151
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Becker C, Bopp T, Jonuleit H. Boosting regulatory T cell function by CD4 stimulation enters the clinic. Front Immunol 2012; 3:164. [PMID: 22719741 PMCID: PMC3376463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding tolerance mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level holds the promise to establish novel immune intervention therapies in patients with allergy or autoimmunity and to prevent transplant rejection. Administration of mAb against the CD4 molecule has been found to be exceptionally well suited for intentional tolerance induction in rodent and non-human primate models as well as in humanized mouse models. Recent evidence demonstrated that regulatory T cells (Treg) are directly activated by non-depleting CD4 ligands and suggests Treg activation as a central mechanism in anti-CD4-mediated tolerance induction. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of Treg in peripheral tolerance, addresses the putative mechanisms of Treg-mediated suppression and discusses the clinical potential of harnessing Treg suppressive activity through CD4 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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152
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Greenbaum CJ, Schatz DA, Haller MJ, Sanda S. Through the fog: recent clinical trials to preserve β-cell function in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:1323-30. [PMID: 22618767 PMCID: PMC3357268 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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153
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Mamchak AA, Manenkova Y, Leconet W, Zheng Y, Chan JR, Stokes CL, Shoda LK, von Herrath M, Bresson D. Preexisting autoantibodies predict efficacy of oral insulin to cure autoimmune diabetes in combination with anti-CD3. Diabetes 2012; 61:1490-9. [PMID: 22362174 PMCID: PMC3357270 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously developed a combination therapy (CT) using anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies together with islet-(auto)antigen immunizations that can more efficiently reverse type 1 diabetes (T1D) than either entity alone. However, clinical translation of antigen-specific therapies in general is hampered by the lack of biomarkers that could be used to optimize the modalities of antigen delivery and to predict responders from nonresponders. To support the rapid identification of candidate biomarkers, we systematically evaluated multiple variables in a mathematical disease model. The in silico predictions were validated by subsequent laboratory data in NOD mice with T1D that received anti-CD3/oral insulin CT. Our study shows that higher anti-insulin autoantibody levels at diagnosis can distinguish responders and nonresponders among recipients of CT exquisitely well. In addition, early posttreatment changes in proinflammatory cytokines were indicative of long-term remission. Coadministration of oral insulin improved and prolonged the therapeutic efficacy of anti-CD3 therapy, and long-term protection was achieved by maintaining elevated insulin-specific regulatory T cell numbers that efficiently lowered diabetogenic effector memory T cells. Our validation of preexisting autoantibodies as biomarkers to distinguish future responders from nonresponders among recipients of oral insulin provides a compelling and mechanistic rationale to more rapidly translate anti-CD3/oral insulin CT for human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yulia Manenkova
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Wilhem Leconet
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthias von Herrath
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
- Corresponding author: Matthias von Herrath, , or Damien Bresson,
| | - Damien Bresson
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
- Corresponding author: Matthias von Herrath, , or Damien Bresson,
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154
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Bugelski PJ, Martin PL. Concordance of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins: cell surface targets. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:823-46. [PMID: 22168282 PMCID: PMC3417412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fusion proteins directed towards cell surface targets make an important contribution to the treatment of disease. The purpose of this review was to correlate the clinical and preclinical data on the 15 currently approved mAbs and fusion proteins targeted to the cell surface. The principal sources used to gather data were: the peer reviewed Literature; European Medicines Agency 'Scientific Discussions'; and the US Food and Drug Administration 'Pharmacology/Toxicology Reviews' and package inserts (United States Prescribing Information). Data on the 15 approved biopharmaceuticals were included: abatacept; abciximab; alefacept; alemtuzumab; basiliximab; cetuximab; daclizumab; efalizumab; ipilimumab; muromonab; natalizumab; panitumumab; rituximab; tocilizumab; and trastuzumab. For statistical analysis of concordance, data from these 15 were combined with data on the approved mAbs and fusion proteins directed towards soluble targets. Good concordance with human pharmacodynamics was found for mice receiving surrogates or non-human primates (NHPs) receiving the human pharmaceutical. In contrast, there was poor concordance for human pharmacodynamics in genetically deficient mice and for human adverse effects in all three test systems. No evidence that NHPs have superior predictive value was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bugelski
- Biologics Toxicology, Janssen Research & Development, division of Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, Radnor, PA 19087, USA
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155
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Miyahara Y, Khattar M, Schroder PM, Mierzejewska B, Deng R, Han R, Hancock W, Chen W, Stepkowski SM. Anti-TCRβ mAb induces long-term allograft survival by reducing antigen-reactive T cells and sparing regulatory T cells. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1409-18. [PMID: 22420295 PMCID: PMC3365620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
TCR specific antibodies may modulate the TCR engagement with antigen-MHC complexes, and in turn regulate in vivo T cell responses to alloantigens. Herein, we found that in vivo administration of mAbs specific for mouse TCRβ (H57-597), TCRα or CD3 promptly reduced the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in normal mice, but H57-597 mAb most potently increased the frequency of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Treg cells. When mice were injected with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) superantigen and H57-597 mAb, the expansion of SEB-reactive Vβ8(+) T cells was completely abrogated while SEB-nonreactive Vβ2(+) T cells remained unaffected. More importantly, transient H57-597 mAb treatment exerted long-lasting effect in preventing T cell responses to alloantigens, and produced long-term cardiac allograft survival (>100 days) in 10 out of 11 recipients. While Treg cells were involved in maintaining donor-specific long-term graft survival, T cell homeostasis recovered over time and immunity was retained against third party allografts. Moreover, transient H57-597 mAb treatment significantly prolonged survival of skin allografts in naïve recipients as well as heart allografts in skin-sensitized recipients. Thus, transient modulation of the TCRβ chain by H57-597 mAb exhibits potent, long-lasting therapeutic effects to control alloimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Miyahara
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical College, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - M. Khattar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical College, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - P. M. Schroder
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical College, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - B. Mierzejewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical College, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - R. Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical College, Toledo, OH 43614, United States,Organ Transplantation Center, 1 Affiliated Hospital, Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510080
| | - R. Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - W.W. Hancock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - W. Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical College, Toledo, OH 43614, United States,Correspondence: Wenhao Chen, PhD and Stanislaw M. Stepkowski, PhD. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo-Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, HEB 263A, Toledo, OH 43614. Telephone 419-383-6681, Fax 419-383-3002, ;
| | - S. M. Stepkowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical College, Toledo, OH 43614, United States,Correspondence: Wenhao Chen, PhD and Stanislaw M. Stepkowski, PhD. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo-Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, HEB 263A, Toledo, OH 43614. Telephone 419-383-6681, Fax 419-383-3002, ;
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156
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that gradually destructs insulin-producing beta cells. Over the years, clinicians' knowledge regarding the immunopathogenesis of this disease has greatly increased. Immunotherapies that can change the course of immune-mediated destruction and preserve and possibly regenerate the pancreatic beta cells seem to be promising in preclinical trials but so far have been unsuccessful in human studies. This article reviews the important immune interventions for type 1 diabetes that have been tried so far targeting the different stages of disease development and provides an insight into what the future might hold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Gupta
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Consultants, 8435 Clearvista Place, Suite 101 Indianapolis, IN 46256, USA.
