151
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Heckenast JR, Wilkinson LS, Jones MW. Decoding Advances in Psychiatric Genetics: A Focus on Neural Circuits in Rodent Models. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2015; 92:75-106. [PMID: 26639916 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Appropriately powered genome-wide association studies combined with deep-sequencing technologies offer the prospect of real progress in revealing the complex biological underpinnings of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Meanwhile, recent developments in genome engineering, including CRISPR, constitute better tools to move forward with investigating these genetic leads. This review aims to assess how these advances can inform the development of animal models for psychiatric disease, with a focus on schizophrenia and in vivo electrophysiological circuit-level measures with high potential as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Heckenast
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew W Jones
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
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152
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Fakhro KA, Yousri NA, Rodriguez-Flores JL, Robay A, Staudt MR, Agosto-Perez F, Salit J, Malek JA, Suhre K, Jayyousi A, Zirie M, Stadler D, Mezey JG, Crystal RG. Copy number variations in the genome of the Qatari population. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:834. [PMID: 26490036 PMCID: PMC4618522 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The populations of the Arabian Peninsula remain the least represented in public genetic databases, both in terms of single nucleotide variants and of larger genomic mutations. We present the first high-resolution copy number variation (CNV) map for a Gulf Arab population, using a hybrid approach that integrates array genotyping intensity data and next-generation sequencing reads to call CNVs in the Qatari population. Methods CNVs were detected in 97 unrelated Qatari individuals by running two calling algorithms on each of two primary datasets: high-resolution genotyping (Illumina Omni 2.5M) and high depth whole-genome sequencing (Illumina PE 100bp). The four call-sets were integrated to identify high confidence CNV regions, which were subsequently annotated for putative functional effect and compared to public databases of CNVs in other populations. The availability of genome sequence was leveraged to identify tagging SNPs in high LD with common deletions in this population, enabling their imputation from genotyping experiments in the future. Results Genotyping intensities and genome sequencing data from 97 Qataris were analyzed with four different algorithms and integrated to discover 16,660 high confidence CNV regions (CNVRs) in the total population, affecting ~28 Mb in the median Qatari genome. Up to 40 % of all CNVs affected genes, including novel CNVs affecting Mendelian disease genes, segregating at different frequencies in the 3 major Qatari subpopulations, including those with Bedouin, Persian/South Asian, and African ancestry. Consistent with high consanguinity levels in the Bedouin subpopulation, we found an increased burden for homozygous deletions in this group. In comparison to known CNVs in the comprehensive Database of Genomic Variants, we found that 5 % of all CNVRs in Qataris were completely novel, with an enrichment of CNVs affecting several known chromosomal disorder loci and genes known to regulate sugar metabolism and type 2 diabetes in the Qatari cohort. Finally, we leveraged the availability of genome sequence to find suitable tagging SNPs for common deletions in this population. Conclusion We combine four independently generated datasets from 97 individuals to study CNVs for the first time at high-resolution in a Gulf Arab population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1991-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Fakhro
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar. .,Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Noha A Yousri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar. .,Computer and Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Juan L Rodriguez-Flores
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Amal Robay
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Michelle R Staudt
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Francisco Agosto-Perez
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Salit
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Joel A Malek
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Amin Jayyousi
- Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mahmoud Zirie
- Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Dora Stadler
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Jason G Mezey
- Computer and Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. .,Department Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar. .,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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153
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Subramanian M, Timmerman CK, Schwartz JL, Pham DL, Meffert MK. Characterizing autism spectrum disorders by key biochemical pathways. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:313. [PMID: 26483618 PMCID: PMC4586332 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) presents a substantial challenge for diagnosis, classification, research, and treatment. Investigations into the underlying molecular etiology of ASD have often yielded mixed and at times opposing findings. Defining the molecular and biochemical underpinnings of heterogeneity in ASD is crucial to our understanding of the pathophysiological development of the disorder, and has the potential to assist in diagnosis and the rational design of clinical trials. In this review, we propose that genetically diverse forms of ASD may be usefully parsed into entities resulting from converse patterns of growth regulation at the molecular level, which lead to the correlates of general synaptic and neural overgrowth or undergrowth. Abnormal brain growth during development is a characteristic feature that has been observed both in children with autism and in mouse models of autism. We review evidence from syndromic and non-syndromic ASD to suggest that entities currently classified as autism may fundamentally differ by underlying pro- or anti-growth abnormalities in key biochemical pathways, giving rise to either excessive or reduced synaptic connectivity in affected brain regions. We posit that this classification strategy has the potential not only to aid research efforts, but also to ultimately facilitate early diagnosis and direct appropriate therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Subramanian
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christina K Timmerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua L Schwartz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L Pham
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mollie K Meffert
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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154
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Nakai N, Otsuka S, Myung J, Takumi T. Autism spectrum disorder model mice: Focus on copy number variation and epigenetics. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:976-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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155
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Brunner D, Kabitzke P, He D, Cox K, Thiede L, Hanania T, Sabath E, Alexandrov V, Saxe M, Peles E, Mills A, Spooren W, Ghosh A, Feliciano P, Benedetti M, Luo Clayton A, Biemans B. Comprehensive Analysis of the 16p11.2 Deletion and Null Cntnap2 Mouse Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134572. [PMID: 26273832 PMCID: PMC4537259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder comprises several neurodevelopmental conditions presenting symptoms in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. A major roadblock for drug development for autism is the lack of robust behavioral signatures predictive of clinical efficacy. To address this issue, we further characterized, in a uniform and rigorous way, mouse models of autism that are of interest because of their construct validity and wide availability to the scientific community. We implemented a broad behavioral battery that included but was not restricted to core autism domains, with the goal of identifying robust, reliable phenotypes amenable for further testing. Here we describe comprehensive findings from two known mouse models of autism, obtained at different developmental stages, using a systematic behavioral test battery combining standard tests as well as novel, quantitative, computer-vision based systems. The first mouse model recapitulates a deletion in human chromosome 16p11.2, found in 1% of individuals with autism. The second mouse model harbors homozygous null mutations in Cntnap2, associated with autism and Pitt-Hopkins-like syndrome. Consistent with previous results, 16p11.2 heterozygous null mice, also known as Del(7Slx1b-Sept1)4Aam weighed less than wild type littermates displayed hyperactivity and no social deficits. Cntnap2 homozygous null mice were also hyperactive, froze less during testing, showed a mild gait phenotype and deficits in the three-chamber social preference test, although less robust than previously published. In the open field test with exposure to urine of an estrous female, however, the Cntnap2 null mice showed reduced vocalizations. In addition, Cntnap2 null mice performed slightly better in a cognitive procedural learning test. Although finding and replicating robust behavioral phenotypes in animal models is a challenging task, such functional readouts remain important in the development of therapeutics and we anticipate both our positive and negative findings will be utilized as a resource for the broader scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brunner
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Patricia Kabitzke
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Dansha He
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Cox
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Lucinda Thiede
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Taleen Hanania
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Emily Sabath
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | | | | | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alea Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States of America
| | | | | | - Pamela Feliciano
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Marta Benedetti
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alice Luo Clayton
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, New York, NY, United States of America
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156
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Berman JI, Chudnovskaya D, Blaskey L, Kuschner E, Mukherjee P, Buckner R, Nagarajan S, Chung WK, Spiro JE, Sherr EH, Roberts TPL. Abnormal auditory and language pathways in children with 16p11.2 deletion. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 9:50-7. [PMID: 26413471 PMCID: PMC4543079 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variations at chromosome 16p11.2 contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study seeks to improve our understanding of the biological basis of behavioral phenotypes common in ASD, in particular the prominent and prevalent disruption of spoken language seen in children with the 16p11.2 BP4–BP5 deletion. We examined the auditory and language white matter pathways with diffusion MRI in a cohort of 36 pediatric deletion carriers and 45 age-matched controls. Diffusion MR tractography of the auditory radiations and the arcuate fasciculus was performed to generate tract specific measures of white matter microstructure. In both tracts, deletion carriers exhibited significantly higher diffusivity than that of controls. Cross-sectional diffusion parameters in these tracts changed with age with no group difference in the rate of maturation. Within deletion carriers, the left-hemisphere arcuate fasciculus mean and radial diffusivities were significantly negatively correlated with clinical language ability, but not non-verbal cognitive ability. Diffusion metrics in the right-hemisphere arcuate fasciculus were not predictive of language ability. These results provide insight into the link between the 16p11.2 deletion, abnormal auditory and language pathway structures, and the specific behavioral deficits that may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD. We examined auditory and language white matter tracts in children with the 16p11.2 BP4–BP5 deletion. Diffusivity was enhanced in auditory radiation and arcuate fasciculus. Arcuate fasciculus microstructure was correlated with language ability in deletion carriers. There are correlations in the brain structure and behavioral phenotype in the 16p11.2 deletion carriers.
