151
|
Mathä L, Martinez-Gonzalez I, Steer CA, Takei F. The Fate of Activated Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671966. [PMID: 33968080 PMCID: PMC8100346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) reside in both mucosal and non-mucosal tissues and play critical roles in the first line of defense against parasites and irritants such as allergens. Upon activation by cytokines released from epithelial and stromal cells during tissue damage or stimulation, ILC2s produce copious amounts of IL-5 and IL-13, leading to type 2 inflammation. Over the past 10 years, ILC2 involvement in a variety of human diseases has been unveiled. However, questions remain as to the fate of ILC2s after activation and how that might impact their role in chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma and fibrosis. Here, we review studies that have revealed novel properties of post-activation ILC2s including the generation of immunological memory, exhausted-like phenotype, transdifferentiation and activation-induced migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mathä
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Catherine A Steer
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fumio Takei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Liu O, Xu J, Wang F, Jin W, Zanvit P, Wang D, Goldberg N, Cain A, Guo N, Han Y, Bynum A, Ma G, Wang S, Tang Z, Chen W. Adipose-mesenchymal stromal cells suppress experimental Sjögren syndrome by IL-33-driven expansion of ST2 + regulatory T cells. iScience 2021; 24:102446. [PMID: 33997712 PMCID: PMC8105666 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) play important roles in the alleviation of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 family, has been shown to regulate innate and adaptive immunity. However, it is still unknown whether ADSCs regulate immune responses via IL-33. We show here that ADSCs produced IL-33 in response to IL-1β stimulation, which depended on TAK1, ERK, and p38 pathways. ADSCs-derived IL-33 drove the proliferation of CD4+Foxp3+ST2+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and alleviated experimental autoimmune Sjögren syndrome in mice. Importantly, human ADSCs also produced IL-33 in response to IL-1β. Thus, we have revealed a previously unrecognized immunoregulatory function of ADSCs by IL-33 production in experimental autoimmunity, which may have clinical applications for human immunopathology. Human and mouse ADSCs express IL-33 in response to IL-β stimulation mADSC-derived IL-33 inhibits inflammation in salivary glands in SS model mADSC-derived IL-33 expand ST2+ Tregs in vitro and in SS model
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ousheng Liu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Junji Xu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fu Wang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Dalian Medical University, School of Stomatology, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dandan Wang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nathan Goldberg
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Cain
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy Guo
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yichen Han
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Bynum
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Guowu Ma
- Dalian Medical University, School of Stomatology, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wanjun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Bennstein SB, Uhrberg M. Biology and therapeutic potential of human innate lymphoid cells. FEBS J 2021; 289:3967-3981. [PMID: 33837637 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have become established as important players in different areas such as tissue homeostasis, integrity of mucosal barriers and regulation of inflammation. While most of the early work on ILCs was based on murine studies, our knowledge on human ILCs is rapidly accumulating, opening novel perspectives towards the translation of ILC biology into the clinic. In this State-of-the-Art Review, we focus on the current knowledge of these most recently discovered members of the lymphocyte family and highlight their role in three major burdens of humanity: infectious diseases, cancer, and allergy and/or autoimmunity. IL-22-producing type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) have become established as important players at the interface between gut epithelia and intestinal microbiome and are implicated in protection from inflammatory bowel disease, the control of graft-versus-host disease and intestinal graft rejection. In contrast, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) exert pro-inflammatory functions and contribute to the pathology of asthma and allergy, which has already been started to be pharmacologically targeted. The contribution of ILCs to the control of viral infection constitutes another emerging topic. Finally, ILCs seem to play a dual role in cancer with beneficial and detrimental contributions depending on the clinical setting. The exploitation of the therapeutic potential of ILCs will constitute an exciting task in the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bianca Bennstein
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Asghar Pasha M, Yang Q. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Airway Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:183-191. [PMID: 33788194 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Airways are constantly exposed to antigens and various pathogens. Immune cells in the airways act as first line defense system against these pathogens, involving both innate and acquired immunity. There is accumulating evidence that innate lymphoid cells, newly identified lymphoid lineage cells, play a critical role in regulating tissue homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of inflammation. Cytokines produced by other cells activate innate lymphoid cells, which in turn produce large amount of cytokines that result in inflammation. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are recognized as key component of T helper type 2 (Th2) inflammation, and are known to be elevated in type 2 (T2) human airway diseases (asthma). Th2 cytokines produced by ILC2s amplify inflammation via activation of eosinophils, B cells, mast cell, and macrophages. "T2 high asthma" has an increased Th2 response triggered by elevation of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 and other inflammatory mediators, leading to increased eosinophilic inflammation. The growing evidence of ILC2 contribution in the induction and maintenance of allergic inflammation suggests that targeting upstream mediators may affect both the innate and adaptive immune responses and all disease phenotypes. Blocking ILC2 activators, activation of inhibitory pathways of ILC2, or suppression of ILC2-mediated pathways may be therapeutic strategies for the type 2 airway diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Asghar Pasha
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Microbial Disease & Immunology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
de Lucía Finkel P, Xia W, Jefferies WA. Beyond Unconventional: What Do We Really Know about Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1409-1417. [PMID: 33753565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a set of effectors that mediate the expulsion of helminthic parasites but also drive allergic lung inflammation. As innate agents, they do not recognize Ag, instead, they are sensitive to alarmin engagement, upon which they produce type 2 cytokines that amplify adaptive immunity. Their lymphoid identity appoints them as an intriguing group of unconventional cells; however, increasing evidence is unraveling a series of unprecedented functions that <5 years ago were unthinkable for ILC2s, such as acquiring a proinflammatory identity that enables them to support TH1 immune responses. Their plastic nature has allowed the characterization of ILC2s in more detail than ever; however, the novelty of ILC2 biology requires constant updates and recapitulations. This review provides an overview of ILC2s and describes memory ILC2, regulatory ILC2, inflammatory ILC2, and type 1 ILC2 subsets based on activation status, tissue environments, and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo de Lucía Finkel
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenjing Xia
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; .,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; and.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Bielecki P, Riesenfeld SJ, Hütter JC, Triglia ET, Kowalczyk MS, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Lian M, Vesely MCA, Kroehling L, Xu H, Slyper M, Muus C, Ludwig LS, Christian E, Tao L, Kedaigle AJ, Steach HR, York AG, Skadow MH, Yaghoubi P, Dionne D, Jarret A, McGee HM, Porter CBM, Licona-Limón P, Bailis W, Jackson R, Gagliani N, Gasteiger G, Locksley RM, Regev A, Flavell RA. Skin-resident innate lymphoid cells converge on a pathogenic effector state. Nature 2021; 592:128-132. [PMID: 33536623 PMCID: PMC8336632 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) help sustain barrier function and respond to local signals. ILCs are traditionally classified as ILC1, ILC2 or ILC3 on the basis of their expression of specific transcription factors and cytokines1. In the skin, disease-specific production of ILC3-associated cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 in response to IL-23 signalling contributes to dermal inflammation in psoriasis. However, it is not known whether this response is initiated by pre-committed ILCs or by cell-state transitions. Here we show that the induction of psoriasis in mice by IL-23 or imiquimod reconfigures a spectrum of skin ILCs, which converge on a pathogenic ILC3-like state. Tissue-resident ILCs were necessary and sufficient, in the absence of circulatory ILCs, to drive pathology. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiles of skin ILCs along a time course of psoriatic inflammation formed a dense transcriptional continuum-even at steady state-reflecting fluid ILC states, including a naive or quiescent-like state and an ILC2 effector state. Upon disease induction, the continuum shifted rapidly to span a mixed, ILC3-like subset also expressing cytokines characteristic of ILC2s, which we inferred as arising through multiple trajectories. We confirmed the transition potential of quiescent-like and ILC2 states using in vitro experiments, single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (scATAC-seq) and in vivo fate mapping. Our results highlight the range and flexibility of skin ILC responses, suggesting that immune activities primed in healthy tissues dynamically adapt to provocations and, left unchecked, drive pathological remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bielecki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Celsius Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Samantha J. Riesenfeld
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Correspondence to: A.R , R.A.F , P.B , and S.J.R
| | - Jan-Christian Hütter
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Elena Torlai Triglia
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Monika S. Kowalczyk
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Roberto R. Ricardo-Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA, Department of Medicine, Sandler Asthma Research Center University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mi Lian
