151
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Choat B, Brodribb TJ, Brodersen CR, Duursma RA, López R, Medlyn BE. Triggers of tree mortality under drought. Nature 2018; 558:531-539. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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152
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Cumulative Drought Stress Leads to a Loss of Growth Resilience and Explains Higher Mortality in Planted than in Naturally Regenerated Pinus pinaster Stands. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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153
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Lloret F, Sapes G, Rosas T, Galiano L, Saura-Mas S, Sala A, Martínez-Vilalta J. Non-structural carbohydrate dynamics associated with drought-induced die-off in woody species of a shrubland community. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1383-1396. [PMID: 29893878 PMCID: PMC6007552 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationship between plant carbon economy and drought responses of co-occurring woody species can be assessed by comparing carbohydrate (C) dynamics following drought and rain periods, relating these dynamics to species' functional traits. We studied nine woody species coexisting in a continental Mediterranean shrubland that experienced severe drought effects followed by rain. METHODS We measured total non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and soluble sugars (SS) in roots and stems during drought and after an autumn rain pulse in plants exhibiting leaf loss and in undefoliated ones. We explored whether their dynamics were related to foliage recovery and functional traits (height [H], specific leaf area [SLA], wood density [WD]). KEY RESULTS During drought, NSC concentrations were overall lower in stems and roots of plants experiencing leaf loss, while SS decreases were smaller. Roots had higher NSC concentrations than stems. After the rain, NSC concentrations continued to decrease, while SS increased. Green foliage recovered after rain, particularly in plants previously experiencing higher leaf loss, independently of NSC concentrations during drought. Species with lower WD tended to have more SS during drought and lower SS increases after rain. In low-WD species, plants with severe leaf loss had lower NSC relative to undefoliated ones. No significant relationship was found between H or SLA and C content or dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Our community-level study reveals that, while responses were species-specific, C stocks overall diminished in plants affected by prolonged drought and did not increase after a pulse of seasonal rain. Dynamics were faster for SS than NSC. We found limited depletion of SS, consistent with their role in basal metabolic, transport and signalling functions. In a scenario of increased drought under climate change, NSC stocks in woody plants are expected to decrease differentially in coexisting species, with potential implications for their adaptive abilities and community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lloret
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- correspondence.
| | - Gerard Sapes
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Teresa Rosas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Galiano
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Saura-Mas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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154
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Dutta H. Insights into the phenomenon of alien plant invasion and its synergistic interlinkage with three current ecological issues. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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155
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Rogers BM, Solvik K, Hogg EH, Ju J, Masek JG, Michaelian M, Berner LT, Goetz SJ. Detecting early warning signals of tree mortality in boreal North America using multiscale satellite data. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2284-2304. [PMID: 29481709 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing tree mortality from global change drivers such as drought and biotic infestations is a widespread phenomenon, including in the boreal zone where climate changes and feedbacks to the Earth system are relatively large. Despite the importance for science and management communities, our ability to forecast tree mortality at landscape to continental scales is limited. However, two independent information streams have the potential to inform and improve mortality forecasts: repeat forest inventories and satellite remote sensing. Time series of tree-level growth patterns indicate that productivity declines and related temporal dynamics often precede mortality years to decades before death. Plot-level productivity, in turn, has been related to satellite-based indices such as the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Here we link these two data sources to show that early warning signals of mortality are evident in several NDVI-based metrics up to 24 years before death. We focus on two repeat forest inventories and three NDVI products across western boreal North America where productivity and mortality dynamics are influenced by periodic drought. These data sources capture a range of forest conditions and spatial resolution to highlight the sensitivity and limitations of our approach. Overall, results indicate potential to use satellite NDVI for early warning signals of mortality. Relationships are broadly consistent across inventories, species, and spatial resolutions, although the utility of coarse-scale imagery in the heterogeneous aspen parkland was limited. Longer-term NDVI data and annually remeasured sites with high mortality levels generate the strongest signals, although we still found robust relationships at sites remeasured at a typical 5 year frequency. The approach and relationships developed here can be used as a basis for improving forest mortality models and monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward H Hogg
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Junchang Ju
- Biospheric Science Laboratory (Code 618), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Masek
- Biospheric Science Laboratory (Code 618), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Michael Michaelian
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Logan T Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Scott J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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156
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González-Muñoz N, Sterck F, Torres-Ruiz JM, Petit G, Cochard H, von Arx G, Lintunen A, Caldeira MC, Capdeville G, Copini P, Gebauer R, Grönlund L, Hölttä T, Lobo-do-Vale R, Peltoniemi M, Stritih A, Urban J, Delzon S. Quantifying in situ phenotypic variability in the hydraulic properties of four tree species across their distribution range in Europe. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196075. [PMID: 29715289 PMCID: PMC5929519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that hydraulic properties vary considerably between tree species, but little is known about their intraspecific variation and, therefore, their capacity to adapt to a warmer and drier climate. Here, we quantify phenotypic divergence and clinal variation for embolism resistance, hydraulic conductivity and branch growth, in four tree species, two angiosperms (Betula pendula, Populus tremula) and two conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris), across their latitudinal distribution in Europe. Growth and hydraulic efficiency varied widely within species and between populations. The variability of embolism resistance was in general weaker than that of growth and hydraulic efficiency, and very low for all species but Populus tremula. In addition, no and weak support for a safety vs. efficiency trade-off was observed for the angiosperm and conifer species, respectively. The limited variability of embolism resistance observed here for all species except Populus tremula, suggests that forest populations will unlikely be able to adapt hydraulically to drier conditions through the evolution of embolism resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - G. Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dep. TeSAF, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - H. Cochard
- PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G. von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Lintunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. C. Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G. Capdeville
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - P. Copini
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Gebauer
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - L. Grönlund
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T. Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. Lobo-do-Vale
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Stritih
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Planning of Landscape and Urban Systems, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. Urban
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S. Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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157
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Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Vicente-Serrano SM, Sánchez-Salguero R, Gutiérrez E, de Luis M, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Novak K, Rozas V, Tíscar PA, Linares JC, Martín-Hernández N, Martínez Del Castillo E, Ribas M, García-González I, Silla F, Camisón A, Génova M, Olano JM, Longares LA, Hevia A, Tomás-Burguera M, Galván JD. Forest resilience to drought varies across biomes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2143-2158. [PMID: 29488293 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Forecasted increase drought frequency and severity may drive worldwide declines in forest productivity. Species-level responses to a drier world are likely to be influenced by their functional traits. Here, we analyse forest resilience to drought using an extensive network of tree-ring width data and satellite imagery. We compiled proxies of forest growth and productivity (TRWi, absolutely dated ring-width indices; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for 11 tree species and 502 forests in Spain corresponding to Mediterranean, temperate, and continental biomes. Four different components of forest resilience to drought were calculated based on TRWi and NDVI data before, during, and after four major droughts (1986, 1994-1995, 1999, and 2005), and pointed out that TRWi data were more sensitive metrics of forest resilience to drought than NDVI data. Resilience was related to both drought severity and forest composition. Evergreen gymnosperms dominating semi-arid Mediterranean forests showed the lowest resistance to drought, but higher recovery than deciduous angiosperms dominating humid temperate forests. Moreover, semi-arid gymnosperm forests presented a negative temporal trend in the resistance to drought, but this pattern was absent in continental and temperate forests. Although gymnosperms in dry Mediterranean forests showed a faster recovery after drought, their recovery potential could be constrained if droughts become more frequent. Conversely, angiosperms and gymnosperms inhabiting temperate and continental sites might have problems to recover after more intense droughts since they resist drought but are less able to recover afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin de Luis
