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Çınar Ö, Brzezicha B, Grunert C, Kloetzel PM, Beier C, Peuker CA, Keller U, Pezzutto A, Busse A. High-affinity T-cell receptor specific for MyD88 L265P mutation for adoptive T-cell therapy of B-cell malignancies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002410. [PMID: 34330762 PMCID: PMC8327818 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive transfer of engineered T cells has shown remarkable success in B-cell malignancies. However, the most common strategy of targeting lineage-specific antigens can lead to undesirable side effects. Also, a substantial fraction of patients have refractory disease. Novel treatment approaches with more precise targeting may be an appealing alternative. Oncogenic somatic mutations represent ideal targets because of tumor specificity. Mutation-derived neoantigens can be recognized by T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the context of MHC-peptide presentation. METHODS Here we have generated T-cell lines from healthy donors by autologous in vitro priming, targeting a missense mutation on the adaptor protein MyD88, changing leucine at position 265 to proline (MyD88 L265P), which is one of the most common driver mutations found in B-cell lymphomas. RESULTS Generated T-cell lines were selectively reactive against the mutant HLA-B*07:02-restricted epitope but not against the corresponding wild-type peptide. Cloned TCRs from these cell lines led to mutation-specific and HLA-restricted reactivity with varying functional avidity. T cells engineered with a mutation-specific TCR (TCR-T cells) recognized and killed B-cell lymphoma cell lines characterized by intrinsic MyD88 L265P mutation. Furthermore, TCR-T cells showed promising therapeutic efficacy in xenograft mouse models. In addition, initial safety screening did not indicate any sign of off-target reactivity. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data suggest that mutation-specific TCRs can be used to target the MyD88 L265P mutation, and hold promise for precision therapy in a significant subgroup of B-cell malignancies, possibly achieving the goal of absolute tumor specificity, a long sought-after dream of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özcan Çınar
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany .,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Corinna Grunert
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Michael Kloetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Beier
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Anna Peuker
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Pezzutto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Busse
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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152
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Khundi M, Carpenter JR, Nliwasa M, Cohen T, Corbett EL, MacPherson P. Effectiveness of spatially targeted interventions for control of HIV, tuberculosis, leprosy and malaria: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044715. [PMID: 34257091 PMCID: PMC8278879 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As infectious diseases approach global elimination targets, spatial targeting is increasingly important to identify community hotspots of transmission and effectively target interventions. We aimed to synthesise relevant evidence to define best practice approaches and identify policy and research gaps. OBJECTIVE To systematically appraise evidence for the effectiveness of spatially targeted community public health interventions for HIV, tuberculosis (TB), leprosy and malaria. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES We searched Medline, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews between 1 January 1993 and 22 March 2021. STUDY SELECTION The studies had to include HIV or TB or leprosy or malaria and spatial hotspot definition, and community interventions. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS A data extraction tool was used. For each study, we summarised approaches to identifying hotpots, intervention design and effectiveness of the intervention. RESULTS Ten studies, including one cluster randomised trial and nine with alternative designs (before-after, comparator area), satisfied our inclusion criteria. Spatially targeted interventions for HIV (one USA study), TB (three USA) and leprosy (two Brazil, one Federated States of Micronesia) each used household location and disease density to define hotspots followed by community-based screening. Malaria studies (one each from India, Indonesia and Kenya) used household location and disease density for hotspot identification followed by complex interventions typically combining community screening, larviciding of stagnant water bodies, indoor residual spraying and mass drug administration. Evidence of effect was mixed. CONCLUSIONS Studies investigating spatially targeted interventions were few in number, and mostly underpowered or otherwise limited methodologically, affecting interpretation of intervention impact. Applying advanced epidemiological methodologies supporting more robust hotspot identification and larger or more intensive interventions would strengthen the evidence-base for this increasingly important approach. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019130133.
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Affiliation(s)
- McEwen Khundi
- Public Health, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James R Carpenter
- Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marriott Nliwasa
- Helse Nord Tuberculosis Initiative, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ted Cohen
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Corbett
- Public Health, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Peter MacPherson
- Public Health, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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153
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Prem K, Zandvoort KV, Klepac P, Eggo RM, Davies NG, Cook AR, Jit M. Projecting contact matrices in 177 geographical regions: An update and comparison with empirical data for the COVID-19 era. PLoS Comput Biol 2021. [PMID: 34310590 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.22.20159772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models have played a key role in understanding the spread of directly-transmissible infectious diseases such as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as the effectiveness of public health responses. As the risk of contracting directly-transmitted infections depends on who interacts with whom, mathematical models often use contact matrices to characterise the spread of infectious pathogens. These contact matrices are usually generated from diary-based contact surveys. However, the majority of places in the world do not have representative empirical contact studies, so synthetic contact matrices have been constructed using more widely available setting-specific survey data on household, school, classroom, and workplace composition combined with empirical data on contact patterns in Europe. In 2017, the largest set of synthetic contact matrices to date were published for 152 geographical locations. In this study, we update these matrices with the most recent data and extend our analysis to 177 geographical locations. Due to the observed geographic differences within countries, we also quantify contact patterns in rural and urban settings where data is available. Further, we compare both the 2017 and 2020 synthetic matrices to out-of-sample empirically-constructed contact matrices, and explore the effects of using both the empirical and synthetic contact matrices when modelling physical distancing interventions for the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that the synthetic contact matrices show qualitative similarities to the contact patterns in the empirically-constructed contact matrices. Models parameterised with the empirical and synthetic matrices generated similar findings with few differences observed in age groups where the empirical matrices have missing or aggregated age groups. This finding means that synthetic contact matrices may be used in modelling outbreaks in settings for which empirical studies have yet to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiesha Prem
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin van Zandvoort
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Klepac
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind M Eggo
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G Davies
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex R Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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154
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Perna E, Aguilera-Lizarraga J, Florens MV, Jain P, Theofanous SA, Hanning N, De Man JG, Berg M, De Winter B, Alpizar YA, Talavera K, Vanden Berghe P, Wouters M, Boeckxstaens G. Effect of resolvins on sensitisation of TRPV1 and visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. Gut 2021; 70:1275-1286. [PMID: 33023902 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resolvins (RvD1, RvD2 and RvE1) are endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that display potent analgesic properties in somatic pain by modulating transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation. To what extent these molecules could also have a beneficial effect on TRPV1 sensitisation and visceral hypersensitivity (VHS), mechanisms involved in IBS, remains unknown. DESIGN The effect of RvD1, RvD2 and RvE1 on TRPV1 activation and sensitisation by histamine or IBS supernatants was assessed on murine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using live Ca2+ imaging. Based on the results obtained in vitro, we further studied the effect of RvD2 in vivo using a murine model of post-infectious IBS and a rat model of post-inflammatory VHS. Finally, we also tested the effect of RvD2 on submucosal neurons in rectal biopsies of patients with IBS. RESULTS RvD1, RvD2 and RvE1 prevented histamine-induced TRPV1 sensitisation in DRG neurons at doses devoid of an analgesic effect. Of note, RvD2 also reversed TRPV1 sensitisation by histamine and IBS supernatant. This effect was blocked by the G protein receptor 18 (GPR18) antagonist O-1918 (3-30 µM) and by pertussis toxin. In addition, RvD2 reduced the capsaicin-induced Ca2+ response of rectal submucosal neurons of patients with IBS. Finally, treatment with RvD2 normalised pain responses to colorectal distention in both preclinical models of VHS. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that RvD2 and GPR18 agonists may represent interesting novel compounds to be further evaluated as treatment for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eluisa Perna
- Center of Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Javier Aguilera-Lizarraga
- Center of Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Morgane V Florens
- Center of Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piyush Jain
- Center of Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stavroula A Theofanous
- Center of Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikita Hanning
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) and Infla-Med, research consortium of excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris G De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) and Infla-Med, research consortium of excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maya Berg
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) and Infla-Med, research consortium of excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) and Infla-Med, research consortium of excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mira Wouters
- Center of Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- Center of Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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155
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Emond JA, O'Malley AJ, Neelon B, Kravitz RM, Ostbye T, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Associations between daily screen time and sleep in a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of US infants: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044525. [PMID: 34168024 PMCID: PMC8231048 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the associations between screen media use and sleep throughout infancy (3-12 months). DESIGN Prospective Nurture birth cohort. SETTING North Carolina, USA, 2013-2015. PARTICIPANTS Women enrolled in their second to third trimester, completed a phone interview after birth, and completed home visits at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post partum. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Women reported the usual hours their infants slept during the day and night and their infants' usual use of five screen media activities at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post partum. Adjusted mixed-effects regression analyses modelled the associations between infant screen time and sleep outcomes while disaggregating the between-infant and within-infant effects. RESULTS Among 558 mother-infant dyads, 374 (67.0%) infants were black and 304 (54.5%) households earned <$20 000 per year. Half (254, 50.2%) of the infants engaged with screens at 3 months of age, while 326 (72.9%) engaged at 12 months. The median value of the average daily screen time over the study period was 50 (IQR: 10-141) min. Infant screen time was inversely associated with night-time sleep duration only when considering between-infant effects (adjusted beta: -2.9; 95% CI -5.9 to 0.0; p=0.054 for log-transformed screen time). Effects were stronger for television+DVD viewing specifically (adjusted beta: -5.2; 95% CI -9.1 to -1.4; p<0.01 for log-transformed television+DVD time). For example, an infant who averaged 1 hour of television+DVD viewing over the study period slept, on average, 9.20 (95% CI 9.02 to 9.37) hours per night by 12 months compared with 9.60 (95% CI 9.41 to 9.80) hours per night for an infant with no screen time over the study period. There were no significant within-infant effects between screen time and night-time sleep, and screen time was not associated with daytime sleep or night-time awakenings. CONCLUSIONS Screen time during infancy was inversely associated with night-time sleep duration; however, causal associations remain uncertain. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01788644.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - A James O'Malley
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- The Dartmouth Institute, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Brian Neelon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Richard M Kravitz
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Truls Ostbye
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara E Benjamin-Neelon
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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156
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Benova L, Siddiqi M, Abejirinde IOO, Badejo O. Time trends and determinants of breastfeeding practices among adolescents and young women in Nigeria, 2003-2018. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 5:bmjgh-2020-002516. [PMID: 32764127 PMCID: PMC7412589 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Optimal breastfeeding practices have far-reaching health and economic benefits. Evidence suggests disparities in breastfeeding practices by maternal age-groups, with younger mothers often having lower rates of breastfeeding initiation, continuation and exclusivity compared with older mothers. There is limited knowledge of trends and factors associated with breastfeeding practices, particularly among adolescent and younger mothers in Nigeria. We examine key breastfeeding practices in Nigeria over a 15-year period, comparing adolescent mothers to young women. Methods We used four Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys collected between 2003 and 2018. We constructed six key breastfeeding indicators to cover the time period of breastfeeding from initiation to child age 24 months in women of three maternal age groups at the time of birth: young adolescents (<18 years), older adolescents (18–19.9 years) and young women (20–24.9 years). We used logistic regression to examine the association between maternal age group and select breastfeeding behaviours on the 2018 survey. Results Analysis showed an increase in optimal breastfeeding practices across the four surveys and among all maternal age groups examined. Adolescent mothers had consistently lower prevalence for three of the six key breastfeeding indicators: early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding <6 months and no prelacteal feed. Compared with young women, adolescent mothers had a higher prevalence of continued breastfeeding at 1 and 2 years. In multivariate analysis, we found that maternal age group was not associated with early breastfeeding initiation or with exclusive breastfeeding <6 months. However, several sociodemographic (ethnicity, region of residence) and healthcare-related (mode of delivery, antenatal care, postnatal breastfeeding counselling) factors were strongly associated with these two practices. Conclusions In Nigeria, there is need to better support breastfeeding and nutritional practices in adolescents and young women focusing on ethnic groups (Hausa, Fulani, Kanuri/Beriberi) and geographic regions (South East) that are lagging behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Benova
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Manahil Siddiqi
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Okikiolu Badejo
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
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157
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Feiner N, Jackson ISC, Van der Cruyssen E, Uller T. A highly conserved ontogenetic limb allometry and its evolutionary significance in the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210226. [PMID: 34157873 PMCID: PMC8220270 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversifications often proceed along highly conserved, evolutionary trajectories. These patterns of covariation arise in ontogeny, which raises the possibility that adaptive morphologies are biased towards trait covariations that resemble growth trajectories. Here, we test this prediction in the diverse clade of Anolis lizards by investigating the covariation of embryonic growth of 13 fore- and hindlimb bones in 15 species, and compare these to the evolutionary covariation of these limb bones across 267 Anolis species. Our results demonstrate that species differences in relative limb length are established already at hatching, and are resulting from both differential growth and differential sizes of cartilaginous anlagen. Multivariate analysis revealed that Antillean Anolis share a common ontogenetic allometry that is characterized by positive allometric growth of the long bones relative to metapodial and phalangeal bones. This major axis of ontogenetic allometry in limb bones deviated from the major axis of evolutionary allometry of the Antillean Anolis and the two clades of mainland Anolis lizards. These results demonstrate that the remarkable diversification of locomotor specialists in Anolis lizards are accessible through changes that are largely independent from ontogenetic growth trajectories, and therefore likely to be the result of modifications that manifest at the earliest stages of limb development.