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria C. Amezcua Vesely
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Lina Kroehling
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michal Slyper
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Christoph Muus
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Leif S. Ludwig
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Elena Christian
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Liming Tao
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Amanda J. Kedaigle
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Holly R. Steach
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Autumn G. York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mathias H. Skadow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Parastou Yaghoubi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Danielle Dionne
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Abigail Jarret
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Heather M. McGee
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Caroline B. M. Porter
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510
| | - Will Bailis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA., Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruaidhrí Jackson
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Richard M. Locksley
- Department of Medicine, Sandler Asthma Research Center University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA. .,Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Correspondence to: A.R , R.A.F , P.B , and S.J.R
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Kastenschmidt JM, Coulis G, Farahat PK, Pham P, Rios R, Cristal TT, Mannaa AH, Ayer RE, Yahia R, Deshpande AA, Hughes BS, Savage AK, Giesige CR, Harper SQ, Locksley RM, Mozaffar T, Villalta SA. A stromal progenitor and ILC2 niche promotes muscle eosinophilia and fibrosis-associated gene expression. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108997. [PMID: 33852849 PMCID: PMC8127948 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-accepted view that chronic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the function and regulation of eosinophils remain an unclear facet of type II innate immunity in dystrophic muscle. We report the observation that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are present in skeletal muscle and are the principal regulators of muscle eosinophils during muscular dystrophy. Eosinophils were elevated in DMD patients and dystrophic mice along with interleukin (IL)-5, a major eosinophil survival factor that was predominantly expressed by muscle ILC2s. We also find that IL-33 was upregulated in dystrophic muscle and was predominantly produced by fibrogenic/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). Exogenous IL-33 and IL-2 complex (IL-2c) expanded muscle ILC2s and eosinophils, decreased the cross-sectional area (CSA) of regenerating myofibers, and increased the expression of genes associated with muscle fibrosis. The deletion of ILC2s in dystrophic mice mitigated muscle eosinophilia and impaired the induction of IL-5 and fibrosis-associated genes. Our findings highlight a FAP/ILC2/eosinophil axis that promotes type II innate immunity, which influences the balance between regenerative and fibrotic responses during muscular dystrophy. Immune cells that comprise type II innate immunity coalesce to regulate tissue repair and fibrosis. Kastenschmidt et al. report that ILC2s reside in skeletal muscle, are activated in muscular dystrophy, and promote muscle eosinophilia. Stromal progenitors expressed IL-33, which expanded ILC2s and promoted a transcriptional program associated with muscle fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Kastenschmidt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gerald Coulis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip K Farahat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Phillip Pham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rodolfo Rios
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Therese T Cristal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ali H Mannaa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rachel E Ayer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rayan Yahia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Archis A Deshpande
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brandon S Hughes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adam K Savage
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlee R Giesige
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Scott Q Harper
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tahseen Mozaffar
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - S Armando Villalta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Innate Lymphoid Cells Play a Pathogenic Role in Pericarditis. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2989-3003.e6. [PMID: 32130902 PMCID: PMC7332109 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We find that cardiac group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are essential for the development of IL-33-induced eosinophilic pericarditis. We show a pathogenic role for ILC2s in cardiac inflammation, in which ILC2s activated by IL-33 drive the development of eosinophilic pericarditis in collaboration with cardiac fibroblasts. ILCs, not T and B cells, are required for the development of pericarditis. ILC2s transferred to the heart of Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- mice restore their susceptibility to eosinophil infiltration. Moreover, ILC2s direct cardiac fibroblasts to produce eotaxin-1. We also find that eosinophils reside in the mediastinal cavity and that eosinophils transferred to the mediastinal cavity of eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA1 mice following IL-33 treatment migrate to the heart. Thus, the serous cavities may serve as a reservoir of cardiac-infiltrating eosinophils. In humans, patients with pericarditis show higher amounts of ILCs in pericardial fluid than do healthy controls and patients with other cardiac diseases. We demonstrate that ILCs play a critical role in pericarditis.
Collapse
|
159
|
Kumar V. Innate Lymphoid Cells and Adaptive Immune Cells Cross-Talk: A Secret Talk Revealed in Immune Homeostasis and Different Inflammatory Conditions. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 40:217-251. [PMID: 33733998 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory immune response has evolved to protect the host from different pathogens, allergens, and endogenous death or damage-associated molecular patterns. Both innate and adaptive immune components are crucial in inducing an inflammatory immune response depending on the stimulus type and its duration of exposure or the activation of the primary innate immune response. As the source of inflammation is removed, the aggravated immune response comes to its homeostatic level. However, the failure of the inflammatory immune response to subside to its normal level generates chronic inflammatory conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly discovered innate immune cells, which are present in abundance at mucosal surfaces, including lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract. Also, they are present in peripheral blood circulation, skin, and lymph nodes. They play a crucial role in generating the pro-inflammatory immune response during diverse conditions. On the other hand, adaptive immune cells, including different types of T and B cells are major players in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.) and cancers. Thus the article is designed to discuss the immunological role of different ILCs and their interaction with adaptive immune cells in maintaining the immune homeostasis, and during inflammatory autoimmune diseases along with other inflammatory conditions (excluding pathogen-induced inflammation), including cancer, graft-versus-host diseases, and human pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Elevated Extracellular cGMP Produced after Exposure to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin Induces Epithelial IL-33 Release and Alters Intestinal Immunity. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00707-20. [PMID: 33431701 PMCID: PMC8090939 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00707-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major diarrheal pathogen in children in low- to middle-income countries. Previous studies identified heat-stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing ETEC as a prevalent diarrheal pathogen in children younger than 5 years. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major diarrheal pathogen in children in low- to middle-income countries. Previous studies identified heat-stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing ETEC as a prevalent diarrheal pathogen in children younger than 5 years. While many studies have evaluated the interaction of ETEC heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) with host epithelium and immunity, few investigations have attempted similar studies with ST. To further understand ST pathogenesis, we examined the impact of ST on cGMP localization, epithelial cell cytokine production, and antibody development following immunization. In addition to robust intracellular cGMP in T84 cells in the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEis) that prevent the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides, we found that prolonged ST intoxication induced extracellular cGMP accumulation in the presence or absence of PDEis. Further, ST intoxication induced luminal cGMP in vivo in mice, suggesting that secreted cGMP may have other cellular functions. Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative PCR (qPCR), we demonstrated that ST intoxication, or treatment with the clinically used ST mimic linaclotide, altered inflammatory cytokine gene expression, including the interleukin 1 (IL-1) family member IL-33, which could also be induced by cell-permeative 8-Br-cGMP. Finally, when present during immunization, ST suppressed induction of antibodies to specific antigens. In conclusion, our studies indicate that ST modulates epithelial cell physiology and the interplay between the epithelial and immune compartments.
Collapse
|
161
|
Tumor-Derived Lactic Acid Contributes to the Paucity of Intratumoral ILC2s. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2743-2757.e5. [PMID: 32101749 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are abundant in non-lymphoid tissues and increase following infectious and inflammatory insults. In solid tumors, however, ILC2s constitute a relatively small proportion of immune cells. Here, we show, using melanoma as a model, that while the IL-33/IL C2/eosinophil axis suppresses tumor growth, tumor-derived lactate attenuates the function and survival of ILC2s. Melanomas with reduced lactate production (LDHAlow) are growth delayed and typified by an increased number of ILC2s compared with control tumors. Upon IL-33 stimulation, ILC2s accompanied by eosinophils more effectively restrain the growth of LDHAlow tumors than control melanomas. Furthermore, database analysis reveals a negative correlation between the expression of LDHA and markers associated with ILC2s and the association of high expression of IL33 and an eosinophil marker SIGLEC8 with better overall survival in human cutaneous melanoma patients. This work demonstrates that the balance between the IL-33/ILC2/eosinophil axis and lactate production by tumor cells regulates melanoma growth.
