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Macruz CF, Lima SM, Salles JE, da Silva GM, Scalissi NM. Assessment of the body composition of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2017; 136:285-289. [DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina F. Macruz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Sônia M.R.R. Lima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - João E.N. Salles
- Clinic Endocrinology Unit; Department of Internal Medicine; Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Gustavo M.D. da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Nilza M. Scalissi
- Clinic Endocrinology Unit; Department of Internal Medicine; Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences; Sao Paulo Brazil
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152
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The Role of Sex and Sex Hormones in Regulating Obesity-Induced Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:65-86. [PMID: 29224091 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and non-metabolic complications due to obesity are becoming more prevalent, yet our understanding of the mechanisms driving these is not. This is due to individual risk factor variability making it difficult to predict disease outcomes such as diabetes and insulin resistance. Gender is a critical factor in obesity outcomes with women having more adiposity but reduced metabolic complications compared to men. The role of immune system activation during obesity is an emerging field that links adiposity to metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, evidence from animal models suggests that sex differences exist in immune responses and, therefore, could be a possible mechanism leading to sex differences in metabolic disease. While there is still much to learn in the area of sex-differences research, this chapter will review the current knowledge and literature detailing the role of sex and sex hormones on adiposity and metabolically induced inflammation in obesity.
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153
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Smith-Ryan AE, Blue MNM, Trexler ET, Hirsch KR. Utility of ultrasound for body fat assessment: validity and reliability compared to a multicompartment criterion. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2016; 38:220-226. [PMID: 27981810 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of body composition to assess health risk and prevention is expanding. Accurate portable techniques are needed to facilitate use in clinical settings. This study evaluated the accuracy and repeatability of a portable ultrasound (US) in comparison with a four-compartment criterion for per cent body fat (%Fat) in overweight/obese adults. Fifty-one participants (mean ± SD; age: 37·2 ± 11·3 years; BMI: 31·6 ± 5·2 kg m-2 ) were measured for %Fat using US (GE Logiq-e) and skinfolds. A subset of 36 participants completed a second day of the same measurements, to determine reliability. US and skinfold %Fat were calculated using the seven-site Jackson-Pollock equation. The Wang 4C model was used as the criterion method for %Fat. Compared to a gold standard criterion, US %Fat (36·4 ± 11·8%; P = 0·001; standard error of estimate [SEE] = 3·5%) was significantly higher than the criterion (33·0 ± 8·0%), but not different than skinfolds (35·3 ± 5·9%; P = 0·836; SEE = 4·5%). US resulted in good reliability, with no significant differences from Day 1 (39·95 ± 15·37%) to Day 2 (40·01 ± 15·42%). Relative consistency was 0·96, and standard error of measure was 0·94%. Although US overpredicted %Fat compared to the criterion, a moderate SEE for US is suggestive of a practical assessment tool in overweight individuals. %Fat differences reported from these field-based techniques are less than reported by other single-measurement laboratory methods and therefore may have utility in a clinical setting. This technique may also accurately track changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Sciences, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric T Trexler
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Sciences, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Sciences, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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154
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Vaitkus JA, Celi FS. The role of adipose tissue in cancer-associated cachexia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:473-481. [PMID: 27932592 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216683282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (fat) is a heterogeneous organ, both in function and histology, distributed throughout the body. White adipose tissue, responsible for energy storage and more recently found to have endocrine and inflammation-modulatory activities, was historically thought to be the only type of fat present in adult humans. The recent demonstration of functional brown adipose tissue in adults, which is highly metabolic, shifted this paradigm. Additionally, recent studies demonstrate the ability of white adipose tissue to be induced toward the brown adipose phenotype - "beige" or "brite" adipose tissue - in a process referred to as "browning." While these adipose tissue depots are under investigation in the context of obesity, new evidence suggests a maladaptive role in other metabolic disturbances including cancer-associated cachexia, which is the topic of this review. This syndrome is multifactorial in nature and is an independent factor associated with poor prognosis. Here, we review the contributions of all three adipose depots - white, brown, and beige - to the development and progression of cancer-associated cachexia. Specifically, we focus on the local and systemic processes involving these adipose tissues that lead to increased energy expenditure and sustained negative energy balance. We highlight key findings from both animal and human studies and discuss areas within the field that need further exploration. Impact statement Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a complex, multifactorial syndrome that negatively impacts patient quality of live and prognosis. This work reviews a component of CAC that lacks prior discussion: adipose tissue contributions. Uniquely, it discusses all three types of adipose tissue, white, beige, and brown, their interactions, and their contributions to the development and progression of CAC. Summarizing key bench and clinical studies, it provides information that will be useful to both basic and clinical researchers in designing experiments, studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina A Vaitkus
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Francesco S Celi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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155
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Marzola P, Boschi F, Moneta F, Sbarbati A, Zancanaro C. Preclinical In vivo Imaging for Fat Tissue Identification, Quantification, and Functional Characterization. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:336. [PMID: 27725802 PMCID: PMC5035738 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization, differentiation, and quantitative assessment of fat tissues have always collected the interest of researchers. Nowadays, these topics are even more relevant as obesity (the excess of fat tissue) is considered a real pathology requiring in some cases pharmacological and surgical approaches. Several weight loss medications, acting either on the metabolism or on the central nervous system, are currently under preclinical or clinical investigation. Animal models of obesity have been developed and are widely used in pharmaceutical research. The assessment of candidate drugs in animal models requires non-invasive methods for longitudinal assessment of efficacy, the main outcome being the amount of body fat. Fat tissues can be either quantified in the entire animal or localized and measured in selected organs/regions of the body. Fat tissues are characterized by peculiar contrast in several imaging modalities as for example Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that can distinguish between fat and water protons thank to their different magnetic resonance properties. Since fat tissues have higher carbon/hydrogen content than other soft tissues and bones, they can be easily assessed by Computed Tomography (CT) as well. Interestingly, MRI also discriminates between white and brown adipose tissue (BAT); the latter has long been regarded as a potential target for anti-obesity drugs because of its ability to enhance energy consumption through increased thermogenesis. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) performed with 18F-FDG as glucose analog radiotracer reflects well the metabolic rate in body tissues and consequently is the technique of choice for studies of BAT metabolism. This review will focus on the main, non-invasive imaging techniques (MRI, CT, and PET) that are fundamental for the assessment, quantification and functional characterization of fat deposits in small laboratory animals. The contribution of optical techniques, which are currently regarded with increasing interest, will be also briefly described. For each technique the physical principles of signal detection will be overviewed and some relevant studies will be summarized. Far from being exhaustive, this review has the purpose to highlight some strategies that can be adopted for the in vivo identification, quantification, and functional characterization of adipose tissues mainly from the point of view of biophysics and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquina Marzola
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, VeronaItaly
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, VeronaItaly
| | - Francesco Moneta
- Preclinical Imaging Division – Bruker BioSpin, Bruker Italia s.r.l, MilanoItaly
| | - Andrea Sbarbati
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, VeronaItaly
| | - Carlo Zancanaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, VeronaItaly
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156
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Chen LW, Tint MT, Fortier MV, Aris IM, Bernard JY, Colega M, Gluckman PD, Saw SM, Chong YS, Yap F, Godfrey KM, Kramer MS, van Dam RM, Chong MFF, Lee YS. Maternal Macronutrient Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Neonatal Abdominal Adiposity: The Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) Study. J Nutr 2016; 146:1571-9. [PMID: 27385763 PMCID: PMC4973884 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.230730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant body composition has been associated with later metabolic disease risk, but few studies have examined the association between maternal macronutrient intake and neonatal body composition. Furthermore, most of those studies have used proxy measures of body composition that may not reflect body fat distribution, particularly abdominal internal adiposity. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relation between maternal macronutrient intake and neonatal abdominal adiposity measured by using MRI in a multiethnic Asian mother-offspring cohort. METHODS The macronutrient intake of mothers was ascertained by using a 24-h dietary recall at 26-28 wk gestation. Neonatal abdominal adiposity was assessed by using MRI in week 2 of life. Mother-offspring dyads with complete macronutrient intake and adiposity information (n = 320) were included in the analysis. Associations were assessed by both substitution and addition models with the use of multivariable linear regressions. RESULTS Mothers (mean age: 30 y) consumed (mean ± SD) 15.5% ± 4.3% of their energy from protein, 32.4% ± 7.7% from fat, and 52.1% ± 9.0% from carbohydrate. A higher-protein, lower-carbohydrate or -fat diet during pregnancy was associated with lower abdominal internal adipose tissue (IAT) in the neonates [β (95% CI): -0.18 mL (-0.35, -0.001 mL) per 1% protein-to-carbohydrate substitution and -0.25 mL (-0.46, -0.04 mL) per 1% protein-to-fat substitution]. These associations were stronger in boys than in girls (P-interaction < 0.05). Higher maternal intake of animal protein, but not plant protein, was associated with lower offspring IAT. In contrast, maternal macronutrient intake was not associated consistently with infant anthropometric measurements, including abdominal circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal protein intake at the expense of carbohydrate or fat intake at 26-28 wk gestation was associated with lower abdominal internal adiposity in neonates. Optimizing maternal dietary balance might be a new approach to improve offspring body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mya-Thway Tint
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marielle V. Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M. Aris
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Y. Bernard
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Marjorelee Colega
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Peter D. Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit & NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Michael S. Kramer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Canada
| | - Rob M. van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mary Foong-Fong Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore,Ling-Wei Chen, Mary Foong-Fong Chong, and Yung Seng Lee are joint corresponding authors for this work, Address correspondence and requests for reprints to: Yung Seng Lee(to whom the proofs should be sent), Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228; Phone: (65) 67724420; Fax: (65) 67797486; , Mary Foong-Fong Chong, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609; Phone: (65) 6407 4364; Fax: (65) 6774 7134; , Ling-Wei Chen, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD1 Tahir Foundation Building, #12-02/03, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549; Phone: (65) 91181595;
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
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157