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Key Words
- 16p11.2 deletion
- AD, axial diffusivity
- ASD, autism spectrum disorder
- Arcuate fasciculus
- Auditory system
- Autism
- CELF, clinical evaluation of language fundamentals
- CNV, copy number variation
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- Diffusion MR
- FA, fractional anisotropy
- GFA, generalized fractional anisotropy
- HARDI, high angular resolution diffusion imaging
- Language
- MD, mean diffusivity
- RD, radial diffusivity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Berman
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA ; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Darina Chudnovskaya
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lisa Blaskey
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily Kuschner
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pratik Mukherjee
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Randall Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Srikantan Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatric, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA ; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Timothy P L Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA ; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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157
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Hudac CM, Kresse A, Aaronson B, DesChamps TD, Webb SJ, Bernier RA. Modulation of mu attenuation to social stimuli in children and adults with 16p11.2 deletions and duplications. J Neurodev Disord 2015; 7:25. [PMID: 26213586 PMCID: PMC4514956 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-015-9118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variations (CNV) within the recurrent ~600 kb chromosomal locus of 16p11.2 are associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about the social brain phenotype of 16p11.2 CNV and how this phenotype is related to the social impairments associated with CNVs at this locus. The aim of this preliminary study was to use molecular subtyping to establish the social brain phenotype of individuals with 16p11.2 CNV and how these patterns relate to typical development and ASD. METHODS We evaluated the social brain phenotype as expressed by mu attenuation in 48 children and adults characterized as duplication carriers (n = 12), deletion carriers (n = 12), individuals with idiopathic ASD (n = 8), and neurotypical controls (n = 16). Participants watched videos containing social and nonsocial motion during electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition. RESULTS Overall, only the typical group exhibited predicted patterns of mu modulation to social information (e.g., greater mu attenuation for social than nonsocial motion). Both 16p11.2 CNV groups exhibited more mu attenuation for nonsocial than social motion. The ASD group did not discriminate between conditions and demonstrated less mu attenuation compared to the typical and duplication carriers. Single-trial analysis indicated that mu attenuation decreased over time more rapidly for 16p11.2 CNV groups than the typical group. The duplication group did not diverge from typical patterns of mu attenuation until after initial exposure. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate atypical but unique patterns of mu attenuation for deletion and duplication carriers, highlighting the need to continue characterizing the social brain phenotype associated with 16p11.2 CNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Hudac
- />Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street #115, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Anna Kresse
- />Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 2001 8th Avenue #400, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
| | - Benjamin Aaronson
- />Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street #115, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Trent D. DesChamps
- />Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street #115, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Sara Jane Webb
- />Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street #115, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- />Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 2001 8th Avenue #400, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
| | - Raphael A. Bernier
- />Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street #115, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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158
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Abstract
In order to understand the consequences of the mutation on behavioral and biological phenotypes relevant to autism, mutations in many of the risk genes for autism spectrum disorder have been experimentally generated in mice. Here, we summarize behavioral outcomes and neuroanatomical abnormalities, with a focus on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of postmortem mouse brains. Results are described from multiple mouse models of autism spectrum disorder and comorbid syndromes, including the 15q11-13, 16p11.2, 22q11.2, Cntnap2, Engrailed2, Fragile X, Integrinβ3, MET, Neurexin1a, Neuroligin3, Reelin, Rett, Shank3, Slc6a4, tuberous sclerosis, and Williams syndrome models, and inbred strains with strong autism-relevant behavioral phenotypes, including BTBR and BALB. Concomitant behavioral and neuroanatomical abnormalities can strengthen the interpretation of results from a mouse model, and may elevate the usefulness of the model system for therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Ellegood
- />Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7 Canada
| | - Jacqueline N. Crawley
- />MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4625 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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159
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Accardo JA, Malow BA. Sleep, epilepsy, and autism. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 47:202-6. [PMID: 25496798 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to explore the links between sleep and epilepsy and the treatment of sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Epilepsy and sleep have bidirectional relationships, and problems with both are highly prevalent in children with ASD. Literature is reviewed to support the view that sleep is particularly important to address in the context of ASD. Identification and management of sleep disorders may improve seizure control and challenging behaviors. In closing, special considerations for evaluating and treating sleep disorders in children with ASD and epilepsy are reviewed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Autism and Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Accardo
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Beth A Malow
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, TN, USA; Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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160
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Iyer J, Girirajan S. Gene discovery and functional assessment of rare copy-number variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 14:315-28. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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161
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A Potential Contributory Role for Ciliary Dysfunction in the 16p11.2 600 kb BP4-BP5 Pathology. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:784-96. [PMID: 25937446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 16p11.2 600 kb copy-number variants (CNVs) are associated with mirror phenotypes on BMI, head circumference, and brain volume and represent frequent genetic lesions in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia. Here we interrogated the transcriptome of individuals carrying reciprocal 16p11.2 CNVs. Transcript perturbations correlated with clinical endophenotypes and were enriched for genes associated with ASDs, abnormalities of head size, and ciliopathies. Ciliary gene expression was also perturbed in orthologous mouse models, raising the possibility that ciliary dysfunction contributes to 16p11.2 pathologies. In support of this hypothesis, we found structural ciliary defects in the CA1 hippocampal region of 16p11.2 duplication mice. Moreover, by using an established zebrafish model, we show genetic interaction between KCTD13, a key driver of the mirrored neuroanatomical phenotypes of the 16p11.2 CNV, and ciliopathy-associated genes. Overexpression of BBS7 rescues head size and neuroanatomical defects of kctd13 morphants, whereas suppression or overexpression of CEP290 rescues phenotypes induced by KCTD13 under- or overexpression, respectively. Our data suggest that dysregulation of ciliopathy genes contributes to the clinical phenotypes of these CNVs.