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Klemen Novak
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, EU Ing. Agrarias, iuFOR-Univ., Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Tíscar
- Centro de Capacitación y Experimentación Forestal, Cazorla, Spain
| | - Juan C Linares
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Montse Ribas
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-González
- Depto. Botánica, Escola Politécnica Superior, Campus Terra, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Fernando Silla
- Depto. Biología Animal, Parasitología, Ecología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Univ. Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alvaro Camisón
- Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Univ. Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - Mar Génova
- Depto. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Univ. Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Olano
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, EU Ing. Agrarias, iuFOR-Univ., Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis A Longares
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrea Hevia
- Forest and Wood Technology Research Centre (CETEMAS), Grado, Spain
| | - Miquel Tomás-Burguera
- Estación Experimental Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
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158
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Disequilibrium of fire-prone forests sets the stage for a rapid decline in conifer dominance during the 21 st century. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6749. [PMID: 29712940 PMCID: PMC5928035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of climatic changes on forests may appear gradually on time scales of years to centuries due to the long generation times of trees. Consequently, current forest extent may not reflect current climatic patterns. In contrast with these lagged responses, abrupt transitions in forests under climate change may occur in environments where alternative vegetation states are influenced by disturbances, such as fire. The Klamath forest landscape (northern California and southwest Oregon, USA) is currently dominated by high biomass, biodiverse temperate coniferous forests, but climate change could disrupt the mechanisms promoting forest stability (e.g. growth, regeneration and fire tolerance). Using a landscape simulation model, we estimate that about one-third of the Klamath forest landscape (500,000 ha) could transition from conifer-dominated forest to shrub/hardwood chaparral, triggered by increased fire activity coupled with lower post-fire conifer establishment. Such shifts were widespread under the warmer climate change scenarios (RCP 8.5) but were surprisingly prevalent under the climate of 1949–2010, reflecting the joint influences of recent warming trends and the legacy of fire suppression that may have enhanced conifer dominance. Our results demonstrate that major forest ecosystem shifts should be expected when climate change disrupts key stabilizing feedbacks that maintain the dominance of long-lived, slowly regenerating trees.
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159
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García-Valdés R, Bugmann H, Morin X. Climate change-driven extinctions of tree species affect forest functioning more than random extinctions. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl García-Valdés
- CREAF; E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès); Catalonia Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès); Catalonia Spain
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS; Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science; Forest Ecology; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS; Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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160
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Bolstad PV, Elliott KJ, Miniat CF. Forests, shrubs, and terrain: top‐down and bottom‐up controls on forest structure. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul V. Bolstad
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota 1530 Cleveland Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Katherine J. Elliott
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station Center for Forest Watershed Research Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory 3160 Coweeta Lab Road Otto North Carolina 28763 USA
| | - Chelcy F. Miniat
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station Center for Forest Watershed Research Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory 3160 Coweeta Lab Road Otto North Carolina 28763 USA
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161
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Nolan RH, Sinclair J, Eldridge DJ, Ramp D. Biophysical risks to carbon sequestration and storage in Australian drylands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 208:102-111. [PMID: 29248786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon abatement schemes that reduce land clearing and promote revegetation are now an important component of climate change policy globally. There is considerable potential for these schemes to operate in drylands which are spatially extensive. However, projects in these environments risk failure through unplanned release of stored carbon to the atmosphere. In this review, we identify factors that may adversely affect the success of vegetation-based carbon abatement projects in dryland ecosystems, evaluate their likelihood of occurrence, and estimate the potential consequences for carbon storage and sequestration. We also evaluate management strategies to reduce risks posed to these carbon abatement projects. Identified risks were primarily disturbances, including unplanned fire, drought, and grazing. Revegetation projects also risk recruitment failure, thereby failing to reach projected rates of sequestration. Many of these risks are dependent on rainfall, which is highly variable in drylands and susceptible to further variation under climate change. Resprouting vegetation is likely to be less vulnerable to disturbance and have faster recovery rates upon release from disturbance. We conclude that there is a strong impetus for identifying management strategies and risk reduction mechanisms for carbon abatement projects. Risk mitigation would be enhanced by effective co-ordination of mitigation strategies at scales larger than individual abatement project boundaries, and by implementing risk assessment throughout project planning and implementation stages. Reduction of risk is vital for maximising carbon sequestration of individual projects and for reducing barriers to the establishment of new projects entering the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael H Nolan
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Sinclair
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; GreenCollar, The Rocks, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - David J Eldridge
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Ramp
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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162
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Rodgers VL, Smith NG, Hoeppner SS, Dukes JS. Warming increases the sensitivity of seedling growth capacity to rainfall in six temperate deciduous tree species. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply003. [PMID: 29484151 PMCID: PMC5815139 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the effects of climate change on tree species and communities is critical for understanding the future state of our forested ecosystems. We used a fully factorial precipitation (three levels; ambient, -50 % ambient, +50 % ambient) by warming (four levels; up to +4 °C) experiment in an old-field ecosystem in the northeastern USA to study the climatic sensitivity of seedlings of six native tree species. We measured whole plant-level responses: survival, total leaf area (TLA), seedling insect herbivory damage, as well as leaf-level responses: specific leaf area (SLA), leaf-level water content (LWC), foliar nitrogen (N) concentration, foliar carbon (C) concentration and C:N ratio of each of these deciduous species in each treatment across a single growing season. We found that canopy warming dramatically increased the sensitivity of plant growth (measured as TLA) to rainfall across all species. Warm, dry conditions consistently reduced TLA and also reduced leaf C:N in four species (Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, Prunus serotina, Ulmus americana), primarily as a result of reduced foliar C, not increased foliar N. Interestingly, these conditions also harmed the other two species in different ways, increasing either mortality (Populus grandidentata) or herbivory (Quercus rubra). Specific leaf area and LWC varied across species, but did not show strong treatment responses. Our results indicate that, in the northeastern USA, dry years in a future warmer environment could have damaging effects on the growth capacity of these early secondary successional forests, through species-specific effects on leaf production (total leaves and leaf C), herbivory and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki L Rodgers
- Math and Science Division, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Susanne S Hoeppner
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Suite, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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163