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Bray GA, Redman LM, de Jonge L, Rood J, Smith SR. Effect of Three Levels of Dietary Protein on Metabolic Phenotype of Healthy Individuals With 8 Weeks of Overfeeding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:2836-43. [PMID: 27159194 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic changes that might be modified by overfeeding diets with different protein levels. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effect of overfeeding diets with 5%, 15%, or 25% energy from protein on insulin sensitivity and compartments of body fat in healthy men and women. METHODS Fifteen men and five women were overfed by approximately 40% for 56 days with 5% (low protein), 15% (normal protein), or 25% (high protein) protein diets. Insulin sensitivity was measured using a two-step insulin clamp at baseline and at 8 weeks. Body composition and fat distribution were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and multislice computed tomography scan and abdominal sc fat cell size was determined on osmium-fixed fat cells. SETTING This was an in-patient metabolic ward study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Insulin sensitivity and free fatty acids during low and high levels of insulin infusion before and after 8 weeks after overfeeding and changes in body fat distribution from computed tomography were measured. RESULTS Total body fat mass, fat-free mass (FFM), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and deep sc fat all increased with overfeeding. FFM and intrahepatic lipid increased more on the high protein diet, whereas percentage BF and fasting free fatty acids (FFAs) increased more on the low protein diet. Baseline fat cell size predicted the increase in VAT and the magnitude of FFA suppression during the high-dose insulin clamp. Acute release of insulin at baseline predicted the increase in deep sc fat but not VAT. Fasting insulin and glucose increased with overfeeding, but glucose disposal as measured by the clamp was not changed. Suppression of FFAs was less complete during the high-dose insulin infusion after overfeeding. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of overfeeding, which increased fat mass including expansion of visceral and deep sc tissues and intrahepatic lipid, increased fasting insulin and glucose, impaired the suppression of FFA but did not produce whole-body insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B., L.M.R., J.R.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Department of Nutrition and Food Studies (L.d.J.), George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030; and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), FL Hospital and Sanford-Burnham Prebys Discovery Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B., L.M.R., J.R.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Department of Nutrition and Food Studies (L.d.J.), George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030; and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), FL Hospital and Sanford-Burnham Prebys Discovery Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Lilian de Jonge
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B., L.M.R., J.R.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Department of Nutrition and Food Studies (L.d.J.), George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030; and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), FL Hospital and Sanford-Burnham Prebys Discovery Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B., L.M.R., J.R.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Department of Nutrition and Food Studies (L.d.J.), George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030; and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), FL Hospital and Sanford-Burnham Prebys Discovery Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Steven R Smith
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B., L.M.R., J.R.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Department of Nutrition and Food Studies (L.d.J.), George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030; and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), FL Hospital and Sanford-Burnham Prebys Discovery Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827
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158
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Tint MT, Fortier MV, Godfrey KM, Shuter B, Kapur J, Rajadurai VS, Agarwal P, Chinnadurai A, Niduvaje K, Chan YH, Aris IBM, Soh SE, Yap F, Saw SM, Kramer MS, Gluckman PD, Chong YS, Lee YS. Abdominal adipose tissue compartments vary with ethnicity in Asian neonates: Growing Up in Singapore Toward Healthy Outcomes birth cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1311-7. [PMID: 27053381 PMCID: PMC4933201 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.108738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A susceptibility to metabolic diseases is associated with abdominal adipose tissue distribution and varies between ethnic groups. The distribution of abdominal adipose tissue at birth may give insights into whether ethnicity-associated variations in metabolic risk originate partly in utero. OBJECTIVE We assessed the influence of ethnicity on abdominal adipose tissue compartments in Asian neonates in the Growing Up in Singapore Toward Healthy Outcomes mother-offspring cohort. DESIGN MRI was performed at ≤2 wk after birth in 333 neonates born at ≥34 wk of gestation and with birth weights ≥2000 g. Abdominal superficial subcutaneous tissue (sSAT), deep subcutaneous tissue (dSAT), and internal adipose tissue (IAT) compartment volumes (absolute and as a percentage of the total abdominal volume) were quantified. RESULTS In multivariate analyses that were controlled for sex, age, and parity, the absolute and percentage of dSAT and the percentage of sSAT (but not absolute sSAT) were greater, whereas absolute IAT (but not the percentage of IAT) was lower, in Indian neonates than in Chinese neonates. Compared with Chinese neonates, Malay neonates had greater percentages of sSAT and dSAT but similar percentages of IAT. Marginal structural model analyses largely confirmed the results on the basis of volume percentages with controlled direct effects of ethnicity on abdominal adipose tissue; dSAT was significantly greater (1.45 mL; 95% CI: 0.49, 2.41 mL, P = 0.003) in non-Chinese (Indian or Malay) neonates than in Chinese neonates. However, ethnic differences in sSAT and IAT were NS [3.06 mL (95% CI:-0.27, 6.39 mL; P = 0.0712) for sSAT and -1.30 mL (95% CI: -2.64, 0.04 mL; P = 0.057) for IAT in non-Chinese compared with Chinese neonates, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Indian and Malay neonates have a greater dSAT volume than do Chinese neonates. This finding supports the notion that in utero influences may contribute to higher cardiometabolic risk observed in Indian and Malay persons in our population. If such differences persist in the longitudinal tracking of adipose tissue growth, these differences may contribute to the ethnic disparities in risks of cardiometabolic diseases. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Thway Tint
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics and
| | | | - Keith M Godfrey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jeevesh Kapur
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Izzuddin Bin Mohd Aris
- Pediatrics and Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Shu-E Soh
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael S Kramer
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore;
| | - Yung-Seng Lee
- Pediatrics and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore;
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159
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Chusyd DE, Wang D, Huffman DM, Nagy TR. Relationships between Rodent White Adipose Fat Pads and Human White Adipose Fat Depots. Front Nutr 2016; 3:10. [PMID: 27148535 PMCID: PMC4835715 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review was to compare and contrast the physiological and metabolic profiles of rodent white adipose fat pads with white adipose fat depots in humans. Human fat distribution and its metabolic consequences have received extensive attention, but much of what has been tested in translational research has relied heavily on rodents. Unfortunately, the validity of using rodent fat pads as a model of human adiposity has received less attention. There is a surprisingly lack of studies demonstrating an analogous relationship between rodent and human adiposity on obesity-related comorbidities. Therefore, we aimed to compare known similarities and disparities in terms of white adipose tissue (WAT) development and distribution, sexual dimorphism, weight loss, adipokine secretion, and aging. While the literature supports the notion that many similarities exist between rodents and humans, notable differences emerge related to fat deposition and function of WAT. Thus, further research is warranted to more carefully define the strengths and limitations of rodent WAT as a model for humans, with a particular emphasis on comparable fat depots, such as mesenteric fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella E Chusyd
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tim R Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
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160
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Abstract
The upper part of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SWAT) is closely associated with the reticular dermis, surrounds hair follicles and is of great importance for a range of skin functions. In this issue of Experimental Dermatology, Driskell and colleagues propose a nomenclature in which the upper SWAT layer is renamed dermal WAT (DWAT), and its cells intradermal adipocytes. Some pros and cons are discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon R Schneider
- Gene Center, Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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161
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Skårn SN, Eggesbø HB, Flaa A, Kjeldsen SE, Rostrup M, Brunborg C, Reims HM, Aksnes TA. Predictors of abdominal adipose tissue compartments: 18-year follow-up of young men with and without family history of diabetes. Eur J Intern Med 2016; 29:26-31. [PMID: 26712453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) consists of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), which can be further divided into superficial and deep SAT. Despite being a key factor in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, what predicts future amount of AAT is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine long-term predictors of amount of AAT. METHODS This was a mean 18-year follow-up study of a cohort of 94 healthy young Caucasian men, with and without a family history of diabetes (FHD). Cardiovascular risk markers were examined both at baseline and at follow-up. At follow-up, computed tomography (CT) of AAT was conducted to assess amount of superficial and deep SAT, and VAT. RESULTS In multiple regression analyses, baseline body mass index (BMI) remained a positive predictor of future amount of superficial and deep SAT, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was a negative predictor of all three sub-compartments. Baseline risk markers were generally stronger predictors among men with FHD, than among men without. In addition, FHD had greater impact on amount of deep SAT and VAT, than on amount of superficial SAT. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the traditional cardiovascular risk markers BMI, HDL cholesterol and family history of diabetes are long-term predictors of the different abdominal adipose tissue compartments from young towards middle age in healthy men. In men with family history of diabetes, cardiovascular risk markers at a young age seem to be of greater importance to future amount of abdominal adipose tissue, than among men without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Nordang Skårn
- Section of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Heidi B Eggesbø
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnljot Flaa
- Section of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre E Kjeldsen
- Section of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Rostrup
- Section of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Brunborg
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik M Reims
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tonje Amb Aksnes
- Section of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Section for Interventional Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart-, Lung-, and Vascular-Disease Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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162
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Morimoto-Kobayashi Y, Ohara K, Ashigai H, Kanaya T, Koizumi K, Manabe F, Kaneko Y, Taniguchi Y, Katayama M, Kowatari Y, Kondo S. Matured hop extract reduces body fat in healthy overweight humans: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study. Nutr J 2016; 15:25. [PMID: 26960416 PMCID: PMC4784395 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hops are the main components of beer that provide flavor and bitterness. Iso-α-acids, the bitter components of beer, have been reported to reduce body fat in humans, but the bitterness induced by effective doses of iso-α-acids precludes their acceptance as a nutrient. The matured hop bitter acids (MHBA) of oxidized hops appear to have a more pleasant bitterness compared to the sharper bitterness of iso-α-acids. While there has been little information concerning the identity of the MHBA compounds and their physiological effects, MHBA was recently found to be primarily composed of oxides derived from α-acids, and structurally similar to iso-α-acids. Here, we investigated the effects of matured hop extract (MHE) containing MHBA on reducing abdominal body fat in healthy subjects with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to below 30 kg/m2, classified as “obese level 1” in Japan or as “overweight” by the WHO. Trial design A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study. Methods Two hundred subjects (male and female aged 20 to below 65 years with a BMI of 25 or more and less than 30 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two groups. During a 12-week ingestion period, the subjects in each group ingested daily 350 mL of test-beverage, either containing MHE (with 35 mg MHBA), i.e. the namely active beverage, or a placebo beverage without MHE. The primary endpoint was reduction of the abdominal fat area as determined by CT scanning after continual ingestion of MHE for 12 weeks. Results Compared to the placebo group, a significant reduction was observed in the visceral fat area after 8 and 12 w, and in the total fat area after 12 w in the active group. There was also a concomitant decrease in body fat ratio in the active group compared to the placebo group. No adverse events related to the test beverages or clinically relevant abnormal changes in the circulatory, blood and urine parameters were observed in either group. Conclusions The present study suggests that continual ingestion of MHE safely reduces body fat, particularly the abdominal visceral fat of healthy overweight subjects. Trial registration UMIN-CTR UMIN000014185 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0144-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumie Morimoto-Kobayashi
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Ohara
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ashigai
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Tomoka Kanaya
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Koizumi
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Fumitoshi Manabe
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Taniguchi
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Mikio Katayama
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Kowatari
- Ueno Clinic, Aiseikai Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, 2-18-6, Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-0015, Japan.