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162
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Adi A, Tawil B, Aldosari M, Shinwari J, Nester M, Aldhalaan H, Alshamrani H, Ghannam M, Meyer B, Al Tassan N. Homozygosity analysis in subjects with autistic spectrum disorder. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2307-12. [PMID: 25901489 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that results in social and communication impairments, as well as repetitive and stereotyped patterns. Genetically, ASD has been described as a multifactorial genetic disorder. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible susceptibility loci of ASD, utilizing the highly consanguineous and inbred nature of numerous families within the population of Saudi Arabia. A total of 13 multiplex families and 27 affected individuals were recruited and analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip(®) Mapping 250K and 6.0 arrays as well as Axiom arrays. Numerous regions of homozygosity were identified, including regions in genes associated with synaptic function and neurotransmitters, as well as energy and mitochondria-associated genes, and developmentally-associated genes. The loci identified in the present study represent regions that may be further investigated, which could reveal novel changes and variations associated with ASD, reinforcing the complex inheritance of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Adi
- Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma Tawil
- Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aldosari
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameela Shinwari
- Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Nester
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Aldhalaan
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Alshamrani
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar Ghannam
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian Meyer
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Al Tassan
- Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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163
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Lin GN, Corominas R, Lemmens I, Yang X, Tavernier J, Hill DE, Vidal M, Sebat J, Iakoucheva LM. Spatiotemporal 16p11.2 protein network implicates cortical late mid-fetal brain development and KCTD13-Cul3-RhoA pathway in psychiatric diseases. Neuron 2015; 85:742-54. [PMID: 25695269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The psychiatric disorders autism and schizophrenia have a strong genetic component, and copy number variants (CNVs) are firmly implicated. Recurrent deletions and duplications of chromosome 16p11.2 confer a high risk for both diseases, but the pathways disrupted by this CNV are poorly defined. Here we investigate the dynamics of the 16p11.2 network by integrating physical interactions of 16p11.2 proteins with spatiotemporal gene expression from the developing human brain. We observe profound changes in protein interaction networks throughout different stages of brain development and/or in different brain regions. We identify the late mid-fetal period of cortical development as most critical for establishing the connectivity of 16p11.2 proteins with their co-expressed partners. Furthermore, our results suggest that the regulation of the KCTD13-Cul3-RhoA pathway in layer 4 of the inner cortical plate is crucial for controlling brain size and connectivity and that its dysregulation by de novo mutations may be a potential determinant of 16p11.2 CNV deletion and duplication phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Ning Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Roser Corominas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irma Lemmens
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xinping Yang
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David E Hill
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marc Vidal
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lilia M Iakoucheva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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164
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The 16p11.2 deletion mouse model of autism exhibits altered cortical progenitor proliferation and brain cytoarchitecture linked to the ERK MAPK pathway. J Neurosci 2015; 35:3190-200. [PMID: 25698753 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4864-13.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are complex, highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders affecting ∼1 in 100 children. Copy number variations of human chromosomal region 16p11.2 are genetically linked to 1% of autism-related disorders. This interval contains the MAPK3 gene, which encodes the MAP kinase, ERK1. Mutations in upstream elements regulating the ERK pathway are genetically linked to autism and other disorders of cognition including the neuro-cardio-facial cutaneous syndromes and copy number variations. We report that a murine model of human 16p11.2 deletion exhibits a reduction in brain size and perturbations in cortical cytoarchitecture. We observed enhanced progenitor proliferation and premature cell cycle exit, which are a consequence of altered levels of downstream ERK effectors cyclin D1 and p27(Kip1) during mid-neurogenesis. The increased progenitor proliferation and cell cycle withdrawal resulted in premature depletion of progenitor pools, altering the number and frequency of neurons ultimately populating cortical lamina. Specifically, we found a reduced number of upper layer pyramidal neurons and an increase in layer VI corticothalamic projection neurons, reflecting the altered cortical progenitor proliferation dynamics in these mice. Importantly, we observed a paradoxical increase in ERK signaling in mid-neurogenesis in the 16p11.2del mice, which is coincident with the development of aberrant cortical cytoarchitecture. The 16p11.2del mice exhibit anxiety-like behaviors and impaired memory. Our findings provide evidence of ERK dysregulation, developmental abnormalities in neurogenesis, and behavioral impairment associated with the 16p11.2 chromosomal deletion.
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165
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Ellegood J, Nakai N, Nakatani J, Henkelman M, Takumi T, Lerch J. Neuroanatomical Phenotypes Are Consistent With Autism-Like Behavioral Phenotypes in the 15q11-13 Duplication Mouse Model. Autism Res 2015; 8:545-55. [PMID: 25755142 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Paternally and maternally inherited deletions and duplications of human chromosome 15q11-13 are relatively common in the human population. Furthermore, duplications in the 15q region are often associated with autism. Both maternal and paternal interstitial 15q11-13 duplication mouse models have been previously created, where several behavioral differences were found in the paternal duplication (patDp/+) mouse but not in the maternal duplication (matDp/+). These included decreased sociability, behavioral inflexibility, abnormal ultrasonic vocalizations, decreased spontaneous activity, and increased anxiety. Similarly, in the current study, we found several anatomical differences in the patDp/+ mice that were not seen in the matDp/+ mice. Regional differences that are evident only in the paternal duplication are a smaller dentate gyrus and smaller medial striatum. These differences may be responsible for the behavioral inflexibility. Furthermore, a smaller dorsal raphe nucleus could be responsible for the reported serotonin defects. This study highlights consistency that can be found between behavioral and anatomical phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada (J.E., R.M.H., J.L.)
| | - Nobuhiro Nakai
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saiama, Japan (N.N., T.T.)
| | - Jin Nakatani
- Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Shiga, Japan (J.N.)
| | - Mark Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada (J.E., R.M.H., J.L.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.M.H., J.L.)
| | - Toru Takumi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saiama, Japan (N.N., T.T.)
- JST, CREST(T.T.)
| | - Jason Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada (J.E., R.M.H., J.L.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.M.H., J.L.)