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Julio Camarero J, Gazol A, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Cantero A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Sánchez-Miranda A, Granda E, Serra-Maluquer X, Ibáñez R. Forest Growth Responses to Drought at Short- and Long-Term Scales in Spain: Squeezing the Stress Memory from Tree Rings. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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164
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Hartmann H, Schuldt B, Sanders TGM, Macinnis-Ng C, Boehmer HJ, Allen CD, Bolte A, Crowther TW, Hansen MC, Medlyn BE, Ruehr NK, Anderegg WRL. Monitoring global tree mortality patterns and trends. Report from the VW symposium 'Crossing scales and disciplines to identify global trends of tree mortality as indicators of forest health'. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:984-987. [PMID: 29334597 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoell Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Goettingen 37073, Germany
| | - Tanja G M Sanders
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, Eberswalde 16225, Germany
| | - Cate Macinnis-Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hans Juergen Boehmer
- School of Geography, Earth Science and Environment, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Andreas Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, Eberswalde 16225, Germany
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Univeritätstrasse 16, Zürich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Matthew C Hansen
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NW 2751, Australia
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
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165
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Karavani A, Boer MM, Baudena M, Colinas C, Díaz-Sierra R, Pemán J, de Luis M, Enríquez-de-Salamanca Á, Resco de Dios V. Fire-induced deforestation in drought-prone Mediterranean forests: drivers and unknowns from leaves to communities. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Karavani
- Master Course Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management; Universitat de Lleida; E25198 Lleida Spain
| | - Matthias M. Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Richmond New South Wales 2753 Australia
| | - Mara Baudena
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science Group; Utrecht University; P.O. Box 80115 3508 TC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Colinas
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center; Universitat de Lleida; E 25198 Lleida Spain
| | - Rubén Díaz-Sierra
- Mathematical and Fluid Physics Department; Faculty of Sciences; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia; Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Jesús Pemán
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center; Universitat de Lleida; E 25198 Lleida Spain
| | - Martín de Luis
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning; University of Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Álvaro Enríquez-de-Salamanca
- Mathematical and Fluid Physics Department; Faculty of Sciences; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia; Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO Center; Universitat de Lleida; E 25198 Lleida Spain
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166
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De Boeck HJ, Hiltbrunner E, Verlinden M, Bassin S, Zeiter M. Legacy Effects of Climate Extremes in Alpine Grassland. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1586. [PMID: 30425726 PMCID: PMC6218882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is particularly apparent in many mountainous regions, with warming rates of more than twice the global average being reported for the European Alps. As a result, the probability of climate extremes has increased and is expected to rise further. In an earlier study, we looked into immediate impacts of experimentally imposed heat waves in alpine grassland, and found that these systems were able to cope with heat as long as enough water was available. However, concomitant drought led to increased stress, and reduced aboveground biomass production and green plant cover. Here, we studied the legacy effects (lag-effects) of the imposed climate extreme to see whether delayed responses occurred and how fast the alpine grassland could rebound from the initial changes. Green cover continued to be suppressed the two following years in communities that had been exposed to the most intense hot drought, while aboveground biomass production had returned to control levels by year 2. The initial lower resistance of the forb fraction in the communities was not compensated by faster recovery later on. This resulted in alpine communities that became (and remained) relatively enriched with graminoids, which resisted the original extreme better. The responses of alpine grassland to heat extremes with or without drought observed in this study resemble those typically found in lowland grassland in the short term. However, alpine grassland exhibited longer legacy effects from an annual perspective, with delayed recovery of aboveground production and persistent changes in community composition. This suggests that once initial resistance thresholds are exceeded, impacts may be longer-lasting in alpine grassland, where recovery is constrained by both the short growing season and difficult seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. De Boeck
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen (Campus Drie Eiken), Wilrijk, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Hans J. De Boeck
| | - Erika Hiltbrunner
- Institute of Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maya Verlinden
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen (Campus Drie Eiken), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Seraina Bassin
- Agroscope, Climate and Agriculture Group, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Zeiter
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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167
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Buras A, Menzel A. Projecting Tree Species Composition Changes of European Forests for 2061-2090 Under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 Scenarios. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1986. [PMID: 30687375 PMCID: PMC6337730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses certain threats to the World's forests. That is, tree performance declines if species-specific, climatic thresholds are surpassed. Prominent climatic changes negatively affecting tree performance are mainly associated with so-called hotter droughts. In combination with biotic pathogens, hotter droughts cause a higher tree vulnerability and thus mortality. As a consequence, global forests are expected to undergo vast changes in the course of climate change. Changed climatic conditions may on the one hand locally result in more frequent dieback of a particular tree species but on the other hand allow other-locally yet absent species-to establish themselves, thereby potentially changing local tree-species diversity. Although several studies provide valuable insights into potential risks of prominent European tree species, we yet lack a comprehensive assessment on how and to which extent the composition of European forests may change. To overcome this research gap, we here project future tree-species compositions of European forests. We combine the concept of climate analogs with national forest inventory data to project the tree-species composition for the 26 most important European tree species at any given location in Europe for the period 2061-2090 and the two most relevant CMIP5 scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Our results indicate significant changes in European forests species compositions. Species richness generally declined in the Mediterranean and Central European lowlands, while Scandinavian and Central European high-elevation forests were projected an increasing diversity. Moreover, 76% (RCP 4.5) and 80% (RCP 8.5) of the investigated locations indicated a decreasing abundance of the locally yet most abundant tree species while 74 and 68% were projected an increasing tree-species diversity. Altogether, our study confirms the expectation of European forests undergoing remarkable changes until the end of the 21st century (i.e., 2061-2090) and provides a scientific basement for climate change adaptation with important implications for forestry and nature conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Buras
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Land-Surface-Atmosphere-Interactions, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Allan Buras,
| | - Annette Menzel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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168
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de Vries W, Posch M, Simpson D, Reinds GJ. Modelling long-term impacts of changes in climate, nitrogen deposition and ozone exposure on carbon sequestration of European forest ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:1097-1116. [PMID: 28738517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We modelled the effects of past and expected future changes in climate (temperature, precipitation), CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition (N) and ozone (O3) exposure (phytotoxic ozone dose, POD) on carbon (C) sequestration by European forest ecosystems for the period 1900-2050. Tree C sequestration was assessed by using empirical response functions, while soil C sequestration was simulated with the process-based model VSD, combined with the RothC model. We evaluated two empirical growth responses to N deposition (linear and non-linear) and two O3 exposure relationships (linear function with total biomass or net annual increment). We further investigated an 'interactive model' with interactions between drivers and a 'multiplicative model', in which the combined effect is the product of individual drivers. A single deposition and climate scenario was used for the period 1900-2050. Contrary to expectations, growth observations at European level for the period 1950-2010 compared better with predictions by the multiplicative model than with the interactive model. This coincides with the fact that carbon responses in kgCha-1yr-1 per unit change in drivers, i.e. per °C, ppm CO2, kgNha-1yr-1 and mmolm-2yr-1 POD, are more in line with literature data when using the multiplicative model. Compared to 1900, the estimated European average total C sequestration in both forests and forest soils between 1950 and 2000 increased by 21% in the interactive model and by 41% in the multiplicative model, but observed changes were even higher. This growth increase is expected to decline between 2000 and 2050. The simulated changes between 1950 and 2000 were mainly due to the increase in both N deposition and CO2, while the predicted increases between 2000 and 2050 were mainly caused by the increase in CO2 and temperature, and to lesser extent a decrease in POD, counteracted by reduced N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim de Vries
