151
|
Zhang Z, Liu D, Wu Q, Lu Y, Tian P, Wang Z, Wang D. Characterization of a Histo-Blood Group Antigen-like Substance in Romaine Lettuce That Contributes to Human Norovirus Attachment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1207-1212. [PMID: 31755264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are among the main pathogens causing acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are widely accepted receptors for HuNoV specific binding. HBGA-like substances in produce are also considered as the critical ligands for capture of HuNoVs. However, the composition of viral ligands from food substrates remains unknown. In this study, an oligosaccharide (H2N2F2) was captured and isolated from romaine lettuce extract by a bacterial surface display system. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, it was shown that H2N2F2 was most likely to be a chimera of type A, H, and Lewis a HBGAs. The composition was consistent with our ELISA results using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against HBGAs. Our results revealed a possible interaction mechanism between HuNoVs and romaine lettuce. Better understanding of the interaction of HuNoVs with easily contaminated produce will ultimately aid in the control of and reduction in disease outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology , Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , Guangzhou 510070 , China
| | - Danlei Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology , Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , Guangzhou 510070 , China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology , Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , Guangzhou 510070 , China
| | - Yu Lu
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center , Agricultural Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94706 , United States
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology , Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , Guangzhou 510070 , China
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Hanajiri R, Sani GM, Saunders D, Hanley PJ, Chopra A, Mallal SA, Sosnovtsev SV, Cohen JI, Green KY, Bollard CM, Keller MD. Generation of Norovirus-Specific T Cells From Human Donors With Extensive Cross-Reactivity to Variant Sequences: Implications for Immunotherapy. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:578-588. [PMID: 31562500 PMCID: PMC7325618 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic norovirus infection in immunocompromised patients can be severe, and presently there is no effective treatment. Adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells has proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of many viral infections, and this could represent a novel treatment approach for chronic norovirus infection. Hence, we sought to generate human norovirus-specific T cells (NSTs) that can recognize different viral sequences. METHODS Norovirus-specific T cells were generated from peripheral blood of healthy donors by stimulation with overlapping peptide libraries spanning the entire coding sequence of the norovirus genome. RESULTS We successfully generated T cells targeting multiple norovirus antigens with a mean 4.2 ± 0.5-fold expansion after 10 days. Norovirus-specific T cells comprised both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that expressed markers for central memory and effector memory phenotype with minimal expression of coinhibitory molecules, and they were polyfunctional based on cytokine production. We identified novel CD4- and CD8-restricted immunodominant epitopes within NS6 and VP1 antigens. Furthermore, NSTs showed a high degree of cross-reactivity to multiple variant epitopes from clinical isolates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify immunodominant human norovirus T-cell epitopes and demonstrate that it is feasible to generate potent NSTs from third-party donors for use in antiviral immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hanajiri
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gelina M Sani
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Devin Saunders
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stanislav V Sosnovtsev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kim Y Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Michael D Keller
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Montanari P, Calvi C, Daprà V, Alliaudi C, Cojocaru D, Graziano E, Zaniol E, Galliano I, Bergallo M. Norovirus infections in children less than five years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Italy. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
154
|
Lu Y, Ma M, Wang H, Wang D, Chen C, Jing Q, Geng J, Li T, Zhang Z, Yang Z. An outbreak of norovirus-related acute gastroenteritis associated with delivery food in Guangzhou, southern China. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:25. [PMID: 31914962 PMCID: PMC6950872 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of students at a school in Guangzhou city developed a sudden onset of symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting. To help control the outbreak, we conducted an epidemiological investigation to determine the causative agent, sources, role of transmission and risk factors of the infections. METHODS The study population consisted of probable and confirmed cases. An active search was conducted for cases among all students, teachers and other school staff members. A case control study was carried out using standardized online questionnaires. Data were obtained regarding demographic characteristics, gastrointestinal symptoms, personal hygiene habits, history of contact with a person who had diarrhea and/or vomiting and dining locations during the past 3 days. Rectal swabs or stool samples of the cases and, food handlers, as well as environmental samples were collected to detect potential intestinal viruses and bacteria. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS A total of 157 individuals fit the definition of a probable case, including 46 with laboratory-confirmed norovirus infection between March 8 and March 22, 2018. The proportion of students who had eaten delivery food 3 days before the onset of illness in the case group was 2.69 times that in the control group (95%CI: 1.88-3.85). Intake of take-out food 3 days earlier, and exposure to similar cases 72 h before onset and case in the same dormitory were risk factors. A total of 20 rectal swab samples from students, 10 rectal swabs from food handlers and 2 environmental swab samples from the out-campus restauranttested positive for norovirus (GII, genogroup II strain). CONCLUSIONS We investigated an outbreak of norovirus infectious diarrhea. Food handling practices carry potential risk of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks owing to a lack of surveillance and supervision. Greater attention should be paid to the monitoring and supervision of food handlers in off campus restaurant to reduce the incidence of norovirus-related acute gastroenteritis associated with delivery food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dahu Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qinlong Jing
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinmei Geng
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Zhoubin Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Zhicong Yang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Pisanic N, Ballard SB, Colquechagua FD, François R, Exum N, Yori PP, Schwab KJ, Granger DA, Detrick B, Olortegui MP, Mayta H, Sánchez GJ, Gilman RH, Heaney CD, Vinjé J, Kosek MN. Minimally Invasive Saliva Testing to Monitor Norovirus Infection in Community Settings. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1234-1242. [PMID: 30517651 PMCID: PMC6452293 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Routine norovirus diagnosis requires stool collection. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a noninvasive method to diagnose norovirus to complement stool diagnostics and to facilitate studies on transmission. Methods A multiplex immunoassay to measure salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to 5 common norovirus genotypes (GI.1, GII.2, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17) was developed. The assay was validated using acute and convalescent saliva samples collected from Peruvian children <5 years of age with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–diagnosed norovirus infections (n = 175) and controls (n = 32). The assay sensitivity and specificity were calculated to determine infection status based on fold rise of salivary norovirus genotype-specific IgG using norovirus genotype from stool as reference. Results The salivary assay detected recent norovirus infections and correctly assigned the infecting genotype. Sensitivity was 71% and specificity was 96% across the evaluated genotypes compared to PCR-diagnosed norovirus infection. Conclusions This saliva-based assay will be a useful tool to monitor norovirus transmission in high-risk settings such as daycare centers or hospitals. Cross-reactivity is limited between the tested genotypes, which represent the most commonly circulating genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Sarah-Blythe Ballard
- Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fabiola D Colquechagua
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ruthly François
- Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Natalie Exum
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Kellogg J Schwab
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience, University of California, Irvine.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Holger Mayta
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gerardo J Sánchez
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore.,Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jan Vinjé
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Siciliano V, Nista EC, Rosà T, Brigida M, Franceschi F. Clinical Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2020; 15:298-308. [PMID: 32598272 DOI: 10.2174/1574887115666200628144128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diarrhea is the most common cause of diarrhea worldwide and is responsible for more deaths than other gastrointestinal tract diseases such as gastrointestinal cancers, peptic ulcer disease or inflammatory bowel disease. Diarrheal disease still represents the 8th leading cause of death worldwide, with more than 1,6 million attributed fatalities in 2016 alone. The majority of cases can be divided into three principal clinical presentations: acute watery diarrhea lasting 5-10 days and normally self-limiting, bloody diarrhea (dysentery), and persistent diarrhea with or without intestinal malabsorption. METHODS We performed an electronic search on PUBMED of the scientific literature concerning infectious diarrhea and its clinical management. AIM In this review article, we analyze the most important causes of infectious diarrhea and their constellation of signs and symptoms, providing an update on the diagnostic tools available in today's practice and on the different treatment options. CONCLUSION Even though the majority of intestinal infections are self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals, specific diagnosis and identification of the causative agent remain crucial from public health and epidemiological perspectives. Specific diagnostic investigation can be reserved for patients with severe dehydration, more severe illness, persistent fever, bloody stools, immunosuppression, and for cases of suspected nosocomial infection or outbreak and it includes complete blood count, creatinine and electrolytes evaluation, determination of leukocytes and lactoferrin presence in the stools, stool culture, together with C. difficile testing, PCR, ova and parasites' search, endoscopy and abdominal imaging. Since acute diarrhea is most often self-limited and caused by viruses, routine antibiotic use is not recommended for most adults with mild, watery diarrhea. However, when used appropriately, antibiotics are effective against shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, C. difficile colitis, traveler's diarrhea, and protozoal infections. Furthermore, antibiotics use should be considered in patients who are older than 65 years, immunocompromised, severely ill, or septic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tommaso Rosà
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Abstract
Biological high-risk pollutants (HRPs) have become a serious threat to human health worldwide, and wastewater is one of the major sources of them in a natural environment. Despite the long history of wastewater research, comprehensive understanding of the role and behavior of HRPs during wastewater treatment is still limited owing to the complexity of the community. In recent decades, the rapid development of molecular tools, especially the wide application of next generation sequencing technologies, helps to unravel the community composition, structure, and dynamic variation in wastewater. Overall, this chapter mainly focuses on biological HRPs, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminth, biotoxins, antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater. The characteristics, classification, fates, functions, and health implications of these HRPs are introduced in detail. Moreover, the biogeography of HRPs is a research hotspot in recent years, and available information is also summarized in this chapter. Finally, we also propose the future research needs of HRPs in wastewater after the comprehensive summary of the existing research reports. This chapter is wished to be helpful for beginners to quickly understand the biological HRPs in wastewater.