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158
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Mu W, Jiang L, Shi Y, Tunali I, Gray JE, Katsoulakis E, Tian J, Gillies RJ, Schabath MB. Non-invasive measurement of PD-L1 status and prediction of immunotherapy response using deep learning of PET/CT images. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002118. [PMID: 34135101 PMCID: PMC8211060 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, only a fraction of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) experience a durable clinical benefit (DCB). According to NCCN guidelines, Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of biopsies is the only clinically approved companion biomarker to trigger the use of ICI therapy. Based on prior work showing a relationship between quantitative imaging and gene expression, we hypothesize that quantitative imaging (radiomics) can provide an alternative surrogate for PD-L1 expression status in clinical decision support. METHODS 18F-FDG-PET/CT images and clinical data were curated from 697 patients with NSCLC from three institutions and these were analyzed using a small-residual-convolutional-network (SResCNN) to develop a deeply learned score (DLS) to predict the PD-L1 expression status. This developed model was further used to predict DCB, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in two retrospective and one prospective test cohorts of ICI-treated patients with advanced stage NSCLC. RESULTS The PD-L1 DLS significantly discriminated between PD-L1 positive and negative patients (area under receiver operating characteristics curve ≥0.82 in the training, validation, and two external test cohorts). Importantly, the DLS was indistinguishable from IHC-derived PD-L1 status in predicting PFS and OS, suggesting the utility of DLS as a surrogate for IHC. A score generated by combining the DLS with clinical characteristics was able to accurately (C-indexes of 0.70-0.87) predict DCB, PFS, and OS in retrospective training, prospective testing and external validation cohorts. CONCLUSION Hence, we propose DLS as a surrogate or substitute for IHC-determined PD-L1 measurement to guide individual pretherapy decisions pending in larger prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ilke Tunali
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jhanelle E Gray
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Evangelia Katsoulakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jie Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China .,Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew B Schabath
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA .,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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159
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Zaragori T, Oster J, Roch V, Hossu G, Chawki MB, Grignon R, Pouget C, Gauchotte G, Rech F, Blonski M, Taillandier L, Imbert L, Verger A. 18F-FDOPA PET for the non-invasive prediction of glioma molecular parameters: a radiomics study. J Nucl Med 2021; 63:147-157. [PMID: 34016731 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.261545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The assessment of gliomas by 18F-FDOPA PET imaging in adjunct to MRI showed high performance by combining static and dynamic features to non-invasively predict the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations and the 1p/19q co-deletion, which the World Health Organization classified as significant parameters in 2016. The current study evaluates whether other 18F-FDOPA PET radiomics features further improve performance and the contributions of each of these features to performance. Methods: Our study included seventy-two, retrospectively selected, newly diagnosed, glioma patients with 18F-FDOPA PET dynamic acquisitions. A set of 114 features, including conventional static features and dynamic features as well as other radiomics features were extracted and machine-learning models trained to predict IDH mutations and the 1p/19q co-deletion. Models were based on a machine-learning algorithm built from stable, relevant, and uncorrelated features selected by hierarchical clustering followed by a bootstrapped feature selection process. Models were assessed by comparing area under the curve (AUC) using a nested cross-validation approach. Feature importance was assessed using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values. Results: The best models were able to predict IDH mutations (logistic regression with L2 regularization) and the 1p/19q co-deletion (support vector machine with radial basis function kernel) with an AUC of 0.831[0.790;0.873] and 0.724[0.669;0.782] respectively. For the prediction of IDH mutations, dynamic features were the most important features in the model (TTP: 35.5%). In contrast, other radiomics features were the most useful for predicting the 1p/19q co-deletion (up to 14.5% of importance for the small zone low grey level emphasis) . Conclusion: 18F-FDOPA PET is an effective tool for the non-invasive prediction of glioma molecular parameters using a full set of amino-acid PET radiomics features. The contribution of each feature set shows the importance of systematically integrating dynamic acquisition for the prediction of the IDH mutations as well as developing the use of radiomics features in routine practice for the prediction the 1p/19q co-deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Zaragori
- CHRU-Nancy, Department of Nuclear Medicine & Nancyclotep Imaging platform and INSERM, IADI, UMR 1254
| | | | - Veronique Roch
- CHRU-Nancy, Department of Nuclear Medicine & Nancyclotep Imaging platform
| | - Gabriela Hossu
- INSERM, IADI, UMR 1254 and CHRU Nancy, CIC 1433 Innovation Technologique
| | | | - Rachel Grignon
- CHRU-Nancy, Department of Nuclear Medicine & Nancyclotep Imaging platform
| | - Celso Pouget
- CHRU-Nancy, Department of Pathology and INSERM U1256
| | | | - Fabien Rech
- CHRU-Nancy, Department of Neurosurgery and CRAN, CNRS UMR 7039
| | - Marie Blonski
- CHRU-Nancy, Department of Neuro-oncology and CRAN, CNRS UMR 7039
| | - Luc Taillandier
- CHRU-Nancy, Department of Neuro-oncology and CRAN, CNRS UMR 7039
| | - Laëtitia Imbert
- CHRU-Nancy, Department of Nuclear Medicine & Nancyclotep Imaging platform and INSERM, IADI, UMR 1254
| | - Antoine Verger
- CHRU-Nancy, Department of Nuclear Medicine & Nancyclotep Imaging platform and INSERM, IADI, UMR 1254
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160
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Shapira T, Monreal IA, Dion SP, Jager M, Désilets A, Olmstead AD, Vandal T, Buchholz DW, Imbiakha B, Gao G, Chin A, Rees WD, Steiner T, Nabi IR, Marsault E, Sahler J, August A, Van de Walle G, Whittaker GR, Boudreault PL, Aguilar HC, Leduc R, Jean F. A novel highly potent inhibitor of TMPRSS2-like proteases blocks SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and is broadly protective against infection and mortality in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.05.03.442520. [PMID: 33972944 PMCID: PMC8109206 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.03.442520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains a global public health crisis. Although widespread vaccination campaigns are underway, their efficacy is reduced against emerging variants of concern (VOCs) 1,2 . Development of host-directed therapeutics and prophylactics could limit such resistance and offer urgently needed protection against VOCs 3,4 . Attractive pharmacological targets to impede viral entry include type-II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), such as TMPRSS2, whose essential role in the virus lifecycle is responsible for the cleavage and priming of the viral spike protein 5-7 . Here, we identify and characterize a small-molecule compound, N-0385, as the most potent inhibitor of TMPRSS2 reported to date. N-0385 exhibited low nanomolar potency and a selectivity index of >10 6 at inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung cells and in donor-derived colonoids 8 . Importantly, N-0385 acted as a broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibitor of two SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. Strikingly, single daily intranasal administration of N-0385 early in infection significantly improved weight loss and clinical outcomes, and yielded 100% survival in the severe K18-human ACE2 transgenic mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 disease. This demonstrates that TTSP-mediated proteolytic maturation of spike is critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and suggests that N-0385 provides a novel effective early treatment option against COVID-19 and emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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161
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Carey RA, Montag D. Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and exercise: short-chain fatty acids and their role in metabolism. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000930. [PMID: 33981447 PMCID: PMC8061837 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is host to a multitude of bacteria, fungi, viruses and other species in the intestine, collectively known as the microbiota. Dietary carbohydrates which bypass digestion and absorption are broken down and fermented by the microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Previous research has established the role of SCFAs in the control of human metabolic pathways. In this review, we evaluate SCFAs as a metabolic regulator and how they might improve endurance performance in athletes. By looking at research conducted in animal models, we identify several pathways downstream of SCFAs, either directly modulating metabolic pathways through second messenger pathways or through neuronal pathways, that contribute to energy utilisation. These pathways contribute to efficient energy metabolism and are thus key to maximising substrate utilisation in endurance exercise. Future research may prove the usefulness of targeted dietary interventions allowing athletes to maximise their performance in competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Carey
- Global Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Doreen Montag
- Global Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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162
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Claessens JLJ, Godefrooij DA, Vink G, Frank LE, Wisse RPL. Nationwide epidemiological approach to identify associations between keratoconus and immune-mediated diseases. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:1350-1354. [PMID: 33879468 PMCID: PMC9510397 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The aetiology of keratoconus (KC) remains poorly understood. KC has typically been described as a non-inflammatory disorder of the cornea. Nonetheless, there is increasing presumptive evidence for the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of KC. Aim To evaluate the association between KC and immune-mediated diseases on a population level. We hypothesise that KC is immune-mediated rather than a predominantly degenerative disease. Methods Data were obtained from the largest health insurance provider in the Netherlands. Dutch residents are obligatorily insured. The data contained all medical claims and sociodemographic characteristics from all KC patients plus all those data from a 1:6 age-matched and sex-matched control group. The primary outcome was the association between KC and immune-mediated diseases, as assessed by conditional logistic regression. Results Based on our analysis of 2051 KC cases and 12 306 matched controls, we identified novel associations between KC and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (OR=2.89; 95% CI: 1.41 to 5.94) and inflammatory skin conditions (OR=2.20; 95% CI: 1.37 to 3.53). We confirmed known associations between KC and atopic conditions, including allergic rash (OR=3.00; 95% CI: 1.03 to 8.79), asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (OR=2.51; 95% CI: 1.63 to 3.84), and allergic rhinitis (OR=2.20; 95% CI: 1.39 to 3.49). Conclusion Keratoconus appears positively associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases, which provides a population-based argument that systemic inflammatory responses may influence its onset. The identification of these particular diseases might shed light on potential comparable pathways through which this proinflammatory state is achieved, paving the way for pharmacological treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerko Vink
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence E Frank
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P L Wisse
- Department of Ophthalmology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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163
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Kakaei E, Aleshin S, Braun J. Visual object recognition is facilitated by temporal community structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:148-152. [PMID: 33858967 PMCID: PMC8054675 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053306.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Humans and others primates are highly attuned to temporal consistencies and regularities in their sensory environment and learn to predict such statistical structure. Moreover, in several instances, the presence of temporal structure has been found to facilitate procedural learning and to improve task performance. Here we extend these findings to visual object recognition and to presentation sequences in which mutually predictive objects form distinct clusters or "communities." Our results show that temporal community structure accelerates recognition learning and affects the order in which objects are learned ("onset of familiarity").