| | - Sumio Kondo
- Fukushima Healthcare Center, Kensyokai Medical Corporation, 2-12-16, Tamakawa, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, 553-0004, Japan.
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163
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Phlorizin Supplementation Attenuates Obesity, Inflammation, and Hyperglycemia in Diet-Induced Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2016; 8:92. [PMID: 26891322 PMCID: PMC4772055 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, along with its related complications, is a serious health problem worldwide. Many studies reported the anti-diabetic effect of phlorizin, while little is known about its anti-obesity effect. We investigated the beneficial effects of phlorizin on obesity and its complications, including diabetes and inflammation in obese animal. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups and fed their respective experimental diets for 16 weeks: a normal diet (ND, 5% fat, w/w), high-fat diet (HFD, 20% fat, w/w), or HFD supplemented with phlorizin (PH, 0.02%, w/w). The findings revealed that the PH group had significantly decreased visceral and total white adipose tissue (WAT) weights, and adipocyte size compared to the HFD. Plasma and hepatic lipids profiles also improved in the PH group. The decreased levels of hepatic lipids in PH were associated with decreased activities of enzymes involved in hepatic lipogenesis, cholesterol synthesis and esterification. The PH also suppressed plasma pro-inflammatory adipokines levels such as leptin, adipsin, tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon-γ, and interleukin-6, and prevented HFD-induced collagen accumulation in the liver and WAT. Furthermore, the PH supplementation also decreased plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels. In conclusion, phlorizin is beneficial for preventing diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, as well as insulin resistance.
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Feasibility of simultaneous 18F-FDG PET/MRI for the quantitative volumetric and metabolic measurements of abdominal fat tissues using fat segmentation. Nucl Med Commun 2016; 37:616-22. [PMID: 26836629 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of volume and inflammatory activity in the fat tissue is important because these are closely related to type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) has been utilized to measure the metabolic activity of fat tissue. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of simultaneous PET/magnetic resonance (MR) in metabolic and volumetric measurements of fat tissue and the potential advantage over PET/CT. METHODS Twenty-four healthy individuals were enrolled, who underwent simultaneous F-FDG PET/MRI. Twenty-five F-FDG PET/CT scans were selected. Isocontour volumes of interest (VOIs) were used to segment and separate visceral fat (VF) and abdominal subcutaneous fat (SF) in using the MR image (T1 DIXON VIBE sequence) of PET/MR and the CT image of PET/CT. Volume, mean standardized uptake value of VF, and SF VOIs were calculated. RESULTS Overlap between F-FDG PET and VF VOI was better in F-FDG PET/MR than PET/CT. The mean standardized uptake value of VF was associated with the degree of intestinal uptake on F-FDG PET/CT, but not on F-FDG PET/MR. Volumetric and metabolic measurements using F-FDG PET/MR showed an excellent reproducibility, with a high intraclass correlation coefficient between different observers (0.951-0.997). The measured metabolic activity was higher in VF than SF. CONCLUSION We established a method for the quantitative measurement of volume and metabolic status of abdominal VF and SF using simultaneous F-FDG PET/MR. F-FDG PET/MR has an advantage over F-FDG PET/CT in terms of being less confounded by intestinal uptake. This method could be used to assess the inflammatory activity of fat tissue, which is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
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165
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Dadson P, Landini L, Helmiö M, Hannukainen JC, Immonen H, Honka MJ, Bucci M, Savisto N, Soinio M, Salminen P, Parkkola R, Pihlajamäki J, Iozzo P, Ferrannini E, Nuutila P. Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Adipose Tissue Glucose Metabolism in Different Depots in Patients With or Without Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:292-9. [PMID: 26681717 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated fat distribution and tissue-specific insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) in seven fat compartments (visceral and subcutaneous) and skeletal muscle in morbidly obese patients with (T2D) and without (ND) type 2 diabetes before and 6 months after bariatric surgery. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 23 obese patients (BMI 43.0 ± 3.6 kg/m(2); 9 T2D and 14 ND) were recruited from a larger, randomized multicenter SLEEVEPASS study. MRI (for fat distribution) and [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET (for GU) studies were performed for the obese patients before and 6 months postsurgery; 10 lean subjects served as control subjects and were studied once. RESULTS At baseline, visceral fat GU was 30 ± 7% of muscle GU in control subjects and 57 ± 5% in obese patients. Visceral and deep subcutaneous fat were more abundant (despite same total fat mass) and less insulin sensitive in T2D than ND; in both, GU was impaired compared with control subjects. Postsurgery, visceral fat mass decreased (∼40%) more than subcutaneous fat (7%). Tissue-specific GU was improved, but not normalized, at all sites in T2D and ND alike. The contribution of visceral fat to whole-body GU was greater in T2D than ND but decreased similarly with surgery. Subcutaneous fat made a fourfold greater contribution to whole-body GU in obese versus lean subjects (15% vs. 4%) both before and after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Bariatric surgery leads to sustained weight loss and improves tissue-specific glucose metabolism in morbidly obese patients. We conclude that 1) enhanced visceral fat accumulation is a feature of T2D, 2) severe obesity compromises muscle insulin sensitivity more than fat insulin sensitivity, and 3) fat mass expansion is a sink for plasma glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Dadson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linda Landini
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mika Helmiö
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Department of Acute and Digestive Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Heidi Immonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Marco Bucci
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Savisto
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Soinio
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Paulina Salminen
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Department of Acute and Digestive Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Medical Imaging Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Wu S, Gao H, Ma Y, Fu L, Zhang C, Luo X. Characterisation of betatrophin concentrations in childhood and adolescent obesity and insulin resistance. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; 17:53-60. [PMID: 25413012 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Betatrophin, a novel hormone, is correlated with insulin resistance and promotes pancreatic β-cell growth in mice. The aim of this study was to determine circulating betatrophin levels in overweight or obese children and adolescents. METHODS The following pairs of subjects were included: (i) normal-weight healthy (n = 27) and overweight or obese (n = 28); (ii) non-insulin-resistant overweight or obese (n = 25) and insulin-resistant obese (n = 15); (iii) normal-weight males (n = 18) and females (n = 20); (4) 5 to 8 yr olds (n = 20) and 8 to 14 yr olds (n = 18). Circulating betatrophin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, clinical data were recorded and anthropometrical measurements were performed. RESULTS Circulating betatrophin levels were increased significantly in obese children and adolescents with insulin resistance (365.77 ± 30.86 pg/mL) compared with overweight or obese subjects without insulin resistance (274.25 ± 26.52 pg/mL; p < 0.05). However, no differences in betatrophin levels were seen between lean and overweight or obese children (323.18 ± 25.91 vs. 348.27 ± 18.91 pg/mL, respectively; p > 0.05). In the normal-weight cohort, males had higher serum betatrophin level than did females, and subjects <8 yr old had lower serum betatrophin levels compared with those >8 yr. Surprisingly, betatrophin concentrations were correlated negatively with body mass index (BMI), but not with the BMI Z-score, in non-insulin-resistant children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that circulating betatrophin levels were increased in insulin-resistant obese children or adolescents and might act as a potential biomarker of insulin resistance in these populations. Furthermore, serum betatrophin concentrations might vary during the development of children and adolescents, as well as between genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjie Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yumei Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lina Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Low birth weight and a rapid weight gain in early childhood may lead to an increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease later in life, such as hypertension and dyslipidaemia. In this study, we examined the associations between size at birth, relative weight gain in infancy and childhood with specific cardiovascular disease risk factors in early adulthood. Adolescents (n=1935) from the Birth to Twenty plus (BT20+) cohort were included in the analysis. The following were treated as exposure variables: weight at birth, and relative conditional weight gain (CW), independent of height, between ages 0-24 months and 24-48 months. Outcomes were serum lipids and body composition variables at age 18 years. After adjusting for sex and other confounders, early life exposures were not associated with adolescent lipid profile. Following adjustment for sex and height (body size), birth weight [β=0.704 (0.40, 1.01)], CW 0-24 [β=1.918 (1.56, 2.28)] and CW24-48 [β=1.485 (1.14, 1.82)] accounted for 48% of the variance in fat mass. However, birth weight [β=0.773 (0.54, 1.01)], CW 0-24 [β=1.523 (1.24, 1.80)] and CW24-48 [β=1.226 (0.97, 1.49)] were also positively predicted and accounted for 71% of the variance in fat mass in adolescence (P<0.05). Our data suggests that birth weight and weight gain during infancy and early childhood independent of linear growth are related to adolescent body composition but not blood lipid profiles in an urban African population.