Collapse
|
158
|
Wade TJ, Griffin SM, Egorov AI, Sams E, Hudgens E, Augustine S, DeFlorio-Barker S, Plunkett T, Dufour AP, Styles JN, Oshima K. Application of a multiplex salivary immunoassay to detect sporadic incident norovirus infections. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19576. [PMID: 31862970 PMCID: PMC6925267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis. Following infection, anti-norovirus salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) rises steeply within 2 weeks and remains elevated for several months; this immunoconversion can serve as an indicator of infection. We used a multiplex salivary immunoassay to study norovirus infections among 483 visitors to a Lake Michigan beach in 2015. Saliva was collected on the day of the beach visit (S1); after 10–14 days (S2); and after 30–40 days (S3). Luminex microspheres were coupled to recombinant antigens of genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) noroviruses and incubated with saliva. Immunoconversion was defined as at least 4-fold increase in anti-norovirus IgG antibody response from S1 to S2 and a 3-fold increase from S1 to S3. Ten (2.1%) immunoconverted to either GI (2) or GII (8) norovirus. Among those who immunoconverted, 40% reported at least one gastrointestinal symptom and 33% reported diarrhea, compared to 15% (p = 0.06) and 8% (p = 0.04) among those who did not immunoconvert, respectively. The two participants who immunoconverted to GI norovirus both swallowed water during swimming (p = 0.08). This study demonstrated the utility of a non-invasive salivary immunoassay to detect norovirus infections and an efficient approach to study infectious agents in large cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wade
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Shannon M Griffin
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrey I Egorov
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sams
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward Hudgens
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swinburne Augustine
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie DeFlorio-Barker
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Trevor Plunkett
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alfred P Dufour
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer N Styles
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Oshima
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Bierhoff M, Arvelo W, Estevez A, Bryan J, McCracken JP, López MR, López B, Parashar UD, Lindblade KA, Hall AJ. Incidence and Clinical Profile of Norovirus Disease in Guatemala, 2008-2013. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:430-436. [PMID: 29420688 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a leading infectious cause of morbidity worldwide, particularly among children in developing countries. With the decline of rotavirus disease rates following introduction of rotavirus vaccines, the relative importance of norovirus will likely increase. Our objectives in this study were to determine the incidence and clinical profile of norovirus disease in Guatemala. Methods We analyzed data from a population-based surveillance study conducted in Guatemala from 2008 through 2013. Demographic information, clinical data, and stool samples were collected from patients who presented with AGE (≥3 liquid stools within 24 hours that initiated 7 days before presentation). Estimated incidence of hospitalized, outpatient, and total community norovirus disease was calculated using surveillance data and household surveys of healthcare use. Results We included 999 AGE hospitalizations and 3189 AGE outpatient visits at facilities, of which 164 (16%) and 370 (12%), respectively, were positive for norovirus. Severity of norovirus was milder than of rotavirus. Community incidence of norovirus ranged from 2068 to 4954 per 100000 person-years (py) in children aged<5 years. Children aged <5 years also had higher incidence of norovirus-associated hospitalization (51-105 per 100000 py) compared with patients aged ≥5 years (0-1.6 per 100000 py and 49-80 per 100000 py, respectively). Conclusions This study highlights the burden of norovirus disease in Guatemala, especially among young children. These data can help prioritize development of control strategies, including the potential use of vaccines, and provide a baseline to evaluate the impact of such interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Bierhoff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wences Arvelo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Joe Bryan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kim A Lindblade
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aron J Hall
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Hassan E, Baldridge MT. Norovirus encounters in the gut: multifaceted interactions and disease outcomes. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1259-1267. [PMID: 31501514 PMCID: PMC7479810 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are major causes of gastroenteritis, with epidemic outbreaks occurring frequently. They are an important global health concern, especially for pediatric and immunocompromised populations, and are challenging pathogens to target immunologically due to their rapid rates of genetic and antigenic evolution and failure to stimulate durable protective immunity. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of norovirus pathogenesis, noting the prominent role of murine norovirus as a small animal model for norovirus research. We highlight intriguing data supporting the possible involvement of norovirus in sequelae including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases, and describe the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved in control of both human and murine norovirus infection. Furthermore, we discuss the potential implications of recent discoveries regarding norovirus interactions with the gut microbiota, and briefly detail current understanding of noroviral evolution and its influence on viral pathogenesis. Our mechanistic understanding of norovirus pathogenesis continues to improve with increasing availability of powerful model systems, which will ultimately facilitate development of effective preventive and therapeutic approaches for this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Correspondence: Megan T. Baldridge, MD, PhD, Phone: 314-273-1212, Fax: 314-362-2156,
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Krutova M, Briksi A, Tkadlec J, Zajac M, Matejkova J, Nyc O, Drevinek P. Evaluation of a Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Immunoassay in Stool Testing of Patients with Suspected Clostridioides ( Clostridium) difficile Infection. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:e00710-19. [PMID: 31391230 PMCID: PMC6760961 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00710-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) is the most common causative pathogen of health care-associated gastrointestinal infections; however, due to the overlap of clinical symptoms with those of other causes of acute gastroenteritis, the selection of the most appropriate laboratory test is difficult. From April to October 2018, 640 stool samples requested for CDI testing were examined using the mariPOC CDI and Gastro test (ArcDia), which allows the detection of C. difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and toxin A/B, norovirus genogroups GI and GII.4, rotavirus, adenovirus, and Campylobacter spp. In parallel, the C. Diff Quik Chek Complete test (Alere) was used as a routine diagnostic assay, and C. difficile toxigenic culture was used as a reference method. The sensitivity of the mariPOC CDI and Gastro test was comparable to that of C. Diff Quik Chek Complete for the detection of GDH (96.40% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 91.81% to 98.82%] versus 95.68% [95% CI, 90.84 to 98.40%]; P = 1.00) and was higher for the detection of toxin A/B (66.67% [95% CI, 57.36 to 75.11%] versus 55.56% [95% CI, 46.08 to 64.74%]; P = 0.00). The specificity of the mariPOC CDI and Gastro test was lower than that of C. Diff Quik Chek Complete for GDH detection (95.21% [95% CI, 92.96% to 96.91%] versus 97.60% [95% CI, 95.85% to 98.76%]; P = 0.04) and comparable to that of C. Diff Quik Chek Complete for toxin A/B detection (99.24 [95% CI, 98.05% to 99.79%] versus 99.81% [95% CI, 98.94% to 100.0%]; P = 0.37). In 29 cases (4.53%), other causative agents of diarrhea were detected (Campylobacter spp. [n = 17], rotavirus [n = 7], and norovirus genogroup GII.4 [n = 5]).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krutova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Briksi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tkadlec
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Zajac
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Matejkova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Otakar Nyc
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Drevinek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Pimenta AI, Margaça FM, Cabo Verde S. Virucidal activity of gamma radiation on strawberries and raspberries. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 304:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
163
|