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166
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Jenkins J, Chow V, Blaskey L, Kuschner E, Qasmieh S, Gaetz L, Edgar JC, Mukherjee P, Buckner R, Nagarajan SS, Chung WK, Spiro JE, Sherr EH, Berman JI, Roberts TPL. Auditory Evoked M100 Response Latency is Delayed in Children with 16p11.2 Deletion but not 16p11.2 Duplication. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:1957-64. [PMID: 25678630 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 copy number variant (CNV) exhibit a range of behavioral phenotypes that may include mild impairment in cognition and clinical diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To better understand auditory processing impairments in populations with this chromosomal variation, auditory evoked responses were examined in children with the 16p11.2 deletion, 16p11.2 duplication, and age-matched controls. Stimuli consisted of sinusoidal binaural tones presented passively while children underwent recording with magnetoencephalography (MEG). The primary indicator of auditory processing impairment was the latency of the ∼100-ms "M100" auditory response detected by MEG, with the 16p11.2 deletion population exhibiting profoundly delayed M100 latencies relative to controls. This delay remained even after controlling for potential confounds such as age and cognitive ability. No significant difference in M100 latency was observed between 16p11.2 duplication carriers and controls. Additionally, children meeting diagnostic criteria for ASD (16p11.2 deletion carriers) exhibited nonsignificant latency delays when compared with the corresponding CNV carriers not meeting criteria for ASD. Present results indicate that 16p11.2 deletion is associated with auditory processing delays analogous to (but substantially more pronounced than) those previously reported in "idiopathic" ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Jenkins
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vivian Chow
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lisa Blaskey
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily Kuschner
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Saba Qasmieh
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leah Gaetz
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Christopher Edgar
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Randall Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Berman
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy P L Roberts
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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167
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Punwani D, Pelz B, Yu J, Arva NC, Schafernak K, Kondratowicz K, Makhija M, Puck JM. Coronin-1A: immune deficiency in humans and mice. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:100-7. [PMID: 25666293 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Punwani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Box 0519, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE 301A, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0519, USA
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168
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Yang M, Mahrt EJ, Lewis F, Foley G, Portmann T, Dolmetsch RE, Portfors CV, Crawley JN. 16p11.2 Deletion Syndrome Mice Display Sensory and Ultrasonic Vocalization Deficits During Social Interactions. Autism Res 2015; 8:507-21. [PMID: 25663600 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent deletions and duplications at chromosomal region 16p11.2 are variably associated with speech delay, autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, schizophrenia, and cognitive impairments. Social communication deficits are a primary diagnostic symptom of autism. Here we investigated ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in young adult male 16p11.2 deletion mice during a novel three-phase male-female social interaction test that detects vocalizations emitted by a male in the presence of an estrous female, how the male changes its calling when the female is suddenly absent, and the extent to which calls resume when the female returns. Strikingly fewer vocalizations were detected in two independent cohorts of 16p11.2 heterozygous deletion males (+/-) during the first exposure to an unfamiliar estrous female, as compared to wildtype littermates (+/+). When the female was removed, +/+ emitted calls, but at a much lower level, whereas +/- males called minimally. Sensory and motor abnormalities were detected in +/-, including higher nociceptive thresholds, a complete absence of acoustic startle responses, and hearing loss in all +/- as confirmed by lack of auditory brainstem responses to frequencies between 8 and 100 kHz. Stereotyped circling and backflipping appeared in a small percentage of individuals, as previously reported. However, these sensory and motor phenotypes could not directly explain the low vocalizations in 16p11.2 deletion mice, since (a) +/- males displayed normal abilities to emit vocalizations when the female was subsequently reintroduced, and (b) +/- vocalized less than +/+ to social odor cues delivered on an inanimate cotton swab. Our findings support the concept that mouse USVs in social settings represent a response to social cues, and that 16p11.2 deletion mice are deficient in their initial USVs responses to novel social cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817
| | - Elena J Mahrt
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, 98686
| | - Freeman Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817
| | - Gillian Foley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817
| | - Thomas Portmann
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305.,Drug Discovery Program, Circuit Therapeutics Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 94025
| | - Ricardo E Dolmetsch
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305.,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139
| | - Christine V Portfors
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, 98686
| | - Jacqueline N Crawley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817
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169
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Maillard AM, Ruef A, Pizzagalli F, Migliavacca E, Hippolyte L, Adaszewski S, Dukart J, Ferrari C, Conus P, Männik K, Zazhytska M, Siffredi V, Maeder P, Kutalik Z, Kherif F, Hadjikhani N, Beckmann JS, Reymond A, Draganski B, Jacquemont S. The 16p11.2 locus modulates brain structures common to autism, schizophrenia and obesity. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:140-7. [PMID: 25421402 PMCID: PMC4320286 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical structures and mechanisms linking genes to neuropsychiatric disorders are not deciphered. Reciprocal copy number variants at the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 locus offer a unique opportunity to study the intermediate phenotypes in carriers at high risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or schizophrenia (SZ). We investigated the variation in brain anatomy in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers. Beyond gene dosage effects on global brain metrics, we show that the number of genomic copies negatively correlated to the gray matter volume and white matter tissue properties in cortico-subcortical regions implicated in reward, language and social cognition. Despite the near absence of ASD or SZ diagnoses in our 16p11.2 cohort, the pattern of brain anatomy changes in carriers spatially overlaps with the well-established structural abnormalities in ASD and SZ. Using measures of peripheral mRNA levels, we confirm our genomic copy number findings. This combined molecular, neuroimaging and clinical approach, applied to larger datasets, will help interpret the relative contributions of genes to neuropsychiatric conditions by measuring their effect on local brain anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Maillard
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Ruef
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Pizzagalli
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Migliavacca
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Hippolyte
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Adaszewski
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Dukart
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Ferrari
- Department of Psychiatry, CERY Hospital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Conus
- Department of Psychiatry, CERY Hospital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Männik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Zazhytska
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V Siffredi
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Maeder
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Z Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Kherif
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Hadjikhani
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachussetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - 16p11.2 European Consortium
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, CERY Hospital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachussetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J S Beckmann
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Draganski
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Jacquemont
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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170
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Clustering autism: using neuroanatomical differences in 26 mouse models to gain insight into the heterogeneity. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:118-25. [PMID: 25199916 PMCID: PMC4426202 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a heritable disorder, with over 250 associated genes identified to date, yet no single gene accounts for >1-2% of cases. The clinical presentation, behavioural symptoms, imaging and histopathology findings are strikingly heterogeneous. A more complete understanding of autism can be obtained by examining multiple genetic or behavioural mouse models of autism using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based neuroanatomical phenotyping. Twenty-six different mouse models were examined and the consistently found abnormal brain regions across models were parieto-temporal lobe, cerebellar cortex, frontal lobe, hypothalamus and striatum. These models separated into three distinct clusters, two of which can be linked to the under and over-connectivity found in autism. These clusters also identified previously unknown connections between Nrxn1α, En2 and Fmr1; Nlgn3, BTBR and Slc6A4; and also between X monosomy and Mecp2. With no single treatment for autism found, clustering autism using neuroanatomy and identifying these strong connections may prove to be a crucial step in predicting treatment response.
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171
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Tian D, Stoppel LJ, Heynen AJ, Lindemann L, Jaeschke G, Mills AA, Bear MF. Contribution of mGluR5 to pathophysiology in a mouse model of human chromosome 16p11.2 microdeletion. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:182-4. [PMID: 25581360 PMCID: PMC4323380 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human chromosome 16p11.2 microdeletion is the most common gene copy number variation in autism, but the synaptic pathophysiology caused by this mutation is largely unknown. Using a mouse with the same genetic deficiency, we found that metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-dependent synaptic plasticity and protein synthesis was altered in the hippocampus and that hippocampus-dependent memory was impaired. Notably, chronic treatment with a negative allosteric modulator of mGluR5 reversed the cognitive deficit.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autistic Disorder/genetics
- Autistic Disorder/metabolism
- Autistic Disorder/physiopathology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Disorders/genetics
- Chromosome Disorders/metabolism
- Chromosome Disorders/physiopathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Mammalian
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/physiopathology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Intellectual Disability/metabolism
- Intellectual Disability/physiopathology
- Male
- Memory Disorders/drug therapy
- Memory Disorders/metabolism
- Memory Disorders/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects
- Neuronal Plasticity/genetics
- Neuronal Plasticity/physiology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5/genetics
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5/metabolism
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
- The C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114. Current address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, 90027, USA
| | - Laura J. Stoppel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
| | - Arnold J. Heynen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lothar Lindemann
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Jaeschke
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alea A. Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Mark F. Bear
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
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172
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Abstract
Deletions and duplications of the recurrent ~600 kb chromosomal BP4-BP5 region of 16p11.2 are associated with a broad variety of neurodevelopmental outcomes including autism spectrum disorder. A clue to the pathogenesis of the copy number variant (CNV)'s effect on the brain is that the deletion is associated with a head size increase, whereas the duplication is associated with a decrease. Here we analyzed brain structure in a clinically ascertained group of human deletion (N = 25) and duplication (N = 17) carriers from the Simons Variation in Individuals Project compared with age-matched controls (N = 29 and 33, respectively). Multiple brain measures showed increased size in deletion carriers and reduced size in duplication carriers. The effects spanned global measures of intracranial volume, brain size, compartmental measures of gray matter and white matter, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum. Quantitatively, the largest effect was on the thalamus, but the collective results suggest a pervasive rather than a selective effect on the brain. Detailed analysis of cortical gray matter revealed that cortical surface area displays a strong dose-dependent effect of CNV (deletion > control > duplication), whereas average cortical thickness is less affected. These results suggest that the CNV may exert its opposing influences through mechanisms that influence early stages of embryonic brain development.