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168
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Ohara T, Muroyama K, Yamamoto Y, Murosaki S. Oral intake of a combination of glucosyl hesperidin and caffeine elicits an anti-obesity effect in healthy, moderately obese subjects: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Nutr J 2016; 15:6. [PMID: 26786000 PMCID: PMC4717600 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that a combination of glucosyl hesperidin (G-hesperidin) plus caffeine reduces accumulation of body fat, whereas G-hesperidin or caffeine alone shows little effect on high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of G-hesperidin plus caffeine on body fat and serum TG in healthy subjects with moderately high body mass index (BMI) and serum TG. Since we considered that there are individual differences in caffeine sensitivity, we conducted dose-finding study of caffeine combined with G-hesperidin. Methods Seventy-five healthy subjects with moderately high BMI (24–30 kg/m2) and serum TG (100–250 mg/dl) were divided and assigned to 12-week intervention with daily intakes of 500 mg of G-hesperidin with or without 25, 50, or 75 mg of caffeine, or placebo in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled design . Results After intervention, decreases in abdominal fat area (AFA), especially subcutaneous fat area (SFA), were significantly greater in the G-hesperidin with 50-mg caffeine group (AFA:-8.4 ± 21.9 v.s. 16.3 ± 34.1 cm2; p < 0.05, SFA: -9.3 ± 17.1 v.s. 11.2 ± 18.3 cm2; p < 0.01) and in the G-hesperidin with 75-mg caffeine group (AFA:-17.0 ± 31.4 v.s. 16.3 ± 34.1 cm2; p < 0.01, SFA: -12.4 ± 18.7 v.s. 11.2 ± 18.3 cm2; p < 0.01) than in the placebo group. Fat-decreasing effects of G-hesperidin were enhanced dose-dependently by caffeine addition. BMI decreases were significantly greater in the G-hesperidin with 75-mg caffeine group than in the placebo group (-0.56 ± 0.74 v.s. -0.02 ± 0.58 kg/m2; p < 0.05). G-hesperidin with/without caffeine had no effect on serum TG (p > 0.05 v.s. placebo). Conclusions These data suggested that a combination of 500-mg G-hesperidin with 50- or 75-mg caffeine may be useful for the prevention or treatment of obesity. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry 000019241.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ohara
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami, Hyogo, 664-0011, Japan.
| | - Koutarou Muroyama
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami, Hyogo, 664-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami, Hyogo, 664-0011, Japan
| | - Shinji Murosaki
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami, Hyogo, 664-0011, Japan
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Kim SH, Chung JH, Song SW, Jung WS, Lee YA, Kim HN. Relationship between deep subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome: a case control study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8:10. [PMID: 26877772 PMCID: PMC4751727 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-016-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (dSAT) is closely related to the obesity-associated complications similarly to the characteristics of visceral adipose tissue (VAT). However, the association between dSAT and metabolic syndrome (MS) is unclear. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the association of distinct abdominal adipose tissue with the cardiometabolic risk factors and MS. METHODS Abdominal computed tomography (CT) images were obtained in 365 asymptomatic subjects (187 subjects with MS and 178 without MS). The axial images segmented into superficial and deep SAT by manually tracing the fascia superficialis at L4-5 levels. The concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines and adipokines were also measured. RESULTS The MS group had significantly lower adiponectin levels but significantly higher levels of resistin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and oxLDL than the control group (p < 0.05). All inflammatory cytokines and adipokines were associated with the sum of VAT and dSAT areas (VDAT) (P for trend < 0.05), but no significant correlation was found between inflammatory cytokines and sSAT. dSAT was significantly associated with MS in both men and women (OR 2.371; p < 0.001) whereas the ORs between sSAT and MS were not significant (p = 0.597). The age-adjusted ORs between VDAT and MS (OR of 8.359 in men and 3.183 in women, p < 0.001) were higher than those of VAT (OR of 7.941 in men and 2.570 in women, p < 0.05) and dSAT (OR of 2.954 in men and 1.856 in women, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that dSAT was associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting that dSAT is an important determinant of MS. Therefore, abdominal subcutaneous fat should be considered as two functionally distinct compartments rather than a single entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hong Kim
- />Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93-6 Ji-dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Kyonggi-do 442-723 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-hye Chung
- />Department of Family Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 271, Cheon Bo-ro, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do 480-717 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Song
- />Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93-6 Ji-dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Kyonggi-do 442-723 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sang Jung
- />Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93-6 Ji-dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Kyonggi-do 442-723 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ah Lee
- />Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93-6 Ji-dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Kyonggi-do 442-723 Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Na Kim
- />Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93-6 Ji-dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Kyonggi-do 442-723 Republic of Korea
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Gifford A, Walker RC, Towse TF, Brian Welch E. Correlations between quantitative fat-water magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2015; 2:046001. [PMID: 26702407 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.2.4.046001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond estimation of depot volumes, quantitative analysis of adipose tissue properties could improve understanding of how adipose tissue correlates with metabolic risk factors. We investigated whether the fat signal fraction (FSF) derived from quantitative fat-water magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at 3.0 T correlates to CT Hounsfield units (HU) of the same tissue. These measures were acquired in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) at the umbilical level of 21 healthy adult subjects. A moderate correlation exists between MRI- and CT-derived WAT values for all subjects, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], with a slope of [Formula: see text], (95% CI [Formula: see text]), indicating that a decrease of 1 HU equals a mean increase of 0.38% FSF. We demonstrate that FSF estimates obtained using quantitative fat-water MRI techniques correlate with CT HU values in subcutaneous WAT, and therefore, MRI-based FSF could be used as an alternative to CT HU for assessing metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Gifford
- Vanderbilt University , Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States ; Vanderbilt University , Chemical and Physical Biology Program, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA 3105, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ronald C Walker
- Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare , Department of Medical Imaging, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, CCC-1121, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States ; Vanderbilt University , School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, CCC-1121, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Theodore F Towse
- Vanderbilt University , Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States ; Vanderbilt University , School of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2201 Children's Way #1014, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - E Brian Welch
- Vanderbilt University , Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States ; Vanderbilt University , School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, CCC-1121, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Eliason MJ, Ingraham N, Fogel SC, McElroy JA, Lorvick J, Mauery DR, Haynes S. A systematic review of the literature on weight in sexual minority women. Womens Health Issues 2015; 25:162-75. [PMID: 25747521 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past 20 years, a growing literature has demonstrated that sexual minority women have greater weight than heterosexual women, prompting concern that they may be at high risk for disparities in physical disorders. In 2008, Bowen et al. published a review of the existing research on sexual minority women and obesity, finding no methodologically strong studies with representative sampling procedures. METHOD We conducted a systematic review of the literature covering the period of July 2006 to February 2014 on the relationship between sexual orientation and weight. The review includes 20 population-based and 17 nonprobability sample studies. CONCLUSIONS The majority of these studies found that lesbian and bisexual women had significantly greater body mass index (BMI) or a higher percentage with a BMI over 30 than heterosexual women. The difference in BMI was fairly consistent across the lifespan, with the weight differences beginning in adolescence. The studies, however, did not show a higher prevalence of physical disorders thought to be associated with weight. This potentially paradoxical finding warrants further research to compare prevalence of chronic disease by BMI category and sexual orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele J Eliason
- Department of Health Education, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California.