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maximilian Posch
- Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE), RIVM, PO Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - David Simpson
- EMEP/MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, PO Box 43-Blindern, N-0313 Oslo, Norway; Dept. Space, Earth & Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gert Jan Reinds
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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169
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Barbeta A, Peñuelas J. Increasing carbon discrimination rates and depth of water uptake favor the growth of Mediterranean evergreen trees in the ecotone with temperate deciduous forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:5054-5068. [PMID: 28544424 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tree populations at the low-altitudinal or -latitudinal limits of species' distributional ranges are predicted to retreat toward higher altitudes and latitudes to track the ongoing changes in climate. Studies have focused on the climatic sensitivity of the retreating species, whereas little is known about the potential replacements. Competition between tree species in forest ecotones will likely be strongly influenced by the ecophysiological responses to heat and drought. We used tree-ring widths and δ13 C and δ18 O chronologies to compare the growth rates and long-term ecophysiological responses to climate in the temperate-Mediterranean ecotone formed by the deciduous Fagus sylvatica and the evergreen Quercus ilex at the low altitudinal and southern latitudinal limit of F. sylvatica (NE Iberian Peninsula). F. sylvatica growth rates were similar to those of other southern populations and were surprisingly not higher than those of Q. ilex, which were an order of magnitude higher than those in nearby drier sites. Higher Q. ilex growth rates were associated with high temperatures, which have increased carbon discrimination rates in the last 25 years. In contrast, stomatal regulation in F. sylvatica was proportional to the increase in atmospheric CO2 . Tree-ring δ18 O for both species were mostly correlated with δ18 O in the source water. In contrast to many previous studies, relative humidity was not negatively correlated with tree-ring δ18 O but had a positive effect on Q. ilex tree-ring δ18 O. Furthermore, tree-ring δ18 O decreased in Q. ilex over time. The sensitivity of Q. ilex to climate likely reflects the uptake of deep water that allowed it to benefit from the effect of CO2 fertilization, in contrast to the water-limited F. sylvatica. Consequently, Q. ilex is a strong competitor at sites currently dominated by F. sylvatica and could be favored by increasingly warmer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Barbeta
- ISPA, Bordeaux Science Agro, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, E-08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, E-08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, E-08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, E-08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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170
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Csilléry K, Kunstler G, Courbaud B, Allard D, Lassègues P, Haslinger K, Gardiner B. Coupled effects of wind-storms and drought on tree mortality across 115 forest stands from the Western Alps and the Jura mountains. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:5092-5107. [PMID: 28580624 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Damage due to wind-storms and droughts is increasing in many temperate forests, yet little is known about the long-term roles of these key climatic factors in forest dynamics and in the carbon budget. The objective of this study was to estimate individual and coupled effects of droughts and wind-storms on adult tree mortality across a 31-year period in 115 managed, mixed coniferous forest stands from the Western Alps and the Jura mountains. For each stand, yearly mortality was inferred from management records, yearly drought from interpolated fields of monthly temperature, precipitation and soil water holding capacity, and wind-storms from interpolated fields of daily maximum wind speed. We performed a thorough model selection based on a leave-one-out cross-validation of the time series. We compared different critical wind speeds (CWSs) for damage, wind-storm, and stand variables and statistical models. We found that a model including stand characteristics, drought, and storm strength using a CWS of 25 ms-1 performed the best across most stands. Using this best model, we found that drought increased damage risk only in the most southerly forests, and its effect is generally maintained for up to 2 years. Storm strength increased damage risk in all forests in a relatively uniform way. In some stands, we found positive interaction between drought and storm strength most likely because drought weakens trees, and they became more prone to stem breakage under wind-loading. In other stands, we found negative interaction between drought and storm strength, where excessive rain likely leads to soil water saturation making trees more susceptible to overturning in a wind-storm. Our results stress that temporal data are essential to make valid inferences about ecological impacts of disturbance events, and that making inferences about disturbance agents separately can be of limited validity. Under projected future climatic conditions, the direction and strength of these ecological interactions could also change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Csilléry
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment (ACE), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Bir mensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Georges Kunstler
- Ecosystèmes Montagnards (UR EMGR), Irstea, Université Grenoble Alpes, St-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Benoît Courbaud
- Ecosystèmes Montagnards (UR EMGR), Irstea, Université Grenoble Alpes, St-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Denis Allard
- Biostatistics and Spatial Processes (BioSP), INRA, Avignon, France
| | - Pierre Lassègues
- Développements et Etudes Climatologiques, Direction de la Climatologie et des Services Cli matiques (DCSC/DEC), Météo-France, Toulouse, France
| | - Klaus Haslinger
- Department of Climate Research, Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Barry Gardiner
- UMR 1391 ISPA, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- EFI Atlantic, Cestas, France
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171
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172
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CANELO T, GAYTÁN Á, GONZÁLEZ-BORNAY G, BONAL R. Seed loss before seed predation: experimental evidence of the negative effects of leaf feeding insects on acorn production. Integr Zool 2017; 13:238-250. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara CANELO
- Forest Research Group, INDEHESA; University of Extremadura; Plasencia Spain
| | - Álvaro GAYTÁN
- Forest Research Group, INDEHESA; University of Extremadura; Plasencia Spain
| | | | - Raul BONAL
- Forest Research Group, INDEHESA; University of Extremadura; Plasencia Spain
- DITEG Research Group; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Toledo Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès; Catalonia Spain
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173
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Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) for Detecting Responses of Diurnal and Seasonal Photosynthetic Activity to Experimental Drought and Warming in a Mediterranean Shrubland. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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174
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Responses of Contrasting Tree Functional Types to Air Warming and Drought. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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175
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Neumann M, Mues V, Moreno A, Hasenauer H, Seidl R. Climate variability drives recent tree mortality in Europe. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4788-4797. [PMID: 28417562 PMCID: PMC5633074 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality is an important process in forest ecosystems, frequently hypothesized to be highly climate sensitive. Yet, tree death remains one of the least understood processes of forest dynamics. Recently, changes in tree mortality have been observed in forests around the globe, which could profoundly affect ecosystem functioning and services provisioning to society. We describe continental-scale patterns of recent tree mortality from the only consistent pan-European forest monitoring network, identifying recent mortality hotspots in southern and northern Europe. Analyzing 925,462 annual observations of 235,895 trees between 2000 and 2012, we determine the influence of climate variability and tree age on interannual variation in tree mortality using Cox proportional hazard models. Warm summers as well as high seasonal variability in precipitation increased the likelihood of tree death. However, our data also suggest that reduced cold-induced mortality could compensate increased mortality related to peak temperatures in a warming climate. Besides climate variability, age was an important driver of tree mortality, with individual mortality probability decreasing with age over the first century of a trees life. A considerable portion of the observed variation in tree mortality could be explained by satellite-derived net primary productivity, suggesting that widely available remote sensing products can be used as an early warning indicator of widespread tree mortality. Our findings advance the understanding of patterns of large-scale tree mortality by demonstrating the influence of seasonal and diurnal climate variation, and highlight the potential of state-of-the-art remote sensing to anticipate an increased likelihood of tree mortality in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Neumann
