC, Hastings AK, Tollefson SJ, Williams JV. Programmed death-1 impairs secondary effector lung CD8⁺ T cells during respiratory virus reinfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5108-17. [PMID: 25339663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reinfections with respiratory viruses are common and cause significant clinical illness, yet precise mechanisms governing this susceptibility are ill defined. Lung Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells (T(CD8)) are impaired during acute viral lower respiratory infection by the inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1). To determine whether PD-1 contributes to recurrent infection, we first established a model of reinfection by challenging B cell-deficient mice with human metapneumovirus (HMPV) several weeks after primary infection, and found that HMPV replicated to high titers in the lungs. A robust secondary effector lung TCD8 response was generated during reinfection, but these cells were more impaired and more highly expressed the inhibitory receptors PD-1, LAG-3, and 2B4 than primary T(CD8). In vitro blockade demonstrated that PD-1 was the dominant inhibitory receptor early after reinfection. In vivo therapeutic PD-1 blockade during HMPV reinfection restored lung T(CD8) effector functions (i.e., degranulation and cytokine production) and enhanced viral clearance. PD-1 also limited the protective efficacy of HMPV epitope-specific peptide vaccination and impaired lung T(CD8) during heterotypic influenza virus challenge infection. Our results indicate that PD-1 signaling may contribute to respiratory virus reinfection and evasion of vaccine-elicited immune responses. These results have important implications for the design of effective vaccines against respiratory viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Erickson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Meredith C Rogers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Andrew K Hastings
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Sharon J Tollefson
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) primary infection occurs at mucosa tissues, suggesting an intricate interplay between the microbiome and HIV infection. Recent advanced technologies of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics allow researchers to explore nonculturable microbes, including bacteria, virus, and fungi, and their association with diseases. HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with microbiome shifts and immune activation that may affect the outcome of disease progression. In this review, the authors focus on microbiome in HIV infection at various mucosal compartments. Understanding the relationship between microbiome and HIV may offer insights into development of better strategies for HIV prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- January T Salas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Theresa L Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
van de Ven AAJM, Janssen WJM, Schulz LS, van Loon AM, Voorkamp K, Sanders EAM, Kusters JG, Nierkens S, Boes M, Wensing AMJ, van Montfrans JM. Increased prevalence of gastrointestinal viruses and diminished secretory immunoglobulin a levels in antibody deficiencies. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:962-70. [PMID: 25135597 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrointestinal disease occurs frequently in antibody deficiencies. This study aims to explore the relation between gastrointestinal infections and mucosal homeostasis in patients with antibody deficiencies. METHODS We performed an observational study including 54 pediatric antibody deficient patients (48 % CVID, 41 % CVID-like, 11 % XLA) and 66 healthy controls. Clinical symptom scores and stool samples were collected prospectively. Stool samples were evaluated for bacteria, parasites, viruses, secretory IgA- and for calprotectin levels. Results were compared between patients and controls. RESULTS 24 % of antibody deficient patients versus 9 % of healthy controls tested positive for gastrointestinal viruses (p = 0.028). Fecal calprotectin levels were significantly higher in virus positive patients compared to virus negative patients (p = 0.002). However, in controls, fecal calprotectin levels were similar between virus positive and virus negative controls. Moreover, gastrointestinal virus positive patients had low serum IgA levels in 13/14 cases (94 %) versus 40/62 (62 %) patients in the virus negative patient group (p = 0.04). The virus positive patient group also displayed significantly lower secretory IgA levels in stool (median 13 ug/ml) than patients without gastrointestinal viruses detected or healthy controls (median 155 ug/ml) (p = 0.046). CONCLUSION We here report an increased prevalence of gastrointestinal viruses and gastrointestinal complaints in antibody deficient patients. Patients that tested positive for gastrointestinal viruses showed diminished serum- and secretory IgA levels, and only in patients, virus positivity was associated with signs of mucosal inflammation. These findings suggest that particularly patients with low IgA are at risk for longstanding replication of gastrointestinal viruses, which may eventually result in CVID-related enteropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A J M van de Ven
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases/Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Lundlaan 6, Post box 85090 KC.03.063.0, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Hirao LA, Grishina I, Bourry O, Hu WK, Somrit M, Sankaran-Walters S, Gaulke CA, Fenton AN, Li JA, Crawford RW, Chuang F, Tarara R, Marco ML, Bäumler AJ, Cheng H, Dandekar S. Early mucosal sensing of SIV infection by paneth cells induces IL-1β production and initiates gut epithelial disruption. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004311. [PMID: 25166758 PMCID: PMC4148401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV causes rapid CD4+ T cell depletion in the gut mucosa, resulting in immune deficiency and defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier. Breakdown in gut barrier integrity is linked to chronic inflammation and disease progression. However, the early effects of HIV on the gut epithelium, prior to the CD4+ T cell depletion, are not known. Further, the impact of early viral infection on mucosal responses to pathogenic and commensal microbes has not been investigated. We utilized the SIV model of AIDS to assess the earliest host-virus interactions and mechanisms of inflammation and dysfunction in the gut, prior to CD4+ T cell depletion. An intestinal loop model was used to interrogate the effects of SIV infection on gut mucosal immune sensing and response to pathogens and commensal bacteria in vivo. At 2.5 days post-SIV infection, low viral loads were detected in peripheral blood and gut mucosa without CD4+ T cell loss. However, immunohistological analysis revealed the disruption of the gut epithelium manifested by decreased expression and mislocalization of tight junction proteins. Correlating with epithelial disruption was a significant induction of IL-1β expression by Paneth cells, which were in close proximity to SIV-infected cells in the intestinal crypts. The IL-1β response preceded the induction of the antiviral interferon response. Despite the disruption of the gut epithelium, no aberrant responses to pathogenic or commensal bacteria were observed. In fact, inoculation of commensal Lactobacillus plantarum in intestinal loops led to rapid anti-inflammatory response and epithelial tight junction repair in SIV infected macaques. Thus, intestinal Paneth cells are the earliest responders to viral infection and induce gut inflammation through IL-1β signaling. Reversal of the IL-1β induced gut epithelial damage by Lactobacillus plantarum suggests synergistic host-commensal interactions during early viral infection and identify these mechanisms as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Hirao
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Irina Grishina
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - William K. Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Monsicha Somrit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sumathi Sankaran-Walters
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Gaulke
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anne N. Fenton
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jay A. Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Crawford
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Frank Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ross Tarara
- Department of Primate Medicine, California National Primate Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Holland Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Camp JG, Frank CL, Lickwar CR, Guturu H, Rube T, Wenger AM, Chen J, Bejerano G, Crawford GE, Rawls JF. Microbiota modulate transcription in the intestinal epithelium without remodeling the accessible chromatin landscape. Genome Res 2014; 24:1504-16. [PMID: 24963153 PMCID: PMC4158762 DOI: 10.1101/gr.165845.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota regulate intestinal physiology by modifying host gene expression along the length of the intestine, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unresolved. Transcriptional specificity occurs through interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and cis-regulatory regions (CRRs) characterized by nucleosome-depleted accessible chromatin. We profiled transcriptome and accessible chromatin landscapes in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from mice reared in the presence or absence of microbiota. We show that regional differences in gene transcription along the intestinal tract were accompanied by major alterations in chromatin accessibility. Surprisingly, we discovered that microbiota modify host gene transcription in IECs without significantly impacting the accessible chromatin landscape. Instead, microbiota regulation of host gene transcription might be achieved by differential expression of specific TFs and enrichment of their binding sites in nucleosome-depleted CRRs near target genes. Our results suggest that the chromatin landscape in IECs is preprogrammed by the host in a region-specific manner to permit responses to microbiota through binding of open CRRs by specific TFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gray Camp
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Christopher L Frank
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Colin R Lickwar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Harendra Guturu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tomas Rube
- Physics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M Wenger
- Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jenny Chen
- Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Gill Bejerano
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Gregory E Crawford
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell 2014; 157:121-41. [PMID: 24679531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2957] [Impact Index Per Article: 295.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role on the induction, training, and function of the host immune system. In return, the immune system has largely evolved as a means to maintain the symbiotic relationship of the host with these highly diverse and evolving microbes. When operating optimally, this immune system-microbiota alliance allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the maintenance of regulatory pathways involved in the maintenance of tolerance to innocuous antigens. However, in high-income countries, overuse of antibiotics, changes in diet, and elimination of constitutive partners, such as nematodes, may have selected for a microbiota that lack the resilience and diversity required to establish balanced immune responses. This phenomenon is proposed to account for some of the dramatic rise in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in parts of the world where our symbiotic relationship with the microbiota has been the most affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Sahay B, Owen JL, Zadeh M, Yang T, Lightfoot YL, Abed F, Mohamadzadeh M. Impaired colonic B-cell responses by gastrointestinal Bacillus anthracis infection. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1499-507. [PMID: 24829464 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of Bacillus anthracis spores causes gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax. Humoral immune responses, particularly immunoglobulin A (IgA)-secreting B-1 cells, play a critical role in the clearance of GI pathogens. Here, we investigated whether B. anthracis impacts the function of colonic B-1 cells to establish active infection. GI anthrax led to significant inhibition of immunoglobulins (eg, IgA) and increased expression of program death 1 on B-1 cells. Furthermore, infection also diminished type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and their ability to enhance differentiation and immunoglobulin production by secreting interleukin 5 (IL-5). Such B-1-cell and ILC2 dysfunction is potentially due to cleavage of p38 and Erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases in these cells. Conversely, mice that survived infection generated neutralizing antibodies via the formation of robust germinal center B cells in Peyer's patches and had restored B-1-cell and ILC2 function. These data may provide additional insight for designing efficacious vaccines and therapeutics against this deadly pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Jennifer L Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Yaíma L Lightfoot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Firas Abed
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Rescigno M. Intestinal microbiota and its effects on the immune system. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1004-13. [PMID: 24720613 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota colonizes every surface exposed to the external world and in the gut, it plays important roles in physiological functions such as the maturation of the immune system, the degradation of complex food macromolecules and also behaviour. As such, the immune system has developed tools to cohabit with the microbiota, but also to keep it under control. When this control is lost, dysbiosis, i.e. deregulation in bacterial communities, can occur and this can lead to inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes and autism. For these reasons, the analysis of the microbiota, its interactions with the host and its composition in disease, have been intensively investigated in the last few years. In this review, we summarize the major findings in the interaction of the microbiota with the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Zhu M, Belkina AC, DeFuria J, Carr JD, Van Dyke TE, Gyurko R, Nikolajczyk BS. B cells promote obesity-associated periodontitis and oral pathogen-associated inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:349-57. [PMID: 24782490 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0214-095r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with T2D and PD suffer significantly from the ability of one disease to intensify the other. Disease-associated inflammation is one mechanism thought to fuel this pathogenic feed-forward loop. Several lines of evidence indicate that proinflammatory B cells promote T2D and PD; thus, B cells are top candidates for a cell type that predisposes PD in T2D. To test directly the role of B cells in T2D-associated PD, we compared outcomes from oral Porphyromonas gingivalis challenge of lean WT or B cell-null mice with outcomes from mice that were obese and insulin-resistant before challenge. Obese WT mice responded to oral P. gingivalis challenge with significant periodontal bone loss, whereas obese B cell-null mice were protected completely from PD. By contrast, lean WT and B cell-null mice suffer similar periodontal bone loss in response to oral pathogen. B cells from obese/insulin-resistant hosts also support oral osteoclastogenesis and both oral and systemic production of inflammatory cytokines, including pro-osteoclastogenic TNF-α and MIP-2, an ortholog of human IL-8. B cells furthermore impact AT inflammation in obese, P. gingivalis-infected hosts. Taken together, these data show that fundamentally different mechanisms regulate PD in lean and obese hosts, with B cells able to promote PD only if the hosts are "primed" by obesity. These results justify more intense analysis of obesity-associated changes in B cells that predispose PD in human T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna C Belkina
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason DeFuria
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jordan D Carr
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Robert Gyurko
- Department of Periodontology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara S Nikolajczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Neunkirchner A, Schmetterer KG, Pickl WF. Lymphocyte-based model systems for allergy research: a historic overview. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 163:259-91. [PMID: 24777172 DOI: 10.1159/000360163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, a multitude of studies applying distinct in vitro and in vivo model systems have contributed greatly to our better understanding of the initiation and regulation of inflammatory processes leading to allergic diseases. Over the years, it has become evident that among lymphocytes, not only IgE-producing B cells and allergy-orchestrating CD4(+) helper cells but also cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, γδ-T cells and innate lymphoid cells, as well as regulatory lymphocytes, might critically shape the immune response towards usually innocuous allergens. In this review, we provide a historic overview of pioneering work leading to the establishment of important lymphocyte-based model systems for allergy research. Moreover, we contrast the original findings with our currently more refined knowledge to appreciate the actual validity of the respective models and to reassess the conclusions obtained from them. Conflicting studies and interpretations are identified and discussed. The tables are intended to provide an easy overview of the field not only for scientists newly entering the field but also for the broader readership interested in updating their knowledge. Along those lines, herein we discuss in vitro and in vivo approaches to the investigation of lymphocyte effector cell activation, polarization and regulation, and describe depletion and adoptive transfer models along with gene knockout and transgenic (tg) methodologies. In addition, novel attempts to establish humanized T cell antigen receptor tg mouse models for allergy research are described and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Neunkirchner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
196
|