| | | | - Sarah C Fogel
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jane A McElroy
- Family and Community Medicine Department, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jennifer Lorvick
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, San Francisco, California
| | - D Richard Mauery
- Department of Health Policy, George Washington School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC
| | - Suzanne Haynes
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health, Washington, DC
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172
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Adeoye AM, Adewoye IA, Dairo DM, Adebiyi A, Lackland DT, Ogedegbe G, Tayo BO. Excess Metabolic Syndrome Risks Among Women Health Workers Compared With Men. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 17:880-4. [PMID: 26053898 PMCID: PMC4629712 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although significant disparities in the risks of metabolic syndrome by occupation type and sex are well documented, the factors associated with metabolic syndrome in low- to middle-income countries remain unclear. These gaps in evidence identify the need for patterns of metabolic syndrome among hospital personnel of both sexes in Nigeria. A total of 256 hospital workers comprising 32.8% men were studied. The mean age of the participants was 42.03 ± 9.4 years. Using International Diabetic Federation criteria, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 24.2%. Women were substantially and significantly more likely to be identified with metabolic syndrome compared with men (34.9% vs 2.4%, respectively; P=.0001). This study identified metabolic syndrome among health workers with over one third of women with metabolic syndrome compared with <10% of men. These results support the implementation of lifestyle modification programs for management of metabolic syndrome in the health care workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun M. Adeoye
- Department of MedicineUniversity of IbadanIbadanNigeria
- Department of MedicineUniversity College HospitalIbadanNigeria
| | | | - David M. Dairo
- Department of Epidemiology and StatisticsUniversity of IbadanIbadanNigeria
| | - Adewole Adebiyi
- Department of MedicineUniversity of IbadanIbadanNigeria
- Department of MedicineUniversity College HospitalIbadanNigeria
| | | | - Gbenga Ogedegbe
- Department of Population ScienceCenter for Healthful Behavior ChangeNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNY
| | - Bamidele O. Tayo
- Department of Public Health SciencesLoyola University Chicago Stritch School of MedicineMaywoodIL
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173
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Campbell WW, Kim JE, Amankwaah AF, Gordon SL, Weinheimer-Haus EM. Higher Total Protein Intake and Change in Total Protein Intake Affect Body Composition but Not Metabolic Syndrome Indexes in Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Adults Who Perform Resistance and Aerobic Exercise for 36 Weeks. J Nutr 2015; 145:2076-83. [PMID: 26246322 PMCID: PMC4548166 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.213595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies assessing the effects of protein supplementation on changes in body composition (BC) and health rarely consider the impact of total protein intake (TPro) or the change in TPro (CTPro) from participants' usual diets. OBJECTIVE This secondary data analysis assessed the impact of TPro and CTPro on changes in BC and metabolic syndrome (MetS) indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults who participated in an exercise training program. METHODS Men and women [n = 117; age: 50 ± 0.7 y, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 30.1 ± 0.3; means ± SEs] performed resistance exercise 2 d/wk and aerobic exercise 1 d/wk and consumed an unrestricted diet along with 200-kcal supplements (0, 10, 20, or 30 g whey protein) twice daily for 36 wk. Protein intake was assessed via 4-d food records. Multiple linear regression model and stratified analysis were applied for data analyses. RESULTS Among all subjects, TPro and CTPro were inversely associated (P < 0.05) with changes in body mass, fat mass (FM), and BMI. Changes in BC were different (P < 0.05) among groups that consumed <1.0 (n = 43) vs. ≥1.0 to <1.2 (n = 29) vs. ≥1.2 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) (n = 45). The TPro group with ≥1.0 to <1.2 g ·: kg(-1) ·: d(-1) reduced FM and %FM and increased percentage of LM (%LM) compared with the lowest TPro group, whereas the TPro group with ≥1.2 g ·: kg(-1) ·: d(-1) presented intermediate responses on changes in FM, %FM, and %LM. The gain in LM was not different among groups. In addition, MetS indexes were not influenced by TPro and CTPro. CONCLUSIONS In conjunction with exercise training, higher TPro promoted positive changes in BC but not in MetS indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults. Changes in TPro from before to during the intervention also influenced BC responses and should be considered in future research when different TPro is achieved via diet or supplements. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00812409.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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174
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Maliqueo M, Echiburú B, Crisosto N. Perinatal androgen exposure and adipose tissue programming: is there an impact on body weight fate? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:533-544. [PMID: 30298761 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1077695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major concern in public health because it is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-transmissible chronic diseases. The fact that there is a clear sex dimorphism in normal body fat distribution points out the role of sex steroids as key factors in the regulation and function of the adipose cell. Androgens affect adipogenesis and fat metabolism in the adipose tissue of males and females. Hormonal disorders during pregnancy may affect the fetal tissues, with long-term implications leading to the development of pathologies during adult life. Obesity and metabolic disease are among these. In this regard, animal models have demonstrated an abnormal fat distribution and modifications in the size and function of adipose cells in the female and male offspring of mothers exposed to androgen excess during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Echiburú
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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175
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Chantler S, Dickie K, Micklesfield LK, Goedecke JH. Longitudinal Changes in Body Fat and Its Distribution in Relation to Cardiometabolic Risk in Black South African Women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2015; 13:381-8. [PMID: 26313235 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnic differences in body composition and cardiometabolic risk have been reported in cross-sectional studies. This study aimed to investigate changes in body composition over 5.5 years, and its association with cardiometabolic risk in premenopausal black South African (SA) women. METHODS Changes in body composition and body fat distribution (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computerized tomography), fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations, were measured in 63 black SA women at baseline (age: 27 ± 8 years), and 5.5 years later. RESULTS Body weight and fat mass (FM) increased by 6.9 ± 9.9 kg and 4.3 ± 6.9 kg, respectively, over the 5.5 years with a relative (%FM) increase in central and decrease in peripheral FM (all P < 0.05). Fasting glucose and lipid concentrations (except HDL-cholesterol) increased over the follow-up period (all P < 0.05). Both baseline and changes in body fat distribution were associated with cardiometabolic risk. Independent of baseline age, FM and insulin sensitivity, baseline trunk:leg was associated with reduced insulin sensitivity at follow-up (Matsuda index; β = -0.41, P = 0.002). Increasing trunk:gynoid ratio was associated with higher plasma insulin levels (β = 0.31, P = 0.023) and reduced insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index; β = -0.52, P < 0.001) at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Weight gain in free-living black SA women over 5.5 years was associated with a centralization of fat mass, which predicted an increase in cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chantler
- 1 Division for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kasha Dickie
- 1 Division for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- 1 Division for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa .,2 South African Medical Research Council/University of the Witwatersrand Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- 1 Division for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa .,3 Non-Communicable Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council , Parow, South Africa
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176
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Corona G, Rastrelli G, Filippi S, Vignozzi L, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Erectile dysfunction and central obesity: an Italian perspective. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:581-91. [PMID: 24713832 PMCID: PMC4104087 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.126386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a frequent complication of obesity. The aim of this review is to critically analyze the framework of obesity and ED, dissecting the connections between the two pathological entities. Current clinical evidence shows that obesity, and in particular central obesity, is associated with both arteriogenic ED and reduced testosterone (T) levels. It is conceivable that obesity-associated hypogonadism and increased cardiovascular risk might partially justify the higher prevalence of ED in overweight and obese individuals. Conversely, the psychological disturbances related to obesity do not seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related ED. However, both clinical and preclinical data show that the association between ED and visceral fat accumulation is independent from known obesity-associated comorbidities. Therefore, how visceral fat could impair penile microcirculation still remains unknown. This point is particularly relevant since central obesity in ED subjects categorizes individuals at high cardiovascular risk, especially in the youngest ones. The presence of ED in obese subjects might help healthcare professionals in convincing them to initiate a virtuous cycle, where the correction of sexual dysfunction will be the reward for improved lifestyle behavior. Unsatisfying sexual activity represents a meaningful, straightforward motivation for consulting healthcare professionals, who, in turn, should take advantage of the opportunity to encourage obese patients to treat, besides ED, the underlying unfavorable conditions, thus not only restoring erectile function, but also overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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177
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Mentzel CMJ, Anthon C, Jacobsen MJ, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Bruun CS, Jørgensen CB, Gorodkin J, Cirera S, Fredholm M. Gender and Obesity Specific MicroRNA Expression in Adipose Tissue from Lean and Obese Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131650. [PMID: 26222688 PMCID: PMC4519260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex condition that increases the risk of life threatening diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Studying the gene regulation of obesity is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the obesity derived diseases and may lead to better intervention and treatment plans. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs regulating target mRNA by binding to their 3'UTR. They are involved in numerous biological processes and diseases, including obesity. In this study we use a mixed breed pig model designed for obesity studies to investigate differentially expressed miRNAs in subcutaneous adipose tissue by RNA sequencing (RNAseq). Both male and female pigs are included to explore gender differences. The RNAseq study shows that the most highly expressed miRNAs are in accordance with comparable studies in pigs and humans. A total of six miRNAs are differentially expressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue between the lean and obese group of pigs, and in addition gender specific significant differential expression is observed for a number of miRNAs. The differentially expressed miRNAs have been verified using qPCR. The results of these studies in general confirm the trends found by RNAseq. Mir-9 and mir-124a are significantly differentially expressed with large fold changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue between lean and obese pigs. Mir-9 is more highly expressed in the obese pigs with a fold change of 10 and a p-value < 0.001. Mir-124a is more highly expressed in the obese pigs with a fold change of 114 and a p-value < 0.001. In addition, mir-124a is significantly higher expressed in abdominal adipose tissue in male pigs with a fold change of 119 and a p-value < 0.05. Both miRNAs are also significantly higher expressed in the liver of obese male pigs where mir-124a has a fold change of 12 and mir-9 has a fold change of 1.6, both with p-values < 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Junker Mentzel
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Anthon
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette J. Jacobsen
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Karlskov-Mortensen
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Camilla S. Bruun
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Claus B. Jørgensen
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan Gorodkin
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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178
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Short- and Long-Term Effects of Abdominal Lipectomy on Weight and Fat Mass in Females: a Systematic Review. Obes Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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179
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Effects of aerobic and resistance training on abdominal fat, apolipoproteins and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in adolescents with obesity: the HEARTY randomized clinical trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26202452 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on abdominal subcutaneous fat (subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT)) (deep and superficial), visceral fat (visceral adipose tissue (VAT)), apolipoproteins A-1 and B (ApoA-1, ApoB), ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HSCRP) in post-pubertal adolescents with obesity. PARTICIPANTS After a 4-week supervised moderate-intensity exercise run-in period, 304 postpubertal adolescents with overweight (body mass index (BMI) ⩾85th percentile for age and sex+diabetes risk factor) or obesity (⩾95th BMI percentile) aged 14-18 years were randomized to four groups for 22 weeks (5 months): aerobic training, resistance training, combined training or a non-exercising control. METHODS This study used a randomized controlled design. All groups received dietary counseling designed to promote healthy eating with a maximum daily energy deficit of 250 kcal. Abdominal fat (SAT and VAT) at the level of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae (L4-L5) was measured by magnetic resonance imaging and ApoA-1, ApoB and HSCRP were measured after a 12-h fast at baseline and after 6 months. RESULTS Changes in SAT at L4-L5 were -16.2 cm(2) in aerobic (P=0.04 vs control), -22.7 cm(2) in resistance (P=0.009 vs control) and -18.7 cm(2) in combined (P=0.02 vs control). Combined training reduced ApoB levels from 0.81±0.02 to 0.78±0.02 g l(-1) (P=0.04 vs control) and ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio from 0.67±0.02 to 0.64±0.02 (P=0.02 vs control and P=0.04 vs aerobic). There were no significant differences in VAT, ApoA-1 or HSCRP levels between groups. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic and resistance training and their combination decreased abdominal SAT in adolescents with obesity. Combined training caused greater improvements in ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio compared with aerobic training alone.