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157
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Sasaki N, Yamashita T, Takeda M, Hirata KI. Regulatory T cells in atherogenesis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 19:503-15. [PMID: 22498766 DOI: 10.5551/jat.10934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is believed to be an inflammatory condition of the arterial wall. It has become apparent that various types of cells of innate and adaptive immunity participate in atherogenesis. T cells are of particular interest because they mediate pathogenic immune responses involved in the acceleration of atherosclerosis. Recent studies from several independent groups indicated that subsets of regulatory T cells (Tregs) actively mediate immunologic tolerance and inhibit atherosclerosis development or progression through the down-regulation of effector T-cell responses. It is likely that there is an imbalance between pathogenic effector T cells and Tregs under atherosclerotic conditions. Recent evidence suggests that in addition to the thymus, gut-associated lymphoid tissues are the main sites for the generation of several subsets of peripherally inducible Tregs. This indicates that intervention in the gut environment to promote an endogenous regulatory immune response may serve as a possible therapeutic approach to suppress atherosclerotic diseases. In this review, we discuss not only the possible role of Tregs in the prevention of atherosclerosis, but also promising strategies to prevent or cure atherosclerotic diseases by promoting an endogenous regulatory immune response, particularly by oral immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sasaki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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158
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Takiishi T, Korf H, Van Belle TL, Robert S, Grieco FA, Caluwaerts S, Galleri L, Spagnuolo I, Steidler L, Van Huynegem K, Demetter P, Wasserfall C, Atkinson MA, Dotta F, Rottiers P, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Reversal of autoimmune diabetes by restoration of antigen-specific tolerance using genetically modified Lactococcus lactis in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1717-25. [PMID: 22484814 DOI: 10.1172/jci60530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current interventions for arresting autoimmune diabetes have yet to strike the balance between sufficient efficacy, minimal side effects, and lack of generalized immunosuppression. Introduction of antigen via the gut represents an appealing method for induction of antigen-specific tolerance. Here, we developed a strategy for tolerance restoration using mucosal delivery in mice of biologically contained Lactococcus lactis genetically modified to secrete the whole proinsulin autoantigen along with the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10. We show that combination therapy with low-dose systemic anti-CD3 stably reverted diabetes in NOD mice and increased frequencies of local Tregs, which not only accumulated in the pancreatic islets, but also suppressed immune response in an autoantigen-specific way. Cured mice remained responsive to disease-unrelated antigens, which argues against excessive immunosuppression. Application of this therapeutic tool achieved gut mucosal delivery of a diabetes-relevant autoantigen and a biologically active immunomodulatory cytokine, IL-10, and, when combined with a low dose of systemic anti-CD3, was well tolerated and induced autoantigen-specific long-term tolerance, allowing reversal of established autoimmune diabetes. Therefore, we believe this method could be an effective treatment strategy for type 1 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Takiishi
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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159
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Lian G, Arimochi H, Kitamura A, Nishida J, Li S, Kishihara K, Maekawa Y, Yasutomo K. Manipulation of CD98 resolves type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2227-34. [PMID: 22291182 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The interplay of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells targeting autoantigens is responsible for the progression of a number of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate T cell activation is crucial for designing effective therapies for autoimmune diseases. We probed a panel of Abs with T cell-modulating activity and identified a mAb specific for the H chain of CD98 (CD98hc) that was able to suppress T cell proliferation. The anti-CD98hc mAb also inhibited Ag-specific proliferation and the acquisition of effector function by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo. Injection of the anti-CD98hc mAb completely prevented the onset of cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes in NOD mice. Treatment of diabetic NOD mice with anti-CD98hc reversed the diabetic state to normal levels, coincident with decreased proliferation of CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, treatment of diabetic NOD mice with CD98hc small interfering RNA resolved T1D. These data indicate that strategies targeting CD98hc might have clinical application for treating T1D and other T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojian Lian
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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160
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Waldron-Lynch F, Henegariu O, Deng S, Preston-Hurlburt P, Tooley J, Flavell R, Herold KC. Teplizumab induces human gut-tropic regulatory cells in humanized mice and patients. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:118ra12. [PMID: 22277969 PMCID: PMC4131554 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development and optimization of immune therapies in patients has been hampered by the lack of preclinical models in which their effects on human immune cells can be studied. As a result, observations that have been made in preclinical studies have suggested mechanisms of drug action in murine models that have not been confirmed in clinical studies. Here, we used a humanized mouse reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells to study the mechanism of action of teplizumab, an Fc receptor nonbinding humanized monoclonal antibody to CD3 being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In this model, human gut-tropic CCR6(+) T cells exited the circulation and secondary lymph organs and migrated to the small intestine. These cells then produced interleukin-10 (IL-10), a regulatory cytokine, in quantities that could be detected in the peripheral circulation. Blocking T cell migration to the small intestine with natalizumab, which prevents cellular adhesion by inhibiting α(4) integrin binding, abolished the treatment effects of teplizumab. Moreover, IL-10 expression by CD4(+)CD25(high)CCR6(+)FoxP3 cells returning to the peripheral circulation was increased in patients with type 1 diabetes treated with teplizumab. These findings demonstrate that humanized mice may be used to identify novel immunologic mechanisms that occur in patients treated with immunomodulators.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Tract/cytology
- Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Tract/immunology
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- L-Selectin/metabolism
- Mice
- Mucous Membrane/cytology
- Mucous Membrane/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/immunology
- Natalizumab
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, CCR6/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Waldron-Lynch
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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161
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Bhatt S, Fung JJ, Lu L, Qian S. Tolerance-inducing strategies in islet transplantation. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:396524. [PMID: 22675353 PMCID: PMC3366204 DOI: 10.1155/2012/396524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic islet transplantation is a promising approach for restoring normoglycemia in type 1 diabetic patients. Current use of immunosuppressive therapies for management of islet transplant recipients can be counterintuitive to islet function and can lead to complications in the long term. The induction of donor-specific tolerance eliminates the dependency on immunosuppression and allows recipients to retain responses to foreign antigens. The mechanisms by which tolerance is achieved involve the deletion of donor-reactive T cells, induction of T-cell anergy, immune deviation, and generation of regulatory T cells. This review will outline the various methods used for inducing donor-specific tolerance in islet transplantation and will highlight the previously unforeseen potential of tissue stromal cells in promoting islet engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumantha Bhatt
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - John J. Fung
- Department of General Surgery, Transplant Center, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lina Lu
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Transplant Center, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shiguang Qian
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Transplant Center, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- *Shiguang Qian:
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162