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173
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Dachtler J, Glasper J, Cohen RN, Ivorra JL, Swiffen DJ, Jackson AJ, Harte MK, Rodgers RJ, Clapcote SJ. Deletion of α-neurexin II results in autism-related behaviors in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e484. [PMID: 25423136 PMCID: PMC4259993 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a common and frequently disabling neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic basis. Human genetic studies have discovered mutations disrupting exons of the NRXN2 gene, which encodes the synaptic adhesion protein α-neurexin II (Nrxn2α), in two unrelated individuals with autism, but a causal link between NRXN2 and the disorder remains unclear. To begin to test the hypothesis that Nrxn2α deficiency contributes to the symptoms of autism, we employed Nrxn2α knockout (KO) mice that genetically model Nrxn2α deficiency in vivo. We report that Nrxn2α KO mice displayed deficits in sociability and social memory when exposed to novel conspecifics. In tests of exploratory activity, Nrxn2α KO mice displayed an anxiety-like phenotype in comparison with wild-type littermates, with thigmotaxis in an open field, less time spent in the open arms of an elevated plus maze, more time spent in the enclosure of an emergence test and less time spent exploring novel objects. However, Nrxn2α KO mice did not exhibit any obvious changes in prepulse inhibition or in passive avoidance learning. Real-time PCR analysis of the frontal cortex and hippocampus revealed significant decreases in the mRNA levels of genes encoding proteins involved in both excitatory and inhibitory transmission. Quantification of protein expression revealed that Munc18-1, encoded by Stxbp1, was significantly decreased in the hippocampus of Nrxn2α KO mice, which is suggestive of deficiencies in presynaptic vesicular release. Our findings demonstrate a causal role for the loss of Nrxn2α in the genesis of autism-related behaviors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dachtler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J Glasper
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R N Cohen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J L Ivorra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D J Swiffen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A J Jackson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M K Harte
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R J Rodgers
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S J Clapcote
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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174
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High resolution magnetic resonance imaging for characterization of the neuroligin-3 knock-in mouse model associated with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109872. [PMID: 25299583 PMCID: PMC4192590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) comprise an etiologically heterogeneous set of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuroligin-3 (NL-3) is a cell adhesion protein that mediates synapse development and has been implicated in ASD. We performed ex-vivo high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and behavioral (social approach and zero maze) tests at 3 different time points (30, 50 and 70 days-of-age) on NL-3 and wild-type littermates to assess developmental brain abnormalities in NL-3 mice. MRI data were segmented in 39 different gray and white matter regions. Volumetric measurements, along with DTI indices from these segmented regions were also performed. After controlling for age and gender, the NL-3 knock-in animals demonstrated significantly reduced sociability and lower anxiety-related behavior in comparison to their wild type littermates. Significantly reduced volume of several white and gray matter regions in the NL-3 knock-in mice were also observed after considering age, gender and time point as covariates. These findings suggest that structural changes in the brain of NL-3 mice are induced by the mutation in the NL-3 gene. No significant differences in DTI indices were observed, which suggests that the NL-3 mutation may not have a profound effect on water diffusion as detected by DTI. The volumetric and DTI studies aid in understanding the biology of disrupting function on an ASD risk model and may assist in the development of imaging biomarkers for ASD.
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175
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Ullmann JFP, Janke AL, Reutens D, Watson C. Development of MRI-based atlases of non-human brains. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:391-405. [PMID: 25236843 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain atlases are a fundamental resource for neuroscience research. In the past few decades they have undergone a transition from traditional printed histological atlases to digital atlases made up of multiple data sets from multiple modalities, and atlases based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have become widespread. Here we discuss the methods involved in making an MRI brain atlas, including registration of multiple data sets into a model, ontological classification, segmentation of a minimum deformation model, dissemination strategies, and applications of these atlases. Finally, we discuss possible future directions in the development of brain atlases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F P Ullmann
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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176
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Bey AL, Jiang YH. Overview of mouse models of autism spectrum disorders. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 66:5.66.1-5.66.26. [PMID: 25181011 PMCID: PMC4186887 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0566s66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This overview describes many well characterized mouse models of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Mouse models considered here were selected because they are examples of genetically engineered models where human genetic evidence supports a causative relationship between the targeted mutation and the behavioral phenotype. As the ASD diagnosis is based primarily on behavioral evaluations in humans in the domains of social interaction, communication, and restricted interests, the murine phenotypes analogous to human autistic behaviors are highlighted for the different models and behaviors. Although genetically engineered mouse models with good construct and face validity are valuable for identifying and defining underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and for developing potential therapeutic interventions for the human condition, the translational value of various rodent behavioral assays remains a subject of debate. Significant challenges associated with modeling ASDs in rodents because of the clinical and molecular heterogeneity that characterize this disorder are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Bey
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yong-hui Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Corresponding author: , Phone: (919) 681-2789, Fax: (919) 668-0414
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177
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Shen J, Lincoln S, Miller DT. Advances in Genetic Discovery and Implications for Counseling of Patients and Families with Autism Spectrum Disorders. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 2:124-134. [PMID: 30345165 PMCID: PMC6192539 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) continues to increase. Genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of ASD, although specific genetic causes are identified in only a minority of cases. Recent advances have accelerated the discovery of genes implicated in ASD through convergent genomic analysis of genome-wide association studies, chromosomal microarray, exome sequencing, genome sequencing, and gene networks. Hundreds of candidate genes for ASD have been reported, yet only a handful have proven causative. Symptoms are complex and highly variable, and most cases are likely due to cumulative genetic factors, the interactions among them, as well as environmental factors. Here we summarize recent findings in genomic research regarding discovery of candidate genes, describe the major molecular processes in neural development that may be disrupted in ASD, and discuss the implication of research findings in clinical genetic diagnostic testing and counseling. Continued advances in genetic research will eventually translate into innovative approaches to prevention and treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sharyn Lincoln
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David T Miller
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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178
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Genomic and genetic aspects of autism spectrum disorder. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:244-53. [PMID: 25173933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component. The past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the genetic studies of ASD. In this article, we review the accumulating literatures on the monogenic forms of ASD and chromosomal abnormalities associated with ASD, the genome-wide linkage and association studies, the copy number variation (CNV) and the next generation sequencing (NGS) studies. With more than hundreds of mutations being implicated, the convergent biological pathways are emerging and the genetic landscape of ASD becomes clearer. The genetic studies provide a solid basis for future translational study for better diagnoses, intervention and treatment of ASD.