Collapse
|
162
|
Nakatsuka Y, Yaku A, Handa T, Vandenbon A, Hikichi Y, Motomura Y, Sato A, Yoshinaga M, Tanizawa K, Watanabe K, Hirai T, Chin K, Suzuki Y, Uehata T, Mino T, Tsujimura T, Moro K, Takeuchi O. Profibrotic function of pulmonary group 2 innate lymphoid cells is controlled by regnase-1. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.00018-2020. [PMID: 32978308 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00018-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Regnase-1 is an RNase critical for post-transcriptional control of pulmonary immune homeostasis in mice by degrading immune-related mRNAs. However, little is known about the cell types Regnase-1 controls in the lung, and its relevance to human pulmonary diseases.Regnase-1-dependent changes in lung immune cell types were examined by a competitive bone marrow transfer mouse model, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were identified. Then the associations between Regnase-1 in ILC2s and human diseases were investigated by transcriptome analysis and a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. The clinical significance of Regnase-1 in ILC2s was further assessed using patient-derived cells.Regnase-1-deficiency resulted in the spontaneous proliferation and activation of ILC2s in the lung. Intriguingly, genes associated with pulmonary fibrosis were highly upregulated in Regnase-1-deficient ILC2s compared with wild-type, and supplementation of Regnase-1-deficient ILC2s augmented bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Regnase-1 suppresses mRNAs encoding transcription factors Gata3 and Egr1, which are potent to regulate fibrosis-associated genes. Clinically, Regnase-1 protein levels in ILC2 negatively correlated with the ILC2 population in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients with ILC2s >1500 cells·mL-1 peripheral blood exhibited poorer prognosis than patients with lower numbers, implying the contribution of Regnase-1 in ILC2s for the progression of IPF.Collectively, Regnase-1 was identified as a critical post-transcriptional regulator of the profibrotic function of ILC2s both in mouse and human, suggesting that Regnase-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Nakatsuka
- Dept of Respiratory Care and Sleep Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Dept of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ai Yaku
- Dept of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Dept of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Handa
- Dept of Advanced Medicine for Respiratory Failure, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexis Vandenbon
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Dept of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Hikichi
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Motomura
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sato
- Dept of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masanori Yoshinaga
- Dept of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiminobu Tanizawa
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kizuku Watanabe
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Chin
- Dept of Respiratory Care and Sleep Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Dept of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Uehata
- Dept of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Mino
- Dept of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Dept of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Chu C, Parkhurst CN, Zhang W, Zhou L, Yano H, Arifuzzaman M, Artis D. The ChAT-acetylcholine pathway promotes group 2 innate lymphoid cell responses and anti-helminth immunity. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/57/eabe3218. [PMID: 33674322 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) reside in multiple tissues, including lymphoid organs and barrier surfaces, and secrete type 2 cytokines including interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-9, and IL-13. These cells participate in multiple physiological processes including allergic inflammation, tissue repair, metabolic homeostasis, and host defense against helminth infections. Recent studies indicate that neurotransmitters and neuropeptides can play an important role in regulating ILC2 responses; however, the mechanisms that underlie these processes in vivo remain incompletely defined. Here, we identify that activated ILC2s up-regulate choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of acetylcholine (ACh)-after infection with the helminth parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or treatment with alarmins or cytokines including IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). ILC2s also express acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), and ACh administration promotes ILC2 cytokine production and elicits expulsion of helminth infection. In accordance with this, ChAT deficiency in ILC2s leads to defective ILC2 responses and impaired immunity against helminth infection. Together, these results reveal a previously unrecognized role of the ChAT-ACh pathway in promoting type 2 innate immunity to helminth infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coco Chu
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Christopher N Parkhurst
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mohammad Arifuzzaman
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. .,Friedman Center for Nutrition and Inflammation, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Roberts LB, Schnoeller C, Berkachy R, Darby M, Pillaye J, Oudhoff MJ, Parmar N, Mackowiak C, Sedda D, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Vaux R, Gounaris K, Berrard S, Withers DR, Horsnell WGC, Selkirk ME. Acetylcholine production by group 2 innate lymphoid cells promotes mucosal immunity to helminths. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/57/eabd0359. [PMID: 33674321 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical mediators of immunological and physiological responses at mucosal barrier sites. Whereas neurotransmitters can stimulate ILCs, the synthesis of small-molecule neurotransmitters by these cells has only recently been appreciated. Group 2 ILCs (ILC2s) are shown here to synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh) during parasitic nematode infection. The cholinergic phenotype of pulmonary ILC2s was associated with their activation state, could be induced by in vivo exposure to extracts of Alternaria alternata or the alarmin cytokines interleukin-33 (IL-33) and IL-25, and was augmented by IL-2 in vitro. Genetic disruption of ACh synthesis by murine ILC2s resulted in increased parasite burdens, lower numbers of ILC2s, and reduced lung and gut barrier responses to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. These data demonstrate a functional role for ILC2-derived ACh in the expansion of ILC2s for maximal induction of type 2 immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke B Roberts
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Rita Berkachy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Darby
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Naveen Parmar
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claire Mackowiak
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Delphine Sedda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Valerie Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Rachel Vaux
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sylvie Berrard
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, 75019 Paris, France
| | - David R Withers
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Murray E Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Douglas B, Oyesola O, Cooper MM, Posey A, Tait Wojno E, Giacomin PR, Herbert DR. Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:639-665. [PMID: 33646858 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-122827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coevolutionary adaptation between humans and helminths has developed a finely tuned balance between host immunity and chronic parasitism due to immunoregulation. Given that these reciprocal forces drive selection, experimental models of helminth infection are ideally suited for discovering how host protective immune responses adapt to the unique tissue niches inhabited by these large metazoan parasites. This review highlights the key discoveries in the immunology of helminth infection made over the last decade, from innate lymphoid cells to the emerging importance of neuroimmune connections. A particular emphasis is placed on the emerging areas within helminth immunology where the most growth is possible, including the advent of genetic manipulation of parasites to study immunology and the use of engineered T cells for therapeutic options. Lastly,we cover the status of human challenge trials with helminths as treatment for autoimmune disease, which taken together, stand to keep the study of parasitic worms at the forefront of immunology for years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Douglas
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Oyebola Oyesola
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; ,
| | - Martha M Cooper
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia; ,
| | - Avery Posey
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Elia Tait Wojno
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; ,
| | - Paul R Giacomin
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia; ,
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Cavagnero KJ, Badrani JH, Naji LH, Amadeo MB, Leng AS, Lacasa LD, Strohm AN, Renusch SR, Gasparian SS, Doherty TA. Cyclic-di-GMP Induces STING-Dependent ILC2 to ILC1 Shift During Innate Type 2 Lung Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618807. [PMID: 33679760 PMCID: PMC7935536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 inflammation is found in most forms of asthma, which may co-exist with recurrent viral infections, bacterial colonization, and host cell death. These processes drive the accumulation of intracellular cyclic-di-nucleotides such as cyclic-di-GMP (CDG). Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are critical drivers of type 2 lung inflammation during fungal allergen exposure in mice; however, it is unclear how CDG regulates lung ILC responses during lung inflammation. Here, we show that intranasal CDG induced early airway type 1 interferon (IFN) production and dramatically suppressed CD127+ST2+ ILC2s and type 2 lung inflammation during Alternaria and IL-33 exposure. Further, CD127-ST2-Thy1.2+ lung ILCs, which showed a transcriptomic signature consistent with ILC1s, were expanded and activated by CDG combined with either Alternaria or IL-33. CDG-mediated suppression of type 2 inflammation occurred independent of IL-18R, IL-12, and STAT6 but required the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and type 1 IFN signaling. Thus, CDG potently suppresses ILC2-driven lung inflammation and promotes ILC1 responses. These results suggest potential therapeutic modulation of STING to suppress type 2 inflammation and/or increase anti-viral responses during respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellen J. Cavagnero
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jana H. Badrani
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Luay H. Naji
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael B. Amadeo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anthea S. Leng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lee Diego Lacasa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Allyssa N. Strohm
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Samantha R. Renusch
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Suzanna S. Gasparian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Taylor A. Doherty
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
El-Naccache DW, Haskó G, Gause WC. Early Events Triggering the Initiation of a Type 2 Immune Response. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:151-164. [PMID: 33386241 PMCID: PMC9813923 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are typically associated with protection against helminth infections and also with harmful inflammation in response to allergens. Recent advances have revealed that type 2 immunity also contributes to sterile inflammation, cancer, and microbial infections. However, the early events that initiate type 2 immune responses remain poorly defined. New insights reveal major contributions from danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the initiation of type 2 immune responses. In this review, we examine the molecules released by the host and pathogens and the role they play in mediating the initiation of mammalian innate type 2 immune responses under a variety of conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darine W El-Naccache
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - William C Gause
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Cavagnero KJ, Doherty TA. Lipid-mediated innate lymphoid cell recruitment and activation in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 126:135-142. [PMID: 32950684 PMCID: PMC7855910 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize investigations into the role of lipid-mediated recruitment and activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature review of reports pertaining to cellular mechanisms, cytokine, and lipid mediators in AERD, as well as ILC2 activation and recruitment, was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. STUDY SELECTIONS Selections of studies were based on reports of lipid mediators in AERD, cytokine mediators in AERD, type 2 effector cells in AERD, platelets in AERD, AERD treatment, ILC2s in allergic airway disease, and ILC2 activation, inhibition, and trafficking. RESULTS The precise mechanisms of AERD pathogenesis are not well understood. Greater levels of proinflammatory lipid mediators and type 2 cytokines are found in tissues derived from patients with AERD relative to controls. After pathognomonic cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor reactions, proinflammatory mediator concentrations (prostaglandin D2 and cysteinyl leukotrienes) are rapidly increased, as are ILC2 levels in the nasal mucosa. The ILC2s, which potently generate type 2 cytokines in response to lipid mediator stimulation, may play a key role in AERD pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Although the literature suggests that lipid-mediated ILC2 activation may occur in AERD, there is a dearth of definitive evidence. Future investigations leveraging novel next-generation single-cell sequencing approaches along with recently developed AERD murine models will better define lipid mediator-induced ILC2 trafficking in patients with AERD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellen J Cavagnero
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Taylor A Doherty
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, La Jolla, California.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Poniewierska-Baran A, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. The role of innate lymphoid cells in selected disease states - cancer formation, metabolic disorder and inflammation. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:196-206. [PMID: 33488872 PMCID: PMC7811321 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.89835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently described group of immune cells that can regulate homeostasis and protect mammalian organisms, including humans, from infections and diseases. Considering this, ILC research is still ongoing to better understand the biology of these cells and their roles in the human body. ILCs are a multifunctional group of immune cells, making it important for the medical community to be familiar with the latest research about the ILC families and their functions in selected disease states, such as cancer formation, metabolic disorders and inflammation. By discovering the roles of ILC populations and their participation in many disorders, we can improve disease diagnostics and patient healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beata Tokarz-Deptuła
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Veterinary Center of the Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Immune Regulatory Roles of Cells Expressing Taste Signaling Elements in Nongustatory Tissues. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 275:271-293. [PMID: 33945029 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled taste receptors and their downstream signaling elements, including Gnat3 (also known as α-gustducin) and TrpM5, were first identified in taste bud cells. Subsequent studies, however, revealed that some cells in nongustatory tissues also express taste receptors and/or their signaling elements. These nongustatory-tissue-expressed taste receptors and signaling elements play important roles in a number of physiological processes, including metabolism and immune responses. Special populations of cells expressing taste signaling elements in nongustatory tissues have been described as solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) and tuft cells, mainly based on their morphological features and their expression of taste signaling elements as a critical molecular signature. These cells are typically scattered in barrier epithelial tissues, and their functions were largely unknown until recently. Emerging evidence shows that SCCs and tuft cells play important roles in immune responses to microbes and parasites. Additionally, certain immune cells also express taste receptors or taste signaling elements, suggesting a direct link between chemosensation and immune function. In this chapter, we highlight our current understanding of the functional roles of these "taste-like" cells and taste signaling pathways in different tissues, focusing on their activities in immune regulation.