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Kakaei
- European Structural and Investment Funds Graduate School on Analysis, Imaging, and Modelling of Neuronal and Inflammatory Processes, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stepan Aleshin
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Braun
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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164
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Jiang W, Peng Y, Wang X, Elbers C, Tang S, Huang F, Chen B, Cobelens F. Policy changes and the screening, diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis patients from 2015 to 2018 in Zhejiang Province, China: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047023. [PMID: 33846156 PMCID: PMC8047997 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine changes in the screening, diagnosis, treatment and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DRTB) patients, and investigate the impacts of DRTB-related policies on patients of different demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study using registry data, plus a survey on DRTB-related policies. SETTING All prefecture-level Centres for Disease Control in Zhejiang Province, China. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Alongside the care cascade, we examined: (1) reported number of presumptive DRTB patients; (2) percentage of presumptive patients with drug susceptibility testing (DST) records; (3) percentage of DRTB/rifampicin-resistant (RR) patients registered; (4) percentage of RR/multidrug-resistant TB (MDRTB) patients that received anti-DRTB treatment; and (5) percentage of RR/MDRTB patients cured/completed treatment among those treated. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to explore the impacts of DRTB policies after adjusting for other factors. RESULTS The number of reported presumptive DRTB patients and the percentage with DST records largely increased during 2015-2018, and the percentage of registered patients who received anti-DRTB treatment also increased from 59.0% to 86.5%. Patients under the policies of equipping GeneXpert plus expanded criteria for DST had a higher likelihood of being registered compared with no GeneXpert (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.57, 95% CI: 1.20 to 5.51), while for treatment initiation the association was only significant when further expanding the registration criteria (aOR=2.38, 95% CI: 1.19 to 4.79). Patients with registered residence inside Zhejiang were more likely to be registered (aOR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.52 to 2.52), treated (aOR=3.83, 95% CI: 2.78 to 5.28) and complete treatment (aOR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.03 to 3.59) compared with those outside. CONCLUSION The policy changes on DST and registration have effectively improved DRTB case finding and care. Nevertheless, challenges remain in servicing vulnerable groups such as migrants and improving equity in the access to TB care. Future policies should provide comprehensive support for migrants to complete treatment at their current place of residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Jiang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chris Elbers
- School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shenglan Tang
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Frank Cobelens
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands
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165
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Wagner W, Dullin C, Andreas S, Lizé M. Three-dimensional assessment of bronchiectasis in a mouse model of mucociliary clearance disorder. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00635-2020. [PMID: 33816598 PMCID: PMC8005675 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00635-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a chronic pathological condition characterised by abnormal enlargement of the lung's conductive airways. It is associated with a lack of ciliary motility and restricted mucociliary clearance in diseases such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or “immotile cilia syndrome”. Recent studies have shown an increase in the prevalence of bronchiectasis, causing a significant burden on public healthcare systems [1, 2]. The mechanisms that trigger and drive the development of bronchiectasis have yet to be fully elucidated. Murine models of immotile cilia or reduced mucociliary clearance failed to display signs of bronchiectasis in multiple studies, raising questions about the suitability of murine models for non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis and hindering the development of targeted therapies [3]. Synchrotron-based imaging allows for detection of bronchiectasis-like phenotypes in mice with mucociliary clearance disordershttps://bit.ly/3gXGdP3
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Wagner
- University of Heidelberg, Dept of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.,University Medical Center Goettingen, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christian Dullin
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Goettingen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Andreas
- Bayer AG, Cardiovascular Research, Lung Diseases, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Muriel Lizé
- Bayer AG, Cardiovascular Research, Lung Diseases, Wuppertal, Germany
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166
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Shin DH, Nguyen T, Ozpolat B, Lang F, Alonso M, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J. Current strategies to circumvent the antiviral immunity to optimize cancer virotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002086. [PMID: 33795384 PMCID: PMC8021759 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer virotherapy is a paradigm-shifting treatment modality based on virus-mediated oncolysis and subsequent antitumor immune responses. Clinical trials of currently available virotherapies showed that robust antitumor immunity characterizes the remarkable and long-term responses observed in a subset of patients. These data suggest that future therapies should incorporate strategies to maximize the immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses. In this review, we highlight the recent evidence that the antiviral immunity of the patients may limit the immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses and summarize the most relevant approaches to strategically redirect the immune response away from the viruses and toward tumors to heighten the clinical impact of viro-immunotherapy platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Teresa Nguyen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marta Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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167
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Saliu F, Rizzo G, Bragonzi A, Cariani L, Cirillo DM, Colombo C, Daccò V, Girelli D, Rizzetto S, Sipione B, Cigana C, Lorè NI. Chronic infection by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae fuels airway inflammation. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00614-2020. [PMID: 33778054 PMCID: PMC7983230 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00614-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is commonly isolated from airways of patients suffering from chronic respiratory diseases, such as COPD or cystic fibrosis (CF). However, to what extent NTHi long-term infection contributes to the lung inflammatory burden during chronic airway disease is still controversial. Here, we exploited human respiratory samples from a small cohort of CF patients and found that patients chronically infected with NTHi had significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and CXCL1 than those who were not infected. To better define the impact of chronic NTHi infection in fuelling inflammatory response in chronic lung diseases, we developed a new mouse model using both laboratory and clinical strains. Chronic NTHi infection was associated with chronic inflammation of the lung, characterised by recruitment of neutrophils and cytokine release keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CFS), IL-6, IL-17A and IL-17F) at 2 and 14 days post-infection. An increased burden of T-cell-mediated response (CD4+ and γδ cells) and higher levels of pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9 (pro-MMP9), known to be associated with tissue remodelling, were observed at 14 days post-infection. Of note we found that both CD4+IL-17+ cells and levels of IL-17 cytokines were enriched in mice at advanced stages of NTHi chronic infection. Moreover, by immunohistochemistry we found CD3+, B220+ and CXCL-13+ cells localised in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue-like structures at day 14. Our results demonstrate that chronic NTHi infection exerts a pro-inflammatory activity in the human and murine lung and could therefore contribute to the exaggerated burden of lung inflammation in patients at risk. The pathological impact of long-term infection by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is still debated. Chronic NTHi infection fuels lung inflammation in human samples and in a new mouse model of bacterial long-term persistence.https://bit.ly/3lvyvge
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Saliu
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Emerging bacterial pathogens Unit, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Infections and cystic fibrosis unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Rizzo
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Infections and cystic fibrosis unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Infections and cystic fibrosis unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Cariani
- Cystic Fibrosis Microbiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela M Cirillo
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Emerging bacterial pathogens Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Colombo
- Cystic Fibrosis Regional Reference Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Daccò
- Cystic Fibrosis Regional Reference Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Girelli
- Cystic Fibrosis Microbiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Rizzetto
- Cystic Fibrosis Microbiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Sipione
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Infections and cystic fibrosis unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cigana
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Infections and cystic fibrosis unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola I Lorè
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Emerging bacterial pathogens Unit, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Infections and cystic fibrosis unit, Milan, Italy
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168
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Bruhn H, Samuelsson K, Schober FA, Engvall M, Lesko N, Wibom R, Nennesmo I, Calvo-Garrido J, Press R, Stranneheim H, Freyer C, Wedell A, Wredenberg A. Novel Mutation m.10372A>G in MT-ND3 Causing Sensorimotor Axonal Polyneuropathy. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2021; 7:e566. [PMID: 33732874 PMCID: PMC7962437 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the pathogenicity of a novel MT-ND3 mutation identified in a patient with adult-onset sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy and report the clinical, morphologic, and biochemical findings. Methods Clinical assessments and morphologic and biochemical investigations of skeletal muscle and cultured myoblasts from the patient were performed. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of DNA from skeletal muscle and Sanger sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from both skeletal muscle and cultured myoblasts were performed. Heteroplasmic levels of mutated mtDNA in different tissues were quantified by last-cycle hot PCR. Results Muscle showed ragged red fibers, paracrystalline inclusions, a significant reduction in complex I (CI) respiratory chain (RC) activity, and decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production for all substrates used by CI. Sanger sequencing of DNA from skeletal muscle detected a unique previously unreported heteroplasmic mutation in mtDNA encoded MT-ND3, coding for a subunit in CI. WGS confirmed the mtDNA mutation but did not detect any other mutation explaining the disease. Cultured myoblasts, however, did not carry the mutation, and RC activity measurements in myoblasts were normal. Conclusions We report a case with adult-onset sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy caused by a novel mtDNA mutation in MT-ND3. Loss of heteroplasmy in blood, cultured fibroblasts and myoblasts from the patient, and normal measurement of RC activity of the myoblasts support pathogenicity of the mutation. These findings highlight the importance of mitochondrial investigations in patients presenting with seemingly idiopathic polyneuropathy, especially if muscle also is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Bruhn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristin Samuelsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian A Schober
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Engvall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Lesko
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Wibom
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Nennesmo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Calvo-Garrido
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rayomand Press