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Abstract
Body fat distribution, especially visceral fat accumulation, may contribute more than total fat mass per se to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Early prevention highly improves health outcomes later in life, especially when considering such cumulative conditions as atherosclerosis. However, as these processes emerge to be partly reversible, dietary and lifestyle interventions at any age and health condition are greatly beneficial. Given the worldwide abundance of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, the identification and implementation of strategies for preventing or reducing the accumulation of morbid fat tissues is of great importance for preventing and regressing atherosclerosis. This review focuses on dietary strategies and specific food components that were demonstrated to alter body fat distribution and regression of atherosclerosis. Different properties of various adipose depots (superficial subcutaneous, deep subcutaneous and visceral fat depots) and their contribution to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders are briefly discussed. Visceral obesity and atherosclerosis should be approached as modifiable rather than ineluctable conditions.
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181
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Obesity-related insulin resistance: implications for the surgical patient. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1575-88. [PMID: 26028059 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In healthy surgical patients, preoperative fasting and major surgery induce development of insulin resistance (IR). IR can be present in up to 41% of obese patients without diabetes and this can rise in the postoperative period, leading to an increased risk of postoperative complications. Inflammation is implicated in the aetiology of IR. This review examines obesity-associated IR and its implications for the surgical patient. Searches of the Medline and Science Citation Index databases were performed using various key words in combinations with the Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT. Key journals, nutrition and metabolism textbooks and the reference lists of key articles were also hand searched. Adipose tissue has been identified as an active endocrine organ and the chemokines secreted as a result of macrophage infiltration have a role in the pathogenesis of IR. Visceral adipose tissue appears to be the most metabolically active, although results across studies are not consistent. Results from animal and human studies often provide conflicting results, which has rendered the pursuit of a common mechanistic pathway challenging. Obesity-associated IR appears, in part, to be related to inflammatory changes associated with increased adiposity. Postoperatively, the surgical patient is in a proinflammatory state, so this finding has important implications for the obese surgical patient.
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182
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Walker GE, Marzullo P, Ricotti R, Bona G, Prodam F. The pathophysiology of abdominal adipose tissue depots in health and disease. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 19:57-74. [PMID: 25390016 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is currently the most important contributor to ill health and expenditure worldwide. More alarming is the fact that the pediatric population parallels adults, with obesity closely associated to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), cardiovascular disease, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and certain types of cancer. The observation in the early 1950s that android or truncal adipose tissue (AT) distribution compared to gynoid had a greater association with metabolic dysfunction, in particular T2D and cardiovascular disease risk, led to the hypothesis that obesity-associated complications are not associated with fat mass per se, but the pattern of fat distribution. This concept was further supported by groups of individuals with metabolic dysfunction despite a lean phenotype, and healthy obese people protected from metabolic dysfunction. It is now well recognized that an increase in visceral AT is an independent risk factor for the development of obesity-associated comorbidities with AT depot distribution, their anatomic, cellular and molecular features defining their role. The differences and the plasticity of subcutaneous, visceral and ectopic ATs to store and release fatty acids and to synthesize and secrete adipokines, defines the metabolic outcomes. The present review will examine the phenotypic and pathophysiological differences between the different AT depots, with a particular focus on the abdominal depots and their link to metabolic complications.
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183
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Odle AK, Drew PD, Childs GV. Giant mice reveal new roles for GH in regulating the adipose immune microenvironment. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1613-5. [PMID: 25886070 PMCID: PMC4398772 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
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184
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Pawar AS, Zhu XY, Eirin A, Tang H, Jordan KL, Woollard JR, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Adipose tissue remodeling in a novel domestic porcine model of diet-induced obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:399-407. [PMID: 25627626 PMCID: PMC4311573 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish and characterize a novel domestic porcine model of obesity. METHODS Fourteen domestic pigs were fed normal (lean, n=7) or high-fat/high-fructose diet (obese, n=7) for 16 weeks. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies were obtained after 8, 12, and 16 weeks of diet, and pericardial adipose tissue after 16 weeks, for assessments of adipocyte size, fibrosis, and inflammation. Adipose tissue volume and cardiac function were studied with multidetector computed tomography, and oxygenation was studied with magnetic resonance imaging. Plasma lipids profile, insulin resistance, and markers of inflammation were evaluated. RESULTS Compared with lean pigs, obese pigs had elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels, blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Both abdominal and pericardial fat volume increased in obese pigs after 16 weeks. In abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, adipocyte size and both tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression progressively increased. Macrophage infiltration showed in both abdominal and pericardial adipose tissues. Circulating TNF-α increased in obese pigs only at 16 weeks. Compared with lean pigs, obese pigs had similar global cardiac function, but myocardial perfusion and oxygenation were significantly impaired. CONCLUSIONS A high-fat/high-fructose diet induces in domestic pigs many characteristics of metabolic syndrome, which is useful for investigating the effects of the obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya S. Pawar
- The Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- The Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- The Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Hui Tang
- The Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Kyra L. Jordan
- The Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - John R. Woollard
- The Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Amir Lerman
- The Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- The Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- The Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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185
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Baldani DP, Skrgatic L, Ougouag R. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Important Underrecognised Cardiometabolic Risk Factor in Reproductive-Age Women. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:786362. [PMID: 26124830 PMCID: PMC4466395 DOI: 10.1155/2015/786362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder amongst women of reproductive age. Although PCOS is diagnosed exclusively based on reproductive criteria, it is also a metabolic disorder. Insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia are more common in women with PCOS than in age-comparable women without PCOS. Many of the metabolic abnormalities that manifest in PCOS are worsened by the concurrent incidence of obesity. However, some of these metabolic perturbations occur even in lean women with PCOS and therefore are rightfully recognized as intrinsic to PCOS. The intrinsic factors that produce these metabolic disturbances are reviewed in this paper. The consequences of obesity and the other metabolic aberrations are also discussed. The metabolic perturbations in PCOS patients lead to chronic low-grade inflammation and to cardiovascular impairments that heighten the risk of having cardiovascular disease. Even though many studies have shown an elevation in surrogate biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in PCOS women, it is still not clear to what extent and magnitude the elevation precipitates more frequent and earlier events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinka Pavicic Baldani
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Petrova 13, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lana Skrgatic
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Petrova 13, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- *Lana Skrgatic:
| | - Roya Ougouag
- School of Medicine, Medical Studies in English, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Koeck ES, Iordanskaia T, Sevilla S, Ferrante SC, Hubal MJ, Freishtat RJ, Nadler EP. Adipocyte exosomes induce transforming growth factor beta pathway dysregulation in hepatocytes: a novel paradigm for obesity-related liver disease. J Surg Res 2014; 192:268-75. [PMID: 25086727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been attributed to increased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance mediated by visceral adipose tissue (VAT), although the exact mechanisms are undefined. Exosomes are membrane-derived vesicles containing messenger RNA, microRNA, and proteins, which have been implicated in cancer, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases, which we postulated may be involved in obesity-related diseases. We isolated exosomes from VAT, characterized their content, and identified their potential targets. Targets included the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway, which has been linked to NAFLD. We hypothesized that adipocyte exosomes would integrate into HepG2 and hepatic stellate cell lines and cause dysregulation of the TGF-β pathway. METHODS Exosomes from VAT from obese and lean patients were isolated and fluorescently labeled, then applied to cultured hepatic cell lines. After incubation, culture slides were imaged to detect exosome uptake. In separate experiments, exosomes were applied to cultured cells and incubated 48-h. Gene expression of TGF-β pathway mediators was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, and compared with cells, which were not exposed to exosomes. RESULTS Fluorescent-labeled exosomes integrated into both cell types and deposited in a perinuclear distribution. Exosome exposure caused increased tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and integrin ανβ-5 expression and decreased matrix metalloproteinase-7 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in to HepG2 cells and increased expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-4, Smad-3, integrins ανβ-5 and ανβ-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in hepatic stellate cells. CONCLUSIONS Exosomes from VAT integrate into liver cells and induce dysregulation of TGF-β pathway members in vitro and offers an intriguing possibility for the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Koeck
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Tatiana Iordanskaia
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Samantha Sevilla
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Sarah C Ferrante
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Monica J Hubal
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Robert J Freishtat
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Evan P Nadler
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.
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187
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DXA-measured visceral adipose tissue predicts impaired glucose tolerance and metabolic syndrome in obese Caucasian and African-American women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 69:329-36. [PMID: 25335442 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES New methods to measure visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may help discern sex, race and phenotype differences in the role of VAT in cardiometabolic risk. This study was designed (1) to compare relationships of DXA-VAT, anthropometric and body composition variables with cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women; (2) to determine which variables most robustly predict impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and metabolic syndrome (MetSx); and (3) to determine thresholds for DXA-VAT by race. SUBJECTS/METHODS VAT mass (g) and volume (cm(3)) were measured in 229 obese (body mass index (BMI), 30-49.9) women aged 21-69 years of European-American (EA=123) and African-American (AA=106) descent using the CoreScan algorithm on a Lunar iDXA scanner. Linear regression modeling and areas under the curve (AUC of ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves) compared relationships with cardiometabolic risk. Bootstrapping with LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression modeling determined thresholds and predictors of IGT and MetSx. RESULTS DXA-VAT explained more of the variance in triglycerides, blood pressure, glucose and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) compared with anthropometric and other body composition variables. DXA-VAT also had the highest AUC for IGT (0.767) and MetSx (0.749). Including race as a variable and the interaction between VAT and race in modeling did not significantly change the results. Thresholds at which the probability of developing IGT or MetSx was⩾50% were determined separately for AA women (IGT: 2120 cm(3); MetSx: 1320 cm(3)) and EA women (IGT: 2550 cm(3); MetSx: 1713 cm(3)). The odds for IGT or MetSx were fourfold greater with each standard deviation increase in DXA-VAT. CONCLUSIONS DXA-VAT provides robust clinical information regarding cardiometabolic risk in AA and EA obese women and offers potential utility in the risk reduction interventions.