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Mues
- Centre for Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Moreno
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Hubert Hasenauer
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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176
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De Marco A, Vitale M, Popa I, Anav A, Badea O, Silaghi D, Leca S, Screpanti A, Paoletti E. Ozone exposure affects tree defoliation in a continental climate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 596-597:396-404. [PMID: 28448915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) affects trees through visible leaf injury, accelerating leaf senescence, declining foliar chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, growth, carbon sequestration, predisposing to pests attack and a variety of other physiological effects. Tree crown defoliation is one of the most important parameters that is representative of forest health and vitality. Effects of air pollution on forests have been investigated through manipulative experiments that are not representative of the real environmental conditions observed in the field. In this work we investigated the role of O3 concentration and other metrics (AOT40 and POD0) in affecting crown defoliation in temperate Romanian forests. The impacts of O3 were estimated in combination with nitrogen pollutants, climatic factors and orographic conditions, by applying a non-linear modelling approach (Random Forest and Generalised Regression Models). Ozone concentration and AOT40 under Romanian conditions were more important than meteorological parameters in affecting crown defoliation. In these particular conditions, POD0 never exceeded the critical level suggested by previous literature for forest protection, and thus was not important in affecting crown defoliation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ionel Popa
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Marin Dracea, Eroilor Blvd. 128, Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Alessandro Anav
- University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Exeter, UK; CNR, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Ovidiu Badea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Marin Dracea, Eroilor Blvd. 128, Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania; Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
| | - Diana Silaghi
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Marin Dracea, Eroilor Blvd. 128, Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Stefan Leca
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Marin Dracea, Eroilor Blvd. 128, Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Augusto Screpanti
- ENEA, CR Casaccia, SSPT-MET-INAT, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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177
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Carnwath G, Nelson C. Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on resistance versus resilience of Douglas fir to drought. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185604. [PMID: 28973008 PMCID: PMC5626460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant increases in tree mortality due to drought-induced physiological stress have been documented worldwide. This trend is likely to continue with increased frequency and severity of extreme drought events in the future. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence variability in drought responses among trees will be critical to predicting ecosystem responses to climate change and developing effective management actions. In this study, we used hierarchical mixed-effects models to analyze drought responses of Pseudotsuga menziesii in 20 unmanaged forests stands across a broad range of environmental conditions in northeastern Washington, USA. We aimed to 1) identify the biotic and abiotic attributes most closely associated with the responses of individual trees to drought and 2) quantify the variability in drought responses at different spatial scales. We found that growth rates and competition for resources significantly affected resistance to a severe drought event in 2001: slow-growing trees and trees growing in subordinate canopy positions and/or with more neighbors suffered greater declines in radial growth during the drought event. In contrast, the ability of a tree to return to normal growth when climatic conditions improved (resilience) was unaffected by competition or relative growth rates. Drought responses were significantly influenced by tree age: older trees were more resistant but less resilient than younger trees. Finally, we found differences between resistance and resilience in spatial scale: a significant proportion (approximately 50%) of the variability in drought resistance across the study area was at broad spatial scales (i.e. among different forest types), most likely due to differences in the total amount of precipitation received at different elevations; in contrast, variation in resilience was overwhelmingly (82%) at the level of individual trees within stands and there was no difference in drought resilience among forest types. Our results suggest that for Pseudotsuga menziesii resistance and resilience to drought are driven by different factors and vary at different spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Carnwath
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Cara Nelson
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
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178
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Martin-StPaul N, Delzon S, Cochard H. Plant resistance to drought depends on timely stomatal closure. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1437-1447. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne; INRA; PIAF; 63000, Clermont-Ferrand France
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179
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Study on the Climate Adaption Planning for an Industrial Company with Regional Risk of the Water Supply System—A Case in Taiwan. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9090682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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180
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Lüpke M, Leuchner M, Steinbrecher R, Menzel A. Quantification of monoterpene emission sources of a conifer species in response to experimental drought. AOB PLANTS 2017; 9:plx045. [PMID: 29026513 PMCID: PMC5632518 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene (MT) emissions of conifer tree species, emitted from de novo synthesis and storage pools, play an important role in plant ecology and physiology. During drought stress both emission sources are affected differently and with conventional measuring techniques they are difficult to separate. We investigated 13C labelled MT emission of eight 3-year-old Scots pine seedlings in a drought stress experiment using a dynamic gas exchange chamber system (Tree DEMON). Monoterpene, water vapour and CO2 gas exchange were measured for a 2-day normal watering, a 11-day treatment and a 3-day re-watering period. In each period all trees were 13C labelled once for 5 h. Results showed the expected decrease of MT, water vapour and CO2 gas exchange with decreasing soil water content. However, during re-watering water vapour and CO2 gas exchange recovered fast to pre-drought levels, whereas MT increased to a lower level compared to the initial non-stressed phase. The 13C labelling showed highly variable %13C values for different MTs, which ranged compound-specific from 0.5 to 95 % for unstressed trees. Overall, around 36 ± 5 % of the total emission rate originated from de novo synthesized MTs during the 2-day prior to stress period. During full drought, the de novo fraction was reduced to 3 %. For the re-watering phase de novo emissions recovered only partly to 20 %, while pool emissions reached pre-drought conditions. Thus, emissions of de novo synthesized MTs of Scots pine are down-regulated by soil drought rather than MT emissions from pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Lüpke
- Technische Universität München, Ecoclimatology, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Leuchner
- Technische Universität München, Ecoclimatology, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- TUM Institute for Advanced Study, Lichtenbergstraße 2 a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rainer Steinbrecher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Annette Menzel
- Technische Universität München, Ecoclimatology, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- TUM Institute for Advanced Study, Lichtenbergstraße 2 a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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181
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Jump AS, Ruiz-Benito P, Greenwood S, Allen CD, Kitzberger T, Fensham R, Martínez-Vilalta J, Lloret F. Structural overshoot of tree growth with climate variability and the global spectrum of drought-induced forest dieback. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3742-3757. [PMID: 28135022 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change poses significant threats to plant function and distribution. Increased temperatures and altered precipitation regimes amplify drought frequency and intensity, elevating plant stress and mortality. Large-scale forest mortality events will have far-reaching impacts on carbon and hydrological cycling, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. However, biogeographical theory and global vegetation models poorly represent recent forest die-off patterns. Furthermore, as trees are sessile and long-lived, their responses to climate extremes are substantially dependent on historical factors. We show that periods of favourable climatic and management conditions that facilitate abundant tree growth can lead to structural overshoot of aboveground tree biomass due to a subsequent temporal mismatch between water demand and availability. When environmental favourability declines, increases in water and temperature stress that are protracted, rapid, or both, drive a gradient of tree structural responses that can modify forest self-thinning relationships. Responses ranging from premature leaf senescence and partial canopy dieback to whole-tree mortality reduce canopy leaf area during the stress period and for a lagged recovery window thereafter. Such temporal mismatches of water requirements from availability can occur at local to regional scales throughout a species geographical range. As climate change projections predict large future fluctuations in both wet and dry conditions, we expect forests to become increasingly structurally mismatched to water availability and thus overbuilt during more stressful episodes. By accounting for the historical context of biomass development, our approach can explain previously problematic aspects of large-scale forest mortality, such as why it can occur throughout the range of a species and yet still be locally highly variable, and why some events seem readily attributable to an ongoing drought while others do not. This refined understanding can facilitate better projections of structural overshoot responses, enabling improved prediction of changes in forest distribution and function from regional to global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, Science Building, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah Greenwood