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179
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Hiroi N. Small cracks in the dam: rare genetic variants provide opportunities to delve into mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:91-2. [PMID: 24948383 PMCID: PMC5244450 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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180
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Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) of the chromosomal locus 16p11.2, consisting of either deletions or duplications, have been implicated in autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Since abnormal white matter microstructure can be seen in these more broadly defined clinical disorders, we used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and tract-based spatial statistics to investigate white matter microstructural integrity in human children with 16p11.2 deletions. We show that deletion carriers, compared with typically developing matched controls, have increased axial diffusivity (AD) in many major central white matter tracts, including the anterior corpus callosum as well as bilateral internal and external capsules. Higher AD correlated with lower nonverbal IQ in the deletion carriers, but not controls. Increases in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity were also found in some of the same tracts with elevated AD. Closer examination with neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging revealed that fiber orientation dispersion was decreased in some central white matter tracts. Notably, these alterations of white matter are unlike microstructural differences reported for any other neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders that have phenotypic overlap with the deletion carriers. These findings suggest that deletion of the 16p11.2 locus is associated with a unique widespread pattern of aberrant white matter microstructure that may underlie the impaired cognition characteristic of this CNV.
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181
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Blumenthal I, Ragavendran A, Erdin S, Klei L, Sugathan A, Guide J, Manavalan P, Zhou J, Wheeler V, Levin J, Ernst C, Roeder K, Devlin B, Gusella J, Talkowski M. Transcriptional consequences of 16p11.2 deletion and duplication in mouse cortex and multiplex autism families. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:870-83. [PMID: 24906019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal copy-number variation (CNV) of a 593 kb region of 16p11.2 is a common genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet it is not completely penetrant and can manifest in a wide array of phenotypes. To explore its molecular consequences, we performed RNA sequencing of cerebral cortex from mouse models with CNV of the syntenic 7qF3 region and lymphoblast lines from 34 members of 7 multiplex ASD-affected families harboring the 16p11.2 CNV. Expression of all genes in the CNV region correlated well with their DNA copy number, with no evidence of dosage compensation. We observed effects on gene expression outside the CNV region, including apparent positional effects in cis and in trans at genomic segments with evidence of physical interaction in Hi-C chromosome conformation data. One of the most significant positional effects was telomeric to the 16p11.2 CNV and includes the previously described "distal" 16p11.2 microdeletion. Overall, 16p11.2 CNV was associated with altered expression of genes and networks that converge on multiple hypotheses of ASD pathogenesis, including synaptic function (e.g., NRXN1, NRXN3), chromatin modification (e.g., CHD8, EHMT1, MECP2), transcriptional regulation (e.g., TCF4, SATB2), and intellectual disability (e.g., FMR1, CEP290). However, there were differences between tissues and species, with the strongest effects being consistently within the CNV region itself. Our analyses suggest that through a combination of indirect regulatory effects and direct effects on nuclear architecture, alteration of 16p11.2 genes disrupts expression networks that involve other genes and pathways known to contribute to ASD, suggesting an overlap in mechanisms of pathogenesis.
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182
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Filges I, Sparagana S, Sargent M, Selby K, Schlade-Bartusiak K, Lueder GT, Robichaux-Viehoever A, Schlaggar BL, Shimony JS, Shinawi M. Brain MRI abnormalities and spectrum of neurological and clinical findings in three patients with proximal 16p11.2 microduplication. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2003-12. [PMID: 24891046 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of recurrent ∼600 kb microdeletion and microduplication on proximal 16p11.2 is characterized by a spectrum of neurodevelopmental impairments including developmental delay and intellectual disability, epilepsy, autism and psychiatric disorders which are all subject to incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. A variety of brain MRI abnormalities were reported in patients with 16p11.2 rearrangements, but no systematic correlation has been studied among patients with similar brain anomalies, their neurodevelopmental and clinical phenotypes. We present three patients with the proximal 16p11.2 microduplication exhibiting significant developmental delay, anxiety disorder and other variable clinical features. Our patients have abnormal brain MRI findings of cerebral T2 hyperintense foci (3/3) and ventriculomegaly (2/3). The neuroradiological or neurological findings in two cases prompted an extensive diagnostic work-up. One patient has exhibited neurological regression and progressive vision impairment and was diagnosed with juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. We compare the clinical course and phenotype of these patients in regard to the clinical significance of the cerebral lesions and the need for MRI surveillance. We conclude that in all three patients the lesions were not progressive, did not show any sign of malignant transformation and could not be correlated to specific clinical features. We discuss potential etiologic mechanisms that may include overexpression of genes within the duplicated region involved in control of cell proliferation and complex molecular mechanisms such as the MAPK/ERK pathway. Systematic studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm our observation and to establish the prevalence and clinical significance of these neuroanatomical abnormalities in patients with 16p11.2 duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Filges
- Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's and Women's Hospital, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospitals Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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183
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Portmann T, Yang M, Mao R, Panagiotakos G, Ellegood J, Dolen G, Bader PL, Grueter BA, Goold C, Fisher E, Clifford K, Rengarajan P, Kalikhman D, Loureiro D, Saw NL, Zhengqui Z, Miller MA, Lerch JP, Henkelman M, Shamloo M, Malenka RC, Crawley JN, Dolmetsch RE. Behavioral abnormalities and circuit defects in the basal ganglia of a mouse model of 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1077-1092. [PMID: 24794428 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A deletion on human chromosome 16p11.2 is associated with autism spectrum disorders. We deleted the syntenic region on mouse chromosome 7F3. MRI and high-throughput single-cell transcriptomics revealed anatomical and cellular abnormalities, particularly in cortex and striatum of juvenile mutant mice (16p11(+/-)). We found elevated numbers of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) expressing the dopamine D2 receptor (Drd2(+)) and fewer dopamine-sensitive (Drd1(+)) neurons in deep layers of cortex. Electrophysiological recordings of Drd2(+) MSN revealed synaptic defects, suggesting abnormal basal ganglia circuitry function in 16p11(+/-) mice. This is further supported by behavioral experiments showing hyperactivity, circling, and deficits in movement control. Strikingly, 16p11(+/-) mice showed a complete lack of habituation reminiscent of what is observed in some autistic individuals. Our findings unveil a fundamental role of genes affected by the 16p11.2 deletion in establishing the basal ganglia circuitry and provide insights in the pathophysiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Portmann
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Mu Yang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663, USA
| | - Rong Mao
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Gul Dolen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Patrick L Bader
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Brad A Grueter
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Carleton Goold
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Elaine Fisher
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Katherine Clifford
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Pavitra Rengarajan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - David Kalikhman
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663, USA
| | - Darren Loureiro
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663, USA
| | - Nay L Saw
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Zhou Zhengqui
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Michael A Miller
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada.,Deparment of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mark Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada.,Deparment of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Jacqueline N Crawley
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663, USA
| | - Ricardo E Dolmetsch
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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184