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188
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Hausman GJ, Basu U, Du M, Fernyhough-Culver M, Dodson MV. Intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissues: Bad vs. good adipose tissues. Adipocyte 2014; 3:242-55. [PMID: 26317048 DOI: 10.4161/adip.28546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human studies of the influence of aging and other factors on intermuscular fat (INTMF) were reviewed. Intermuscular fat increased with weight loss, weight gain, or with no weight change with age in humans. An increase in INTMF represents a similar threat to type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance as does visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Studies of INTMF in animals covered topics such as quantitative deposition and genetic relationships with other fat depots. The relationship between leanness and higher proportions of INTMF fat in pigs was not observed in human studies and was not corroborated by other pig studies. In humans, changes in muscle mass, strength and quality are associated with INTMF accretion with aging. Gene expression profiling and intrinsic methylation differences in pigs demonstrated that INTMF and VAT are primarily associated with inflammatory and immune processes. It seems that in the pig and humans, INTMF and VAT share a similar pattern of distribution and a similar association of components dictating insulin sensitivity. Studies on intramuscular (IM) adipocyte development in meat animals were reviewed. Gene expression analysis and genetic analysis have identified candidate genes involved in IM adipocyte development. Intramuscular (IM) adipocyte development in human muscle is only seen during aging and some pathological circumstance. Several genetic links between human and meat animal adipogenesis have been identified. In pigs, the Lipin1 and Lipin 2 gene have strong genetic effects on IM accumulation. Lipin1 deficiency results in immature adipocyte development in human lipodystrophy. In humans, overexpression of Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) facilitates intramyocellular lipid accretion whereas in pigs PLIN2 gene expression is associated with IM deposition. Lipins and perilipins may influence intramuscular lipid regardless of species.
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190
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O'Reilly MW, House PJ, Tomlinson JW. Understanding androgen action in adipose tissue. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:277-84. [PMID: 24787657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Androgens play an important role in regulation of body fat distribution in humans. They exert direct effects on adipocyte differentiation in a depot-specific manner, via the androgen receptor (AR), leading to modulation of adipocyte size and fat compartment expansion. Androgens also impact directly on key adipocyte functions including insulin signalling, lipid metabolism, fatty acid uptake and adipokine production. Androgen excess and deficiency have implications for metabolic health in both males and females, and these metabolic effects may be mediated through adipose tissue via effects on fat distribution, adipocyte function and lipolysis. Research into the field of androgen metabolism in human and animal adipose tissue has produced inconsistent results; it is important to take into account the sex-, depot- and organism-specific effects of androgens in fat. In general, studies point towards a stimulatory effect on lipolysis, with impairment of adipocyte differentiation, insulin signalling and adipokine generation. Observed effects are frequently gender-specific. Adipose tissue is an important organ of pre-receptor androgen metabolism, through which local androgen availability is rigorously controlled. Adipose androgen exposure is tightly controlled by isoenzymes of AKR1C, 5α-reductase and others, but regulation of the balance between generation and irreversible inactivation remains poorly understood. In particular, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 are crucial in the regulation of local androgen bioavailability within adipose tissue. These isoforms control the balance between activation of androstenedione (A) to testosterone (T) by the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (17β-HSD) of AKR1C3, or inactivation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol by the 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) activity of AKR1C2. Most studies suggest that androgen inactivation is the predominant reaction in fat, particularly in the abdominal subcutaneous (SC) depot. Modulation of local adipose androgen availability may afford future therapeutic options to improve metabolic phenotype in disorders of androgen excess and deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W O'Reilly
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Philip J House
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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191
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Driskell R, Jahoda CAB, Chuong CM, Watt F, Horsley V. Defining dermal adipose tissue. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:629-31. [PMID: 24841073 PMCID: PMC4282701 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we explore the evolution and development of skin-associated adipose tissue with the goal of establishing nomenclature for this tissue. Underlying the reticular dermis, a thick layer of adipocytes exists that encases mature hair follicles in rodents and humans. The association of lipid-filled cells with the skin is found in many invertebrate and vertebrate species. Historically, this layer of adipocytes has been termed subcutaneous adipose, hypodermis and subcutis. Recent data have revealed a common precursor for dermal fibroblasts and intradermal adipocytes during development. Furthermore, the development of adipocytes in the skin is independent from that of subcutaneous adipose tissue development. Finally, the role of adipocytes has been shown to be relevant for epidermal homoeostasis during hair follicle regeneration and wound healing. Thus, we propose a refined nomenclature for the cells and adipose tissue underlying the reticular dermis as intradermal adipocytes and dermal white adipose tissue, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Driskell
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Colin A. B. Jahoda
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Fiona Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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192
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Geyer AM, O'Reilly S, Lee C, Long DJ, Bolch WE. The UF/NCI family of hybrid computational phantoms representing the current US population of male and female children, adolescents, and adults--application to CT dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:5225-42. [PMID: 25144322 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/18/5225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Substantial increases in pediatric and adult obesity in the US have prompted a major revision to the current UF/NCI (University of Florida/National Cancer Institute) family of hybrid computational phantoms to more accurately reflect current trends in larger body morphometry. A decision was made to construct the new library in a gridded fashion by height/weight without further reference to age-dependent weight/height percentiles as these become quickly outdated. At each height/weight combination, circumferential parameters were defined and used for phantom construction. All morphometric data for the new library were taken from the CDC NHANES survey data over the time period 1999-2006, the most recent reported survey period. A subset of the phantom library was then used in a CT organ dose sensitivity study to examine the degree to which body morphometry influences the magnitude of organ doses for patients that are underweight to morbidly obese in body size. Using primary and secondary morphometric parameters, grids containing 100 adult male height/weight bins, 93 adult female height/weight bins, 85 pediatric male height/weight bins and 73 pediatric female height/weight bins were constructed. These grids served as the blueprints for construction of a comprehensive library of patient-dependent phantoms containing 351 computational phantoms. At a given phantom standing height, normalized CT organ doses were shown to linearly decrease with increasing phantom BMI for pediatric males, while curvilinear decreases in organ dose were shown with increasing phantom BMI for adult females. These results suggest that one very useful application of the phantom library would be the construction of a pre-computed dose library for CT imaging as needed for patient dose-tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Geyer
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131 USA
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193
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Petty SJ, Kantor S, Lawrence KM, Berkovic SF, Collins M, Hill KD, Makovey J, Sambrook PN, O'Brien TJ, Wark JD. Weight and fat distribution in patients taking valproate: a valproate-discordant gender-matched twin and sibling pair study. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1551-7. [PMID: 25124647 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic treatment with valproate (VPA) is commonly associated with weight gain, which potentially has important health implications, in particular increased central fat distribution. We utilized a VPA-discordant same-sex, twin and matched sibling pair study design to primarily examine for differences in fat distribution between patients with epilepsy treated with VPA compared to their matched twin or sibling control. Weight, blood pressure, and leptin levels were assessed. METHODS Height, weight, waist and hip measurements, exercise, blood pressure (BP), and serum leptin levels were measured. Body composition was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Abdominal fat was expressed as a percentage of the abdominal region (AFat%); and of whole body fat (WBF); (AFat%WBF). Mean within-pair differences were assessed (VPA-user and nonuser). Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) linear mixed model analysis was fitted to examine associations of anthropometrics, zygosity, gender, menopausal status, VPA dose and duration, with weight and AFat%. RESULTS We studied 19 pairs of VPA-discordant, gender-matched (five male, 14 female) twins and siblings. Mean (standard deviation, SD) duration of therapy for VPA users was 11.0 (7.4) years. There were no statistically significant within-pair differences in age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), BP, leptin level, WBF, AFat%, or AFat%WBF. For pairs in which VPA-user was treated for >11 years there were statistically significant mean within-pair differences in AFat%, (+7.1%, p = 0.03, n = 10 pairs), mean BP (+11.0 mm Hg, p = 0.006, n = 8 pairs); but not in AFat%WBF. VPA duration was positively associated with weight (estimate +0.98 kg/per year of VPA, p = 0.03); VPA treatment duration and dose were not significantly associated with AFat%. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated a relationship between long-term VPA use and abdominal adiposity (AFat%), which could have significant health implications. We recommend ongoing monitoring of weight, BMI, and blood pressure for patients taking VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Petty
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Brain Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Ormond College, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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194
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Dickie K, Micklesfield LK, Chantler S, Lambert EV, Goedecke JH. Meeting physical activity guidelines is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in black South African women; a 5.5-year follow-up study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:498. [PMID: 24886324 PMCID: PMC4051116 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low levels of physical activity (PA) have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but few studies have examined whether meeting international PA guidelines is associated with reduced risk in a black South African (SA) population. The aims of this study were to compare body composition and cardio-metabolic risk factors for CVD and T2D between active and inactive groups (part 1, cross-sectional analysis) and, to determine whether PA level predicts changes in body composition and cardio-metabolic risk factors for CVD and T2D at follow-up after 5.5-years (part 2, longitudinal analysis). Methods Part 1 included a sample of 240 apparently healthy black SA women (26 ± 7 years) who underwent the following measurements at baseline: PA (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)), body composition and regional fat distribution (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computerised tomography), blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations. For part 2, a sub-sample of women (n = 57) underwent the same measurements after a 5.5-year period. Results At baseline, 61% of women were classified as meeting the guidelines for moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) according to GPAQ. Women who were active had significantly lower body weight (p < 0.001), body fat (BMI, fat mass, % body fat, waist circumference, central and appendicular fat mass, all p < 0.001), and measures of insulin resistance (fasting serum insulin and HOMA-IR, both p = 0.01), and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.041), compared to the inactive group. At follow-up, all body fat measures increased significantly in both groups and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in those who were active at baseline, but did not change in those who were inactive. Conclusions Meeting PA guidelines was associated with decreased risk for CVD and T2D in black SA women, but did not prevent the increase in body fat over time. Interventions promoting physical activity to specifically address obesity in this high-risk group are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julia H Goedecke