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Stranneheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Freyer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wedell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wredenberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.B., R.W., C.F., A. Wredenberg), Karolinska Institutet; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (H.B., R.W., C.F., M.E., N.L., H.S., A. Wedell, A. Wredenberg), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Neurology (K.S., R.P.), Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (F.A.S., M.E., N.L., J.C.-G., H.S., A. Wedell), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Pathology (I.N.), Karolinska University Hospital; and Science for Life Laboratory (H.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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169
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Garcia-Melchor E, Cafaro G, MacDonald L, Crowe LAN, Sood S, McLean M, Fazzi UG, McInnes IB, Akbar M, Millar NL. Novel self-amplificatory loop between T cells and tenocytes as a driver of chronicity in tendon disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1075-1085. [PMID: 33692018 PMCID: PMC8292554 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory mechanisms play a key role in chronic tendon disease. After observing T cell signatures in human tendinopathy, we explored the interaction between T cells and tendon stromal cells or tenocytes to define their functional contribution to tissue remodelling and inflammation amplification and hence disease perpetuation. METHODS T cells were quantified and characterised in healthy and tendinopathic tissues by flow cytometry (FACS), imaging mass cytometry (IMC) and single cell RNA-seq. Tenocyte activation induced by conditioned media from primary damaged tendon or interleukin-1β was evaluated by qPCR. The role of tenocytes in regulating T cell migration was interrogated in a standard transwell membrane system. T cell activation (cell surface markers by FACS and cytokine release by ELISA) and changes in gene expression in tenocytes (qPCR) were assessed in cocultures of T cells and explanted tenocytes. RESULTS Significant quantitative differences were observed in healthy compared with tendinopathic tissues. IMC showed T cells in close proximity to tenocytes, suggesting tenocyte-T cell interactions. On activation, tenocytes upregulated inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules implicated in T cell recruitment and activation. Conditioned media from activated tenocytes induced T cell migration and coculture of tenocytes with T cells resulted in reciprocal activation of T cells. In turn, these activated T cells upregulated production of inflammatory mediators in tenocytes, while increasing the pathogenic collagen 3/collagen 1 ratio. CONCLUSIONS Interaction between T cells and tenocytes induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in tenocytes, alters collagen composition favouring collagen 3 and self-amplifies T cell activation via an auto-regulatory feedback loop. Selectively targeting this adaptive/stromal interface may provide novel translational strategies in the management of human tendon disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Garcia-Melchor
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Giacomo Cafaro
- Rheumatology Unit - Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucy MacDonald
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lindsay A N Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shatakshi Sood
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael McLean
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Umberto G Fazzi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Moeed Akbar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neal L Millar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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170
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von Kleeck R, Roberts E, Castagnino P, Bruun K, Brankovic SA, Hawthorne EA, Xu T, Tobias JW, Assoian RK. Arterial stiffness and cardiac dysfunction in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome corrected by inhibition of lysyl oxidase. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/5/e202000997. [PMID: 33687998 PMCID: PMC8008950 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The findings show that increased lysyl oxidase abundance is causal for the elevated arterial stiffness present in the arteries of Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome mice. Pharmacologic inhibition of lysyl oxidase improves cardiac dysfunction and restores arterial compliance. Arterial stiffening and cardiac dysfunction are hallmarks of premature aging in Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), but the molecular regulators remain unknown. Here, we show that the LaminAG609G mouse model of HGPS recapitulates the premature arterial stiffening and early diastolic dysfunction seen in human HGPS. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is up-regulated in the arteries of these mice, and treatment with the LOX inhibitor, β-aminopropionitrile, improves arterial mechanics and cardiac function. Genome-wide and mechanistic analysis revealed reduced expression of the LOX-regulator, miR-145, in HGPS arteries, and forced expression of miR-145 restores normal LOX gene expression in HGPS smooth muscle cells. LOX abundance is also increased in the carotid arteries of aged wild-type mice, but its spatial expression differs from HGPS and its up-regulation is independent of changes in miR-145 abundance. Our results show that miR-145 is selectively misregulated in HGPS and that the consequent up-regulation of LOX is causal for premature arterial stiffening and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan von Kleeck
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emilia Roberts
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paola Castagnino
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyle Bruun
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonja A Brankovic
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hawthorne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tina Xu
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John W Tobias
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard K Assoian
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA .,Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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171
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Khalique H, Baugh R, Dyer A, Scott EM, Frost S, Larkin S, Lei-Rossmann J, Seymour LW. Oncolytic herpesvirus expressing PD-L1 BiTE for cancer therapy: exploiting tumor immune suppression as an opportunity for targeted immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001292. [PMID: 33820820 PMCID: PMC8026026 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an important immune checkpoint protein that can be regarded as a pan-cancer antigen expressed by multiple different cell types within the tumor. While antagonizing PD-L1 is well known to relieve PD-1/PD-L1-mediated T cell suppression, here we have combined this approach with an immunotherapy strategy to target T cell cytotoxicity directly toward PD-L1-expressing cells. We developed a bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE) crosslinking PD-L1 and CD3ε and demonstrated targeted cytotoxicity using a clinically relevant patient-derived ascites model. This approach represents an immunological 'volte-face' whereby a tumor immunological defense mechanism can be instantly transformed into an Achilles' heel for targeted immunotherapy. METHODS The PD-L1 targeting BiTE comprises an anti-PD-L1 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) or nanobody (NB) domain and an anti-CD3 scFv domain in a tandem repeat. The ability to activate T cell cytotoxicity toward PD-L1-expressing cells was established using human carcinoma cells and PD-L1-expressing human ('M2') macrophages in the presence of autologous T cells. Furthermore, we armed oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV-1) with PD-L1 BiTE and demonstrated successful delivery and targeted cytotoxicity in unpurified cultures of malignant ascites derived from different cancer patients. RESULTS PD-L1 BiTE crosslinks PD-L1-positive cells and CD3ε on T cells in a 'pseudo-synapse' and triggers T cell activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Activation of endogenous T cells within ascites samples led to significant lysis of tumor cells and M2-like macrophages (CD11b+CD64+ and CD206+/CD163+). The survival of CD3+ T cells (which can also express PD-L1) was unaffected. Intriguingly, ascites fluid that appeared particularly immunosuppressive led to higher expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells, resulting in improved BiTE-mediated T cell activation. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals that PD-L1 BiTE is an effective immunotherapeutic approach to kill PD-L1-positive tumor cells and macrophages while leaving T cells unharmed. This approach activates endogenous T cells within malignant ascites, generates a proinflammatory response and eliminates cells promoting tumor progression. Using an oncolytic virus for local expression of PD-L1 BiTE also prevents 'on-target off-tumor' systemic toxicities and harnesses immunosuppressive protumor conditions to augment immunotherapy in immunologically 'cold' clinical cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasms/virology
- Oncolytic Virotherapy
- Oncolytic Viruses/genetics
- Oncolytic Viruses/immunology
- Oncolytic Viruses/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/immunology
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/metabolism
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Hena Khalique
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Richard Baugh
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Arthur Dyer
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Eleanor M Scott
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sally Frost
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sarah Larkin
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - Leonard W Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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172
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Umapathy L, Perez-Carrillo GG, Keerthivasan MB, Rosado-Toro JA, Altbach MI, Winegar B, Weinkauf C, Bilgin A. A Stacked Generalization of 3D Orthogonal Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks for Improved Detection of White Matter Hyperintensities in 3D FLAIR Images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:639-647. [PMID: 33574101 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Accurate and reliable detection of white matter hyperintensities and their volume quantification can provide valuable clinical information to assess neurologic disease progression. In this work, a stacked generalization ensemble of orthogonal 3D convolutional neural networks, StackGen-Net, is explored for improving automated detection of white matter hyperintensities in 3D T2-FLAIR images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Individual convolutional neural networks in StackGen-Net were trained on 2.5D patches from orthogonal reformatting of 3D-FLAIR (n = 21) to yield white matter hyperintensity posteriors. A meta convolutional neural network was trained to learn the functional mapping from orthogonal white matter hyperintensity posteriors to the final white matter hyperintensity prediction. The impact of training data and architecture choices on white matter hyperintensity segmentation performance was systematically evaluated on a test cohort (n = 9). The segmentation performance of StackGen-Net was compared with state-of-the-art convolutional neural network techniques on an independent test cohort from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-3 (n = 20). RESULTS StackGen-Net outperformed individual convolutional neural networks in the ensemble and their combination using averaging or majority voting. In a comparison with state-of-the-art white matter hyperintensity segmentation techniques, StackGen-Net achieved a significantly higher Dice score (0.76 [SD, 0.08], F1-lesion (0.74 [SD, 0.13]), and area under precision-recall curve (0.84 [SD, 0.09]), and the lowest absolute volume difference (13.3% [SD, 9.1%]). StackGen-Net performance in Dice scores (median = 0.74) did not significantly differ (P = .22) from interobserver (median = 0.73) variability between 2 experienced neuroradiologists. We found no significant difference (P = .15) in white matter hyperintensity lesion volumes from StackGen-Net predictions and ground truth annotations. CONCLUSIONS A stacked generalization of convolutional neural networks, utilizing multiplanar lesion information using 2.5D spatial context, greatly improved the segmentation performance of StackGen-Net compared with traditional ensemble techniques and some state-of-the-art deep learning models for 3D-FLAIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Umapathy
- From the Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering (L.U., A.B.).,Medical Imaging (L.U., G.G.P.-C., M.B.K., J.A.R.-T., M.I.A., B.W., A.B.)
| | - G G Perez-Carrillo
- Medical Imaging (L.U., G.G.P.-C., M.B.K., J.A.R.-T., M.I.A., B.W., A.B.)
| | - M B Keerthivasan
- Medical Imaging (L.U., G.G.P.-C., M.B.K., J.A.R.-T., M.I.A., B.W., A.B.)
| | - J A Rosado-Toro
- Medical Imaging (L.U., G.G.P.-C., M.B.K., J.A.R.-T., M.I.A., B.W., A.B.)
| | - M I Altbach
- Medical Imaging (L.U., G.G.P.-C., M.B.K., J.A.R.-T., M.I.A., B.W., A.B.)
| | - B Winegar
- Medical Imaging (L.U., G.G.P.-C., M.B.K., J.A.R.-T., M.I.A., B.W., A.B.)