El Moqri N, El Mellouli F, Hassou N, Benhafid M, Abouchoaib N, Etahiri S. Norovirus Detection at Oualidia Lagoon, a Moroccan Shellfish Harvesting Area, by Reverse Transcription PCR Analysis. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:268-273. [PMID: 30982112 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in the world. These outbreaks are frequently associated with bivalve shellfish consumption, particularly because these products are often eaten raw or only slightly cooked. In Morocco, regulations concerning the acceptable levels of enteric bacteria indicator organisms in these products have been put in place. However, these regulations do not take into account the risk of viral contamination, and many gastroenteritis outbreaks have been linked to the ingestion of bivalve shellfish from areas that comply with the current food safety criteria. The aim of this study was to investigate NoV presence in shellfish samples (n = 104) collected at four sites owcff Oualidia lagoon (Moroccan Atlantic coast) from November 2015 to February 2017. Samples were analysed using real-time RT-PCR in accordance with the ISO 15216-2 method. NoVs of the genogroup II were detected in 7% of samples that were all collected during the winter months. Moreover, 71% of NoV-positive samples were harvested at sites upstream of the lagoon. These results highlight the need of regularly monitoring viral contamination in bivalve shellfish to limit the risk of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N El Moqri
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - F El Mellouli
- Casablanca Regional Research and Analysis Laboratory of National Office of Sanitary Safety and Food Products (ONSSA), Casablanca, Nouaceur, Morocco
| | - N Hassou
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - M Benhafid
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - N Abouchoaib
- Casablanca Regional Research and Analysis Laboratory of National Office of Sanitary Safety and Food Products (ONSSA), Casablanca, Nouaceur, Morocco
| | - S Etahiri
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Norovirus outbreaks in Beijing, China, from 2014 to 2017. J Infect 2019; 79:159-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
165
|
Chen C, Wang LP, Yu JX, Chen X, Wang RN, Yang XZ, Zheng SF, Yu F, Zhang ZK, Liu SJ, Li ZJ, Chen Y. Prevalence of Enteropathogens in Outpatients with Acute Diarrhea from Urban and Rural Areas, Southeast China, 2010-2014. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:310-318. [PMID: 31219001 PMCID: PMC6685564 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhea is an important public health issue. Here, we focused on the differences of enteropathogens in acute diarrhea between urban and rural areas in southeast China. Laboratory- and sentinel-based surveillance of acute diarrhea (≥ 3 loose or liquid stools/24 hours) was conducted at 16 hospitals. Fecal specimens were tested for bacterial (Aeromonas sp., Campylobacter sp., diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Plesiomonas shigelloides, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Shigella sp., Vibrio sp., and Yersinia sp.) and viral (adenovirus, astrovirus, Norovirus, Rotavirus, and Sapovirus) pathogens. Descriptive statistics were used. Between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014, 4,548 outpatients with acute diarrhea were enrolled (urban, n = 3,220; rural, n = 1,328). Pathogens were identified in 2,074 (45.6%) patients. Norovirus (25.7%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (10.2%), enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) (8.8%), group A Rotavirus (7.0%), and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (5.6%) were the most common pathogens. Enteropathogens were less common in urban than in rural areas (42.0% versus 54.4%, P < 0.001). In urban areas, EAEC and ETEC were more common in high-income than in middle-income regions. Interventions targeting the most common enteropathogens can substantially reduce the burden of acute diarrhea in southeast China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xing Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Fa Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Si-Jia Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Robinson BA, Van Winkle JA, McCune BT, Peters AM, Nice TJ. Caspase-mediated cleavage of murine norovirus NS1/2 potentiates apoptosis and is required for persistent infection of intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007940. [PMID: 31329638 PMCID: PMC6675124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HNoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and is spread by fecal shedding that can often persist for weeks to months after the resolution of symptoms. Elimination of persistent viral reservoirs has the potential to prevent outbreaks. Similar to HNoV, murine norovirus (MNV) is spread by persistent shedding in the feces and provides a tractable model to study molecular mechanisms of enteric persistence. Previous studies have identified non-structural protein 1 (NS1) from the persistent MNV strain CR6 as critical for persistent infection in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), but its mechanism of action remains unclear. We now find that the function of CR6 NS1 is regulated by apoptotic caspase cleavage. Following induction of apoptosis in infected cells, caspases cleave the precursor NS1/2 protein, and this cleavage is prevented by mutation of caspase target motifs. These mutations profoundly compromise CR6 infection of IECs and persistence in the intestine. Conversely, NS1/2 cleavage is not strictly required for acute replication in extra-intestinal tissues or in cultured myeloid cells, suggesting an IEC-centric role. Intriguingly, we find that caspase cleavage of CR6 NS1/2 reciprocally promotes caspase activity, potentiates cell death, and amplifies spread among cultured IEC monolayers. Together, these data indicate that the function of CR6 NS1 is regulated by apoptotic caspases, and suggest that apoptotic cell death enables epithelial spread and persistent shedding. Human Norovirus infection is highly contagious and the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis. Norovirus can be persistently shed after resolution of symptoms, perpetuating or initiating new outbreaks. Murine norovirus (MNV) is also persistently shed, enabling study of host and viral determinants of norovirus pathogenesis. We previously identified a critical role for MNV non-structural protein 1 (NS1), in persistence. Herein we find that regulation of NS1 by host apoptotic caspases is required for infection of intestinal epithelial cells, but not for extra-intestinal spread. Additionally, we demonstrate that NS1 reciprocally promotes cell death and spread among epithelial cells. These data identify regulation of NS1 by host proteases and suggest that apoptotic death is a determinant of epithelial spread and persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A. Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Van Winkle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Broc T. McCune
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - A. Mack Peters
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Development of an oligonucleotide-based microarray for the detection of foodborne viruses. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-019-01234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
168
|
Fischer TK, Rasmussen LD, Fonager J. Taking gastro-surveillance into the 21st century. J Clin Virol 2019; 117:43-48. [PMID: 31176211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses, particularly rotaviruses and noroviruses, are leading causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. Human rotaviruses are ubiquitous and globally almost every child has been infected by 3-5 years of age. Noroviruses affect people of all ages and is the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks. Rota- and noroviruses account for ˜40% and ˜17% of diarrhea-associated hospitalizations, and ˜200,000 deaths annually respectively, with most deaths occurring in developing countries. Two rotavirus vaccines have currently been implemented in ˜95 countries and several norovirus vaccine candidates are currently in development and/or clinical testing. Surveillance of enteric viruses is an important part of outbreak investigations as well as pre- and post-vaccine impact studies but is even in developed countries often limited to investigation of sporadic cases or comprehensive outbreaks. Conventional methods for enteric virus detection and subtyping relies on standard RT-PCR methods, supplemented with Sanger-sequencing. However, for viruses with even moderate mutationrates, PCR-based-typing of only limited parts of the virus genome is challenging and requires regular update of primers. Full-genomecharacterization technologies based on sequence independent methods based on next generation sequencing (NGS), have demonstrated great potential for enteric virus detection and/or typing in both clinical and environmental samples. However, cost-benefits must balance for such methods to be widely accepted for public health purposes. In Europe as also globally, routine use of NGS-methods for surveillance of enteric viruses is currently limited to few national public health laboratories. What important lessons can be learned from these and what is the future of NGS-based surveillance?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thea K Fischer
- Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; National Virus Surveillance and WHO Reference Laboratories, Dept of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lasse D Rasmussen