Collapse
|
171
|
Panova V, Gogoi M, Rodriguez-Rodriguez N, Sivasubramaniam M, Jolin HE, Heycock MWD, Walker JA, Rana BMJ, Drynan LF, Hodskinson M, Pannell R, King G, Wing M, Easton AJ, Oedekoven CA, Kent DG, Fallon PG, Barlow JL, McKenzie ANJ. Group-2 innate lymphoid cell-dependent regulation of tissue neutrophil migration by alternatively activated macrophage-secreted Ear11. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:26-37. [PMID: 32457448 PMCID: PMC7790759 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Type-2 immunity is characterised by interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13, eosinophilia, mucus production, IgE, and alternatively activated macrophages (AAM). However, despite the lack of neutrophil chemoattractants such as CXCL1, neutrophils, a feature of type-1 immunity, are observed in type-2 responses. Consequently, alternative mechanisms must exist to ensure that neutrophils can contribute to type-2 immune reactions without escalation of deleterious inflammation. We now demonstrate that type-2 immune-associated neutrophil infiltration is regulated by the mouse RNase A homologue, eosinophil-associated ribonuclease 11 (Ear11), which is secreted by AAM downstream of IL-25-stimulated ILC2. Transgenic overexpression of Ear11 resulted in tissue neutrophilia, whereas Ear11-deficient mice have fewer resting tissue neutrophils, whilst other type-2 immune responses are not impaired. Notably, administration of recombinant mouse Ear11 increases neutrophil motility and recruitment. Thus, Ear11 helps maintain tissue neutrophils at homoeostasis and during type-2 reactions when chemokine-producing classically activated macrophages are infrequently elicited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veera Panova
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK ,grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830Present Address: The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT UK
| | - Mayuri Gogoi
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Noe Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Meera Sivasubramaniam
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Helen E. Jolin
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Morgan W. D. Heycock
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Jennifer A. Walker
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Batika M. J. Rana
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Lesley F. Drynan
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Michael Hodskinson
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Richard Pannell
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Gareth King
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Mark Wing
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| | - Andrew J. Easton
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - David G. Kent
- Stem Cell Institute, Clifford-Allbutt Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH UK ,grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Present Address: Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Padraic G. Fallon
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jillian L. Barlow
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK ,grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Present Address: Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Andrew N. J. McKenzie
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMedical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH UK
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Tissue signals imprint Aiolos expression in ILC2s to modulate type 2 immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1306-1322. [PMID: 34349237 PMCID: PMC8528704 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) manifest tissue heterogeneity and are crucial modulators of regional immune responses. The molecular mechanisms regulating tissue ILC2 properties remain elusive. Here, we interrogate the signatures of ILC2s from five tissues at the transcriptome and epigenetic level. We have found that tissue microenvironment strongly shapes ILC2 identities. The intestine induces Aiolos+ILC2s, whereas lung and pancreas enhance Galectin-1+ILC2s. Though being a faithful gut ILC2 feature under the steady state, Aiolos is induced in non-intestinal ILC2s by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Specifically, IL-33 stimulates Aiolos expression in both human and mouse non-intestinal ILC2s. Functionally, Aiolos facilitates eosinophil recruitment by supporting IL-5 production and proliferation of ST2+ILC2s through inhibiting PD-1. At the epigenetic level, ILC2 tissue characters are imprinted by open chromatin regions (OCRs) at non-promoters. Intestinal-specific transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) binds to Ikzf3 (encoding Aiolos) locus, increases the accessibility of an intestinal ILC2-specific OCR, and promotes the Ikzf3 transcription by enhancing H3K27ac. Consequently, Ahr prevents ILC2s entering an "exhausted-like" state through sustaining Aiolos expression. Our work elucidates mechanism of ILC2 tissue adaptation and highlights Aiolos as a potential target of type 2 inflammation.
Collapse
|
173
|
Wang R, Wang Y, Harris DCH, Cao Q. Innate lymphoid cells in kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2020; 99:1077-1087. [PMID: 33387602 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that innate immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, contribute to pathogenesis and protection in various kidney diseases. The understanding of innate immunity has been advanced recently by the discovery of a new group of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3. ILCs lack adaptive antigen receptors, yet can be triggered by various pathogens and rapidly provide an abundant source of immunomodulatory cytokines to exert immediate immune reactions and direct subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses. ILCs play critical roles in immunity, tissue homeostasis, and pathological inflammation. In this review, we highlight the biological function of ILC subpopulations in the normal kidney, and their important roles in acute and chronic kidney diseases, thus demonstrating the emerging importance of ILC-regulated immunity in this special organ and providing insights for future research directions and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
IL-33 facilitates rapid expulsion of the parasitic nematode Strongyloides ratti from the intestine via ILC2- and IL-9-driven mast cell activation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009121. [PMID: 33351862 PMCID: PMC7787685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths are sensed by the immune system via tissue-derived alarmins that promote the initiation of the appropriate type 2 immune responses. Here we establish the nuclear alarmin cytokine IL-33 as a non-redundant trigger of specifically IL-9-driven and mast cell-mediated immunity to the intestinal parasite Strongyloides ratti. Blockade of endogenous IL-33 using a helminth-derived IL-33 inhibitor elevated intestinal parasite burdens in the context of reduced mast cell activation while stabilization of endogenous IL-33 or application of recombinant IL-33 reciprocally reduced intestinal parasite burdens and increased mast cell activation. Using gene-deficient mice, we show that application of IL-33 triggered rapid mast cell-mediated expulsion of parasites directly in the intestine, independent of the adaptive immune system, basophils, eosinophils or Gr-1+ cells but dependent on functional IL-9 receptor and innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Thereby we connect the described axis of IL-33-mediated ILC2 expansion to the rapid initiation of IL-9-mediated and mast cell-driven intestinal anti-helminth immunity.