| | | | - A Bilgin
- From the Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering (L.U., A.B.) .,Medical Imaging (L.U., G.G.P.-C., M.B.K., J.A.R.-T., M.I.A., B.W., A.B.).,Biomedical Engineering (A.B.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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173
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Karihtala P, Jääskeläinen A, Roininen N, Jukkola A. Real-world, single-centre prospective data of age at breast cancer onset: focus on survival and reproductive history. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e041706. [PMID: 33518519 PMCID: PMC7852949 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Being either young or old at the time of breast cancer diagnosis has been suggested as an indicator of a poor prognosis. We studied the effect of age at breast cancer onset in relation to survival, focusing in particular on biological subtypes and reproductive anamnesis. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Patients with early breast cancer (n=594) treated in a Finnish University Hospital during 2003-2013 were prospectively collected and followed in median 102 months. RESULTS Patients with luminal A-like breast cancer were older than the patients with luminal B-like (HER2-positive) (p=0.045) or patients with the HER2-positive (non-luminal) subtype (p=0.029). Patients ≥70 years received substantially less adjuvant chemotherapy (p=1.5×10-9) and radiotherapy (p=5.9×10-7) than younger women. Nevertheless, the estimated 10-year breast cancer-specific rates of survival were 84.2%, 92.9% and 87.0% in age groups <41 years, 41-69 years and ≥70 years, respectively, with no statistical difference (p=0.115). Survival rates were also comparable between the three age groups when assessed separately in different biological subtypes, and for patients with metastatic breast cancer there was similarly no difference between the age groups. Later menarche (p=5.7×10-8) and high parity (p=0.000078) correlated with increased age at breast cancer diagnosis, but, according to the patients' oestrogen receptor (ER) status, only among ER-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS Despite the suggested undertreatment of older patients, we report excellent long-term outcomes in all age groups in this prospective cohort. Later endogenous endocrine exposure may cause delay in breast cancer onset, but the exact biology behind this phenomenon is so far unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeter Karihtala
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Jääskeläinen
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nelli Roininen
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Arja Jukkola
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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174
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Dewolf AH, Sylos Labini F, Ivanenko Y, Lacquaniti F. Development of Locomotor-Related Movements in Early Infancy. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:623759. [PMID: 33551751 PMCID: PMC7858268 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.623759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review focuses on the emergence of locomotor-related movements in early infancy. In particular, we consider multiples precursor behaviors of locomotion as a manifestation of the development of the neuronal networks and their link in the establishment of precocious locomotor skills. Despite the large variability of motor behavior observed in human babies, as in animals, afferent information is already processed to shape the behavior to specific situations and environments. Specifically, we argue that the closed-loop interaction between the neural output and the physical dynamics of the mechanical system should be considered to explore the complexity and flexibility of pattern generation in human and animal neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H Dewolf
- Department of Systems Medicine, Center of Space Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Yury Ivanenko
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Department of Systems Medicine, Center of Space Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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175
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Fawcett LK, Wakefield CE, Sivam S, Middleton PG, Wark P, Widger J, Jaffe A, Waters SA. Avatar acceptability: views from the Australian Cystic Fibrosis community on the use of personalised organoid technology to guide treatment decisions. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00448-2020. [PMID: 33532470 PMCID: PMC7836586 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00448-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patient-oriented research approaches that reflect the needs and priorities of those most affected by health research outcomes improves translation of research findings into practice. Targeted therapies for cystic fibrosis (CF) are now a viable treatment option for some eligible individuals despite the heterogeneous patient-specific therapeutic response. This has necessitated development of a clinical tool that predicts treatment response for individual patients. Patient-derived mini-organs (organoids) have been at the forefront of this development. However, little is known about their acceptability in CF patients and members of the public. Methods We used a cross-sectional observational design to conduct an online survey in people with CF, their carers and community comparisons. Acceptability was examined in five domains: 1) willingness to use organoids, 2) perceived advantages and disadvantages of organoids, 3) acceptable out-of-pocket costs, 4) turnaround time and 5) source of tissue. Results In total, 188 participants completed the questionnaire, including adults with CF and parents of children with CF (90 (48%)), and adults without CF and parents of children without CF (98 (52%)). Use of organoids to guide treatment decisions in CF was acceptable to 86 (95%) CF participants and 98 (100%) community participants. The most important advantage was that organoids may improve treatment selection, improving the patient's quality of life and life expectancy. The most important disadvantage was that the organoid recommended treatment might be unavailable or too expensive. Conclusions These findings indicate acceptance of patient-derived organoids as a tool to predict treatment response by the majority of people surveyed. This may indicate successful future implementation into healthcare systems. The perspective regarding clinical use of patient-derived organoid models to enable cystic fibrosis personalised therapeutic decision-making of 188 participating adults surveyedhttps://bit.ly/30nWDJ7
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Fawcett
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire E Wakefield
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sheila Sivam
- Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter G Middleton
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Wark
- Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - John Widger
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Jaffe
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shafagh A Waters
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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176
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Abbasi M, Liu Y, Fitzgerald S, Mereuta OM, Arturo Larco JL, Rizvi A, Kadirvel R, Savastano L, Brinjikji W, Kallmes DF. Systematic review and meta-analysis of current rates of first pass effect by thrombectomy technique and associations with clinical outcomes. J Neurointerv Surg 2021; 13:212-216. [PMID: 33441394 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First pass effect (FPE) in mechanical thrombectomy is thought to be associated with good clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE To determine FPE rates as a function of thrombectomy technique and to compare clinical outcomes between patients with and without FPE. METHODS In July 2020, a literature search on FPE (defined as modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2c-3 after a single pass) and modified FPE (mFPE, defined as TICI 2b-3 after a single pass) and mechanical thrombectomy for stroke was performed. Using a random-effects meta-analysis, we evaluated the following outcomes for both FPE and mFPE: overall rates, rates by thrombectomy technique, rates of good neurologic outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 at day 90), mortality, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) rate. RESULTS Sixty-seven studies comprising 16 870 patients were included. Overall rates of FPE and mFPE were 28% and 45%, respectively. Thrombectomy techniques shared similar FPE (p=0.17) and mFPE (p=0.20) rates. Higher odds of good neurologic outcome were found when we compared FPE with non-FPE (56% vs 41%, OR=1.78) and mFPE with non-mFPE (57% vs 44%, OR=1.73). FPE had a lower mortality rate (17% vs 25%, OR=0.62) than non-FPE. FPE and mFPE were not associated with lower sICH rate compared with non-FPE and non-mFPE (4% vs 18%, OR=0.41 for FPE; 5% vs 7%, OR=0.98 for mFPE). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that approximately one-third of patients achieve FPE and around half of patients achieve mFPE, with equivalent results throughout thrombectomy techniques. FPE and mFPE are associated with better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Abbasi
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Seán Fitzgerald
- CÚRAM-SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Physiology Department, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Oana Madalina Mereuta
- CÚRAM-SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Physiology Department, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Asim Rizvi
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Luis Savastano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - David F Kallmes
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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177
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Duan Z, Wang Y, Huang J, Redmon PB, Eriksen MP. Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure before and after the implementation of the Tobacco Free Cities (TFC) initiative in five Chinese cities: a pooled cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e044570. [PMID: 33376183 PMCID: PMC7778775 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the levels of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure before and after the implementation of the Tobacco Free Cities (TFC) initiative. DESIGN City-wide representative, cross-sectional surveys (Tobacco Questions for Surveys, TQS) were conducted in each participating city before and after the implementation of TFC. SETTING Five large Chinese cities (Chengdu, Chongqing, Wuhan, Xiamen and Xi'an) participated in the TFC initiative. PARTICIPANTS A total of 10 184 adults participated in the 2015 TQS survey, and 10 233 adults participated in the 2018 TQS survey, respectively. INTERVENTIONS The TFC initiative, which included targeted media campaigns, educational programmes, implementing city-wide smoke-free policies and providing cessation interventions, was implemented in these five cities between 2015 and 2018. MAIN OUTCOME Self-reported past 30-day (P30D) SHS exposure in indoor workplaces, restaurants and homes. DATA ANALYSIS The pre-TFC and post-TFC SHS exposure levels were compared among all residents and among certain population subgroups. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to estimate the adjusted associations between P30D SHS exposure and individual characteristics. RESULTS Across all five cities, the overall rate of self-reported P30D SHS exposure declined in indoor workplaces (from 49.6% (95% CI: 46.4% to 52.8%) to 41.2% (95% CI: 37.7% to 44.7%)), restaurants (from 72.4% (95% CI: 69.8% to 74.9%) to 61.7% (95% CI: 58.7% to 64.7%)) and homes (from 39.8% (95% CI: 36.9% to 42.7%) to 34.7% (95% CI: 31.5% to 37.8%)) from 2015 to 2018. These declines were statistically significant after controlling for individual characteristics. The P30D SHS exposure was associated with sex, age, education level, occupation and current smoking status. The associations varied by venues. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis showed that compared with the nationwide SHS exposure levels reported in concurrent national surveys, the declines in P30D SHS exposure in five Chinese cities that implemented the TFC initiative were larger in indoor workplaces and restaurants. Our findings suggest that the TFC initiative was effective in reducing SHS exposure in Chinese cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshuan Duan
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jidong Huang
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pamela B Redmon
- Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael P Eriksen
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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178
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Galea GL, Zein MR, Allen S, Francis-West P. Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:414-449. [PMID: 33314394 PMCID: PMC7986209 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load‐bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair. Compares and contrasts Endochondral and intramembranous bone development Reviews embryonic origins of different bones Describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of positioning skeletal elements. Describes mechanisms of skeletal growth with a focus on the generation of skeletal shape
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mohamed R Zein
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Allen
- Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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179
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Baniissa W, Radwan H, Rossiter R, Fakhry R, Al-Yateem N, Al-Shujairi A, Hasan S, Macridis S, Farghaly AA, Naing L, Awad MA. Prevalence and determinants of overweight/obesity among school-aged adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study of private and public schools. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038667. [PMID: 33310793 PMCID: PMC7735131 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence and predictors of obesity among adolescents in the United Arab Emirates. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Private and public secondary schools. PARTICIPANTS Adolescents aged 13-19 years; 434 (46.6%) from private schools and 498 (53.4%) from public schools. MEASURES Self-report questionnaires were used to assess adolescents' sociodemographic factors, fruit/vegetable (F/V) intake and physical activity. Participants' weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference and body fat percentage (%BF) were measured, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Overweight/obesity was determined by BMI ≥85th percentile for age, abdominal obesity (AO) (WC, WHtR and WHR) and %BF. RESULTS A total of 34.7% of participants were overweight/obese (BMI ≥85th percentile) and 378 (40.6%) had high %BF. AO was noted in 47.3%, 22.7% and 27.1% of participants, based on WC, WHR and WHtR, respectively. Significantly more participants from public schools were overweight/obese (37.8% vs 31.1%) and had greater AO (based on WC, WHR, WHtR) compared with those from private schools. Predictors of obesity based on BMI were: consuming less than five servings of F/V (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.41, 95% CI: 1.73 to 3.36), being physically inactive (AOR 2.09, CI: 1.36 to 3.22) and being men (AOR 3.35, 95% CI: 2.20 to 5.10). Predictors of AO were being men (WC: AOR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.00; WHtR: AOR 2.72, 95% CI: 1.81 to 4.08); studying at public school (WHR: AOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.66); being Emirati (WHR: AOR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.90); consuming less than five servings of F/V (WC: AOR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.27 to 2.30; WHtR: AOR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.03), and being physically inactive (WC: AOR 1.63; 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.35). CONCLUSIONS Focused interventions are needed to combat obesity while considering AO indicators and BMI to diagnose obesity in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wegdan Baniissa
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Hadia Radwan
- College of Health Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Rachel Rossiter
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Indigenous Health, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Randa Fakhry
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Nabeel Al-Yateem
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Arwa Al-Shujairi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Sanah Hasan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Soultana Macridis
- Centre for Active Living, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abeer A Farghaly
- Department of Cardiology and Geriatric Physical Therapy, Faculty of Physical therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lin Naing
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei, Darussalam
| | - Manal A Awad
- College of Dental Medicine-Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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180