- National Virus Surveillance and WHO Reference Laboratories, Dept of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Graziano VR, Wei J, Wilen CB. Norovirus Attachment and Entry. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060495. [PMID: 31151248 PMCID: PMC6630345 DOI: 10.3390/v11060495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is a major human pathogen causing the majority of cases of viral gastroenteritis globally. Viral entry is the first step of the viral life cycle and is a significant determinant of cell tropism, host range, immune interactions, and pathogenesis. Bile salts and histo-blood group antigens are key mediators of norovirus entry; however, the molecular mechanisms by which these molecules promote infection and the identity of a potential human norovirus receptor remain unknown. Recently, there have been several important advances in norovirus entry biology including the identification of CD300lf as the receptor for murine norovirus and of the role of the minor capsid protein VP2 in viral genome release. Here, we will review the current understanding about norovirus attachment and entry and highlight important future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R Graziano
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Jin Wei
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
|
171
|
Ohfuji S, Kondo K, Ito K, Kase T, Maeda A, Fukushima W, Masuda T, Kano M. Nationwide epidemiologic study of norovirus-related hospitalization among Japanese older adults. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:400. [PMID: 31072305 PMCID: PMC6506929 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Older adults are vulnerable to hospitalization or death from norovirus infection, but the actual disease burden remains unknown. Therefore, we conducted a nationwide survey to estimate the number of inpatients with norovirus gastroenteritis and associated deaths among Japanese older adults. Methods We performed a nationwide two-step query targeting 4184 hospital departments selected from 17,575 departments using stratified random sampling according to the number of beds. We asked each department to complete a mail-back questionnaire on the annual numbers of inpatients with infectious gastroenteritis and associated deaths between administrative years 2012 and 2014, and the implementation status of norovirus infection testing. In a second query, we investigated the annual number of inpatients with norovirus gastroenteritis and associated deaths in departments that had reported infectious gastroenteritis inpatients in the first query. Clinical information was collected for inpatients with norovirus gastroenteritis in administrative year 2014. Results Norovirus testing for patients hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis was routinely conducted in 16% of the responding departments. Although half the departments responded that some acute gastroenteritis inpatients received such testing but others did not. In this situation, numbers of inpatients with norovirus gastroenteritis in Japan were estimated as 31,800 (95% CI: 25,700-37,900) in administrative year 2012, 21,600 (95% CI: 17,700–25,500) in administrative year 2013, and 15,700 (95% CI: 12,900–18,500) in administrative year 2014. The estimated number of associated deaths was approximately 600 in each administrative year. Factors associated with death included higher age, living in long-term care facilities, underlying illnesses such as chronic respiratory diseases, and complications such as aspiration pneumonia. Conclusions The actual number of norovirus inpatient would be higher than the estimated here due to the low rate of routinely implemented norovirus testing. Considering Japan’s rapidly aging society and the disease burden of norovirus infection among Japanese older adults, it is important to protect this high-risk population from norovirus infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4007-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Ohfuji
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kondo
- Administration Division, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8586, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ito
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kase
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Akiko Maeda
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Wakaba Fukushima
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Taisei Masuda
- Global Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 1-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8668, Japan
| | - Munehide Kano
- Global Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 1-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8668, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Lian Y, Wu S, Luo L, Lv B, Liao Q, Li Z, Rainey JJ, Hall AJ, Ran L. Epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreaks Reported to the Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System, China, 2014⁻2017. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040342. [PMID: 30979014 PMCID: PMC6520956 DOI: 10.3390/v11040342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective analysis of norovirus outbreaks reported to the National Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System (PHEESS) in China from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. We reviewed all acute gastroenteritis outbreaks (n = 692) submitted to PHEESS to identify the frequency, seasonality, geographic distribution, setting, and transmission mode of outbreaks due to norovirus. A total of 616 norovirus outbreaks resulting in 30,848 cases were reported. Among these outbreaks, 571 (93%) occurred in school settings including 239 (39%) in primary schools, 136 (22%) in childcare facilities, and 121 (20%) in secondary schools. The majority of outbreaks (63%) were due to person-to-person transmission, followed by multiple modes of transmission (11%), foodborne (5%) and waterborne (3%) transmission. These findings highlight the importance of improving hand hygiene and environmental disinfection in high-risk settings. Developing a standard and quantitative outbreak reporting structure could improve the usefulness of PHEESS for monitoring norovirus outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Lian
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Shuyu Wu
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100600, China.
| | - Li Luo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Bin Lv
- Xiaogan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiaogan 432000, China.
| | - Qiaohong Liao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jeanette J Rainey
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100600, China.
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Lu Ran
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Abstract
Viruses depend on the host cells they infect to provide the machinery and substrates for replication. Host cells are highly dynamic systems that can alter their intracellular environment and metabolic behavior, which may be helpful or inhibitory for an infecting virus. In this study, we show that macrophages, a target cell of murine norovirus (MNV), increase glycolysis upon viral infection, which is important for early steps in MNV infection. Human noroviruses (hNoV) are a major cause of gastroenteritis globally, causing enormous morbidity and economic burden. Currently, no effective antivirals or vaccines exist for hNoV, mainly due to the lack of high-efficiency in vitro culture models for their study. Thus, insights gained from the MNV model may reveal aspects of host cell metabolism that can be targeted for improving hNoV cell culture systems and for developing effective antiviral therapies. The metabolic pathways of central carbon metabolism, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), are important host factors that determine the outcome of viral infections and can be manipulated by some viruses to favor infection. However, mechanisms of metabolic modulation and their effects on viral replication vary widely. Herein, we present the first metabolomics and energetic profiling of norovirus-infected cells, which revealed increases in glycolysis, OXPHOS, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) during murine norovirus (MNV) infection. Inhibiting glycolysis with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) in macrophages revealed that glycolysis is an important factor for optimal MNV infection, while inhibiting the PPP and OXPHOS showed a relatively minor impact of these pathways on MNV infection. 2DG affected an early stage in the viral life cycle after viral uptake and capsid uncoating, leading to decreased viral protein production and viral RNA. The requirement of glycolysis was specific for MNV (but not astrovirus) infection, independent of the type I interferon antiviral response, and unlikely to be due to a lack of host cell nucleotide synthesis. MNV infection increased activation of the protein kinase Akt, but not AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), two master regulators of cellular metabolism, implicating Akt signaling in upregulating host metabolism during norovirus infection. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the metabolic state of target cells is an intrinsic host factor that determines the extent of norovirus replication and implicates glycolysis as a virulence determinant. They further point to cellular metabolism as a novel therapeutic target for norovirus infections and improvements in current human norovirus culture systems.