Collapse
|
175
|
Maggi L, Rocha IC, Camelo GMA, Fernandes VR, Negrão-Corrêa D. The IL-33/ST2 pathway is not essential to Th2 stimulation but is key for modulation and survival during chronic infection with Schistosoma mansoni in mice. Cytokine 2020; 138:155390. [PMID: 33341001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity during chronic schistosomiasis has been associated with the induction and modulation of type-2 granulomatous inflammatory response induced by antigens secreted by the eggs, which become trapped in capillary venules of the host tissues, especially in the liver and intestines. IL-33, an alarmin released after cell damage, binds to its ST2 (suppressor of tumorigenicity 2) receptor, expressed in an variety of immune cells, including ILC2 and macrophages, and stimulates the early production of IL-5 and IL-13, which leads to eosinophil infiltration and activation of a Th2 response. However, the role of IL-33/ST2 activation on Schistosoma-induced granuloma formation and modulation is mostly unknown. In the current work, we comparatively evaluated the immune response and granuloma formation in wild-type BALB/c (WT) and BALB/c mice genetically deficient in the IL-33 receptor (ST2-/-) experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Mice were infected with 25 or 50 S. mansoni cercariae and followed for up to 14 weeks to assess mortality. Mice from each experimental group were comparatively evaluated for parasite burden, liver immune response, and granuloma appearance during acute and chronic schistosomiasis. Our data showed that the number of circulating worms and eggs retained in the liver and eliminated in the feces was similar in WT and ST2-/- infected mice, but infected ST2-/- mice presented an enhanced rate of mortality. Interestingly, the production of type-2 cytokines by soluble egg antigens (SEA)-stimulated spleen cells, the serum concentrations of IL-5 and Immunoglobulin (Ig)-E, and the level of parasite-reactive IgG1 were similar in infected mice of both experimental groups. The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ in liver homogenate of infected mice also did not differ between the strains at acute schistosomiasis, but there was a significant increase in IL-17 levels in ST2-/- infected mice at this phase. On the other hand, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-γ concentrations were reduced and the ratios of IL-4/IFN-γ and IL-17/IFN-γ were higher in liver homogenate of chronically infected ST2-/- mice, suggesting unbalanced Th2 and Th17 responses. Moreover, liver granulomas of ST2-/- mice were larger and disorganized, showing an intense cellular infiltrate, rich in eosinophils and neutrophils. Our results suggest that the absence of the IL-33/ST2 pathway is not essential for the Schistosoma-induced Th2 response, but is necessary to prevent host mortality by modulating granuloma-mediated pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maggi
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose e Imunohelmintologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabella Chrystina Rocha
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose e Imunohelmintologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Curso de Enfermagem, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garça, Brazil
| | - Genil Mororó Araújo Camelo
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose e Imunohelmintologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Fernandes
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose e Imunohelmintologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose e Imunohelmintologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
García M, Kokkinou E, Carrasco García A, Parrot T, Palma Medina LM, Maleki KT, Christ W, Varnaitė R, Filipovic I, Ljunggren H, Björkström NK, Folkesson E, Rooyackers O, Eriksson LI, Sönnerborg A, Aleman S, Strålin K, Gredmark‐Russ S, Klingström J, Mjösberg J. Innate lymphoid cell composition associates with COVID-19 disease severity. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1224. [PMID: 33343897 PMCID: PMC7734472 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is unknown. Understanding the immune response in COVID-19 could contribute to unravel the pathogenesis and identification of treatment targets. Here, we describe the phenotypic landscape of circulating ILCs in COVID-19 patients and identified ILC phenotypes correlated to serum biomarkers, clinical markers and laboratory parameters relevant in COVID-19. METHODS Blood samples collected from moderately (n = 11) and severely ill (n = 12) COVID-19 patients, as well as healthy control donors (n = 16), were analysed with 18-parameter flow cytometry. Using supervised and unsupervised approaches, we examined the ILC activation status and homing profile. Clinical and laboratory parameters were obtained from all COVID-19 patients, and serum biomarkers were analysed with multiplex immunoassays. RESULTS Innate lymphoid cells were largely depleted from the circulation of COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls. Remaining circulating ILCs revealed decreased frequencies of ILC2 in severe COVID-19, with a concomitant decrease of ILC precursors (ILCp) in all patients, compared with controls. ILC2 and ILCp showed an activated phenotype with increased CD69 expression, whereas expression levels of the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR4 were significantly altered in ILC2 and ILCp, and ILC1, respectively. The activated ILC profile of COVID-19 patients was associated with soluble inflammatory markers, while frequencies of ILC subsets were correlated with laboratory parameters that reflect the disease severity. CONCLUSION This study provides insights into the potential role of ILCs in immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, particularly linked to the severity of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina García
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Carrasco García
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Kimia T Maleki
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Wanda Christ
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Renata Varnaitė
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Iva Filipovic
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Hans‐Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Elin Folkesson
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Medicine SolnaDivision of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- Department of Clinical Science, Technology and InterventionDivision of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
- Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive CareKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Lars I Eriksson
- Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive CareKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySection for Anesthesiology and Intensive CareKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and DermatologyDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and DermatologyDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and DermatologyDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Sara Gredmark‐Russ
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
Bruton K, Koenig JFE, Phelps A, Jordana M. Perturbations to Homeostasis in Experimental Models Revealed Innate Pathways Driving Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603272. [PMID: 33362786 PMCID: PMC7758527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While type 2 immunity has been conventionally viewed as beneficial against helminths, venoms, and poisons, and harmful in allergy, contemporary research has uncovered its critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis. The initiation of a type 2 immune response involves an intricate crosstalk between structural and immune cells. Structural cells react to physical and chemical tissue perturbations by secreting alarmins, which signal the innate immune system to restore homeostasis. This pathway acts autonomously in the context of sterile injury and in the presence of foreign antigen initiates an adaptive Th2 response that is beneficial in the context of venoms, toxins, and helminths, but not food allergens. The investigation of the triggers and mechanisms underlying food allergic sensitization in humans is elusive because sensitization is a silent process. Therefore, the central construct driving food allergy modeling is based on introducing perturbations of tissue homeostasis along with an allergen which will result in an immunological and clinical phenotype that is consistent with that observed in humans. The collective evidence from multiple models has revealed the pre-eminent role of innate cells and molecules in the elicitation of allergic sensitization. We posit that, with the expanding use of technologies capable of producing formidable datasets, models of food allergy will continue to have an indispensable role to delineate mechanisms and establish causal relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Valle-Noguera A, Gómez-Sánchez MJ, Girard-Madoux MJH, Cruz-Adalia A. Optimized Protocol for Characterization of Mouse Gut Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:563414. [PMID: 33329525 PMCID: PMC7735015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.563414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have gradually been gaining greater relevance in the field of immunology due to their multiple functions in the innate immune response. They can mainly be found in mucosal and barrier organs like skin, gut, and lungs, and have been classified into five main types (NKs, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and Lti cells) according to their function and development. They all play major roles in functions such as tissue homeostasis, early pathogen defense, regulation of inflammation, or tissue remodeling. ILCs are mostly tissue-resident cells tightly bound to the tissue structure, a fact that requires long and complex protocols that do not always provide sufficient yield for analysis. This suggests the need for optimized approaches aimed at ensuring that enriched and viable ILC samples are obtained, in order to furnish quality results. Herein a detailed protocol is established for obtaining a single-cell suspension highly enriched in lymphoid cells from mouse gut in order to identify the different subsets of ILCs by means of flow cytometry. The cell marker panel and flow cytometry gating strategies for identification and quantification of all the different ILC populations are provided for simultaneous analysis. Moreover, the protocol described includes a procedure for studying the different cytokines produced by ILC3s involved in maintaining the integrity of the gut barrier and defending against extracellular pathogens. As a result, herein an efficient method is presented for studying mouse ILCs within the lamina propria of the small intestine and colon; this can constitute a useful tool for future investigations in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valle-Noguera
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Gómez-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathilde J H Girard-Madoux
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université d'Aix-Marseille UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
IL-33 Mediates Lung Inflammation by the IL-6-Type Cytokine Oncostatin M. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:4087315. [PMID: 33376451 PMCID: PMC7744230 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4087315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1 family member IL-33 participates in both innate and adaptive T helper-2 immune cell responses in models of lung disease. The IL-6-type cytokine Oncostatin M (OSM) elevates lung inflammation, Th2-skewed cytokines, alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, and eosinophils in C57Bl/6 mice in vivo. Since OSM induces IL-33 expression, we here test the IL-33 function in OSM-mediated lung inflammation using IL-33-/- mice. Adenoviral OSM (AdOSM) markedly induced IL-33 mRNA and protein levels in wild-type animals while IL-33 was undetectable in IL-33-/- animals. AdOSM treatment showed recruitment of neutrophils, eosinophils, and elevated inflammatory chemokines (KC, eotaxin-1, MIP1a, and MIP1b), Th2 cytokines (IL-4/IL-5), and arginase-1 (M2 macrophage marker) whereas these responses were markedly diminished in IL-33-/- mice. AdOSM-induced IL-33 was unaffected by IL-6-/- deficiency. AdOSM also induced IL-33R+ ILC2 cells in the lung, while IL-6 (AdIL-6) overexpression did not. Flow-sorted ILC2 responded in vitro to IL-33 (but not OSM or IL-6 stimulation). Matrix remodelling genes col3A1, MMP-13, and TIMP-1 were also decreased in IL-33-/- mice. In vitro, IL-33 upregulated expression of OSM in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line and in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Taken together, IL-33 is a critical mediator of OSM-driven, Th2-skewed, and M2-like responses in mouse lung inflammation and contributes in part through activation of ILC2 cells.