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Berencsi III G. Fetal and Neonatal Illnesses Caused or Influenced by Maternal Transplacental IgG and/or Therapeutic Antibodies Applied During Pregnancy. MATERNAL FETAL TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN VIRUSES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON TUMORIGENESIS 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121401 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4216-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human fetus is protected by the mother’s antibodies. At the end of the pregnancy, the concentration of maternal antibodies is higher in the cord blood, than in the maternal circulation. Simultaneously, the immune system of the fetus begins to work and from the second trimester, fetal IgM is produced by the fetal immune system specific to microorganisms and antigens passing the maternal-fetal barrier. The same time the fetal immune system has to cope and develop tolerance and TREG cells to the maternal microchimeric cells, latent virus-carrier maternal cells and microorganisms transported through the maternal-fetal barrier. The maternal phenotypic inheritance may hide risks for the newborn, too. Antibody mediated enhancement results in dengue shock syndrome in the first 8 month of age of the baby. A series of pathologic maternal antibodies may elicit neonatal illnesses upon birth usually recovering during the first months of the life of the offspring. Certain antibodies, however, may impair the fetal or neonatal tissues or organs resulting prolonged recovery or initiating prolonged pathological processes of the children. The importance of maternal anti-idiotypic antibodies are believed to prime the fetal immune system with epitopes of etiologic agents infected the mother during her whole life before pregnancy and delivery. The chemotherapeutical and biological substances used for the therapy of the mother will be transcytosed into the fetal body during the last two trimesters of pregnancy. The long series of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and conjugates has not been tested systematically yet. The available data are summarised in this chapter. The innate immunity plays an important role in fetal defence. The concentration of interferon is relative high in the placenta. This is probably one reason, why the therapeutic interferon treatment of the mother does not impair the fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Berencsi III
- , Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Gyáli Street 2-6, Budapest, 1096 Hungary
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163
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164
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Induction of immunological tolerance by oral anti-CD3. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:425021. [PMID: 22162715 PMCID: PMC3227236 DOI: 10.1155/2012/425021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, our knowledge about immunoregulation and autoimmunity has significantly advanced, but nontoxic and more effective treatments for different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are still lacking. Oral tolerance is of unique immunologic importance because it is a continuous natural immunologic event driven by exogenous antigen and is an attractive approach for treatment of these conditions. Parenteral administration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody is an approved therapy for transplantation in humans and is effective in autoimmune diabetes. Orally administered anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody is biologically active in the gut and suppresses experimental models of autoimmune diseases. Orally delivered antibody does not have side effects including cytokine release syndromes, thus oral anti-CD3 antibody is clinically applicable for chronic therapy. Here we review findings that identify a novel and powerful immunologic approach that is widely applicable for the treatment of human autoimmune conditions.
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165
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Alkemade GM, Hilbrands R, Vandemeulebroucke E, Pipeleers D, Waldmann H, Mathieu C, Keymeulen B, Roep BO. Preservation of recall immunity in anti-CD3-treated recent onset type 1 diabetes patients. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:925-7. [PMID: 22069286 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safety of any immune modulating agent in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) involves its selectivity on autoimmunity and its preservation of recall and tumour immunity. METHODS We performed lymphocyte proliferation tests on seven recent onset diabetic patients treated with anti-CD3 (Otelixizumab; ChAglyCD3) and five recent onset diabetic patients treated with placebo, on average 2 years after therapy. RESULTS Proliferative responses towards common viral, bacterial and yeast antigens upon in vitro stimulation with a range of recall antigens in anti-CD3-treated T1DM patients were highly similar to those in placebo-treated T1DM patients. Similarly, T-cell responses towards autoantigens were equally low between the two groups, several years after diagnosis of T1DM. The proliferative response upon stimulation with the human suppressor protein p53 was invariably high in both anti-CD3- and placebo-treated patients, implying preserved anti-tumour immunity in anti-CD3 treatment. CONCLUSIONS As long-term focus on side effects is key, we demonstrate in this sub-cohort of recent onset T1DM patients treated with Otelixizumab that recall immunity is preserved in spite of high-dose anti-CD3 treatment, adding to the safety of anti-CD3 treatment as an immune-modulatory agent in the treatment of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonnie M Alkemade
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Center for β-Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Leiden, The Netherlands
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166
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Moore GL, Bautista C, Pong E, Nguyen DHT, Jacinto J, Eivazi A, Muchhal US, Karki S, Chu SY, Lazar GA. A novel bispecific antibody format enables simultaneous bivalent and monovalent co-engagement of distinct target antigens. MAbs 2011; 3:546-57. [PMID: 22123055 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.6.18123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies based on full-length antibody structures are more optimal than fragment-based formats because they benefit from the favorable properties of the Fc region. However, the homodimeric nature of Fc effectively imposes bivalent binding on all current full-length bispecific antibodies, an attribute that can result in nonspecific activation of cross-linked receptors. We engineered a novel bispecific format, referred to as mAb-Fv, that utilizes a heterodimeric Fc region to enable monovalent co-engagement of a second target antigen in a full-length context. mAb-Fv constructs co-targeting CD16 and CD3 were expressed and purified as heterodimeric species, bound selectively to their co-target antigens, and mediated potent cytotoxic activity by NK cells and T cells, respectively. The capacity to co-engage distinct target antigens simultaneously with different valencies is an improved feature for bispecific antibodies with promising therapeutic implications.
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167
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Madácsy L. Prediction and prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus: initial results and recent prospects. Orv Hetil 2011; 152:1916-21. [DOI: 10.1556/oh.2011.29246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is rising worldwide. The increase in incidence has been most prominent in the youngest age group of childhood. Prediction of type 1a autoimmune diabetes can be established by a positive family history or by genetic, immunological or metabolic markers. Prevention of type 1 diabetes can be implemented at three different levels of pathogenesis: primary prevention in individuals without any sign of beta-cell damage, secondary prevention in individuals with signs of beta-cell destruction and tertiary prevention in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. In the recent years our knowledge of the disease pathogenesis has grown quickly and worldwide several new prevention trials have been started. Probably immune intervention of type 1 diabetes will prove to be the most effective. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1916–1921.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Madácsy
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Bókay J. u. 53. 1083
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168
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Focosi D, Maggi F, Pistello M, Boggi U, Scatena F. Immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies: current and next generation. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1759-68. [PMID: 21995285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are well-established therapeutics, as evidenced by the large number of Food and Drug Administration-approved mAbs for the treatment of cancers, and inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, and for the prevention and treatment of solid organ transplant rejection. Although, in many cases, mAbs have improved patient survival, they are also associated with an increased incidence of opportunistic infections. We review here the current and next generation of mAbs and the risks that infectious disease specialists should be aware of.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Focosi
- U.O. Immuoematologia SSN, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.