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Jayachandran R, Liu X, BoseDasgupta S, Müller P, Zhang CL, Moshous D, Studer V, Schneider J, Genoud C, Fossoud C, Gambino F, Khelfaoui M, Müller C, Bartholdi D, Rossez H, Stiess M, Houbaert X, Jaussi R, Frey D, Kammerer RA, Deupi X, de Villartay JP, Lüthi A, Humeau Y, Pieters J. Coronin 1 regulates cognition and behavior through modulation of cAMP/protein kinase A signaling. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001820. [PMID: 24667537 PMCID: PMC3965382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved protein coronin 1 is needed for activating the cyclic AMP signaling pathway in the brain and is important for cognition and behavior. Cognitive and behavioral disorders are thought to be a result of neuronal dysfunction, but the underlying molecular defects remain largely unknown. An important signaling pathway involved in the regulation of neuronal function is the cyclic AMP/Protein kinase A pathway. We here show an essential role for coronin 1, which is encoded in a genomic region associated with neurobehavioral dysfunction, in the modulation of cyclic AMP/PKA signaling. We found that coronin 1 is specifically expressed in excitatory but not inhibitory neurons and that coronin 1 deficiency results in loss of excitatory synapses and severe neurobehavioral disabilities, including reduced anxiety, social deficits, increased aggression, and learning defects. Electrophysiological analysis of excitatory synaptic transmission in amygdala revealed that coronin 1 was essential for cyclic–AMP–protein kinase A–dependent presynaptic plasticity. We further show that upon cell surface stimulation, coronin 1 interacted with the G protein subtype Gαs to stimulate the cAMP/PKA pathway. The absence of coronin 1 or expression of coronin 1 mutants unable to interact with Gαs resulted in a marked reduction in cAMP signaling. Strikingly, synaptic plasticity and behavioral defects of coronin 1–deficient mice were restored by in vivo infusion of a membrane-permeable cAMP analogue. Together these results identify coronin 1 as being important for cognition and behavior through its activity in promoting cAMP/PKA-dependent synaptic plasticity and may open novel avenues for the dissection of signal transduction pathways involved in neurobehavioral processes. Memory and behavior depend on the proper transduction of signals in the brain, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Coronin 1 is a member of a highly conserved family of proteins, and although its gene lies in a chromosome region associated with neurobehavioral dysfunction in mice and men, it has never been directly ascribed a specific function in the brain. Here we show that coronin 1 plays an important role in cognition and behavior by regulating the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway. We find that when cell surface receptors are activated, coronin 1 stimulates cAMP production and activation of protein kinase A. Coronin 1 deficiency resulted in severe functional defects at excitatory synapses. Furthermore, in both mice and humans, deletion or mutation of coronin 1 causes severe neurobehavioral defects, including social deficits, increased aggression, and learning disabilities. Strikingly, treatment with a membrane-permeable analogue of cAMP restored synaptic plasticity and behavioral defects in mice lacking coronin 1. Together this work not only shows a critical role for coronin 1 in neurobehavior but also defines a role for the coronin family in regulating the transmission of signals within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Vera Studer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schneider
- Department of Radiology, University Children Hospital, UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christel Genoud
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Malik Khelfaoui
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Xander Houbaert
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rolf Jaussi
- Biomolecular Research Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Frey
- Biomolecular Research Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Richard A. Kammerer
- Biomolecular Research Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Biomolecular Research Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Condensed Matter Theory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Yann Humeau
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail: (Y.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (Y.H.); (J.P.)
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185
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Advancing the discovery of medications for autism spectrum disorder using new technologies to reveal social brain circuitry in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1147-65. [PMID: 24522332 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by core differences and impairments in social behavioral functioning. There are no approved medications for improving social cognition and behavior in ASD, and the underlying mechanisms needed to discover safer, more effective medications are unclear. DISCUSSION In this review, we diagram the basic neurocircuitry governing social behaviors in order to provide a neurobiological framework for the origins of the core social behavioral symptoms of ASD. In addition, we discuss recent technological innovations in research tools that provide unprecedented observation of cellular morphology and activity deep within the intact brain and permit the precise control of discrete brain regions and specific cell types at distinct developmental stages. CONCLUSIONS The use of new technologies to reveal the neural circuits underlying social behavioral impairments associated with ASD is advancing our understanding of the brain changes underlying ASD and enabling the discovery of novel and effective therapeutic interventions.
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186
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Petrinovic MM, Künnecke B. Neuroimaging endophenotypes in animal models of autism spectrum disorders: lost or found in translation? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1167-89. [PMID: 23852013 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Autism spectrum disorder(s) (ASDs) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by stereotyped behaviours and impairments in communication and social interactions. This heterogeneity has been a major obstacle in uncovering the aetiology and biomarkers of ASDs. Rodent models with genetic modifications or environmental insults have been created to study particular endophenotypes and bridge the gap between genetics and behavioural phenotypes. Translational neuroimaging modalities with their ability to screen the brain noninvasively and yield structural, biochemical and functional information provide a unique platform for discovery and evaluation of such endophenotypes in preclinical and clinical research. OBJECTIVES We reviewed literature on translational neuroimaging in rodent models of ASDs. The most prominent models will be described and the respective neuroimaging endophenotypes will be discussed with reference to human data. A perspective on future directions of translational neuroimaging in animal models of ASDs will be given. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS To date, we experience a proliferation of rodent models which recapitulate specific liabilities identified in ASDs patients. Translational neuroimaging in these models is emerging but is skewed towards magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities. Volumetric and structural assessments of the brain are dominating and a host of endophenotypes have been reported that allude to findings in ASDs patients but with only few to converge among the models. Caveats of current studies are the diverging biological conditions related to genetic background and age of the animals. It is anticipated that longitudinal and functional assessments will gain much importance and will help elucidating mechanistic relationship between behavioural and structural endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija M Petrinovic
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Neuroscience, Building 68, Room 327A, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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187
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Banerjee S, Riordan M, Bhat MA. Genetic aspects of autism spectrum disorders: insights from animal models. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:58. [PMID: 24605088 PMCID: PMC3932417 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that display a triad of core behavioral deficits including restricted interests, often accompanied by repetitive behavior, deficits in language and communication, and an inability to engage in reciprocal social interactions. ASD is among the most heritable disorders but is not a simple disorder with a singular pathology and has a rather complex etiology. It is interesting to note that perturbations in synaptic growth, development, and stability underlie a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including ASD, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and intellectual disability. Biological characterization of an increasing repertoire of synaptic mutants in various model organisms indicates synaptic dysfunction as causal in the pathophysiology of ASD. Our understanding of the genes and genetic pathways that contribute toward the formation, stabilization, and maintenance of functional synapses coupled with an in-depth phenotypic analysis of the cellular and behavioral characteristics is therefore essential to unraveling the pathogenesis of these disorders. In this review, we discuss the genetic aspects of ASD emphasizing on the well conserved set of genes and genetic pathways implicated in this disorder, many of which contribute to synapse assembly and maintenance across species. We also review how fundamental research using animal models is providing key insights into the various facets of human ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maeveen Riordan
- Department of Physiology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Manzoor A Bhat
- Department of Physiology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA
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188