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McGurgan IJ, Ziai WC, Werring DJ, Al-Shahi Salman R, Parry-Jones AR. Acute intracerebral haemorrhage: diagnosis and management. Pract Neurol 2020; 21:practneurol-2020-002763. [PMID: 33288539 PMCID: PMC7982923 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) accounts for half of the disability-adjusted life years lost due to stroke worldwide. Care pathways for acute stroke result in the rapid identification of ICH, but its acute management can prove challenging because no individual treatment has been shown definitively to improve its outcome. Nonetheless, acute stroke unit care improves outcome after ICH, patients benefit from interventions to prevent complications, acute blood pressure lowering appears safe and might have a modest benefit, and implementing a bundle of high-quality acute care is associated with a greater chance of survival. In this article, we address the important questions that neurologists face in the diagnosis and acute management of ICH, and focus on the supporting evidence and practical delivery for the main acute interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J McGurgan
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Wendy C Ziai
- Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Adrian R Parry-Jones
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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181
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Rasmussen TS, Mentzel CMJ, Kot W, Castro-Mejía JL, Zuffa S, Swann JR, Hansen LH, Vogensen FK, Hansen AK, Nielsen DS. Faecal virome transplantation decreases symptoms of type 2 diabetes and obesity in a murine model. Gut 2020; 69:2122-2130. [PMID: 32165408 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with gut microbiota (GM) changes. The gut viral community is predominated by bacteriophages (phages), which are viruses that attack bacteria in a host-specific manner. The antagonistic behaviour of phages has the potential to alter the GM. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the efficacy of faecal virome transplantation (FVT) from lean donors for shifting the phenotype of obese mice into closer resemblance of lean mice. DESIGN The FVT consisted of viromes with distinct profiles extracted from the caecal content of mice from different vendors that were fed a low-fat (LF) diet for 14 weeks. Male C57BL/6NTac mice were divided into five groups: LF (as diet control), high-fat (HF) diet, HF+ampicillin (Amp), HF+Amp+FVT and HF+FVT. At weeks 6 and 7 of the study, the HF+FVT and HF+Amp+FVT mice were treated with FVT by oral gavage. The Amp groups were treated with Amp 24 hours prior to first FVT treatment. RESULTS Six weeks after first FVT, the HF+FVT mice showed a significant decrease in weight gain compared with the HF group. Further, glucose tolerance was comparable between the LF and HF+FVT mice, while the other HF groups all had impaired glucose tolerance. These observations were supported by significant shifts in GM composition, blood plasma metabolome and expression levels of genes associated with obesity and T2D development. CONCLUSIONS Transfer of caecal viral communities from mice with a lean phenotype into mice with an obese phenotype led to reduced weight gain and normalised blood glucose parameters relative to lean mice. We hypothesise that this effect is mediated via FVT-induced GM changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Witold Kot
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Simone Zuffa
- Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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182
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Alexandersen S, Chamings A, Bhatta TR. SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNAs in diagnostic samples are not an indicator of active replication. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6059. [PMID: 33247099 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.01.20119750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in late December 2019 and has spread worldwide. Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses and employ a complicated pattern of virus genome length RNA replication as well as transcription of genome length and leader containing subgenomic RNAs. Although not fully understood, both replication and transcription are thought to take place in so-called double-membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Here we show detection of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNAs in diagnostic samples up to 17 days after initial detection of infection and provide evidence for their nuclease resistance and protection by cellular membranes suggesting that detection of subgenomic RNAs in such samples may not be a suitable indicator of active coronavirus replication/infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Alexandersen
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
- Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Anthony Chamings
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Tarka Raj Bhatta
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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183
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Rehbein T, Herrmann DN. Sensory processing in autism spectrum disorder. Neurology 2020; 95:851-852. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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184
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Lo T, Rudge EJM, Chase RP, Subramaniam R, Heshmati K, Lucey EM, Weigl AM, Iyoha-Bello OJ, Ituah CO, Benjamin EJ, McNutt SW, Sathe L, Farnam L, Raby BA, Tavakkoli A, Croteau-Chonka DC, Sheu EG. Early changes in immune cell metabolism and function are a hallmark of sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective human study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.07.31.20161687. [PMID: 33173925 PMCID: PMC7654921 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.31.20161687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize longitudinal changes in blood biomarkers, leukocyte composition, and gene expression following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). BACKGROUND LSG is an effective treatment for obesity, leading to sustainable weight loss and improvements in obesity-related co-morbidities and inflammatory profiles. However, the effects of LSG on immune function and metabolism remain uncertain. METHODS Prospective data was collected from 23 enrolled human subjects from a single institution. Parameters of weight, co-morbidities, and trends in blood biomarkers and leukocyte subsets were observed from pre-operative baseline to one year in three-month follow-up intervals. RNA-sequencing was performed on pairs of whole blood samples from the first six subjects of the study (baseline and three months post-surgery) to identify genome-wide gene expression changes associated with undergoing LSG. RESULTS LSG led to a significant decrease in mean total body weight loss (18.1%) at three months and among diabetic subjects a reduction in HbA1c. Improvements in clinical inflammatory and hormonal biomarkers were demonstrated as early as three months after LSG. A reduction in neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was observed, driven by a reduction in absolute neutrophil counts. Gene set enrichment analyses of differential whole blood gene expression demonstrated that after three months, LSG induced transcriptomic changes not only in inflammatory cytokine pathways but also in several key metabolic pathways related to energy metabolism. CONCLUSIONS LSG induces significant changes in the composition and metabolism of immune cells as early as three months post-operatively. Further evaluation is required of bariatric surgery's effects on immunometabolism and consequences for host defense and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Lo
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleanor J. M. Rudge
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert P. Chase
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renuka Subramaniam
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keyvan Heshmati
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Lucey
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison M. Weigl
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Chelsea O. Ituah
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily J. Benjamin
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth W. McNutt
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leena Sathe
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leanna Farnam
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Raby
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damien C. Croteau-Chonka
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric G. Sheu
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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185
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Gunna NT, C Parameswarappa D, Rani PK. Bullous central serous chorioretinopathy and retinal pigment epithelium sequelae postblunt trauma. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/9/e235882. [PMID: 32967945 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-235882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 68-year-old man presented with diminution of distance and near vision in the right eye for a duration of 1 month postblunt trauma with a stick. On examination, his visual acuity in the right eye was 20/320 and near vision was <N36. Right eye fundus showed bullous neurosensory retinal detachment at posterior pole and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophic area temporal to fovea. Optical coherence tomography showed subretinal fluid with pigment epithelial detachment and an area of RPE and photoreceptor loss temporal to fovea. Fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography showed focal leaks and transmitted hyperfluorescence corresponding to the area of RPE loss. Left eye examination was unremarkable except for senile cataract of nuclear opalescence grade 3. A diagnosis of right eye bullous central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and RPE sequelae postblunt trauma was made. Our patient was managed conservatively with no specific treatment for CSCR. One month later, there was improvement in vision with decrease in neurosensory detachment. The area of RPE loss remained the same with photoreceptor loss. Since this area of RPE and photoreceptor loss were temporal to fovea, our patient's visual acuity was not affected significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Teja Gunna
- Department of Vitreo-Retinal Disease, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Padmaja Kumari Rani
- Department of Vitreo-Retinal Disease, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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186
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Casalino L, Gaieb Z, Goldsmith JA, Hjorth CK, Dommer AC, Harbison AM, Fogarty CA, Barros EP, Taylor BC, McLellan JS, Fadda E, Amaro RE. Beyond Shielding: The Roles of Glycans in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.06.11.146522. [PMID: 32577644 PMCID: PMC7302197 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.11.146522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in more than 15,000,000 infections and 600,000 deaths worldwide to date. Antibody development efforts mainly revolve around the extensively glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, which mediates the host cell entry by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Similar to many other viruses, the SARS-CoV-2 spike utilizes a glycan shield to thwart the host immune response. Here, we built a full-length model of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 S protein, both in the open and closed states, augmenting the available structural and biological data. Multiple microsecond-long, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to provide an atomistic perspective on the roles of glycans, and the protein structure and dynamics. We reveal an essential structural role of N-glycans at sites N165 and N234 in modulating the conformational dynamics of the spike's receptor binding domain (RBD), which is responsible for ACE2 recognition. This finding is corroborated by biolayer interferometry experiments, which show that deletion of these glycans through N165A and N234A mutations significantly reduces binding to ACE2 as a result of the RBD conformational shift towards the "down" state. Additionally, end-to-end accessibility analyses outline a complete overview of the vulnerabilities of the glycan shield of SARS-CoV-2 S protein, which may be exploited by therapeutic efforts targeting this molecular machine. Overall, this work presents hitherto unseen functional and structural insights into the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and its glycan coat, providing a strategy to control the conformational plasticity of the RBD that could be harnessed for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Casalino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zied Gaieb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jory A. Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Christy K. Hjorth
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Abigail C. Dommer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aoife M. Harbison
- Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carl A. Fogarty
- Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emilia P. Barros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bryn C. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Elisa Fadda
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rommie E. Amaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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187
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Beckmann ND, Comella PH, Cheng E, Lepow L, Beckmann AG, Mouskas K, Simons NW, Hoffman GE, Francoeur NJ, Del Valle DM, Kang G, Moya E, Wilkins L, Le Berichel J, Chang C, Marvin R, Calorossi S, Lansky A, Walker L, Yi N, Yu A, Hartnett M, Eaton M, Hatem S, Jamal H, Akyatan A, Tabachnikova A, Liharska LE, Cotter L, Fennessey B, Vaid A, Barturen G, Tyler SR, Shah H, Wang YC, Sridhar SH, Soto J, Bose S, Madrid K, Ellis E, Merzier E, Vlachos K, Fishman N, Tin M, Smith M, Xie H, Patel M, Argueta K, Harris J, Karekar N, Batchelor C, Lacunza J, Yishak M, Tuballes K, Scott L, Kumar A, Jaladanki S, Thompson R, Clark E, Losic B, Zhu J, Wang W, Kasarskis A, Glicksberg BS, Nadkarni G, Bogunovic D, Elaiho C, Gangadharan S, Ofori-Amanfo G, Alesso-Carra K, Onel K, Wilson KM, Argmann C, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Marron TU, Rahman A, Kim-Schulze S, Gnjatic S, Gelb BD, Merad M, Sebra R, Schadt EE, Charney AW. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are dysregulated in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.08.29.20182899. [PMID: 32909006 PMCID: PMC7480058 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.29.20182899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) presents with fever, inflammation and multiple organ involvement in individuals under 21 years following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. To identify genes, pathways and cell types driving MIS-C, we sequenced the blood transcriptomes of MIS-C cases, pediatric cases of coronavirus disease 2019, and healthy controls. We define a MIS-C transcriptional signature partially shared with the transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and with the signature of Kawasaki disease, a clinically similar condition. By projecting the MIS-C signature onto a co-expression network, we identified disease gene modules and found genes downregulated in MIS-C clustered in a module enriched for the transcriptional signatures of exhausted CD8 + T-cells and CD56 dim CD57 + NK cells. Bayesian network analyses revealed nine key regulators of this module, including TBX21 , a central coordinator of exhausted CD8 + T-cell differentiation. Together, these findings suggest dysregulated cytotoxic lymphocyte response to SARS-Cov-2 infection in MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam D. Beckmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Phillip H. Comella
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Esther Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lauren Lepow
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Aviva G. Beckmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Konstantinos Mouskas
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nicole W. Simons
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gabriel E. Hoffman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nancy J. Francoeur
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Diane Marie Del Valle
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gurpawan Kang
- Department of Medicine, division of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Emily Moya
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lillian Wilkins
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jessica Le Berichel
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Christie Chang
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Robert Marvin
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sharlene Calorossi
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alona Lansky
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Laura Walker
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nancy Yi
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alex Yu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Matthew Hartnett
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Melody Eaton
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sandra Hatem
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hajra Jamal
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alara Akyatan
- Department of of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alexandra Tabachnikova
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lora E. Liharska
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Liam Cotter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Brian Fennessey
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Akhil Vaid
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Guillermo Barturen