Collapse
|
180
|
Chetty A, Omondi MA, Butters C, Smith KA, Katawa G, Ritter M, Layland L, Horsnell W. Impact of Helminth Infections on Female Reproductive Health and Associated Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:577516. [PMID: 33329545 PMCID: PMC7719634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of knowledge exists on the influence of helminth infections on allergies and unrelated infections in the lung and gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa. However, the bystander effects of helminth infections on the female genital mucosa and reproductive health is understudied but important considering the high prevalence of helminth exposure and sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this review, we explore current knowledge about the direct and systemic effects of helminth infections on unrelated diseases. We summarize host disease-controlling immunity of important sexually transmitted infections and introduce the limited knowledge of how helminths infections directly cause pathology to female reproductive tract (FRT), alter susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and reproduction. We also review work by others on type 2 immunity in the FRT and hypothesize how these insights may guide future work to help understand how helminths alter FRT health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Chetty
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Millicent A Omondi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katherine Ann Smith
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gnatoulma Katawa
- Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - William Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Maggi E, Veneziani I, Moretta L, Cosmi L, Annunziato F. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113452. [PMID: 33233582 PMCID: PMC7699723 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2s) belong to the family of helper ILCs which provide host defense against infectious agents, participate in inflammatory responses and mediate lymphoid organogenesis and tissue repair, mainly at the skin and mucosal level. Based on their transcriptional, phenotypic and functional profile, ILC2s mirror the features of the adaptive CD4+ Th2 cell subset, both contributing to the so-called type 2 immune response. Similar to other ILCs, ILC2s are rapidly activated by signals deriving from tissue and/or other tissue-resident immune cells. The biologic activity of ILCs needs to be tightly regulated in order to prevent them from contributing to severe inflammation and damage in several organs. Indeed, ILC2s display both enhancing and regulatory roles in several pathophysiological conditions, including tumors. In this review, we summarize the actual knowledge about ILC2s ability to induce or impair a protective immune response, their pro- or antitumor activity in murine models, human (children and adults) pathologies and the potential strategies to improve cancer immunotherapy by exploiting the features of ILC2s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maggi
- Immunology Department, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (I.V.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-6859-3617
| | - Irene Veneziani
- Immunology Department, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (I.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Department, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (I.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (F.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Do-Thi VA, Lee JO, Lee H, Kim YS. Crosstalk between the Producers and Immune Targets of IL-9. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e45. [PMID: 33425430 PMCID: PMC7779872 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-9 has been reported to play dual roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and cancers. The collaboration of IL-9 with microenvironmental factors including the broader cytokine milieu and other cellular components may provide important keys to explain its conflicting effects in chronic conditions. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the cellular sources of, and immunological responders to IL-9, in order to interpret the role of IL-9 in the regulation of immune responses. This knowledge will provide new perspectives to improve clinical benefits and limit adverse effects of IL-9 when treating pathologic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Do-Thi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hayyoung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a large family of cells of the immune system that performs various functions in immune defense, inflammation, and tissue remodeling. As a part of the innate immune system, ILCs are a distinct form of lymphocytes different from T and B cells. ILCs can provide host defense against the source of infection and initiate the repair and remodeling processes to restore and maintain host body homeostasis. The number of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) worldwide has continued to increase in recent years and this disease has brought sickness and death to many families. Numerous studies have found that ILCs also undergo a series of alternations during the development of CD and contribute to this disease. Despite this, the pathogenesis of CD is still not fully explained. So, we keep researching and exploring. In this review, we have closely linked the latest progress on ILCs and CD, and introduced, in detail, the specific roles of four different types of ILCs in CD. We also describe new progress in the pathogenesis of CD, with particular emphasis on the plasticity of ILC3s in this disease. These new studies and findings may provide new insights and breakthrough points for the treatment of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Brevi A, Cogrossi LL, Grazia G, Masciovecchio D, Impellizzieri D, Lacanfora L, Grioni M, Bellone M. Much More Than IL-17A: Cytokines of the IL-17 Family Between Microbiota and Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565470. [PMID: 33244315 PMCID: PMC7683804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-(IL-)17 family of cytokines is composed of six members named IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E, and IL-17F. IL-17A is the prototype of this family, and it was the first to be discovered and targeted in the clinic. IL-17A is essential for modulating the interplay between commensal microbes and epithelial cells at our borders (i.e., skin and mucosae), and yet, for protecting us from microbial invaders, thus preserving mucosal and skin integrity. Interactions between the microbiota and cells producing IL-17A have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of immune mediated inflammatory diseases and cancer. While interactions between microbiota and IL-17B-to-F have only partially been investigated, they are by no means less relevant. The cellular source of IL-17B-to-F, their main targets, and their function in homeostasis and disease distinguish IL-17B-to-F from IL-17A. Here, we intentionally overlook IL-17A, and we focus instead on the role of the other cytokines of the IL-17 family in the interplay between microbiota and epithelial cells that may contribute to cancer pathogenesis and immune surveillance. We also underscore differences and similarities between IL-17A and IL-17B-to-F in the microbiota-immunity-cancer axis, and we highlight therapeutic strategies that directly or indirectly target IL-17 cytokines in diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brevi
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Lucia Cogrossi
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Grazia
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Desirée Masciovecchio
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzieri
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Lacanfora
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Grioni
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Skevaki C, Weckmann M. Activation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells via TL1A/DR3. A Solution to Corticosteroid Resistance? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:1067-1069. [PMID: 32721208 PMCID: PMC7560809 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202007-2658ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Philipps Universität Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Marburg, Germany and
| | - Markus Weckmann
- Airway Research Center North Children's Hospital at the University of Lübeck, Member of the DZL Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Chen W, Shu Q, Fan J. Neural Regulation of Interactions Between Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Pulmonary Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576929. [PMID: 33193374 PMCID: PMC7658006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the involvement of nervous system in the regulation of immune responses. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), which function as a crucial bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, are present in large numbers in barrier tissues. Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters have been found to participate in the regulation of ILC2, adding a new dimension to neuroimmunity. However, a comprehensive and detailed overview of the mechanisms of neural regulation of ILC2, associated with previous findings and prospects for future research, is still lacking. In this review, we compile existing information that supports neurons as yet poorly understood regulators of ILC2 in the field of lung innate and adaptive immunity, focusing on neural regulation of the interaction between ILC2 and pulmonary immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Morianos I, Semitekolou M. Dendritic Cells: Critical Regulators of Allergic Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217930. [PMID: 33114551 PMCID: PMC7663753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), chronic airway inflammation, and excessive T helper (Th) type 2 immune responses against harmless airborne allergens. Dendritic cells (DCs) represent the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system that act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Pertinent to allergic asthma, distinct DC subsets are known to play a central role in initiating and maintaining allergen driven Th2 immune responses in the airways. Nevertheless, seminal studies have demonstrated that DCs can also restrain excessive asthmatic responses and thus contribute to the resolution of allergic airway inflammation and the maintenance of pulmonary tolerance. Notably, the transfer of tolerogenic DCs in vivo suppresses Th2 allergic responses and protects or even reverses established allergic airway inflammation. Thus, the identification of novel DC subsets that possess immunoregulatory properties and can efficiently control aberrant asthmatic responses is critical for the re-establishment of tolerance and the amelioration of the asthmatic disease phenotype.