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Craig D Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Rod Fensham
- Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Qld, 4066, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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182
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Gargallo-Garriga A, Ayala-Roque M, Sardans J, Bartrons M, Granda V, Sigurdsson BD, Leblans NIW, Oravec M, Urban O, Janssens IA, Peñuelas J. Impact of Soil Warming on the Plant Metabolome of Icelandic Grasslands. Metabolites 2017; 7:E44. [PMID: 28832555 PMCID: PMC5618329 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is stronger at high than at temperate and tropical latitudes. The natural geothermal conditions in southern Iceland provide an opportunity to study the impact of warming on plants, because of the geothermal bedrock channels that induce stable gradients of soil temperature. We studied two valleys, one where such gradients have been present for centuries (long-term treatment), and another where new gradients were created in 2008 after a shallow crustal earthquake (short-term treatment). We studied the impact of soil warming (0 to +15 °C) on the foliar metabolomes of two common plant species of high northern latitudes: Agrostis capillaris, a monocotyledon grass; and Ranunculus acris, a dicotyledonous herb, and evaluated the dependence of shifts in their metabolomes on the length of the warming treatment. The two species responded differently to warming, depending on the length of exposure. The grass metabolome clearly shifted at the site of long-term warming, but the herb metabolome did not. The main up-regulated compounds at the highest temperatures at the long-term site were saccharides and amino acids, both involved in heat-shock metabolic pathways. Moreover, some secondary metabolites, such as phenolic acids and terpenes, associated with a wide array of stresses, were also up-regulated. Most current climatic models predict an increase in annual average temperature between 2-8 °C over land masses in the Arctic towards the end of this century. The metabolomes of A. capillaris and R. acris shifted abruptly and nonlinearly to soil warming >5 °C above the control temperature for the coming decades. These results thus suggest that a slight warming increase may not imply substantial changes in plant function, but if the temperature rises more than 5 °C, warming may end up triggering metabolic pathways associated with heat stress in some plant species currently dominant in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Marta Ayala-Roque
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Jordi Sardans
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Mireia Bartrons
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- BETA Technological Centre (Tecnio), Aquatic Ecology Group, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, 08500 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Victor Granda
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | | | - Niki I W Leblans
- Agricultural University of Iceland, IS-311 Borgarnes, Iceland.
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Belidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Belidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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183
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Merlier E, Hmimina G, Bagard M, Dufrêne E, Soudani K. Potential use of the PRI and active fluorescence for the diagnosis of the physiological state of plants under ozone exposure and high atmospheric vapor pressure deficit. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1238-1251. [PMID: 28617488 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00416d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessing photosynthesis rates with remote sensing is important for tracking the physiological state of plants. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) is a good estimator of short-term light-use efficiency (LUE) at the leaf scale but its responses to environmental factors are poorly understood. In this study, we assessed changes in the responses of the PRI to ozone exposure and to an increase in atmospheric drought (separately and combined) in oak (Quercus robur) and holm oak (Quercus ilex) that were planted in climatic cells under controlled conditions. The aim was to evaluate the ability of the PRI as a relevant indicator to assess the impact of abiotic factors on photosynthesis. Leaf-scale measurements of biochemical, physiological and spectral properties, including the PRI in dim light on dark-adapted leaves (PRI0), kinetics of PRI responses to PAR variations (photosynthetically active radiation), and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were performed. The results show that PRI0 is a good proxy of the leaf chlorophyll content, and is correlated to chlorophyll fluorescence parameters on dark adapted leaves (Fo, Fm). The correction of the PRI from the leaf chlorophyll content variations (PRIc) significantly improves correlations between the PRI and NPQ (non-photochemical quenching). The variability of PARsat (estimated PAR value at PRI saturation using PRI vs. PAR relationships) depends on ozone exposure and on the increase in atmospheric vapor pressure deficit. For Quercus robur, results highlight that PARsat is linked to abiotic stress indicating that the PRI may be used as a relevant indicator of abiotic factors limiting the photosynthesis. Quercus ilex did not show significant variability in PRI0 and PARsat, which suggest that it is a more drought resistant species than Q. robur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Merlier
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
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184
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Fekete I, Lajtha K, Kotroczó Z, Várbíró G, Varga C, Tóth JA, Demeter I, Veperdi G, Berki I. Long-term effects of climate change on carbon storage and tree species composition in a dry deciduous forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3154-3168. [PMID: 28222248 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Forest vegetation and soils have been suggested as potentially important sinks for carbon (C) with appropriate management and thus are implicated as effective tools in stabilizing climate even with increasing anthropogenic release of CO2 . Drought, however, which is often predicted to increase in models of future climate change, may limit net primary productio (NPP) of dry forest types, with unknown effects on soil C storage. We studied C dynamics of a deciduous temperate forest of Hungary that has been subject to significant decreases in precipitation and increases in temperature in recent decades. We resampled plots that were established in 1972 and repeated the full C inventory by analyzing more than 4 decades of data on the number of living trees, biomass of trees and shrubs, and soil C content. Our analyses show that the decline in number and biomass of oaks started around the end of the 1970s with a 71% reduction in the number of sessile oak stems by 2014. Projected growth in this forest, based on the yield table's data for Hungary, was 4.6 kg C/m2 . Although new species emerged, this new growth and small increases in oak biomass resulted in only 1.9 kg C/m2 increase over 41 years. The death of oaks increased inputs of coarse woody debris to the surface of the soil, much of which is still identifiable, and caused an increase of 15.5%, or 2.6 kg C/m2 , in the top 1 m of soil. Stability of this fresh organic matter input to surface soil is unknown, but is likely to be low based on the results of a colocated woody litter decomposition study. The effects of a warmer and drier climate on the C balance of forests in this region will be felt for decades to come as woody litter inputs decay, and forest growth remains impeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fekete
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Nyíregyháza, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Kate Lajtha
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zsolt Kotroczó
- Department of Soil Science and Water Management, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Várbíró
- Department of Tisza River Research, Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecology of HAS, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Land Management and Rural Development, University of Nyíregyháza, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | | | - Ibolya Demeter
- Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, University of Debrecen, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Gábor Veperdi
- Institute of Forest Assets Management, University of West Hungary, Sopron, Hungary
| | - Imre Berki
- Institute of Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of West Hungary, Sopron, Hungary
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185
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Ameztegui A, Cabon A, De Cáceres M, Coll L. Managing stand density to enhance the adaptability of Scots pine stands to climate change: A modelling approach. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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186