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government (GENYO), 18007 Urb. los Vergeles, Granada, Spain
| | - Scott R. Tyler
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hardik Shah
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ying-chih Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Shwetha Hara Sridhar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Juan Soto
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Swaroop Bose
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kent Madrid
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ethan Ellis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Elyze Merzier
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Konstantinos Vlachos
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Nataly Fishman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Manying Tin
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Melissa Smith
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Hui Xie
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Manishkumar Patel
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kimberly Argueta
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jocelyn Harris
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Neha Karekar
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Craig Batchelor
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jose Lacunza
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Mahlet Yishak
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kevin Tuballes
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Leisha Scott
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Suraj Jaladanki
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ryan Thompson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Evan Clark
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bojan Losic
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Glicksberg
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Girish Nadkarni
- Mount Sinai COVID Informatics Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cordelia Elaiho
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sandeep Gangadharan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - George Ofori-Amanfo
- Departments of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kasey Alesso-Carra
- Departments of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kenan Onel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Karen M. Wilson
- Departments of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carmen Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Thomas U. Marron
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Seunghee Kim-Schulze
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bruce D. Gelb
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford CT, 06902, USA
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford CT, 06902, USA
| | - Alexander W. Charney
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai COVID Informatics Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
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188
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Panfoli I. Potential role of endothelial cell surface ectopic redox complexes in COVID-19 disease pathogenesis. Clin Med (Lond) 2020; 20:e146-e147. [PMID: 32601125 PMCID: PMC7539732 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2020-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) has rapidly spread and poses a great challenge to researchers, both in elucidating its pathogenic mechanism and developing effective treatments. It has been recently proposed that COVID-19 is an endothelial disease. Indeed, the COVID-19 virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2), which is expressed in endothelial cells. ACE2 could be implicated in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by endothelial dysfunction due to viral damage. Consequently, oxidative stress could prime these cells to acquire a pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory phenotype, predisposing patients to thromboembolic and vasculitic events and to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC). This implies a pivotal role played by oxygen in the pathogenetic mechanism of COVID-19 disease, in that its availability would tune the oxidant state and consequent damage.
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189
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Silveira IH, Cortes TR, Oliveira BFA, Junger WL. Temperature and cardiovascular mortality in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: effect modification by individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 75:69-75. [PMID: 32863272 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-215002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many factors related to susceptibility or vulnerability to temperature effects on mortality have been proposed in the literature. However, there is limited evidence of effect modification by some individual-level factors such as occupation, colour/race, education level and community-level factors. We investigated the effect modification of the temperature-cardiovascular mortality relationship by individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS We used a case-crossover study to estimate the total effect of temperature on cardiovascular mortality in Rio de Janeiro between 2001 and 2018, and the effect modification by individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors. Individual-level factors included sex, age, colour/race, education, and place of death. Neighbourhood-level characteristics included social development index (SDI), income, electricity consumption and demographic change. We used conditional Poisson regression models combined with distributed lag non-linear models, adjusted for humidity and public holidays. RESULTS Our results suggest a higher vulnerability to high temperatures among the elderly, women, non-hospitalised deaths, and people with a lower education level. Vulnerability to low temperatures was higher among the elderly, men, non-white people, and for primary education level. As for neighbourhood-level factors, we identified greater vulnerability to low and high temperatures in places with lower SDI, lower income, lower consumption of electricity, and higher demographic growth. CONCLUSION The effects of temperature on cardiovascular disease mortality in Rio de Janeiro vary according to individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors. These findings are valuable to inform policymakers about the most vulnerable groups and places, in order to develop more effective and equitable public policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taísa Rodrigues Cortes
- Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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190
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Ong E, Huang X, Pearce R, Zhang Y, He Y. Rational Design of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoproteins To Increase Immunogenicity By T Cell Epitope Engineering. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.08.14.251496. [PMID: 32817949 PMCID: PMC7430581 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.14.251496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in millions of confirmed cases and thousands of deaths globally. Extensive efforts and progress have been made to develop effective and safe vaccines against COVID-19. A primary target of these vaccines is the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, and many studies utilized structural vaccinology techniques to either stabilize the protein or fix the receptor-binding domain at certain states. In this study, we extended an evolutionary protein design algorithm, EvoDesign, to create thousands of stable S protein variants without perturbing the surface conformation and B cell epitopes of the S protein. We then evaluated the mutated S protein candidates based on predicted MHC-II T cell promiscuous epitopes as well as the epitopes' similarity to human peptides. The presented strategy aims to improve the S protein's immunogenicity and antigenicity by inducing stronger CD4 T cell response while maintaining the protein's native structure and function. The top EvoDesign S protein candidate (Design-10705) recovered 31 out of 32 MHC-II T cell promiscuous epitopes in the native S protein, in which two epitopes were present in all seven human coronaviruses. This newly designed S protein also introduced nine new MHC-II T cell promiscuous epitopes and showed high structural similarity to its native conformation. The proposed structural vaccinology method provides an avenue to rationally design the antigen's structure with increased immunogenicity, which could be applied to the rational design of new COVID-19 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Ong
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robin Pearce
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yongqun He
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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191
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Venter ZS, Aunan K, Chowdhury S, Lelieveld J. COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020. [PMID: 32723816 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.10.20060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lockdown response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented reduction in global economic and transport activity. We test the hypothesis that this has reduced tropospheric and ground-level air pollution concentrations, using satellite data and a network of >10,000 air quality stations. After accounting for the effects of meteorological variability, we find declines in the population-weighted concentration of ground-level nitrogen dioxide (NO2: 60% with 95% CI 48 to 72%), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5: 31%; 95% CI: 17 to 45%), with marginal increases in ozone (O3: 4%; 95% CI: -2 to 10%) in 34 countries during lockdown dates up until 15 May. Except for ozone, satellite measurements of the troposphere indicate much smaller reductions, highlighting the spatial variability of pollutant anomalies attributable to complex NOx chemistry and long-distance transport of fine particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5). By leveraging Google and Apple mobility data, we find empirical evidence for a link between global vehicle transportation declines and the reduction of ambient NO2 exposure. While the state of global lockdown is not sustainable, these findings allude to the potential for mitigating public health risk by reducing "business as usual" air pollutant emissions from economic activities. Explore trends here: https://nina.earthengine.app/view/lockdown-pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zander S Venter
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Kristin Aunan
- Center for International Climate Research, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sourangsu Chowdhury
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus
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192
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Brooks D, Barr LC, Wiscombe S, McAuley DF, Simpson AJ, Rostron AJ. Human lipopolysaccharide models provide mechanistic and therapeutic insights into systemic and pulmonary inflammation. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.01298-2019. [PMID: 32299854 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01298-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key feature in the pathogenesis of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Sepsis and ARDS continue to be associated with high mortality. A key contributory factor is the rudimentary understanding of the early events in pulmonary and systemic inflammation in humans, which are difficult to study in clinical practice, as they precede the patient's presentation to medical services. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is a trigger of inflammation and the dysregulated host response in sepsis. Human LPS models deliver a small quantity of LPS to healthy volunteers, triggering an inflammatory response and providing a window to study early inflammation in humans. This allows biological/mechanistic insights to be made and new therapeutic strategies to be tested in a controlled, reproducible environment from a defined point in time. We review the use of human LPS models, focussing on the underlying mechanistic insights that have been gained by studying the response to intravenous and pulmonary LPS challenge. We discuss variables that may influence the response to LPS before considering factors that should be considered when designing future human LPS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brooks
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura C Barr
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Wiscombe
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Health Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - A John Simpson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anthony J Rostron
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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193
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Özsaygili C, Küçük B, Yildirim Y. The effect of posterior vitreous detachment on aflibercept response in diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:800-805. [PMID: 32727727 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) on aflibercept response in treatment-naïve diabetic macular oedema (DME). DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. METHODS One hundred and fifty eyes of 150 treatment-naïve patients with DME were enrolled. The patients were divided into three groups according to their PVD status: group 1 (no PVD during injections), group 2 (PVD during injections) and group 3 (PVD already present initially). Three consecutive aflibercept injections at intervals of 1 month were applied to all patients. The efficacy of the aflibercept treatment on DME was assessed by comparing changes in central retinal thickness (CRT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) values after three loading dose injections. RESULTS After three consecutive injections, the mean reduction of CRT in groups 1, 2 and 3 were -199.6±106.9, -224.9±124.1 and -210.7±126.3, respectively. The decrease in CRT was significant in all groups (p<0.001 in all groups, paired-samples t-test); however, mean changes in CRT were similar among groups (all p>0.05, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)). The mean improvement in BCVA in groups 1, 2 and 3 was 6.6±0.9, 6.5±0.8 and 6.1±0.4 ETDRS letters, respectively. The improvement of BCVA was significant in all groups (p<0.001 in all groups, paired-samples t-test) and mean changes were similar between groups (p>0.05, one-way ANOVA). There was no significant relationship between the presence or development of PVD and the mean decrease of CRT and improvement of BCVA (for CRT r=-0.052, p=0.531 and for BCVA r=-0.078, p=0.342). CONCLUSION In the present study, it was observed that the efficacy of aflibercept treatment in patients with DME did not depend on PVD status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Özsaygili
- Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Bekir Küçük
- Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yener Yildirim
- Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
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194
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Jones FJS, Smith JR, Ayub N, Herman ST, Buchhalter JR, Fureman BE, Cash SS, Hoch DB, Moura LMVR. Implementing standardized provider documentation in a tertiary epilepsy clinic. Neurology 2020; 95:e213-e223. [PMID: 32546650 PMCID: PMC7455323 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To incorporate standardized documentation into an epilepsy clinic and to use these standardized data to compare patients' perception of epilepsy diagnosis to provider documentation. METHODS Using quality improvement methodology, we implemented interventions to increase documentation of epilepsy diagnosis, seizure frequency, and type from 49.8% to 70% of adult nonemployee patients seen by 6 providers over 5 months of routine clinical care. The main intervention consisted of an interactive SmartPhrase that mirrored a documentation template developed by the Epilepsy Learning Healthcare System. We assessed the weekly proportion of complete SmartPhrases among eligible patient encounters with a statistical process control chart. We used a subset of patients with established epilepsy care linked to existing patient-reported survey data to examine the proportion of patient-to-provider agreement on epilepsy diagnosis (yes vs no/unsure). We also examined sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients who disagreed vs agreed with provider's documentation of epilepsy diagnosis. RESULTS The median SmartPhrase weekly completion rate was 78%. Established patients disagreed with providers with respect to epilepsy diagnosis in 18.5% of encounters (κ = 0.13), indicating that they did not have or were unsure if they had epilepsy despite having a provider-documented epilepsy diagnosis. Patients who disagreed with providers were similar to those who agreed with respect to age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, seizure frequency, type, and other quality-of-life measures. CONCLUSION This project supports the feasibility of implementing standardized documentation of data relevant to epilepsy care in a tertiary epilepsy clinic and highlights an opportunity for improvement in patient-provider communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J S Jones
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.S.J., J.R.S., N.A., S.S.C., D.B.H., L.M.V.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics (J.R.B.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Research and New Therapies (B.E.F.), Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD.