Collapse
|
188
|
Miller MM, Patel PS, Bao K, Danhorn T, O'Connor BP, Reinhardt RL. BATF acts as an essential regulator of IL-25-responsive migratory ILC2 cell fate and function. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/43/eaay3994. [PMID: 31924686 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A transitory, interleukin-25 (IL-25)-responsive, group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) subset induced during type 2 inflammation was recently identified as iILC2s. This study focuses on understanding the significance of this population in relation to tissue-resident nILC2s in the lung and intestine. RNA-sequencing and pathway analysis revealed the AP-1 superfamily transcription factor BATF (basic leucine zipper transcription factor, activating transcription factor-like) as a potential modulator of ILC2 cell fate. Infection of BATF-deficient mice with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis showed a selective defect in IL-25-mediated helminth clearance and a corresponding loss of iILC2s in the lung characterized as IL-17RBhigh, KLRG1high, BATFhigh, and Arg1low BATF deficiency selectively impaired iILC2s because it had no impact on tissue-resident nILC2 frequency or function. Pulmonary-associated iILC2s migrated to the lung after infection, where they represented an early source of IL-4 and IL-13. Although the composition of ILC2s in the small intestine was distinct from those in the lung, their frequency and IL-13 expression remained dependent on BATF, which was also required for optimal goblet and tuft cell hyperplasia. Findings support IL-25-responsive ILC2s as early sentinels of mucosal barrier integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy M Miller
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | - Preeyam S Patel
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Brian P O'Connor
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Gong X, Xia L, Su Z. Friend or foe of innate lymphoid cells in inflammation-associated cardiovascular disease. Immunology 2020; 162:368-376. [PMID: 32967038 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a distinctive population of leucocytes, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) participate in immune-mediated diseases and play crucial roles in tissue remodelling after injury. ILC lineages can be divided into helper ILCs and cytotoxic ILCs. Most helper ILCs are integrated into the fabric of tissues and produce different types of cytokines involving in the pathogenesis of many kinds of cardiovascular disease and form intricate response circuits with adaptive immune cells. However, the specific phenotype and function of helper ILC subsets in cardiovascular diseases are still poorly understood. In this review, we firstly highlight the distribution of helper ILCs in cardiovascular system and further discuss the potential contribution of helper ILCs in inflammation-associated cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Gong
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Laboratory Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Ayelign B, Akalu Y, Teferi B, Molla MD, Shibabaw T. Helminth Induced Immunoregulation and Novel Therapeutic Avenue of Allergy. J Asthma Allergy 2020; 13:439-451. [PMID: 33116652 PMCID: PMC7548329 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s273556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide, particularly in developed countries. In contrast, there is a decrease in the prevalence of helminthic infections and other neglected diseases. The hygiene hypothesis elaborates parasitic infection, and allergy-associated diseases have an inverse relationship. Acute helminthic infection and allergic reaction stimulate Type 2 helper cells (Th2) immune response with up-regulation of cytokines IL-4-, IL-5-, and IL-13-mediated IgE and mast cell production, as well as eosinophilia. However, people who chronically suffer from helminthic infections are demarcated through polarized Th2 resulting in alternative macrophage activation and T regulatory response. This regulatory system reduces allergy incidence in individuals that are chronically diseased through helminth. As a result, the excretory-secretory (ES) substance derived from parasites and extracellular vesicular components can be used as a novel therapeutic modality of allergy. Therefore, the aim of this review meticulously explored the link between helminth infection and allergy, and utilization of the helminth secretome for therapeutic immunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Ayelign
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Banchamlak Teferi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Derbew Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Shibabaw
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
IL-33 induces type-2-cytokine phenotype but exacerbates cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction with eosinophil recruitment, worsened systolic dysfunction, and ventricular wall rupture. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1191-1218. [PMID: 32432676 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Interleukin (IL)-33 (IL-33) is a cytokine present in most cardiac cells and is secreted on necrosis where it acts as a functional ligand for the ST2 receptor. Although IL-33/ST2 axis is protective against various forms of cardiovascular diseases, some studies suggest potential detrimental roles for IL-33 signaling. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of IL-33 administration on cardiac function post-MI in mice. MI was induced by coronary artery ligation. Mice were treated with IL-33 (1 μg/day) or vehicle for 4 and 7 days. Functional and molecular changes of the left ventricle (LV) were assessed. Single cell suspensions were obtained from bone marrow, heart, spleen, and peripheral blood to assess the immune cells using flow cytometry at 1, 3, and 7 days post-MI in IL-33 or vehicle-treated animals. The results of the present study suggest that IL-33 is effective in activating a type 2 cytokine milieu in the damaged heart, consistent with reduced early inflammatory and pro-fibrotic response. However, IL-33 administration was associated with worsened cardiac function and adverse cardiac remodeling in the MI mouse model. IL-33 administration increased infarct size, LV hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte death, and overall mortality rate due to cardiac rupture. Moreover, IL-33-treated MI mice displayed a significant myocardial eosinophil infiltration at 7 days post-MI when compared with vehicle-treated MI mice. The present study reveals that although IL-33 administration is associated with a reparative phenotype following MI, it worsens cardiac remodeling and promotes heart failure.
Collapse
|
192
|
Frech M, Knipfer L, Wirtz S, Zaiss MM. An in vivo gene delivery approach for the isolation of reasonable numbers of type 2 innate lymphoid cells. MethodsX 2020; 7:101054. [PMID: 33005569 PMCID: PMC7509459 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a recently recognized subset of innate lymphocytes with crucial role in mucosal immunity and tissue homeostasis. Over the past decade, substantial advances in our understanding of ILC2 biology have established them as an essential element in innate and adaptive immunity. However, their relatively low abundance and laborious purification from mucosal tissues make their study difficult. Moreover, due to a lack of an ILC2-specific Cre mouse-line, adoptive transfer of ILC2s into ILC-deficient hosts is inevitable. Herein we describe an in-depth protocol for the induction, isolation, and expansion of murine ILC2s. By combining an in vivo gene delivery approach to boost ILC2 numbers and a cell culture strategy to expand isolated cells, large quantities of highly pure ILC2s can be obtained. The isolated cells maintain their phenotype and can be used for subsequent cell transfer or in vitro studies. In comparison to previous protocols, this approach is cost-effective and efficient with potential yield of more than 20 million ILC2s isolated per mouse. • Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are extensively studied in mouse models and humans in recent years. • Low abundance of ILC2s and current lack of specific ILC2 knockout mice makes in vivo research challenging. • This method allows high and pure ILC2 numbers for in vitro or adoptive in vivo transfer experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frech
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany
| | - Lisa Knipfer
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Stomach microbiota, Helicobacter pylori, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1377-1382. [PMID: 32908209 PMCID: PMC8080604 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The stomach has been thought to host few commensal bacteria because of the existence of barriers, such as gastric acid. However, recent culture-independent, sequencing-based microbial analysis has shown that the stomach also harbors a wide diversity of microbiota. Although the stomach immune system, especially innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), has not been well elucidated, recent studies have shown that group 2 ILCs (ILC2s) are the dominant subtype in the stomach of both humans and mice. Stomach ILC2s are unique in that their existence is dependent on stomach microbiota, in sharp contrast to the lack of an impact of commensal microbiota on ILC2s in other tissues. The microbiota dependency of stomach ILC2s is partly explained by their responsiveness to interleukin (IL)-7. Stomach ILC2s express significantly higher IL-7 receptor protein levels on their surface and proliferate more in response to IL-7 stimulation in vitro than small intestinal ILC2s. Consistently, the stomach expresses much higher IL-7 protein levels than the small intestine. IL-5 secreted from stomach ILC2s promotes immunoglobulin (Ig) A production by plasma B cells. In a murine model, stomach ILC2s are important in containing Helicobacter pylori infection, especially in the early phase of infection, by promoting IgA production.
Collapse
|
194
|
Meininger I, Carrasco A, Rao A, Soini T, Kokkinou E, Mjösberg J. Tissue-Specific Features of Innate Lymphoid Cells. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:902-917. [PMID: 32917510 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the function of the circulating immune cell compartment has been studied in detail for decades, limitations in terms of access and cell yields from peripheral tissues have restricted our understanding of tissue-based immunity, particularly in humans. Recent advances in high-throughput protein analyses, transcriptional profiling, and epigenetics have partially overcome these obstacles. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are predominantly tissue-resident, and accumulating data indicate that they have significant tissue-specific functions. We summarize current knowledge of ILC phenotypes in various tissues in mice and humans, aiming to clarify ILC immunity in distinct anatomical locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Meininger
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Carrasco
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tea Soini
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Grondin JA, Kwon YH, Far PM, Haq S, Khan WI. Mucins in Intestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation: Learning From Clinical and Experimental Studies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2054. [PMID: 33013869 PMCID: PMC7500085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a distinct mucus layer composed of highly glycosylated proteins called mucins plays an essential role in providing lubrication for the passage of food, participating in cell signaling pathways and protecting the host epithelium from commensal microorganisms and invading pathogens, as well as toxins and other environmental irritants. These mucins can be broadly classified into either secreted gel-forming mucins, those that provide the structural backbone for the mucus barrier, or transmembrane mucins, those that form the glycocalyx layer covering the underlying epithelial cells. Goblet cells dispersed among the intestinal epithelial cells are chiefly responsible for the synthesis and secretion of mucins within the gut and are heavily influenced by interactions with the immune system. Evidence from both clinical and animal studies have indicated that several GI conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer, and numerous enteric infections are accompanied by considerable changes in mucin quality and quantity. These changes include, but are not limited to, impaired goblet cell function, synthesis dysregulation, and altered post-translational modifications. The current review aims to highlight the structural and functional features as well as the production and immunological regulation of mucins and the impact these key elements have within the context of barrier function and host defense in intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jensine A Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yun Han Kwon
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Parsa Mehraban Far
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Innate Lymphoid Cells: Important Regulators of Host-Bacteria Interaction for Border Defense. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091342. [PMID: 32887435 PMCID: PMC7563982 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently discovered type of innate immune lymphocyte. They include three different groups classified by the nature of the transcription factors required for their development and by the cytokines they produce. ILCs mainly reside in tissues close to the mucosal barrier such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Due to their close proximity to the mucosal surface, ILCs are exposed to a variety of both commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Under non-pathological conditions, ILCs have been shown to be important regulators for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis by mutual interactions with the microbiome. Besides these important functions at homeostasis, several studies have also provided emerging evidence that ILCs contribute to defense against pathogenic bacterial infection by responding rapidly to the pathogens as well as orchestrating other immune cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the interactions of ILCs and bacteria, with special focus on the function of the different ILC subsets in bacterial infections.