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169
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Abstract
Prevention of loss of b cells in type 1 diabetes is a major goal of current research. Knowledge of the genetic susceptibility, increasing ability to predict who may be at risk, recognition of the potential clinical impact of residual insulin secretion after diagnosis, and development of new immunomodulatory agents have supported an increasing number of clinical trials to prevent b-cell loss. Interventions can be targeted at 3 stages: before the development of autoimmunity (primary prevention), after autoimmunity is recognized (secondary prevention), or after diagnosis when significant numbers of b cells remain (tertiary prevention). Thus far, several agents show promise when given shortly after diagnosis, but no interventions before diagnosis have shown benefit. Knowledge in this area has grown quickly in recent years and will continue to grow rapidly with several international collaborative efforts underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane K Wherrett
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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170
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Michels AW, Eisenbarth GS. Immune intervention in type 1 diabetes. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:214-9. [PMID: 21852151 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that results in the specific immune destruction of insulin producing beta cells. Currently there is no cure for T1D and treatment for the disease consists of lifelong administration of insulin. Immunotherapies aimed at preventing beta cell destruction in T1D patients with residual c-peptide or in individuals developing T1D are being evaluated. Networks of researchers such as TrialNet and the Immune Tolerance Network in the U.S. and similar networks in Europe have been established to evaluate such immunotherapies. This review focuses on immune intervention for the prevention and amelioration of human T1D with a focus on potential immune suppressive, antigen specific and environmental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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171
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172
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Getts DR, Turley DM, Smith CE, Harp CT, McCarthy D, Feeney EM, Getts MT, Martin AJ, Luo X, Terry RL, King NJC, Miller SD. Tolerance induced by apoptotic antigen-coupled leukocytes is induced by PD-L1+ and IL-10-producing splenic macrophages and maintained by T regulatory cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2405-17. [PMID: 21821796 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ag-specific tolerance is a highly desired therapy for immune-mediated diseases. Intravenous infusion of protein/peptide Ags linked to syngeneic splenic leukocytes with ethylene carbodiimide (Ag-coupled splenocytes [Ag-SP]) has been demonstrated to be a highly efficient method for inducing peripheral, Ag-specific T cell tolerance for treatment of autoimmune disease. However, little is understood about the mechanisms underlying this therapy. In this study, we show that apoptotic Ag-SP accumulate in the splenic marginal zone, where their uptake by F4/80(+) macrophages induces production of IL-10, which upregulates the expression of the immunomodulatory costimulatory molecule PD-L1 that is essential for Ag-SP tolerance induction. Ag-SP infusion also induces T regulatory cells that are dispensable for tolerance induction but required for long-term tolerance maintenance. Collectively, these results indicate that Ag-SP tolerance recapitulates how tolerance is normally maintained in the hematopoietic compartment and highlight the interplay between the innate and adaptive immune systems in the induction of Ag-SP tolerance. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that tolerance results from the synergistic effects of two distinct mechanisms, PD-L1-dependent T cell-intrinsic unresponsiveness and the activation of T regulatory cells. These findings are particularly relevant as this tolerance protocol is currently being tested in a Phase I/IIa clinical trial in new-onset relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Getts
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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173
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Biologic therapies in non-rheumatic diseases: lessons for rheumatologists? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 7:507-16. [PMID: 21808288 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biologic therapies have been licensed to treat rheumatic diseases for more than a decade. In parallel, they have gained acceptance in a variety of non-rheumatic diseases, where their impact has been no less revolutionary. In this Review, we examine the application of biologics in a number of non-rheumatic autoimmune and inflammatory disorders-psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, asthma, diabetes, congestive cardiac failure and multiple sclerosis. In particular, we have sought information, or lessons, that could influence their application in rheumatic diseases. For example, we highlight the potential to stratify asthma into groups that might require different targeted approaches, and focus on some of the less common adverse events associated with biologic therapies in multiple sclerosis. Similarly, we examine type 1 diabetes mellitus in the context of potential therapeutic induction of immune tolerance. Working collaboratively, across specialties, there is significant synergy to be gained in regard to understanding how biologic therapies work, how best to use them, and the adverse effects we should be conscious of.
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174
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Abstract
Strategies for inducing immune tolerance are fundamentally similar across a spectrum of immune-mediated disorders, including allergic disease, autoimmunity, and rejection of allografts. In each case, the objective of establishing an immunoregulatory balance is challenged by variable upswings in effector cell populations and proinflammatory mediators of immunity, requiring careful, and innovative therapeutic intervention to restore stability. The Immune Tolerance Network, an international consortium sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, seeks to advance both the scientific understanding and the clinical success of immune therapies for these disorders, through an innovative and collaborative effort involving clinical trials and mechanistic studies. Over the last decade, scientists have evaluated cell-based ablation and deviation strategies in trials using lymphocyte-specific targeting, induction of host-donor hematopoietic chimerism, induction of antigen-specific immune regulation, and a variety of antigen desensitization approaches. In this article, we review some of the highlights of this experience and discuss the potential for progress, utilizing new insights into regulatory mechanisms and biomarker signatures of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA.
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175
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Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue is the largest immune organ in the body and is the primary route by which we are exposed to antigens. Tolerance induction is the default immune pathway in the gut, and the type of tolerance induced relates to the dose of antigen fed: anergy/deletion (high dose) or regulatory T-cell (Treg) induction (low dose). Conditioning of gut dendritic cells (DCs) by gut epithelial cells and the gut flora, which itself has a major influence on gut immunity, induces CD103(+) retinoic acid-dependent DC that induces Tregs. A number of Tregs are induced at mucosal surfaces. Th3 type Tregs are transforming growth factor-β dependent and express latency-associated peptide (LAP) on their surface and were discovered in the context of oral tolerance. Tr1 type Tregs (interleukin-10 dependent) are induced by nasal antigen and forkhead box protein 3(+) iTregs are induced by oral antigen and by oral administration of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Oral or nasal antigen ameliorates autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in animal models by inducing Tregs. Furthermore, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody is active at mucosal surfaces and oral or nasal anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody induces LAP(+) Tregs that suppresses animal models (experimental autoimmune encephalitis, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, lupus, arthritis, atherosclerosis) and is being tested in humans. Although there is a large literature on treatment of animal models by mucosal tolerance and some positive results in humans, this approach has yet to be translated to the clinic. The successful translation will require defining responsive patient populations, validating biomarkers to measure immunologic effects, and using combination therapy and immune adjuvants to enhance Treg induction. A major avenue being investigated for the treatment of autoimmunity is the induction of Tregs and mucosal tolerance represents a non-toxic, physiologic approach to reach this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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176
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McMurchy AN, Bushell A, Levings MK, Wood KJ. Moving to tolerance: clinical application of T regulatory cells. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:304-13. [PMID: 21620722 PMCID: PMC3836227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing the incidence of chronic rejection and reducing the need for life-long immunosuppression remain important goals in clinical transplantation. In this article, we will review how regulatory T cells (Treg) came to be recognized as an attractive way to prevent or treat allograft rejection, the ways in which Treg can be manipulated or expanded in vivo, and the potential of in vitro expanded/generated Treg for cellular therapy. We will describe the first regulatory T cell therapies that have been or are in the process of being conducted in the clinic as well as the safety concerns of such therapies and how outcomes may be measured.