| | - Jason R Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.S.J., J.R.S., N.A., S.S.C., D.B.H., L.M.V.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics (J.R.B.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Research and New Therapies (B.E.F.), Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD
| | - Neishay Ayub
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.S.J., J.R.S., N.A., S.S.C., D.B.H., L.M.V.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics (J.R.B.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Research and New Therapies (B.E.F.), Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD
| | - Susan T Herman
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.S.J., J.R.S., N.A., S.S.C., D.B.H., L.M.V.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics (J.R.B.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Research and New Therapies (B.E.F.), Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD
| | - Jeffrey R Buchhalter
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.S.J., J.R.S., N.A., S.S.C., D.B.H., L.M.V.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics (J.R.B.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Research and New Therapies (B.E.F.), Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD
| | - Brandy E Fureman
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.S.J., J.R.S., N.A., S.S.C., D.B.H., L.M.V.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics (J.R.B.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Research and New Therapies (B.E.F.), Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD
| | - Sydney S Cash
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.S.J., J.R.S., N.A., S.S.C., D.B.H., L.M.V.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics (J.R.B.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Research and New Therapies (B.E.F.), Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD
| | - Daniel B Hoch
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.S.J., J.R.S., N.A., S.S.C., D.B.H., L.M.V.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics (J.R.B.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Research and New Therapies (B.E.F.), Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD
| | - Lidia M V R Moura
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.S.J., J.R.S., N.A., S.S.C., D.B.H., L.M.V.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics (J.R.B.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Research and New Therapies (B.E.F.), Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD
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195
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Ghorbani M, Brooks BR, Klauda JB. Critical Sequence Hot-spots for Binding of nCOV-2019 to ACE2 as Evaluated by Molecular Simulations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32637962 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.27.175448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (nCOV-2019) outbreak has put the world on edge, causing millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths all around the world, as of June 2020, let alone the societal and economic impacts of the crisis. The spike protein of nCOV-2019 resides on the virion's surface mediating coronavirus entry into host cells by binding its receptor binding domain (RBD) to the host cell surface receptor protein, angiotensin converter enzyme (ACE2). Our goal is to provide a detailed structural mechanism of how nCOV-2019 recognizes and establishes contacts with ACE2 and its difference with an earlier coronavirus SARS-COV in 2002 via extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Numerous mutations have been identified in the RBD of nCOV-2019 strains isolated from humans in different parts of the world. In this study, we investigated the effect of these mutations as well as other Ala-scanning mutations on the stability of RBD/ACE2 complex. It is found that most of the naturally-occurring mutations to the RBD either strengthen or have the same binding affinity to ACE2 as the wild-type nCOV-2019. This may have implications for high human-to-human transmission of coronavirus in regions where these mutations have been found as well as any vaccine design endeavors since these mutations could act as antibody escape mutants. Furthermore, in-silico Ala-scanning and long-timescale MD simulations, highlight the crucial role of the residues at the interface of RBD and ACE2 that may be used as potential pharmacophores for any drug development endeavors. From an evolutional perspective, this study also identifies how the virus has evolved from its predecessor SARS-COV and how it could further evolve to become more infectious.
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196
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Willem L, Van Hoang T, Funk S, Coletti P, Beutels P, Hens N. SOCRATES: an online tool leveraging a social contact data sharing initiative to assess mitigation strategies for COVID-19. BMC Res Notes 2020. [PMID: 32546245 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.03.20030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Establishing a social contact data sharing initiative and an interactive tool to assess mitigation strategies for COVID-19. RESULTS We organized data sharing of published social contact surveys via online repositories and formatting guidelines. We analyzed this social contact data in terms of weighted social contact matrices, next generation matrices, relative incidence and R[Formula: see text]. We incorporated location-specific physical distancing measures (e.g. school closure or at work) and capture their effect on transmission dynamics. All methods have been implemented in an online application based on R Shiny and applied to COVID-19 with age-specific susceptibility and infectiousness. Using our online tool with the available social contact data, we illustrate that physical distancing could have a considerable impact on reducing transmission for COVID-19. The effect itself depends on assumptions made about disease-specific characteristics and the choice of intervention(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Willem
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Thang Van Hoang
- Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Funk
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Pietro Coletti
- Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Niel Hens
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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197
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Perdikari TM, Murthy AC, Ryan VH, Watters S, Naik MT, Fawzi NL. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation stimulated by RNA and partitions into phases of human ribonucleoproteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.06.09.141101. [PMID: 32577653 PMCID: PMC7302208 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.09.141101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tightly packed complexes of nucleocapsid protein and genomic RNA form the core of viruses and may assemble within viral factories, dynamic compartments formed within the host cells. Here, we examine the possibility that the multivalent RNA-binding nucleocapsid protein (N) from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) compacts RNA via protein-RNA liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and that N interactions with host RNA-binding proteins are mediated by phase separation. To this end, we created a construct expressing recombinant N fused to a N-terminal maltose binding protein tag which helps keep the oligomeric N soluble for purification. Using in vitro phase separation assays, we find that N is assembly-prone and phase separates avidly. Phase separation is modulated by addition of RNA and changes in pH and is disfavored at high concentrations of salt. Furthermore, N enters into in vitro phase separated condensates of full-length human hnRNPs (TDP-43, FUS, and hnRNPA2) and their low complexity domains (LCs). However, N partitioning into the LC of FUS, but not TDP-43 or hnRNPA2, requires cleavage of the solubilizing MBP fusion. Hence, LLPS may be an essential mechanism used for SARS-CoV-2 and other RNA viral genome packing and host protein co-opting, functions necessary for viral replication and hence infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia C Murthy
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Veronica H Ryan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Scott Watters
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mandar T Naik
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nicolas L Fawzi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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198
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Ye Q, West AM, Silletti S, Corbett KD. Architecture and self-assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.17.100685. [PMID: 32511359 PMCID: PMC7263487 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.17.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-2019 pandemic is the most severe acute public health threat of the twenty-first century. To properly address this crisis with both robust testing and novel treatments, we require a deep understanding of the life cycle of the causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Here, we examine the architecture and self-assembly properties of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, which packages viral RNA into new virions. We determined a 1.4 Å resolution crystal structure of this protein's N2b domain, revealing a compact, intertwined dimer similar to that of related coronaviruses including SARS-CoV. While the N2b domain forms a dimer in solution, addition of the C-terminal spacer B/N3 domain mediates formation of a homotetramer. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we find evidence that at least part of this putatively disordered domain is structured, potentially forming an α-helix that self-associates and cooperates with the N2b domain to mediate tetramer formation. Finally, we map the locations of amino acid substitutions in the N protein from over 38,000 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences. We find that these substitutions are strongly clustered in the protein's N2a linker domain, and that substitutions within the N1b and N2b domains cluster away from their functional RNA binding and dimerization interfaces. Overall, this work reveals the architecture and self-assembly properties of a key protein in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, with implications for both drug design and antibody-based testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Ye
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alan M.V. West
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steve Silletti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kevin D. Corbett
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA
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199
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone elongation is a complex process driven by multiple intrinsic (hormones, growth factors) and extrinsic (nutrition, environment) variables. Bones grow in length by endochondral ossification in cartilaginous growth plates at ends of developing long bones. This review provides an updated overview of the important factors that influence this process. RECENT FINDINGS Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is the major hormone required for growth and a drug for treating pediatric skeletal disorders. Temperature is an underrecognized environmental variable that also impacts linear growth. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the interaction of IGF-1 and environmental factors on bone elongation. Understanding how internal and external variables regulate bone lengthening is essential for developing and improving treatments for an array of bone elongation disorders. Future studies may benefit from understanding how these unique relationships could offer realistic new approaches for increasing bone length in different growth-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Racine
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, 26074, USA
| | - Maria A Serrat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
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200
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Ding R, Zhang L, He P, Song X, Zheng X. Income, income inequality and schizophrenia in China: a population-based multilevel analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 74:719-725. [PMID: 32434862 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2019-213049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that socio-environmental factors interact with genetic risk in the genesis of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between income, income inequality and schizophrenia and its heterogeneity among different geographic scales and subgroups. METHODS We used data from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability (2006). The sample consisted of 1 909 205 participants aged 18 years or older. Individuals who were suspected to be psychiatrically disabled were administered the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule, Version II and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision Symptom Checklist for Mental Disorders by trained clinical psychiatrists to diagnose schizophrenia. Gross household income per capita was used to calculate the Gini coefficient to measure income inequality. Multilevel logistic regression with cross-level interaction was applied to examine the association of income, income inequality and schizophrenia. RESULTS A total of 7 628 persons (0.40%) were identified as having schizophrenia. Income was independently associated with schizophrenia. At the province level, greater income inequality was significantly associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia (OR, 1.03; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.06), and no significant association was observed at the county level. The analysis with cross-level interaction showed that the association at the province level was most pronounced in the highest income quartile (OR, 1.02; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.03). CONCLUSION The significant association between income and schizophrenia was consistent with the absolute income hypothesis. The adverse effect of income inequality on the risk of schizophrenia starts to operate at a larger area level, and it is more pronounced for the affluent population in China. This finding further supports the relative income hypothesis and social causation pathway for schizophrenia and calls attention to the vulnerability of high-income groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Ding
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Song
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
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