Collapse
|
174
|
Amarasiri M, Sano D. Specific Interactions between Human Norovirus and Environmental Matrices: Effects on the Virus Ecology. Viruses 2019; 11:E224. [PMID: 30841581 PMCID: PMC6466409 DOI: 10.3390/v11030224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the major cause of non-bacterial epidemic gastroenteritis. Human norovirus binds to environmental solids via specific and non-specific interactions, and several specific receptors for human norovirus have been reported. Among them, histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) are the most studied specific receptor. Studies have identified the presence of HBGA-like substances in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of human enteric bacteria present in aquatic environments, gastrointestinal cells, gills, and palps of shellfish, and cell walls, leaves, and veins of lettuce. These HBGA-like substances also interact with human norovirus in a genotype-dependent manner. Specific interactions between human norovirus and environmental matrices can affect norovirus removal, infectivity, inactivation, persistence, and circulation. This review summarizes the current knowledge and future directions related to the specific interactions between human norovirus and HBGA-like substances in environmental matrices and their possible effects on the fate and circulation of human norovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Amarasiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Shima T, Okumura A, Kurahashi H, Numoto S, Abe S, Ikeno M, Shimizu T. A nationwide survey of norovirus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy in Japan. Brain Dev 2019; 41:263-270. [PMID: 30798941 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is a major pathogen of gastroenteritis and is known to cause encephalitis/encephalopathy. The aim of this national survey was to clarify the clinical features of norovirus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy (NoVE) among children in Japan. METHODS A nationwide survey of children with NoVE was conducted using a structured research form. The initial survey asked pediatricians about children with NoVE treated between January 2011 and March 2016. The second survey obtained patient information from two sources: hospitals that responded to the initial survey and those identified as having treated cases from a literature search. RESULTS Clinical information was available for 29 children. Their median age was 2 y 8 m. The outcome was good in 13 patients and poor in 15. The interval between the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms and that of encephalitis/encephalopathy was significantly shorter in those with a poor outcome. At the onset of an elevated serum creatinine level and an abnormal blood glucose level were correlated with a poor outcome. Regarding the subtypes of encephalitis/encephalopathy, acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion and hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome were frequent. CONCLUSION The outcome of children with NoVE was poor. Early onset of neurological symptoms, an elevated serum creatinine level, and an abnormal blood glucose level were associated with a poor outcome. No effective treatment was identified and this should be the subject of future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Shima
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | | | | | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Shinpei Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ikeno
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Ailavadi S, Davidson PM, Morgan MT, D'Souza DH. Thermal Inactivation Kinetics of Tulane Virus in Cell-Culture Medium and Spinach. J Food Sci 2019; 84:557-563. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Ailavadi
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Tennessee; 2605 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 U.S.A
| | - P. Michael Davidson
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Tennessee; 2605 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 U.S.A
| | - Mark T. Morgan
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Tennessee; 2605 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 U.S.A
| | - Doris H. D'Souza
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Tennessee; 2605 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Skyum F, Pedersen C, Andersen V, Chen M, Franke A, Petersen D, Ries W, Mogensen CB. Risk factors for contagious gastroenteritis in adult patients with diarrhoea in the emergency department - a prospective observational multicentre study. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:133. [PMID: 30744568 PMCID: PMC6371479 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious gastroenteritis is common in the emergency department (ED). Patients infected with either Norovirus or toxigenic Clostridium difficile require special isolation procedures. The aims were to describe the aetiology of infectious gastroenteritis in the ED, evaluate whether current isolation procedures, based on clinical judgement are sufficient, and to identify information that might be used to identify patients requiring isolation. Methods Prospective, observational, multicentre study. We collected information on symptoms, vital signs, travel history, the recent use of antibiotics, and infectious contacts and tested faecal samples for Norovirus, C. difficile, and enteropathogenic bacteria. Results The study enrolled 227 patients, of whom 163 (71%) delivered a faecal sample for Norovirus analysis (13% positive), 171 (74%) for C. difficile (13% positive), and 173 (76%) for enteropathogenic bacteria (16% positive). In total 71% of the patients were isolated using strict precautions, 29% of the isolated patient and 14% of the patients who were not isolated had had a highly contagious GE. Risk factors for Norovirus included frequent vomiting (OR 5.5), recent admission of another patient with Norovirus (OR 2.6), and a short duration of diarrhoea. Risk factors for C. difficile infections included older age (OR 6.0), longer duration of diarrhoea (OR 5.2), mucus in stool (OR 3.5), and previous antibiotic use (OR 23.4). Conclusion Highly contagious GE occurs in ¼ of the GE patients in the EDs, isolation based on clinical judgement is not very efficient. Several risk factors can predict the presence of Norovirus or toxigenic Clostridium difficile. It is uncertain whether this knowledge can improve isolation practices in ED settings. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered in the Clinical Trials Data Base (NCT02685527) and prospectively approved by the Regional Committees on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark (project ID S20140200) and Ethics Committee at the Medical Association of Schleswig-Holstein [“Ethikkommission bei der Ärztekammer Schleswig-Holstein”, project ID 120/15(I)] and registered with the Danish Data Protection Agency (project ID nr. 2008-58-0035/ 1608).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Skyum
- Focused Research Unit in Emergency Medicine, Hospital of Southern Denmark, Kresten Philipsens Vej 15, DK-6200, Aabenraa, Denmark. .,Institute for Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløw Vej 25, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark. .,Focused Research Unit in Emergency Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Kresten Philipsens Vej 15, DK-6200, Aabenraa, Denmark.
| | - Court Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Odense University Hospital, JB Winsløws vej 4, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Andersen
- Focused Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Kresten Philipsens Vej 15, DK-6200, Aabenraa, Denmark.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløw vej 25, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ming Chen
- Focused Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Kresten Philipsens Vej 15, DK-6200, Aabenraa, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Sydvang 1, 6400, Sønderborg, DK, Denmark
| | - Andreas Franke
- Department of Medicine II, Malteser Krankenhaus St. Franziskus-Hospital, Waldstraße 17, 24939, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Detlev Petersen
- Department of Laboratory- and Transfusionmedicine, Ev.Luth. Diakonissenanstalt zu Flensburg, Knuthstr.1, 24939, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ries
- Department of Medicine, Ev.Luth. Diakonissenanstalt zu Flensburg, Knuthstr.1, 24939, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Backer Mogensen
- Focused Research Unit in Emergency Medicine, Hospital of Southern Denmark, Kresten Philipsens Vej 15, DK-6200, Aabenraa, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløw Vej 25, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Transmissibility of Norovirus in Urban Versus Rural Households in a Large Community Outbreak in China. Epidemiology 2019; 29:675-683. [PMID: 29847497 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is a leading cause of outbreaks of acute infectious gastroenteritis worldwide, yet its transmissibility within households and associated risk factors remain unknown in developing countries. METHODS Household, demographic, and clinical data were collected from a semi-urban area in south China where an outbreak occurred in the winter of 2014. Using a Bayesian modeling framework, we assessed the transmissibility and potential risk modifiers in both urban and rural households. RESULTS In urban apartment buildings, the secondary attack rates were 84% (95% credible interval [CI] = 60%, 96%) among households of size two and 29% (95% CI = 9.6%, 53%) in larger households. In the rural village, secondary attack rate estimates were lower than the urban setting, 13% (0.51%, 54%) for households of size two and 7.3% (0.38%, 27%) for larger households. Males were 31% (95% CI = 3%, 50%) less susceptible to the disease than female. Water disinfection with chlorine was estimated to reduce environmental risk of infection by 60% (95% CI = 26%, 82%), and case isolation was estimated to reduce person-to-person transmission by 65% (95% CI = 15%, 93%). Nausea and vomiting were not associated with household transmission. CONCLUSIONS Norovirus is highly contagious within households, in particular in small households in urban communities. Our results suggest that water disinfection and case isolation are associated with reduction of outbreaks in resource-limited communities.
Collapse
|
179
|
Kobayashi D, Saito M, Heike Y, Yokota K, Arioka H, Oshitani H. The association between consuming bivalves, and acute gastroenteritis and norovirus in Tokyo, Japan. J Med Virol 2019; 91:986-996. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kobayashi
- Department of VirologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai Japan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of MedicineSt. Luke's International Hospital Tokyo Japan
- Division of General Internal MedicineFujita Health University Toyoake Japan
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of VirologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai Japan
| | - Yuji Heike
- Division of Joint Research and DevelopmentSt. Luke's International Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Kyoko Yokota
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Hiroko Arioka
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of MedicineSt. Luke's International Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of VirologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai Japan
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Genetic Analysis of an Emerging GII.P2-GII.2 Norovirus Associated with a 2016 Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis in China. Virol Sin 2019; 34:111-114. [PMID: 30725317 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
181
|
Gao X, Wang Z, Wang Y, Liu Z, Guan X, Ma Y, Zhou H, Jiang Y, Cui W, Wang L, Xu Y. Surveillance of norovirus contamination in commercial fresh/frozen berries from Heilongjiang Province, China, using a TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:119-126. [PMID: 31027765 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV), a major food-borne virus, causes non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans. Berries are generally harvested from low-growing bushes by hand and are minimally processed before being sold to consumers. Therefore, the consumption of berries has been linked to numerous food-borne gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by NoV in many countries. We performed a survey of NoV contamination in commercial fresh/frozen berry fruits collected from 2016 to 2017 in the Heilongjiang Province, the main berry-producing area in China, using a TaqMan-based real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. Among 900 frozen and 900 fresh domestic retail berry samples, the prevalence of NoV was 9% (81/900) and 12.11% (109/900), including 35.80% (29/81) and 29.36% (32/109) of genotype GI alone, 54.32% (44/81) and 60.55% (66/109) of GII alone, and 9.88% (8/81) and 10.09% (11/109) of both GI and GII, respectively. No NoV was detected among the 677 frozen berry samples for export. Thus, the occurrence of NoV contamination was significantly higher in domestic berries than in exported berries and higher in fresh berries than in frozen berries. This study highlights the need for further risk surveillance for NoV contamination in berries produced in the Heilongjiang Province and recommends region-extended monitoring of retail berries for NoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- Technology Center, Heilongjiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Harbin, China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Han Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, China.