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177
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Esplugues E, Huber S, Gagliani N, Hauser AE, Town T, Wan YY, O'Connor W, Rongvaux A, Van Rooijen N, Haberman AM, Iwakura Y, Kuchroo VK, Kolls JK, Bluestone JA, Herold KC, Flavell RA. Control of TH17 cells occurs in the small intestine. Nature 2011; 475:514-8. [PMID: 21765430 PMCID: PMC3148838 DOI: 10.1038/nature10228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17-producing T helper cells (TH17) are a recently identified CD4+ T cell subset distinct from T helper type 1 (TH1) and T helper type 2 (TH2) cells1. TH17 cells can drive antigen specific autoimmune diseases and are considered the main population of pathogenic T cells driving experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)2, the mouse model for multiple sclerosis. The factors that are needed for the generation of TH17 cells have been well-characterized3–6. However, where and how the immune system controls TH17 cells in vivo remains unclear. Here, by using a model of tolerance induced by CD3-specific antibody, a model of sepsis and influenza A viral infection (H1N1), we show that pro-inflammatory TH17 cells can be redirected to and controlled in the small intestine. TH17-specific IL-17A secretion induced expression of the chemokine CCL20 in the small intestine, facilitating the migration of these cells specifically to the small intestine via the CCR6/CCL20 axis. Moreover, we found that TH17 cells are controlled by two different mechanisms in the small intestine: first, they are eliminated via the intestinal lumen and simultaneously pro-inflammatory TH17 cells acquire a regulatory phenotype with in vitro and in vivo immune-suppressive properties (rTH17). These results identify mechanisms limiting TH17 cell pathogenicity and implicate the gastrointestinal tract as a site for control of TH17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Esplugues
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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178
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Clement M, Ladell K, Ekeruche-Makinde J, Miles JJ, Edwards ESJ, Dolton G, Williams T, Schauenburg AJA, Cole DK, Lauder SN, Gallimore AM, Godkin AJ, Burrows SR, Price DA, Sewell AK, Wooldridge L. Anti-CD8 antibodies can trigger CD8+ T cell effector function in the absence of TCR engagement and improve peptide-MHCI tetramer staining. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:654-63. [PMID: 21677135 PMCID: PMC3145095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells recognize immunogenic peptides presented at the cell surface bound to MHCI molecules. Ag recognition involves the binding of both TCR and CD8 coreceptor to the same peptide-MHCI (pMHCI) ligand. Specificity is determined by the TCR, whereas CD8 mediates effects on Ag sensitivity. Anti-CD8 Abs have been used extensively to examine the role of CD8 in CD8(+) T cell activation. However, as previous studies have yielded conflicting results, it is unclear from the literature whether anti-CD8 Abs per se are capable of inducing effector function. In this article, we report on the ability of seven monoclonal anti-human CD8 Abs to activate six human CD8(+) T cell clones with a total of five different specificities. Six of seven anti-human CD8 Abs tested did not activate CD8(+) T cells. In contrast, one anti-human CD8 Ab, OKT8, induced effector function in all CD8(+) T cells examined. Moreover, OKT8 was found to enhance TCR/pMHCI on-rates and, as a consequence, could be used to improve pMHCI tetramer staining and the visualization of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. The anti-mouse CD8 Abs, CT-CD8a and CT-CD8b, also activated CD8(+) T cells despite opposing effects on pMHCI tetramer staining. The observed heterogeneity in the ability of anti-CD8 Abs to trigger T cell effector function provides an explanation for the apparent incongruity observed in previous studies and should be taken into consideration when interpreting results generated with these reagents. Furthermore, the ability of Ab-mediated CD8 engagement to deliver an activation signal underscores the importance of CD8 in CD8(+) T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Clement
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Julia Ekeruche-Makinde
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - John J. Miles
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Emily S. J. Edwards
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Garry Dolton
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Tamsin Williams
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrea J. A. Schauenburg
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David K. Cole
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sarah N. Lauder
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Awen M. Gallimore
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J. Godkin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Scott R. Burrows
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - David A. Price
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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179
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Penaranda C, Tang Q, Bluestone JA. Anti-CD3 therapy promotes tolerance by selectively depleting pathogenic cells while preserving regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2015-22. [PMID: 21742976 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal anti-CD3 Abs have been used clinically for two decades to reverse steroid-resistant acute graft rejection. In autoimmune diabetes, short course treatment with FcR-nonbinding (FNB) anti-CD3 mAb in mice with recent onset of diabetes induces long-term disease remission. Induction of tolerogenic regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been implicated to be one of the mechanisms of action by FNB anti-CD3 mAb in these settings. In this study, we examined the effect of FNB anti-CD3 mAb treatment on the homeostasis of naive, effector, and regulatory T cells in vivo. Anti-CD3 treatment induced a transient systemic rise in the percentage but not absolute number of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs due to selective depletion of CD4(+)Foxp3(-) conventional T cells. T cell depletion induced by FNB anti-CD3 mAb was independent of the proapoptotic proteins Fas, caspase-3, and Bim and was not inhibited by overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. Tregs were not preferentially expanded and we found no evidence of conversion of conventional T cells into Tregs, suggesting that the pre-existing Tregs are resistant to anti-CD3-induced cell death. Interestingly, expression of the transcription factor Helios, which is expressed by thymus-derived natural Tregs, was increased in Tregs after FNB anti-CD3 mAb treatment, suggesting that the anti-CD3 treatment can alter, and potentially stabilize, Treg function. Taken together, the results suggest that FNB anti-CD3 therapy promotes tolerance by restoring the balance between pathogenic and regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Penaranda
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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180
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Cipolletta D, Kolodin D, Benoist C, Mathis D. Tissular T(regs): a unique population of adipose-tissue-resident Foxp3+CD4+ T cells that impacts organismal metabolism. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:431-7. [PMID: 21724410 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are a key population in controlling the immune response. Recently, their roles have been expanded to broader, non-immune, contexts, in particular the metabolic consequences downstream of obesity-induced inflammation, e.g. type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review highlights the major innate and adaptive immune cell subsets contributing to adipose-tissue inflammation, the key role played by fat-resident T(regs), and the potential of T(reg)-based therapies for treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cipolletta
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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181
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Bevier WC, Trujillo AL, Primbs GB, Bradley MK, Jovanovič L. Oral anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody delays diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice: effects on pregnancy and offspring--a preliminary report. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:480-7. [PMID: 21484981 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to observe the effect of oral anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) on non-obese diabetic mice, pregnancy, and offspring. METHODS Three protocols are classified as: (1) Twenty non-obese diabetic/ShiLtJ female mice were monitored for type 1 diabetes mellitus. If the blood glucose level was ≥ 250 mg/dL, the mice were treated for 8 days with either 50 or 100 µg oral anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. If the diabetes resolved, the mice were bred. (2) F1 offspring were monitored for diabetes; 15 female mice became diabetic. Non-diabetic F1 female mice were divided into two groups [ten antibody (Ab) and ten control (C)] and bred. Ab female mice were given 100 µg monoclonal antibody before diabetes development and during pregnancy for 6 weeks. (3) Twenty-five F2 Ab and 23 F2 C mice were monitored. At 15-17 weeks, Ab mice, both female and male, were given 100 µg monoclonal antibody for 8 weeks. RESULTS (1) The diabetes in four female mice treated with 50 µg did not resolve; in three of the six diabetic female mice treated with 100 µg, the diabetes resolved and the mice were bred. The remaining ten non-diabetic female mice were given 100 µg oral monoclonal antibody and then bred. No diabetes developed during pregnancy; 13 litters were born. (2) Three diabetic Ab female mice sustained their pregnancies versus one diabetic C female mouse (p ≤ 0.05). (3) At 30 weeks, six Ab female and three Ab male mice and seven C female and three C male mice developed diabetes. The number of diabetic Ab and C mice was not different; diagnosis age was significantly different-Ab 23.3 ± 5.1 and C 18.8 ± 3.7 weeks (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In female non-obese diabetic mice, oral anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody was effective in reversing diabetes and allowing pregnancy and extending longevity, but it did not prevent diabetes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Bevier
- Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
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182
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Th17 cells express interleukin-10 receptor and are controlled by Foxp3⁻ and Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells in an interleukin-10-dependent manner. Immunity 2011; 34:554-65. [PMID: 21511184 PMCID: PMC3113617 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells are important for host defense against extracellular microorganisms. However, they are also implicated in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, and as such need to be tightly regulated. The mechanisms that directly control committed pathogenic Th17 cells in vivo remain unclear. We showed here that IL-17A-producing CD4+ T cells expressed interleukin-10 receptor α (IL-10Rα) in vivo. Importantly, T cell-specific blockade of IL-10 signaling led to a selective increase of IL-17A+IFN-γ⁻ (Th17) and IL-17A+IFN-γ+ (Th17+Th1) CD4+ T cells during intestinal inflammation in the small intestine. CD4+Foxp3⁻ IL-10-producing (Tr1) cells and CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory (Treg) cells were able to control Th17 and Th17+Th1 cells in an IL-10-dependent manner in vivo. Lastly, IL-10 treatment of mice with established colitis decreased Th17 and Th17+Th1 cell frequencies via direct signaling in T cells. Thus, IL-10 signaling directly suppresses Th17 and Th17+Th1 cells.