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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195
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Alderete TL, Sattler FR, Sheng X, Tucci J, Mittelman SD, Grant EG, Goran MI. A novel biopsy method to increase yield of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:183-6. [PMID: 24849392 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Collection of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) for research testing is traditionally performed using punch biopsy or needle aspiration techniques, yielding small amounts of very superficial SAT (100-500 mg). Although liposuction techniques can be used to obtain large amounts of SAT, these approaches can compromise the integrity of the adipose tissue. Therefore, we investigated a novel method using a 6-mm Bergström side-cutting biopsy needle to acquire suitable amounts of intact abdominal SAT for multiple complex studies such as flow cytometry, RNA extraction, ex vivo expression of molecular and post-translational protein mediators, and histology. Fifty biopsies were obtained from 29 participants using a Bergström biopsy needle, applying transient manual suction and shearing large pieces of fat within the inner-cutting trochar. Eighteen of the biopsies were performed under ultrasound guidance, whereby we successfully sampled deep SAT (dSAT) from below Scarpa's fascia. The average weight of SAT sampled was 1.5 ± 0.4 g. There was no clinically important bleeding or ecchymosis on the abdominal wall and no infection occurred with this procedure. The 6-mm Bergström biopsy needle yielded substantially more SAT than what has been obtained from superficial procedures and, for the first time, allowed sampling of dSAT by a percutaneous approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Alderete
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - F R Sattler
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - X Sheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Tucci
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S D Mittelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E G Grant
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M I Goran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Gonzalez-Campoy JM, Richardson B, Richardson C, Gonzalez-Cameron D, Ebrahim A, Strobel P, Martinez T, Blaha B, Ransom M, Quinonez-Weislow J, Pierson A, Gonzalez Ahumada M. Bariatric endocrinology: principles of medical practice. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:917813. [PMID: 24899894 PMCID: PMC4036612 DOI: 10.1155/2014/917813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, is a chronic, biological, preventable, and treatable disease. The accumulation of fat mass causes physical changes (adiposity), metabolic and hormonal changes due to adipose tissue dysfunction (adiposopathy), and psychological changes. Bariatric endocrinology was conceived from the need to address the neuro-endocrinological derangements that are associated with adiposopathy, and from the need to broaden the scope of the management of its complications. In addition to the well-established metabolic complications of overweight and obesity, adiposopathy leads to hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, hypoadiponectinemia, dysregulation of gut peptides including GLP-1 and ghrelin, the development of an inflammatory milieu, and the strong risk of vascular disease. Therapy for adiposopathy hinges on effectively lowering the ratio of orexigenic to anorexigenic signals reaching the the hypothalamus and other relevant brain regions, favoring a lower caloric intake. Adiposopathy, overweight and obesity should be treated indefinitely with the specific aims to reduce fat mass for the adiposity complications, and to normalize adipose tissue function for the adiposopathic complications. This paper defines the principles of medical practice in bariatric endocrinology-the treatment of overweight and obesity as means to treat adiposopathy and its accompanying metabolic and hormonal derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Gonzalez-Campoy
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Bruce Richardson
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Conor Richardson
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - David Gonzalez-Cameron
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Ayesha Ebrahim
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Pamela Strobel
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Tiphani Martinez
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Beth Blaha
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Maria Ransom
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Jessica Quinonez-Weislow
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Andrea Pierson
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Miguel Gonzalez Ahumada
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
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Villeneuve N, Pelletier-Beaumont E, Nazare JA, Lemieux I, Alméras N, Bergeron J, Tremblay A, Poirier P, Després JP. Interrelationships between changes in anthropometric variables and computed tomography indices of abdominal fat distribution in response to a 1-year physical activity–healthy eating lifestyle modification program in abdominally obese men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:503-11. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The objectives were to (i) measure the effects of a 1-year lifestyle modification program on body fat distribution/anthropometric variables; (ii) determine the interrelationships between changes in all these variables; and (iii) investigate whether there is a selective reduction in deep (DSAT) vs. superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (SSAT) at the abdominal level following a 1-year lifestyle modification program. Anthropometric variables, body composition and abdominal and midthigh fat distribution were assessed at baseline and after 1 year in 109 sedentary, dyslipidemic and abdominally obese men. Reductions in anthropometric variables, skinfold thicknesses (except the trunk/extremity ratio) and fat mass as well as an increase in fat-free mass were observed after 1 year (p < 0.0001). Decreases in abdominal adipose tissue volumes were also noted (–23%, –26%, –18%, –19%, –17%, p < 0.0001 for total adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, DSAT and SSAT, respectively). Adipose tissue areas at midthigh also decreased (–18%, –18%, –17%, p < 0.0001 for total, deep, and subcutaneous adipose tissue, respectively). A reduction (–9%, p < 0.0001) in low-attenuation muscle area and an increase (+1%, p < 0.05) in normal-attenuation muscle area were also observed. There was a positive relationship between changes in visceral adipose tissue and changes in DSAT (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001) or SSAT (r = 0.63, p < 0.0001). Although absolute changes in DSAT were greater than changes in SSAT, relative changes in both depots were similar, independent of changes in visceral adipose tissue. The 1-year lifestyle modification program therefore improved the body fat distribution pattern and midthigh muscle quality in abdominally obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Villeneuve
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Pavilion Marguerite-D’Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Emilie Pelletier-Beaumont
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Pavilion Marguerite-D’Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Julie-Anne Nazare
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Pavilion Marguerite-D’Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lemieux
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Pavilion Marguerite-D’Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Natalie Alméras
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Pavilion Marguerite-D’Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Bergeron
- Lipid Research Center, CHUQ Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Pavilion Marguerite-D’Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Pavilion Marguerite-D’Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Després
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Pavilion Marguerite-D’Youville, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1: friend or foe to female metabolism? Nutrients 2014; 6:950-73. [PMID: 24594504 PMCID: PMC3967171 DOI: 10.3390/nu6030950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding vitamin A-dependent regulation of sex-specific differences in metabolic diseases, inflammation, and certain cancers. We focus on the characterization of the aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 family of enzymes (ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3) that catalyze conversion of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Additionally, we propose a “horizontal transfer of signaling” from estrogen to retinoids through the action of ALDH1A1. Although estrogen does not directly influence expression of Aldh1a1, it has the ability to suppress Aldh1a2 and Aldh1a3, thereby establishing a female-specific mechanism for retinoic acid generation in target tissues. ALDH1A1 regulates adipogenesis, abdominal fat formation, glucose tolerance, and suppression of thermogenesis in adipocytes; in B cells, ALDH1A1 plays a protective role by inducing oncogene suppressors Rara and Pparg. Considering the conflicting responses of Aldh1a1 in a multitude of physiological processes, only tissue-specific regulation of Aldh1a1 can result in therapeutic effects. We have shown through successful implantation of tissue-specific Aldh1a1−/− preadipocytes that thermogenesis can be induced in wild-type adipose tissues to resolve diet-induced visceral obesity in females. We will briefly discuss the emerging role of ALDH1A1 in multiple myeloma, the regulation of reproduction, and immune responses, and conclude by discussing the role of ALDH1A1 in future therapeutic applications.
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199
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Lee JJ, Freeland-Graves JH, Pepper MR, Yao M, Xu B. Predictive equations for central obesity via anthropometrics, stereovision imaging and MRI in adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:852-62. [PMID: 23613161 PMCID: PMC3855593 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abdominal visceral adiposity is related to risks for insulin resistance and metabolic perturbations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography are advanced instruments that quantify abdominal adiposity; yet field use is constrained by their bulkiness and costliness. The purpose of this study is to develop prediction equations for total abdominal, subcutaneous, and visceral adiposity via anthropometrics, stereovision body imaging (SBI), and MRI. METHODS Participants (67 men and 55 women) were measured for anthropometrics and abdominal adiposity volumes evaluated by MRI umbilicus scans. Body circumferences and central obesity were obtained via SBI. Prediction models were developed via multiple linear regression analysis, utilizing body measurements and demographics as independent predictors, and abdominal adiposity as a dependent variable. Cross-validation was performed by the data-splitting method. RESULTS The final total abdominal adiposity prediction equation was -470.28 + 7.10 waist circumference - 91.01 gender + 5.74 sagittal diameter (R2 = 89.9%), subcutaneous adiposity was -172.37 + 8.57 waist circumference - 62.65 gender - 450.16 stereovision waist-to-hip ratio (R2 =90.4%), and visceral adiposity was -96.76 + 11.48 central obesity depth - 5.09 central obesity width + 204.74 stereovision waist-to-hip ratio - 18.59 gender (R2 = 71.7%). R2 significantly improved for predicting visceral fat when SBI variables were included, but not for total abdominal or subcutaneous adiposity. CONCLUSIONS SBI is effective for predicting visceral adiposity and the prediction equations derived from SBI measurements can assess obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane J Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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200
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Watt KD. Obesity evolution or revolution: there is more to it than meets the BMI. Liver Transpl 2014; 20:253-4. [PMID: 24470214 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly D Watt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
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