| | - Yigang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, China.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
The Oxysterol 25-Hydroxycholesterol Inhibits Replication of Murine Norovirus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020097. [PMID: 30682775 PMCID: PMC6409565 DOI: 10.3390/v11020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, an essential component of mammalian cells, is also an important factor in the replicative-cycles of several human and animal viruses. The oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, is produced from cholesterol by the enzyme, cholesterol 25-hydroxylase. 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) has been shown to have anti-viral activities against a wide range of viruses, including a range of positive-sense RNA viruses. In this study, we have investigated the role of 25-HC in norovirus replication using murine norovirus (MNV) as a model system. As a control, we employed herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a pathogen previously shown to be inhibited by 25-HC. Consistent with previous studies, 25-HC inhibited HSV-1 replication in the MNV-susceptible cell line, RAW264.7. Treating RAW264.7 cells with sub-cytotoxic concentrations of 25-HC reduced the MNV titers. However, other sterols such as cholesterol or the oxysterol, 22-S-hydroxycholesterol (22-S-HC), did not inhibit MNV replication. Moreover, treating MNV-infected RAW264.7 cells with 25-HC-stimulated caspase 3/7 activity, which leads to enhanced apoptosis and increased cell death. Our study adds noroviruses to the list of viruses inhibited by 25-HC and begins to offer insights into the mechanism behind this inhibition.
Collapse
|
183
|
Metagenomic analysis of viruses in toilet waste from long distance flights-A new procedure for global infectious disease surveillance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210368. [PMID: 30640944 PMCID: PMC6331095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human viral pathogens are a major public health threat. Reliable information that accurately describes and characterizes the global occurrence and transmission of human viruses is essential to support national and global priority setting, public health actions, and treatment decisions. However, large areas of the globe are currently without surveillance due to limited health care infrastructure and lack of international cooperation. We propose a novel surveillance strategy, using metagenomic analysis of toilet material from international air flights as a method for worldwide viral disease surveillance. The aim of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate a method for viral analysis of airplane toilet waste enabling simultaneous detection and quantification of a wide range of human viral pathogens. Toilet waste from 19 international airplanes was analyzed for viral content, using viral capture probes followed by high-throughput sequencing. Numerous human pathogens were detected including enteric and respiratory viruses. Several geographic trends were observed with samples originating from South Asia having significantly higher viral species richness as well as higher abundances of salivirus A, aichivirus A and enterovirus B, compared to samples originating from North Asia and North America. In addition, certain city specific trends were observed, including high numbers of rotaviruses in airplanes departing from Islamabad. Based on this study we believe that central sampling and analysis at international airports could be a useful supplement for global viral surveillance, valuable for outbreak detection and for guiding public health resources.
Collapse
|
184
|
Structural Basis for Human Norovirus Capsid Binding to Bile Acids. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01581-18. [PMID: 30355683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01581-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A recently developed human norovirus cell culture system revealed that the presence of bile enhanced or was an essential requirement for the growth of certain genotypes. Before this discovery, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) were the only well-studied cofactor known for human noroviruses, and there was evidence that several genotypes poorly bound HBGAs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how human norovirus capsids interact with bile acids. We found that bile acids had low-micromolar affinities for GII.1, GII.10, and GII.19 capsids but did not bind GI.1, GII.3, GII.4, or GII.17. We showed that bile acid bound at a partially conserved pocket on the norovirus capsid-protruding (P) domain using X-ray crystallography. Amino acid sequence alignment and structural analysis delivered an explanation of selective bile acid binding. Intriguingly, we discovered that binding of the bile acid was the critical step to stabilize several P domain loops that optimally placed an essential amino acid side chain (Asp375) to bind HBGAs in an otherwise HBGA nonbinder (GII.1). Furthermore, bile acid enhanced HBGA binding for a known HBGA binder (GII.10). Altogether, these new data suggest that bile acid functions as a loop-stabilizing regulator and enhancer of HBGA binding for certain norovirus genotypes.IMPORTANCE Given that human norovirus virions likely interact with bile acid during a natural infection, our evidence that an HBGA nonbinder (GII.1) can be converted to an HBGA binder after bile acid binding is of major significance. Our data provide direct evidence that, like HBGAs, bile acid interaction on the capsid is an important cofactor for certain genotypes. However, more unanswered questions seem to arise from these new discoveries. For example, is there an association between the bile acid requirement and the prevalence of certain genotypes? That is, the GII.1 and GII.10 (bile acid binders) genotypes rarely caused outbreaks, whereas the GII.4 and GII.17 genotypes (bile acid nonbinders) were responsible for large epidemics. Therefore, it seems plausible that certain genotypes require bile acids, whereas others have modified their bile acid requirements on the capsid.
Collapse
|
185
|
Canales RA, Reynolds KA, Wilson AM, Fankem SLM, Weir MH, Rose JB, Abd-Elmaksoud S, Gerba CP. Modeling the role of fomites in a norovirus outbreak. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:16-26. [PMID: 30274562 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1531131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus accounts for a large portion of the gastroenteritis disease burden, and outbreaks have occurred in a wide variety of environments. Understanding the role of fomites in norovirus transmission will inform behavioral interventions, such as hand washing and surface disinfection. The purpose of this study was to estimate the contribution of fomite-mediated exposures to infection and illness risks in outbreaks. A simulation model in discrete time that accounted for hand-to-porous surfaces, hand-to-nonporous surfaces, hand-to-mouth, -eyes, -nose, and hand washing events was used to predict 17 hr of simulated human behavior. Norovirus concentrations originated from monitoring contamination levels on surfaces during an outbreak on houseboats. To predict infection risk, two dose-response models (fractional Poisson and 2F1 hypergeometric) were used to capture a range of infection risks. A triangular distribution describing the conditional probability of illness given an infection was multiplied by modeled infection risks to estimate illness risks. Infection risks ranged from 70.22% to 72.20% and illness risks ranged from 21.29% to 70.36%. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the number of hand-to-mouth contacts and the number of hand washing events had strong relationships with model-predicted doses. Predicted illness risks overlapped with leisure setting and environmental attack rates reported in the literature. In the outbreak associated with the viral concentrations used in this study, attack rates ranged from 50% to 86%. This model suggests that fomites may have accounted for 25% to 82% of illnesses in this outbreak. Fomite-mediated exposures may contribute to a large portion of total attack rates in outbreaks involving multiple transmission modes. The findings of this study reinforce the importance of frequent fomite cleaning and hand washing, especially when ill persons are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Canales
- a Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health , The University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ
| | - Kelly A Reynolds
- a Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health , The University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ
| | - Amanda M Wilson
- a Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health , The University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ
| | - Sonia L M Fankem
- a Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health , The University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ
- b Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science , The University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ
| | - Mark H Weir
- c College of Public Health , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH
| | - Joan B Rose
- d Department of Fisheries and Wildlife , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI
| | - Sherif Abd-Elmaksoud
- e Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research , National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Charles P Gerba
- a Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health , The University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ
- b Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science , The University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Hughes SL, Morbey RA, Elliot AJ, McEwen SA, Greer AL, Young I, Papadopoulos A. Monitoring telehealth vomiting calls as a potential public health early warning system for seasonal norovirus activity in Ontario, Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e112. [PMID: 30869009 PMCID: PMC6518795 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818003357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a predominant cause of infectious gastroenteritis in countries worldwide [1-5]. It accounts for approximately 50% of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and >90% of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks [6, 7]. The incubation period ranges between 10 and 48 h and illness duration is generally 1-3 days with self-limiting symptoms; however, this duration is often longer (e.g. 4-6 days) in vulnerable populations such as hospital patients or young children [2, 8]. Symptomatic infection of norovirus presents as acute vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps and nausea, with severe vomiting and diarrhoea (non-bloody) being most common [2, 5, 9].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Hughes
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. A. Morbey
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, UK
| | - A. J. Elliot
- Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, UK
| | - S. A. McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. L. Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - I. Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. Papadopoulos