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183
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Waldron-Lynch F, Herold KC. Immunomodulatory therapy to preserve pancreatic β-cell function in type 1 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:439-52. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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184
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Bresson D, von Herrath M. Humanizing animal models: a key to autoimmune diabetes treatment. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:68ps4. [PMID: 21289271 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical evaluation of antibody-based immunotherapies for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in animal models is often hampered by the fact that the human antibody drug does not cross-react with its mouse counterpart. In this issue of Science Translational Medicine, researchers describe a new mouse model that expresses the human isoform of a molecule targeted by T1D antibody therapies that are currently being tested in clinical trials--the human epsilon chain of the CD3 complex expressed on T cells. Anti-CD3 is capable of reducing insulin needs in individuals with recently diagnosed T1D; however, the precise underlying mechanisms of action and the minimal effective dose have been difficult to define. The new humanized mouse model will be instrumental in optimizing anti-CD3-based therapies and accelerating their clinical realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bresson
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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185
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Nishida E, Chen C, Morita A, Shimizu J. Inhibition of T cell activation through down-regulation of TCR-CD3 expression mediated by an anti-CD90 Ab. Immunol Lett 2011; 136:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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186
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Francis RS, Feng G, Tha-In T, Lyons IS, Wood KJ, Bushell A. Induction of transplantation tolerance converts potential effector T cells into graft-protective regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:726-38. [PMID: 21243638 PMCID: PMC3175037 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring FOXP3(+) CD4(+) Treg have a crucial role in self-tolerance. The ability to generate similar populations against alloantigens offers the possibility of preventing transplant rejection without indefinite global immunosuppression. Exposure of mice to donor alloantigens combined with anti-CD4 antibody induces operational tolerance to cardiac allografts, and generates Treg that prevent skin and islet allograft rejection in adoptive transfer models. If protocols that generate Treg in vivo are to be developed in the clinical setting it will be important to know the origin of the Treg population and the mechanisms responsible for their generation. In this study, we demonstrate that graft-protective Treg arise in vivo both from naturally occurring FOXP3(+) CD4(+) Treg and from non-regulatory FOXP3(-) CD4(+) cells. Importantly, tolerance induction also inhibits CD4(+) effector cell priming and T cells from tolerant mice have impaired effector function in vitro. Thus, adaptive tolerance induction shapes the immune response to alloantigen by converting potential effector cells into graft-protective Treg and by expanding alloreactive naturally occurring Treg. In relation to clinical tolerance induction, the data indicate that while the generation of alloreactive Treg may be critical for long-term allograft survival without chronic immunosuppression, successful protocols will also require strategies that target potential effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross S Francis
- Transplant Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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187
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Application of dual affinity retargeting molecules to achieve optimal redirected T-cell killing of B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2011; 117:4542-51. [PMID: 21300981 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-306449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the application of a novel, bispecific antibody platform termed dual affinity retargeting (DART) to eradicate B-cell lymphoma through coengagement of the B cell-specific antigen CD19 and the TCR/CD3 complex on effector T cells. Comparison with a single-chain, bispecific antibody bearing identical CD19 and CD3 antibody Fv sequences revealed DART molecules to be more potent in directing B-cell lysis. The enhanced activity with the CD19xCD3 DART molecules was observed on all CD19-expressing target B cells evaluated using resting and prestimulated human PBMCs or purified effector T-cell populations. Characterization of a CD19xTCR bispecific DART molecule revealed equivalent potency with the CD19xCD3 DART molecule, demonstrating flexibility of the DART structure to support T-cell/B-cell associations for redirected T cell-killing applications. The enhanced level of killing mediated by DART molecules was not accompanied by any increase in nonspecific T-cell activation or lysis of CD19(-) cells. Cell-association studies indicated that the DART architecture is well suited for maintaining cell-to-cell contact, apparently contributing to the high level of target cell killing. Finally, the ability of the CD19xTCR DART to inhibit B-cell lymphoma in NOD/SCID mice when coadministered with human PBMCs supports further evaluation of DART molecules for the treatment of B-cell malignancies.