Maseda D, Bonami RH, Crofford LJ. Regulation of B lymphocytes and plasma cells by innate immune mechanisms and stromal cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:747-62. [PMID: 24734886 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.907744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
B cells mediate multiple functions that influence immune and inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Production of a diverse array of autoantibodies can happen at different stages of the disease, and are important markers of disease outcome. In turn, the magnitude and quality of acquired humoral immune responses is strongly dependent on signals delivered by innate immune cells. Additionally, the milieu of cells and chemokines that constitute a niche for plasma cells rely strongly on signals provided by stromal cells at different anatomical locations and times. The chronic inflammatory state therefore importantly impacts the developing humoral immune response and its intensity and specificity. We focus this review on B cell biology and the role of the innate immune system in the development of autoimmunity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Grönwall C, Silverman GJ. Natural IgM: beneficial autoantibodies for the control of inflammatory and autoimmune disease. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34 Suppl 1:S12-21. [PMID: 24691998 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural IgM are highly represented in the circulation at birth, and these often autoreactive antibodies have been postulated to have innate-like properties and play crucial roles in apoptotic cell clearance, tissue homeostasis, and immune modulation. This review summarizes the known properties of these IgM autoantibodies, and the evidence that these anti-apoptotic cell IgM natural antibodies can regulate inflammatory responses through ancient pathways of the innate immune system that first arose long before the initial emergence of the adaptive immune system. While the regulatory contributions of these natural IgM autoantibodies are certainly not an essential and fundamental component of host defenses, these provide an additional layer to further protect the host. More importantly, these IgM antibody responses are highly inducible and their up-regulation can be a powerful means for the host to survive in a setting of chronic inflammation. The observed beneficial clinical associations for cardiovascular disease and autoimmunity, as well as opportunities for potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Shulzhenko N, Lyng H, Sanson GF, Morgun A. Ménage à trois: an evolutionary interplay between human papillomavirus, a tumor, and a woman. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:345-53. [PMID: 24674660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women with human papillomavirus (HPV) being a key etiologic factor of this devastating disease. In this article, we describe modern advances in the genomics and transcriptomics of cervical cancer that led to uncovering the key gene drivers. We also introduce, herein, a model of cervical carcinogenesis that explains how the interplay between virus, tumor, and woman results in the selection of clones that simultaneously harbor genomic amplifications for genes that drive cell cycle, antiviral response, and inhibit cell differentiation. The new model may help researchers understand the controversies in antiviral therapy and immunogenetics of this cancer and may provide a basis for future research directions in early diagnostics and personalization of therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Heidi Lyng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerdine F Sanson
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Chen J, He X, Huang J. Diet effects in gut microbiome and obesity. J Food Sci 2014; 79:R442-51. [PMID: 24621052 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 100 trillion microbes in human gut coevolve with the host and exert significant influences on human health. The gut microbial composition presents dynamic changes correlated with various factors including host genotypes, age, and external environment. Effective manipulation of the gut microbiota through diets (both long-term and short-term diet patterns), probiotics and/or prebiotics, and antibiotics has been proved being potential to prevent from metabolic disorders such as obesity in many studies. The dietary regulation exerts influences on microbial metabolism and host immune functions through several pathways, of which may include selectively bacterial fermentation of nutrients, lower intestinal barrier function, overexpression of genes associated with disorders, and disruptions to both innate and adaptive immunity. Discoveries in the interrelationship between diet, intestinal microbiome, and body immune system provide us novel perceptions to the specific action mechanisms and will promote the development of therapeutic approaches for obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin Univ, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Peterson LW, Artis D. Intestinal epithelial cells: regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:141-53. [PMID: 24566914 DOI: 10.1038/nri3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1879] [Impact Index Per Article: 187.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of innate and adaptive immune cells that reside together with trillions of beneficial commensal microorganisms in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract requires barrier and regulatory mechanisms that conserve host-microbial interactions and tissue homeostasis. This homeostasis depends on the diverse functions of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which include the physical segregation of commensal bacteria and the integration of microbial signals. Hence, IECs are crucial mediators of intestinal homeostasis that enable the establishment of an immunological environment permissive to colonization by commensal bacteria. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of how IECs maintain host-commensal microbial relationships and immune cell homeostasis in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance W Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - David Artis
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. [2] Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|