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Yang W, Steele M, Lopman B, Leon JS, Hall AJ. The Population-Level Impacts of Excluding Norovirus-Infected Food Workers From the Workplace: A Mathematical Modeling Study. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:177-187. [PMID: 30202923 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne disease in the United States. The Food and Drug Administration recommends that food workers infected with norovirus be excluded from the workplace while symptomatic and for 48 hours after their symptoms subside. Compliance with this recommendation is not ideal, and the population-level impacts of changes in food-worker compliance have yet to be quantified. We aimed to assess the population impacts of varying degrees of compliance with the current recommendation through the use of a compartmental model. We modeled the number and proportion of symptomatic norovirus cases averted annually in the US population (using data from 1983-2014) in specific age groups (children aged <5 years, children aged 5-17 years, adults aged 18-64 years, and adults aged ≥65 years) under various scenarios of food-worker exclusion (i.e., proportion compliant and days of postsymptomatic exclusion) in comparison with a referent scenario which assumed that 66.6¯% of norovirus-symptomatic food workers and 0% of postsymptomatic food workers were excluded from work. Overall, we estimated that 6.0 million cases of norovirus have already been avoided annually under the referent scenario and that 6.7 million (28%) more cases might be avoided through 100% compliance with the current recommendations. Substantial population-level benefits were predicted from improved compliance in exclusion of norovirus-infected food workers from the workplace-benefits that may be realized through policies or programs incentivizing self-exclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Molly Steele
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ben Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Juan S Leon
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Zou WY, Blutt SE, Crawford SE, Ettayebi K, Zeng XL, Saxena K, Ramani S, Karandikar UC, Zachos NC, Estes MK. Human Intestinal Enteroids: New Models to Study Gastrointestinal Virus Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1576:229-247. [PMID: 28361480 PMCID: PMC5752619 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) and human norovirus (HuNoV) infections are recognized as the most common causes of epidemic and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis worldwide. The study of these two human gastrointestinal viruses is important for understanding basic virus-host interactions and mechanisms of pathogenesis and to establish models to evaluate vaccines and treatments. Despite the introduction of live-attenuated vaccines to prevent life-threatening HRV-induced disease, the burden of HRV illness remains significant in low-income and less-industrialized countries, and small animal models or ex vivo models to study HRV infections efficiently are lacking. Similarly, HuNoVs remained non-cultivatable until recently. With the advent of non-transformed human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures, we are now able to culture and study both clinically relevant HRV and HuNoV in a biologically relevant human system. Methods described here will allow investigators to use these new culture techniques to grow HRV and HuNoV and analyze new aspects of virus replication and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Y Zou
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kapil Saxena
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Umesh C Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Impacts and Challenges of Advanced Diagnostic Assays for Transplant Infectious Diseases. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF TRANSPLANT INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121269 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9034-4_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The advanced technologies described in this chapter should allow for full inventories to be made of bacterial genes, their time- and place-dependent expression, and the resulting proteins as well as their outcome metabolites. The evolution of these molecular technologies will continue, not only in the microbial pathogens but also in the context of host-pathogen interactions targeting human genomics and transcriptomics. Their performance characteristics and limitations must be clearly understood by both laboratory personnel and clinicians to ensure proper utilization and interpretation.
Collapse
|
190
|
Iloghalu U, Holmes B, Khatiwada J, Williams LL. Selected Plant Extracts Show Antiviral Effects against Murine Norovirus Surrogate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2019.94022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
191
|
Lyoo KS, Jung MC, Yoon SW, Kim HK, Jeong DG. Identification of canine norovirus in dogs in South Korea. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:413. [PMID: 30577780 PMCID: PMC6302410 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine noroviruses (CaNoVs) are classified into genogroups GIV, GVI, and GVII and have been detected in fecal samples from dogs since their first appearance in a dog with enteritis in Italy in 2007. CaNoVs may be a public health concern because pet animals are an integral part of the family and could be a potential reservoir of zoonotic agents. Nonetheless, there was no previous information concerning the epidemiology of CaNoV in South Korea. In the present study, we aimed to detect CaNoV antigens and to investigate serological response against CaNoV in dogs. Results In total, 459 fecal samples and 427 sera were collected from small animal clinics and animal shelters housing free-roaming dogs in geographically distinct areas in South Korea. For the detection of CaNoV, RT-PCR was performed using target specific primers, and nucleotide sequences of CaNoV isolates were phylogenetically analyzed. Seroprevalence was performed by ELISA based on P domain protein. CaNoVs were detected in dog fecal samples (14/459, 3.1%) and were phylogenetically classified into the same cluster as previously reported genogroup GIV CaNoVs. Seroprevalence was performed, and 68 (15.9%) of 427 total dog serum samples tested positive for CaNoV IgG antibodies. Conclusion This is the first study identifying CaNoV in the South Korean dog population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Lyoo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Jung
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Hye Kwon Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea. .,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Whole-Genome Sequences of Two Human Norovirus GII.4 Variants Isolated in the United States. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA00840-18. [PMID: 30533604 PMCID: PMC6211338 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00840-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of human noroviruses belonging to the genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) lineage have accounted for most norovirus outbreaks in the world since the mid-1990s. We report here the complete genome sequences of two historical human norovirus GII.4 variants isolated from norovirus-positive patient stool specimens in the United States.
Collapse
|
193
|
Alvarado G, Ettayebi K, Atmar RL, Bombardi RG, Kose N, Estes MK, Crowe JE. Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Neutralize Pandemic GII.4 Noroviruses. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1898-1907. [PMID: 30170116 PMCID: PMC6402321 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human noroviruses are responsible for approximately 200,000 deaths worldwide each year. In 2012, the GII.4 Sydney strain emerged and became the major circulating norovirus strain associated with human disease. Our understanding of the human norovirus-specific antibody response is limited because few human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to noroviruses have been described, and there are no functional assays to measure virus neutralization. We studied the antibody-mediated response to the genogroup (G) II.4 strain by isolating mAbs to GII.4 from infected patients and developing virus neutralization assays. METHODS We used a robust human hybridoma technique to isolate mAbs from patients previously infected with norovirus and identified mAbs that blocked virus binding to cell receptors, using virus-like particles to test blockade ability. We tested the ability of select mAbs to neutralize live human noroviruses using stem cell-derived human enteroids. RESULTS We isolated a panel of 25 IgG or IgA human mAbs that recognized norovirus GII.4 Sydney 2012 and determined their potential to block virus binding to cell receptors. In competition binding studies, most antibodies recognized 3 major antigenic sites on the GII.4 Sydney 2012 protruding (P) domain. CONCLUSIONS We isolated and characterized human mAbs that neutralize live human norovirus GII.4 Sydney 2012-the predominant strain responsible for recent outbreaks. Analyses of these antibodies identified neutralizing epitopes; further studies will provide insight into the human immune response to this deadly virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alvarado
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Robin G. Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Corresponding author James E. Crowe, Jr., M.D., Ann Scott Carell Chair, Departments of Pediatrics, and Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Director, Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, 11475 Medical Research Building IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0417, USA, Telephone: (615) 343-8064,
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Nicolay N, Boulet L, Le Bourhis-Zaimi M, Badjadj-Kab L, Henry L, Erouart S, Borgey F. The role of dependency in a norovirus outbreak in a nursing home. Eur Geriatr Med 2018; 9:837-844. [PMID: 34674480 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-018-0120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of the epidemiological investigation were to describe factors associated with prolonged transmission of acute gastroenteritis in a nursing home during a norovirus outbreak. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted among residents (N = 89) and staff members (N = 86) of the nursing home. Outbreak description was performed in both residents and staff members. Among residents, attack rates and relative risks and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) associated with different identified risk factors including consumption of normal, mixed and choped meal, score of dependency were calculated. A multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to assess the independent association between risk factors and the occurrence of acute gastroenteritis over the entire outbreak duration. Environmental investigations and review of practices were carried out among staff. RESULTS Respectively 49/89 respondent residents (AR 58%) and 9/47 respondent staff members (AR 19%) reported gastrointestinal symptoms between September 17 and October 21, 2016. Norovirus type II was isolated in five stool samples. Residents with dependency score (Gir) below 4 were at higher risk of acute gastroenteritis [RR 2.1 (95% CI 1.1-4.1)] compared to those autonomous. It was the only identified risk factor. In addition, the review of practices in staff identified several breaks in the application of hygiene control standards including misuse of personal protective equipment (gloves were not changed between caring for different patients), inappropriate hand hygiene technique, and disinfection of environmental surfaces with an ineffective product on norovirus. CONCLUSIONS This episode reminds the importance of early recognition of acute gastroenteritis cases and the implementation of rigorous management measures in order to limit the spread of the epidemic in a highly vulnerable dependent population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Nicolay
- The Regional Public Health Agency of Normandy, Public Health France, Rouen, France. .,Cire Normandie, ARS Normandie-"Immeuble Le Mail", 31, Rue Malouet, BP 2061, 76040, Rouen Cedex, France.