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188
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Ke Y, Jiang G, Sun D, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. Anti-CD3 antibody ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveitis by inducing both IL-10 and TGF-β dependent regulatory T cells. Clin Immunol 2011; 138:311-20. [PMID: 21256812 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic/recurrent autoimmune (idiopathic) uveitis is difficult to treat and they account for approximately 10% of legal blindness in the Western world. As it has been reported that anti-CD3 antibody can enhance T cell regulatory function, we investigated its effects in vivo on experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a model for autoimmune uveitis in humans. B10RIII mice immunized with an uveitogenic peptide were treated with the F(ab')(2) fragment of anti-CD3 mAb either before or at clinical disease onset. Evaluation of EAU and cellular responses showed that disease was inhibited and the activation and expansion of pathogenic T cells selectively reduced, whereas functions of Treg in vivo were enhanced. Moreover, mice treated with anti-CD3 mAb were resistant to a second challenge with antigen and thus protected from recurrence of disease. Our results demonstrate that anti-CD3 mAb is a potent inhibitor of autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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189
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Schirrmann T, Meyer T, Schütte M, Frenzel A, Hust M. Phage display for the generation of antibodies for proteome research, diagnostics and therapy. Molecules 2011; 16:412-26. [PMID: 21221060 PMCID: PMC6259421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty years after its development, antibody phage display using filamentous bacteriophage represents the most successful in vitro antibody selection technology. Initially, its development was encouraged by the unique possibility of directly generating recombinant human antibodies for therapy. Today, antibody phage display has been developed as a robust technology offering great potential for automation. Generation of monospecific binders provides a valuable tool for proteome research, leading to highly enhanced throughput and reduced costs. This review presents the phage display technology, application areas of antibodies in research, diagnostics and therapy and the use of antibody phage display for these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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190
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Keselowsky BG, Xia CQ, Clare-Salzler M. Multifunctional dendritic cell-targeting polymeric microparticles: engineering new vaccines for type 1 diabetes. HUMAN VACCINES 2011; 7:37-44. [PMID: 21157186 DOI: 10.4161/hv.7.1.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Keselowsky
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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191
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Van Belle TL, Coppieters KT, Von Herrath MG. Type 1 Diabetes: Etiology, Immunology, and Therapeutic Strategies. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:79-118. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which destruction or damaging of the beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans results in insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. We only know for sure that autoimmunity is the predominant effector mechanism of T1D, but may not be its primary cause. T1D precipitates in genetically susceptible individuals, very likely as a result of an environmental trigger. Current genetic data point towards the following genes as susceptibility genes: HLA, insulin, PTPN22, IL2Ra, and CTLA4. Epidemiological and other studies suggest a triggering role for enteroviruses, while other microorganisms might provide protection. Efficacious prevention of T1D will require detection of the earliest events in the process. So far, autoantibodies are most widely used as serum biomarker, but T-cell readouts and metabolome studies might strengthen and bring forward diagnosis. Current preventive clinical trials mostly focus on environmental triggers. Therapeutic trials test the efficacy of antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific immune interventions, but also include restoration of the affected beta-cell mass by islet transplantation, neogenesis and regeneration, and combinations thereof. In this comprehensive review, we explain the genetic, environmental, and immunological data underlying the prevention and intervention strategies to constrain T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom L. Van Belle
- Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Ken T. Coppieters
- Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthias G. Von Herrath
- Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
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192
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Kruger AJ, Yang C, Tam SW, Hinerfeld D, Evans JE, Green KM, Leszyk J, Yang K, Guberski DL, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Rossini AA, Bortell R. Haptoglobin as an early serum biomarker of virus-induced autoimmune type 1 diabetes in biobreeding diabetes resistant and LEW1.WR1 rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1328-37. [PMID: 20975081 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic profiling of serum is a powerful technique to identify differentially expressed proteins that can serve as biomarkers predictive of disease onset. In this study, we utilized two-dimensional (2D) gel analysis followed by matrix-assisted-laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis to identify putative serum biomarkers for autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) in biobreeding diabetes resistant (BBDR) rats induced to express the disease. Treatment with toll-like receptor 3 ligand, polyinosinic:polycytidilic acid (pIC), plus infection with Kilham rat virus (KRV), a rat parvovirus, results in nearly 100% of young BBDR rats becoming diabetic within 11-21 d. Sera collected from prediabetic rats at early time points following treatment with pIC + KRV were analyzed by 2D gel electrophoresis and compared with sera from control rats treated with phosphate-buffered saline, pIC alone or pIC + H1, a non-diabetogenic parvovirus. None of the latter three control treatments precipitates T1D. 2D gel analysis revealed that haptoglobin, an acute phase and hemoglobin scavenger protein, was differentially expressed in the sera of rats treated with pIC + KRV relative to control groups. These results were confirmed by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies, which further validated haptoglobin levels as being differentially increased in the sera of pIC + KRV-treated rats relative to controls during the first week following infection. Early elevations in serum haptoglobin were also observed in LEW1.WR1 rats that became diabetic following infection with rat cytomegalovirus. The identification and validation of haptoglobin as a putative serum biomarker for autoimmune T1D in rats now affords us the opportunity to test the validity of this protein as a biomarker for human T1D, particularly in those situations where viral infection is believed to precede the onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie J Kruger
- Diabetes Division, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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193
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Boettler T, von Herrath M. Immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes — How to rationally prioritize combination therapies in T1D. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1491-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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194
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Cernea S, Dobreanu M, Raz I. Prevention of type 1 diabetes: today and tomorrow. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:602-5. [PMID: 20936604 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of therapeutic interventions for type 1 diabetes is to suppress pathogenic autoreactivity and to preserve/restore beta-cell mass and function to physiologically sufficient levels to maintain good metabolic control. During the natural history of type 1 diabetes, several strategies have been applied at various stages in the form of primary, secondary or tertiary prevention approaches. Clinical trials using antigen-specific (e.g. DiaPep277, human glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)) or non-specific immune therapies (e.g. anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies) have shown some benefit in the modulation of the autoimmune process and prevention of the insulin secretion loss in the short term after diagnosis of diabetes. A single long-term effective therapy has not been identified yet, and it is likely that in most cases a rationally designed combinatorial approach using immunotherapeutic methods coupled with islet regeneration or replacement will prove to be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cernea
- Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Unit, Târgu Mureş Emergency County Clinical Hospital, 50Gheorghe Marinescu Str., Târgu Mureş, Romania.