Collapse
|
197
|
Oyesola OO, Früh SP, Webb LM, Tait Wojno ED. Cytokines and beyond: Regulation of innate immune responses during helminth infection. Cytokine 2020; 133:154527. [PMID: 30241895 PMCID: PMC6422760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infection elicits a type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory response. During type 2 inflammation, damaged or stimulated epithelial cells exposed to helminths and their products produce alarmins and cytokines including IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These factors promote innate immune cell activation that supports the polarization of CD4+ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Activated innate and Th2 cells produce the cytokines IL-4, -5, -9, and -13 that perpetuate immune activation and act back on the epithelium to cause goblet cell hyperplasia and increased epithelial cell turnover. Together, these events facilitate worm expulsion and wound healing processes. While the role of Th2 cells in this context has been heavily studied, recent work has revealed that epithelial cell-derived cytokines are drivers of key innate immune responses that are critical for type 2 anti-helminth responses. Cutting-edge studies have begun to fully assess how other factors and pathways, including lipid mediators, chemokines, Fc receptor signaling, danger-associated molecular pattern molecules, and direct cell-cell interactions, also participate in shaping innate cell-mediated type 2 inflammation. In this review, we discuss how these pathways intersect and synergize with pathways controlled by epithelial cell-derived cytokines to coordinate innate immune responses that drive helminth-induced type 2 inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oyebola O Oyesola
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Sivori S, Pende D, Quatrini L, Pietra G, Della Chiesa M, Vacca P, Tumino N, Moretta F, Mingari MC, Locatelli F, Moretta L. NK cells and ILCs in tumor immunotherapy. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 80:100870. [PMID: 32800530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the innate immunity play an important role in tumor immunotherapy. Thus, NK cells can control tumor growth and metastatic spread. Thanks to their strong cytolytic activity against tumors, different approaches have been developed for exploiting/harnessing their function in patients with leukemia or solid tumors. Pioneering trials were based on the adoptive transfer of autologous NK cell-enriched cell populations that were expanded in vitro and co-infused with IL-2. Although relevant results were obtained in patients with advanced melanoma, the effect was mostly limited to certain metastatic localizations, particularly to the lung. In addition, the severe IL-2-related toxicity and the preferential IL-2-induced expansion of Treg limited this type of approach. This limitation may be overcome by the use of IL-15, particularly of modified IL-15 molecules to improve its half-life and optimize the biological effects. Other approaches to harness NK cell function include stimulation via TLR, the use of bi- and tri-specific NK cell engagers (BiKE and TriKE) linking activating NK receptors (e.g. CD16) to tumor-associated antigens and even incorporating an IL-15 moiety (TriKE). As recently shown, in tumor patients, NK cells may also express inhibitory checkpoints, primarily PD-1. Accordingly, the therapeutic use of checkpoint inhibitors may unleash NK cells against PD-L1+ tumors. This effect may be predominant and crucial in tumors that have lost HLA cl-I expression, thus resulting "invisible" to T lymphocytes. Additional approaches in which NK cells may represent an important tool for cancer therapy, are to exploit the unique properties of the "adaptive" NK cells. These CD57+ NKG2C+ cells, despite their mature stage and a potent cytolytic activity, maintain a strong proliferating capacity. This property revealed to be crucial in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), particularly in the haplo-HSCT setting, to cure high-risk leukemias. T depleted haplo-HSCT (e.g. from one of the parents) allowed to save the life of thousands of patients lacking a HLA-compatible donor. In this setting, NK cells have been shown to play an essential role against leukemia cells and infections. Another major advance is represented by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered NK cells. CAR-NK, different from CAR-T cells, may be obtained from allogeneic donors since they do not cause GvHD. Accordingly, they may represent "off-the-shelf" products to promptly treat tumor patients, with affordable costs. Different from NK cells, helper ILC (ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3), the innate counterpart of T helper cell subsets, remain rather ambiguous with respect to their anti-tumor activity. A possible exception is represented by a subset of ILC3: their frequency in peri-tumoral tissues in patients with NSCLC directly correlates with a better prognosis, possibly reflecting their ability to contribute to the organization of tertiary lymphoid structures, an important site of T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. It is conceivable that innate immunity may significantly contribute to the major advances that immunotherapy has ensured and will continue to ensure to the cure of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- UO Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; UO Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariella Della Chiesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Moretta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; UO Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy; Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
IL-9-producing T cells: potential players in allergy and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:37-48. [PMID: 32788707 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-9-producing CD4+ T cells have been considered to represent a distinct T helper cell (TH cell) subset owing to their unique developmental programme in vitro, their expression of distinct transcription factors (including PU.1) and their copious production of IL-9. It remains debatable whether these cells represent a truly unique TH cell subset in vivo, but they are closely related to the T helper 2 (TH2) cells that are detected in allergic diseases. In recent years, increasing evidence has also indicated that IL-9-producing T cells may have potent abilities in eradicating advanced tumours, particularly melanomas. Here, we review the latest literature on the development of IL-9-producing T cells and their functions in disease settings, with a particular focus on allergy and cancer. We also discuss recent ideas concerning the therapeutic targeting of these cells in patients with chronic allergic diseases and their potential use in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
200
|
Zelco A, Rocha-Ferreira E, Nazmi A, Ardalan M, Chumak T, Nilsson G, Hagberg H, Mallard C, Wang X. Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Accumulate in the Brain After Hypoxia-Ischemia but Do Not Contribute to the Development of Preterm Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:249. [PMID: 32848629 PMCID: PMC7426829 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune system of human and mouse neonates is relatively immature. However, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), commonly divided into the subsets ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3, are already present in the placenta and other fetal compartments and exhibit higher activity than what is seen in adulthood. Recent reports have suggested the potential role of ILCs, especially ILC2s, in spontaneous preterm labor, which is associated with brain damage and subsequent long-term neurodevelopmental deficits. Therefore, we hypothesized that ILCs, and especially ILC2s, play a role in preterm brain injury. Methods C57Bl/6J mice at postnatal day 6 were subjected to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) insult induced by left carotid artery ligation and subsequent exposure to 10% oxygen in nitrogen. The presence of ILCs and ILC2s in the brain was examined at different time points after HI. The contribution of ILC2s to HI-induced preterm brain damage was explored using a conditionally targeted ILC2-deficient mouse strain (Rorα fl/fl IL7r Cre ), and gray and white-matter injury were evaluated at 7 days post-HI. The inflammatory response in the injured brain was assessed using immunoassays and immunochemistry staining. Results Significant increases in ILCs and ILC2s were observed at 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days post-HI in the injured brain hemisphere compared with the uninjured hemisphere in wild-type mice. ILC2s in the brain were predominantly located in the meninges of the injured ipsilateral hemispheres after HI but not in the brain parenchyma. Overall, we did not observe changes in cytokine/chemokine levels in the brains of Rorα fl/fl IL7r Cre mice compared with wild type animals apart from IL-13. Gray and white-matter tissue loss in the brain was not affected after HI in Rorα fl/fl IL7r Cre mice. Correspondingly, we did not find any differences in reactive microglia and astrocyte numbers in the brain in Rorα fl/fl IL7r Cre mice compared with wild-type mice following HI insult. Conclusion After HI, ILCs and ILC2s accumulate in the injured brain hemisphere. However, ILC2s do not contribute to the development of brain damage in this mouse model of preterm brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aura Zelco
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arshed Nazmi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tetyana Chumak
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gisela Nilsson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|