| | - Ludivine Boulet
- Departement of Infection Control, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | - Lynda Badjadj-Kab
- The Regional Public Health Agency of Normandy, Public Health France, Rouen, France
| | - Liliane Henry
- Cire Normandie, ARS Normandie-"Immeuble Le Mail", 31, Rue Malouet, BP 2061, 76040, Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Erouart
- Prevention Unit of Healthcare Associated Infections, Normandy, Caen, France
| | - France Borgey
- Cire Normandie, ARS Normandie-"Immeuble Le Mail", 31, Rue Malouet, BP 2061, 76040, Rouen Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Prevalence of human Norovirus by genotype in contaminated groundwater in Korea over the last decade (2007–2016). J Microbiol 2018; 56:926-931. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
196
|
Shariati A, Fallah F, Pormohammad A, Taghipour A, Safari H, Chirani AS, Sabour S, Alizadeh-Sani M, Azimi T. The possible role of bacteria, viruses, and parasites in initiation and exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8550-8569. [PMID: 30480810 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prolonged and disabling functional gastrointestinal disorder with the incidence rate of 18% in the world. IBS could seriously affect lifetime of patients and cause high economic burden on the community. The pathophysiology of the IBS is hardly understood, whereas several possible mechanisms, such as visceral hypersensitivity, irregular gut motility, abnormal brain-gut relations, and the role of infectious agents, are implicated in initiation and development of this syndrome. Different studies demonstrated an alteration in B-lymphocytes, mast cells (MC), T-lymphocytes, and cytokine concentrations in intestinal mucosa or systemic circulation that are likely to contribute to the formation of the IBS. Therefore, IBS could be developed in those with genetic predisposition. Infections' role in initiation and exacerbation of IBS has been investigated by quite several clinical studies; moreover, the possible role of some pathogens in development and exacerbation of this disease has been described. It appears that the main obligatory pathogens correspond with the IBS disease, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, and viruses, particularly noroviruses. A number of pathogenic parasites (Blastocystis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Giardia lamblia) may also be involved in the progression and exacerbation of the disease. Based on the current knowledge, the current study concludes that the most common bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens may be involved in the development and progression of IBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Fallah
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Pormohammad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Salami Chirani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardebil University of Medical Science, Ardebil, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Weinberg GA. Outbreak Epidemiology: One of Many New Frontiers of Norovirus Biology. J Infect Dis 2018; 219:1349-1352. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Norovirus Outbreak Associated with Swimming in a Recreational Lake Not Influenced by External Human Fecal Sources in The Netherlands, August 2012. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112550. [PMID: 30441782 PMCID: PMC6267268 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Swimming in fecally contaminated recreational water may lead to gastrointestinal illness. A recreational water-associated outbreak of norovirus (NoV) infections affecting at least 100 people in The Netherlands occurred in August 2012. Questionnaire responses from patients indicated swimming in recreational lake Zeumeren as the most likely cause of illness. Most patients visited the lake during the weekend of 18–19 August, during which the weather was exceptionally warm (maximum temperatures 32–33 °C), and visitor numbers elevated. Patients, mostly children, became ill with gastroenteritis 1–6 days (median 2 days) after exposure. Four stool samples from patients were NoV GI positive. Subsurface sandy soil from one of the beaches where most patients swam was NoV GI positive; the water sample was negative. The epidemiological curve and the timeline of investigation based on reported symptoms demonstrate the difficulty in discovering the source in recreational water outbreaks. A NoV outbreak in a recreational lake that is not subjected to external fecal contamination sources shows the need for active communication about human shedding of viruses during and after diarrheal episodes and the advice to refrain from swimming, even a few weeks after the symptoms have resolved.
Collapse
|
199
|
Van Winkle JA, Robinson BA, Peters AM, Li L, Nouboussi RV, Mack M, Nice TJ. Persistence of Systemic Murine Norovirus Is Maintained by Inflammatory Recruitment of Susceptible Myeloid Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:665-676.e4. [PMID: 30392829 PMCID: PMC6248887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral persistence can contribute to chronic disease and promote virus dissemination. Prior work demonstrated that timely clearance of systemic murine norovirus (MNV) infection depends on cell-intrinsic type I interferon responses and adaptive immunity. We now find that the capsid of the systemically replicating MNV strain CW3 promotes lytic cell death, release of interleukin-1α, and increased inflammatory cytokine release. Correspondingly, inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils are recruited to sites of infection in a CW3-capsid-dependent manner. Recruited monocytes and neutrophils are subsequently infected, representing a majority of infected cells in vivo. Systemic depletion of inflammatory monocytes or neutrophils from persistently infected Rag1-/- mice reduces viral titers in a tissue-specific manner. These data indicate that the CW3 capsid facilitates lytic cell death, inflammation, and recruitment of susceptible cells to promote persistence. Infection of continuously recruited inflammatory cells may be a mechanism of persistence broadly utilized by lytic viruses incapable of establishing latency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Van Winkle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Bridget A Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A Mack Peters
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lena Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ruth V Nouboussi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Bouziat R, Biering SB, Kouame E, Sangani KA, Kang S, Ernest JD, Varma M, Brown JJ, Urbanek K, Dermody TS, Ng A, Hinterleitner R, Hwang S, Jabri B. Murine Norovirus Infection Induces T H1 Inflammatory Responses to Dietary Antigens. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:677-688.e5. [PMID: 30392830 PMCID: PMC6326098 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal reovirus infection can trigger T helper 1 (TH1) immunity to dietary antigen, raising the question of whether other viruses can have a similar impact. Here we show that the acute CW3 strain of murine norovirus, but not the persistent CR6 strain, induces TH1 immunity to dietary antigen. This property of CW3 is dependent on its major capsid protein, a virulence determinant. Transcriptional profiling of mesenteric lymph nodes following infection reveals an immunopathological signature that does not segregate with protective immunity but with loss of oral tolerance, in which interferon regulatory factor 1 is critical. These data show that viral capacity to trigger specific inflammatory pathways at sites where T cell responses to dietary antigens take place interferes with the development of tolerance to an oral antigen. Collectively, these data provide a foundation for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent TH1-mediated complex immune disorders triggered by viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bouziat
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott B Biering
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elaine Kouame
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kishan A Sangani
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Soowon Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jordan D Ernest
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mukund Varma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Judy J Brown
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelly Urbanek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aylwin Ng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|