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195
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Moser A, Hsu HT, van Endert P. Beta cell antigens in type 1 diabetes: triggers in pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2010; 2:75. [PMID: 21173836 PMCID: PMC2981181 DOI: 10.3410/b2-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pancreatic beta cell antigens by autoreactive T lymphocytes plays a central role in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes. Recent results suggest that non-conventional antigenic epitope processing and presentation may contribute to triggering and maintaining autoreactive responses. Moreover, promising results raise hope that autoantigens may become safe and specific therapeutics for type 1 diabetes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moser
- Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris Descartes161 rue de Sèvres, 75015 ParisFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleUnité 1013, 161 rue de Sèvres, 75015 ParisFrance
| | - Hsiang-Ting Hsu
- Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris Descartes161 rue de Sèvres, 75015 ParisFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleUnité 1013, 161 rue de Sèvres, 75015 ParisFrance
| | - Peter van Endert
- Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris Descartes161 rue de Sèvres, 75015 ParisFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleUnité 1013, 161 rue de Sèvres, 75015 ParisFrance
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196
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Zhang JL, Sun DJ, Hou CM, Wei YL, Li XY, Yu ZY, Feng JN, Shen BF, Li Y, Xiao H. CD3 mAb treatment ameliorated the severity of the cGVHD-induced lupus nephritis in mice by up-regulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the target tissue: kidney. Transpl Immunol 2010; 24:17-25. [PMID: 20850528 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Teff/Treg imbalance orchestrated the onset and the progression of the lupus nephritis in a DBA/2→B6D2F1 murine model with cGVHD. In this paper, we first used 145-2C11 Ab to treat these human SLE-like diseased animals. The results showed that short-term low-dose anti-CD3 antibody treatment induced a significant remission of established proteinuria, production of autoantibodies, immune complex deposition and renal parenchyma lesions in lupus nephritic mice. Of note, we found a robust up-regulation of Foxp3 mRNA expression in the target tissue: kidney from mice with anti-CD3 antibody treatment compared to those with control IgG treatment. Likewise, an increased renal mRNA abundance for IL-10 was also observed in anti-CD3 antibody treated mice. In contrast, genes associated with inflammation and fibrosis as well as cytokines related to effector T cell responses were down-regulated by anti-CD3 mAb treatment. These findings suggested that short-term low-dose anti-CD3 antibody treatment might induced an IL-10-secreting Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in this cGVHD target tissue: kidney, that suppressed the activation of effector T cells (Th1, Th2 and Th17), thus ameliorating the severity of the lupus nephritis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Lu Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Frontier Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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197
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Grinberg-Bleyer Y, Baeyens A, You S, Elhage R, Fourcade G, Gregoire S, Cagnard N, Carpentier W, Tang Q, Bluestone J, Chatenoud L, Klatzmann D, Salomon BL, Piaggio E. IL-2 reverses established type 1 diabetes in NOD mice by a local effect on pancreatic regulatory T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1871-8. [PMID: 20679400 PMCID: PMC2931175 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (T reg cells) play a major role in controlling the pathogenic autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a cytokine which promotes T reg cell survival and function, may thus have therapeutic efficacy in T1D. We show that 5 d of low-dose IL-2 administration starting at the time of T1D onset can reverse established disease in NOD (nonobese diabetic) mice, with long-lasting effects. Low-dose IL-2 increases the number of T reg cells in the pancreas and induces expression of T reg cell–associated proteins including Foxp3, CD25, CTLA-4, ICOS (inducible T cell costimulator), and GITR (glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor) in these cells. Treatment also suppresses interferon γ production by pancreas-infiltrating T cells. Transcriptome analyses show that low-dose IL-2 exerts much greater influence on gene expression of T reg cells than effector T cells (T eff cells), suggesting that nonspecific activation of pathogenic T eff cells is less likely. We provide the first preclinical data showing that low-dose IL-2 can reverse established T1D, suggesting that this treatment merits evaluation in patients with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7211, Paris, France
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198
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Zhou X, Kong N, Zou H, Brand D, Li X, Liu Z, Zheng SG. Therapeutic potential of TGF-β-induced CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 2010; 44:43-50. [PMID: 20670119 DOI: 10.3109/08916931003782163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) T regulatory cell (Treg) subsets play a crucial role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis against self-antigens. The lack or dysfunction of these cells contributes to the pathogenesis and development of many autoimmune diseases. Therefore, manipulation of these cells may provide a novel therapeutic approach to treat autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide current opinions concerning the classification, developmental, and functional characterization of Treg subsets. Particular emphasis will be focused on the therapeutic role of TGF-β-induced CD4M(+) Foxp3(+) cells (iTregs) in established autoimmune disease. Moreover, the similarity and diversity of iTregs and naturally occurring, thymus-derived CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (nTregs) will be discussed, including the finding that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 can convert nTregs to IL-17-producing cells, whereas iTregs induced by TGF-β are resistant to the effects of this cytokine. Understanding these aspects may help to determine how Tregs can be used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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199
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Brusko TM, Koya RC, Zhu S, Lee MR, Putnam AL, McClymont SA, Nishimura MI, Han S, Chang LJ, Atkinson MA, Ribas A, Bluestone JA. Human antigen-specific regulatory T cells generated by T cell receptor gene transfer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11726. [PMID: 20668510 PMCID: PMC2908680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapies directed at augmenting regulatory T cell (Treg) activities in vivo as a systemic treatment for autoimmune disorders and transplantation may be associated with significant off-target effects, including a generalized immunosuppression that may compromise beneficial immune responses to infections and cancer cells. Adoptive cellular therapies using purified expanded Tregs represents an attractive alternative to systemic treatments, with results from animal studies noting increased therapeutic potency of antigen-specific Tregs over polyclonal populations. However, current methodologies are limited in terms of the capacity to isolate and expand a sufficient quantity of endogenous antigen-specific Tregs for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, FOXP3+ Tregs fall largely within the CD4+ T cell subset and are thus routinely MHC class II-specific, whereas class I-specific Tregs may function optimally in vivo by facilitating direct tissue recognition. Methodology/Principal Findings To overcome these limitations, we have developed a novel means for generating large numbers of antigen-specific Tregs involving lentiviral T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer into in vitro expanded polyclonal natural Treg populations. Tregs redirected with a high-avidity class I-specific TCR were capable of recognizing the melanoma antigen tyrosinase in the context of HLA-A*0201 and could be further enriched during the expansion process by antigen-specific reactivation with peptide loaded artificial antigen presenting cells. These in vitro expanded Tregs continued to express FOXP3 and functional TCRs, and maintained the capacity to suppress conventional T cell responses directed against tyrosinase, as well as bystander T cell responses. Using this methodology in a model tumor system, murine Tregs designed to express the tyrosinase TCR effectively blocked antigen-specific effector T cell (Teff) activity as determined by tumor cell growth and luciferase reporter-based imaging. Conclusions/Significance These results support the feasibility of class I-restricted TCR transfer as a promising strategy to redirect the functional properties of Tregs and provide for a more efficacious adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Brusko
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Koya
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shirley Zhu
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Lee
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Putnam
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. McClymont
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael I. Nishimura
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lung-Ji Chang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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200
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Czaja AJ, Manns MP. Advances in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:58-72.e4. [PMID: 20451521 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the liver, interface hepatitis (based on histologic examination), hypergammaglobulinemia, and production of autoantibodies. Many clinical and basic science studies have provided important insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of AIH. Transgenic mice that express human antigens and develop autoantibodies, liver-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells, liver inflammation, and fibrosis have been developed as models of AIH. AIH has been associated with autoantibodies against members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes, transfer RNA selenocysteine synthase, formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase, and the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, whereas alleles such as DRB1*0301 and DRB1*0401 are genetic risk factors in white North American and northern European populations. Deficiencies in the number and function of CD4(+)CD25(+) (regulatory) T cells disrupt immune homeostasis and might be corrected as a therapeutic strategy. Treatment can be improved by continuing corticosteroid therapy until normal liver test results and normal liver tissue are within normal limits, instituting ancillary therapies to prevent drug-related side effects, identifying problematic patients early, and providing long-term maintenance therapy after patients experience a first relapse. Calcineurin inhibitors and mycophenolate mofetil are potential salvage therapies, and reagents such as recombinant interleukin-10, abatacept, and CD3-specific antibodies are feasible as therapeutics. Liver transplantation is an effective salvage therapy, even in the elderly, and AIH must be considered in all patients with graft dysfunction after liver transplantation. Identification of the key defects in immune homeostasis and antigen targets will direct new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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