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Truffaut L, Chancerel E, Ducousso A, Dupouey JL, Badeau V, Ehrenmann F, Kremer A. Fine-scale species distribution changes in a mixed oak stand over two successive generations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:126-139. [PMID: 28444962 PMCID: PMC5624485 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale tree distribution changes have received considerable attention but underlying demo-genetic mechanisms are less well documented. We used a diachronic approach to track species shifts in a mixed oak stand (Quercus petraea-Quercus robur) at a fine spatiotemporal scale. Species assignment was made using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) fingerprints employing clustering and parentage analysis. Mating patterns and reproductive success were assessed by parentage analysis. Plot-based inventories of soil parameters and sapling densities provided ecological and demographic information, respectively. Sapling density and reproductive success was higher in Q. petraea than in Q. robur, and were correlated with a spatial expansion of Q. petraea (50% to 67% of the area). Admixed trees resulting from hybridization and backcrossing between the two species were more frequent under the Q. robur canopy. We suspect that species' differential responses to ongoing environmental changes and interspecific competition are the predominant factors accounting for the recruitment success of Q. petraea, while human interference, differential reproduction and hybridization (and backcrossings) are probably of more limited importance. We anticipate in mixed Q. petraea-Q. robur stands, under current ongoing environmental change, that these processes will be enhanced, at least in the western part of the distribution of the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Truffaut
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33615 Pessac,
France
| | - Emilie Chancerel
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33615 Pessac,
France
| | - Alexis Ducousso
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33615 Pessac,
France
| | - Jean Luc Dupouey
- INRA Université de Lorraine UMR 1137 ‘Ecologie et
Ecophysiologie Forestières’, route d’Amance, F-54280
Champenoux, France
| | - Vincent Badeau
- INRA Université de Lorraine UMR 1137 ‘Ecologie et
Ecophysiologie Forestières’, route d’Amance, F-54280
Champenoux, France
| | - François Ehrenmann
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33615 Pessac,
France
| | - Antoine Kremer
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33615 Pessac,
France
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187
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188
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Sapes G, Serra-Diaz JM, Lloret F. Species climatic niche explains drought-induced die-off in a Mediterranean woody community. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sapes
- Division of Biological Sciences; The University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
- CREAF; 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
- Univ Autònoma Barcelona; 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | | | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF; 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
- Univ Autònoma Barcelona; 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
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189
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French K, Robinson SA, Lia J. Thermotolerance capacities of native and exotic coastal plants will lead to changes in species composition under increased heat waves. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox029. [PMID: 28491321 PMCID: PMC5419204 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
With an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events, plants are likely to reach their thermal limits and show slower growth or increased mortality. We investigated differences amongst coastal native and invasive shrubs and grasses to investigate if particular species might be more at risk in the future. Using an ecologically relevant experimental set of heat waves over a month, we assessed changes in biomass and photosynthetic efficiency in a laboratory setting using 25 coastal Australian species divided into native and exotic shrubs, and native and exotic grasses. We also compared three C3 and three C4 grasses within the native and exotic groups. Overall, native shrubs suffered higher mortality, lower growth and increased photosynthetic stress. There was some evidence that C3 grasses, had lower growth with heat waves, compared to C4 species although, in general, grasses showed evidence of photosynthetic acclimation over the month. Increases in leaf abscission suggest that part of the acclimation process was to develop new, thermally tolerant leaves. Our results indicate that in the future we would expect an increase in exotic shrubs and grasses occupying spaces in coastal plant communities that arise from native mortality following extreme heat events. Management of these coastal communities will need to focus strongly on maintaining a diverse native shrub composition that can resist climate-based disturbances (such as wildfire), as well as controlling the extent and biomass of exotic species, if coastal communities are to remain healthy and diverse in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris French
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522,Australia
| | - Sharon A. Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522,Australia
| | - Jodie Lia
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522,Australia
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190
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Bussotti F, Pollastrini M. Observing Climate Change Impacts on European Forests: What Works and What Does Not in Ongoing Long-Term Monitoring Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:629. [PMID: 28487718 PMCID: PMC5404609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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191
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Traditional and Novel Indicators of Climate Change Impacts on European Forest Trees. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8040137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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192
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Species, Climate and Landscape Physiography Drive Variable Growth Trends in Subalpine Forests. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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193
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von Arx G, Arzac A, Fonti P, Frank D, Zweifel R, Rigling A, Galiano L, Gessler A, Olano JM. Responses of sapwood ray parenchyma and non‐structural carbohydrates of
Pinus sylvestris
to drought and long‐term irrigation. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Alberto Arzac
- School of Ecology and Geography Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny pr 660041 Krasnoyarsk Russia
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad del País Vasco Barrio Sarriena s/n E–48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - David Frank
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson AZ85721 USA
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Lucia Galiano
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - José Miguel Olano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales EU de Ingenierías Agrarias iuFOR‐Universidad de Valladolid Campus Duques de Soria 42004 Soria Spain
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194
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Garcia-Forner N, Biel C, Savé R, Martínez-Vilalta J. Isohydric species are not necessarily more carbon limited than anisohydric species during drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:441-455. [PMID: 27885172 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Isohydry (i.e., strong regulation of leaf water potential, Ψl) is commonly associated with strict stomatal regulation of transpiration under drought, which in turn is believed to minimize hydraulic risk at the expense of reduced carbon assimilation. Hence, the iso/anisohydric classification has been widely used to assess drought resistance and mortality mechanisms across species, with isohydric species being hypothetically more prone to carbon starvation and anisohydric species more vulnerable to hydraulic failure. These hypotheses and their underlying assumptions, however, have rarely been tested under controlled, experimental conditions. Our objective is to assess the physiological mechanisms underlying drought resistance differences between two co-occurring Mediterranean forest species with contrasting drought responses: Phillyrea latifolia L. (anisohydric and more resistant to drought) and Quercus ilex L. (isohydric and less drought resistant). A total of 100 large saplings (50 per species) were subjected to repeated drought treatments for a period of 3 years, after which Q. ilex showed 18% mortality whereas no mortality was detected in P. latifolia. Relatively isohydric behavior was confirmed for Q. ilex, but higher vulnerability to cavitation in this species implied that estimated embolism levels were similar across species (12-52% in Q. ilex vs ~30% in P. latifolia). We also found similar seasonal patterns of stomatal conductance and assimilation between species. If anything, the anisohydric P. latifolia tended to show lower assimilation rates than Q. ilex under extreme drought. Similar growth rates and carbon reserves dynamics in both species also suggests that P. latifolia was as carbon-constrained as Q. ilex. Increasing carbon reserves under extreme drought stress in both species, concurrent with Q. ilex mortality, suggests that mortality in our study was not triggered by carbon starvation. Our results warn against making direct connections between Ψl regulation, stomatal behavior and the mechanisms of drought-induced mortality in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Biel
- IRTA, Environmental Horticulture, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Spain
| | - R Savé
- IRTA, Environmental Horticulture, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Spain
| | - J Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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195
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Long RW, Bush SE, Grady KC, Smith DS, Potts DL, D'Antonio CM, Dudley TL, Fehlberg SD, Gaskin JF, Glenn EP, Hultine KR. Can local adaptation explain varying patterns of herbivory tolerance in a recently introduced woody plant in North America? CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox016. [PMID: 28852513 PMCID: PMC5570027 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of woody-plant mortality have been linked to global-scale environmental changes, such as extreme drought, heat stress, more frequent and intense fires, and episodic outbreaks of insects and pathogens. Although many studies have focussed on survival and mortality in response to specific physiological stresses, little attention has been paid to the role of genetic heritability of traits and local adaptation in influencing patterns of plant mortality, especially in non-native species. Tamarix spp. is a dominant, non-native riparian tree in western North America that is experiencing dieback in some areas of its range due to episodic herbivory by the recently introduced northern tamarisk leaf beetle (Diorhabda carinulata). We propose that genotype × environment interactions largely underpin current and future patterns of Tamarix mortality. We anticipate that (i) despite its recent introduction, and the potential for significant gene flow, Tamarix in western North America is generally adapted to local environmental conditions across its current range in part due to hybridization of two species; (ii) local adaptation to specific climate, soil and resource availability will yield predictable responses to episodic herbivory; and (iii) the ability to cope with a combination of episodic herbivory and increased aridity associated with climate change will be largely based on functional tradeoffs in resource allocation. This review focusses on the potential heritability of plant carbon allocation patterns in Tamarix, focussing on the relative contribution of acquired carbon to non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) pools versus other sinks as the basis for surviving episodic disturbance. Where high aridity and/or poor edaphic position lead to chronic stress, NSC pools may fall below a minimum threshold because of an imbalance between the supply of carbon and its demand by various sinks. Identifying patterns of local adaptation of traits related to resource allocation will improve forecasting of Tamarix population susceptibility to episodic herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall W. Long
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Bldg 520, RM 4001, Fl 4L, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Susan E. Bush
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, S San Francisco St, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Kevin C. Grady
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, S San Francisco St, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - David S. Smith
- Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges, 925 N. Mills Ave, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Daniel L. Potts
- Biology Department, SUNY Buffalo State, 1300 Elmwood Ave, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| | - Carla M. D'Antonio
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, S San Francisco St, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Tom L. Dudley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Bldg 520, RM 4001, Fl 4L, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Shannon D. Fehlberg
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 N Galvin Pkwy, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
| | - John F. Gaskin
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1500 North Central Avenue, Sidney, MT 59270, USA
| | - Edward P. Glenn
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1428 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Kevin R. Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 N Galvin Pkwy, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
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196
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Acácio V, Dias FS, Catry FX, Rocha M, Moreira F. Landscape dynamics in Mediterranean oak forests under global change: understanding the role of anthropogenic and environmental drivers across forest types. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1199-1217. [PMID: 27589680 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean region is projected to be extremely vulnerable to global change, which will affect the distribution of typical forest types such as native oak forests. However, our understanding of Mediterranean oak forest responses to future conditions is still very limited by the lack of knowledge on oak forest dynamics and species-specific responses to multiple drivers. We compared the long-term (1966-2006) forest persistence and land cover change among evergreen (cork oak and holm oak) and deciduous oak forests and evaluated the importance of anthropogenic and environmental drivers on observed changes for Portugal. We used National Forest Inventories to quantify the changes in oak forests and explored the drivers of change using multinomial logistic regression analysis and an information theoretical approach. We found distinct trends among oak forest types, reflecting the differences in oak economic value, protection status and management schemes: cork oak forests were the most persistent (62%), changing mostly to pines and eucalypt; holm oak forests were less persistent (53.2%), changing mostly to agriculture; and deciduous oak forests were the least persistent (45.7%), changing mostly to shrublands. Drivers of change had distinct importance across oak forest types, but drivers from anthropogenic origin (wildfires, population density, and land accessibility) were always among the most important. Climatic extremes were also important predictors of oak forest changes, namely extreme temperatures for evergreen oak forests and deficit of precipitation for deciduous oak forests. Our results indicate that under increasing human pressure and forecasted climate change, evergreen oak forests will continue declining and deciduous oak forests will be replaced by forests dominated by more xeric species. In the long run, multiple disturbances may change competitive dominance from oak forests to pyrophytic shrublands. A better understanding of forest dynamics and the inclusion of anthropogenic drivers on models of vegetation change will improve predicting the future of Mediterranean oak forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Acácio
- Centre for Applied Ecology (CEABN/InBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe S Dias
- Centre for Applied Ecology (CEABN/InBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe X Catry
- Centre for Applied Ecology (CEABN/InBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Rocha
- Centre for Applied Ecology (CEABN/InBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Moreira
- Centre for Applied Ecology (CEABN/InBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
- REN Biodiversity Chair, CIBIO/InBIO, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-601, Vairão, Portugal
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197
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Cavin L, Jump AS. Highest drought sensitivity and lowest resistance to growth suppression are found in the range core of the tree Fagus sylvatica L. not the equatorial range edge. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:362-379. [PMID: 27298138 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biogeographical and ecological theory suggests that species distributions should be driven to higher altitudes and latitudes as global temperatures rise. Such changes occur as growth improves at the poleward edge of a species distribution and declines at the range edge in the opposite or equatorial direction, mirrored by changes in the establishment of new individuals. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that such processes are underway for a wide variety of species. Case studies from populations at the equatorial range edge of a variety of woody species have led us to understand that widespread growth decline and distributional shifts are underway. However, in apparent contrast, other studies report high productivity and reproduction in some range edge populations. We sought to assess temporal trends in the growth of the widespread European beech tree (Fagus sylvatica) across its latitudinal range. We explored the stability of populations to major drought events and the implications for predicted widespread growth decline at its equatorial range edge. In contrast to expectations, we found greatest sensitivity and low resistance to drought in the core of the species range, whilst dry range edge populations showed particularly high resistance to drought and little evidence of drought-linked growth decline. We hypothesize that this high range edge resistance to drought is driven primarily by local environmental factors that allow relict populations to persist despite regionally unfavourable climate. The persistence of such populations demonstrates that range-edge decline is not ubiquitous and is likely to be driven by declining population density at the landscape scale rather than sudden and widespread range retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Cavin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Alistair S Jump
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- CREAF (Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Edifici C. 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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198
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Nardini A, Savi T, Trifilò P, Lo Gullo MA. Drought Stress and the Recovery from Xylem Embolism in Woody Plants. PROGRESS IN BOTANY VOL. 79 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/124_2017_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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199
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Analysing Atmospheric Processes and Climatic Drivers of Tree Defoliation to Determine Forest Vulnerability to Climate Warming. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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200
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Shanahan E, Irvine KM, Thoma D, Wilmoth S, Ray A, Legg K, Shovic H. Whitebark pine mortality related to white pine blister rust, mountain pine beetle outbreak, and water availability. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Shanahan
- Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network National Park Service Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
| | - Kathryn M. Irvine
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
| | - David Thoma
- Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network National Park Service Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
| | - Siri Wilmoth
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
| | - Andrew Ray
- Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network National Park Service Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
| | - Kristin Legg
- Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network National Park Service Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
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