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Shishido E, Aleksic B, Ozaki N. Copy-number variation in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:85-95. [PMID: 24372918 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder present in 1% of the population, characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction, communication deficits and restricted patterns of behavior. Approximately 10% of the autism spectrum disorder population is thought to have large chromosomal rearrangements. Copy-number variations (CNV) alter the genome structure either by duplication or deletion of a chromosomal region. The association between CNV and autism susceptibility has become more apparent through the use of methods based on comparative genomic hybridization in screening CNV. The nature of the high CNV rate in the human genome is partly explained by non-allelic homologous recombination between flanking repeated sequences derived from multiple copies of transposons or mobile genetic elements. There are hotspots for CNV in the human genome, such as 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. Genes involved in CNV are supposed to have copy-number dose-dependent effects on the behavior of affected individuals. Animal models give insight into the possible interactions between core genetic loci and additional factors contributing to the phenotypes of each individual. If affected genes code for cellular signaling molecules, reducing the dosage in the intracellular signaling pathway may result in the malfunction of the nervous system. The genetic background of autism spectrum disorder is highly heterogenic and most common or rare CNV do not lead to autism spectrum disorders in the majority of cases, but may occasionally increase the risk of developing an autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Shishido
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Restart Postdoctoral Fellowship of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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189
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Ellegood J, Markx S, Lerch J, Steadman P, Genç C, Provenzano F, Kushner S, Henkelman R, Karayiorgou M, Gogos J. Neuroanatomical phenotypes in a mouse model of the 22q11.2 microdeletion. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:99-107. [PMID: 23999526 PMCID: PMC3872255 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent deletions at the 22q11.2 locus have been established as a strong genetic risk factor for the development of schizophrenia and cognitive dysfunction. Individuals with 22q11.2 deletions have a range of well-defined volumetric abnormalities in a number of critical brain structures. A mouse model of the 22q11.2 deletion (Df(16)A(+/-)) has previously been utilized to characterize disease-associated abnormalities on synaptic, cellular, neurocircuitry, and behavioral levels. We performed a high-resolution MRI analysis of mutant mice compared with wild-type littermates. Our analysis revealed a striking similarity in the specific volumetric changes of Df(16)A(+/-) mice compared with human 22q11.2 deletion carriers, including in cortico-cerebellar, cortico-striatal and cortico-limbic circuits. In addition, higher resolution magnetic resonance imaging compared with neuroimaging in human subjects allowed the detection of previously unknown subtle local differences. The cerebellar findings in Df(16)A(+/-) mice are particularly instructive as they are localized to specific areas within both the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar cortex. Our study indicates that the Df(16)A(+/-)mouse model recapitulates most of the hallmark neuroanatomical changes observed in 22q11.2 deletion carriers. Our findings will help guide the design and interpretation of additional complementary studies and thereby advance our understanding of the abnormal brain development underlying the emergence of 22q11.2 deletion-associated psychiatric and cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Markx
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - J.P. Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - P.E. Steadman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - C. Genç
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - F Provenzano
- Department of Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - S.A. Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - R.M. Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - M. Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - J.A. Gogos
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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190
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Dauber A, Golzio C, Guenot C, Jodelka FM, Kibaek M, Kjaergaard S, Leheup B, Martinet D, Nowaczyk MJM, Rosenfeld JA, Zeesman S, Zunich J, Beckmann JS, Hirschhorn JN, Hastings ML, Jacquemont S, Katsanis N. SCRIB and PUF60 are primary drivers of the multisystemic phenotypes of the 8q24.3 copy-number variant. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:798-811. [PMID: 24140112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy-number variants (CNVs) represent a significant interpretative challenge, given that each CNV typically affects the dosage of multiple genes. Here we report on five individuals with coloboma, microcephaly, developmental delay, short stature, and craniofacial, cardiac, and renal defects who harbor overlapping microdeletions on 8q24.3. Fine mapping localized a commonly deleted 78 kb region that contains three genes: SCRIB, NRBP2, and PUF60. In vivo dissection of the CNV showed discrete contributions of the planar cell polarity effector SCRIB and the splicing factor PUF60 to the syndromic phenotype, and the combinatorial suppression of both genes exacerbated some, but not all, phenotypic components. Consistent with these findings, we identified an individual with microcephaly, short stature, intellectual disability, and heart defects with a de novo c.505C>T variant leading to a p.His169Tyr change in PUF60. Functional testing of this allele in vivo and in vitro showed that the mutation perturbs the relative dosage of two PUF60 isoforms and, subsequently, the splicing efficiency of downstream PUF60 targets. These data inform the functions of two genes not associated previously with human genetic disease and demonstrate how CNVs can exhibit complex genetic architecture, with the phenotype being the amalgam of both discrete dosage dysfunction of single transcripts and also of binary genetic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
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191
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Lee CG, Park SJ, Yun JN, Ko JM, Kim HJ, Yim SY, Sohn YB. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization in 190 Korean patients with developmental delay and/or intellectual disability: a single tertiary care university center study. Yonsei Med J 2013; 54:1463-70. [PMID: 24142652 PMCID: PMC3809862 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.6.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study analyzed and evaluated the demographic, clinical, and cytogenetic data [G-banded karyotyping and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH)] of patients with unexplained developmental delay or intellectual disability at a single Korean institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected clinical and cytogenetic data based on retrospective charts at Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea from April 2008 to March 2012. RESULTS A total of 190 patients were identified. Mean age was 5.1±1.87 years. Array CGH yielded abnormal results in 26 of 190 patients (13.7%). Copy number losses were about two-fold more frequent than gains. A total of 61.5% of all patients had copy number losses. The most common deletion disorders included 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 15q11.2q12 deletion and 18q deletion syndrome. Copy number gains were identified in 34.6% of patients, and common diseases among these included Potocki-Lupski syndrome, 15q11-13 duplication syndrome and duplication 22q. Abnormal karyotype with normal array CGH results was exhibited in 2.6% of patients; theses included balanced translocation (n=2), inversion (n=2) and low-level mosaicism (n=1). Facial abnormalities (p<0.001) and failure to thrive were (p<0.001) also more frequent in the group of patients with abnormal CGH findings. CONCLUSION Array CGH is a useful diagnostic tool in clinical settings in patients with developmental delay or intellectual disability combined with facial abnormalities or failure to thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Gon Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
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192
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Copy number variation at 22q11.2: from rare variants to common mechanisms of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1153-65. [PMID: 23917946 PMCID: PMC3852900 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently discovered genome-wide rare copy number variants (CNVs) have unprecedented levels of statistical association with many developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, as CNVs often include multiple genes, causal genes responsible for CNV-associated diagnoses and traits are still poorly understood. Mouse models of CNVs are in use to delve into the precise mechanisms through which CNVs contribute to disorders and associated traits. Based on human and mouse model studies on rare CNVs within human chromosome 22q11.2, we propose that alterations of a distinct set of multiple, noncontiguous genes encoded in this chromosomal region, in concert with modulatory impacts of genetic background and environmental factors, variably shift the probabilities of phenotypes along a predetermined developmental trajectory. This model can be further extended to the study of other CNVs and may serve as a guide to help characterize the impact of genes in developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
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193
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Steadman PE, Ellegood J, Szulc KU, Turnbull DH, Joyner AL, Henkelman RM, Lerch JP. Genetic effects on cerebellar structure across mouse models of autism using a magnetic resonance imaging atlas. Autism Res 2013; 7:124-37. [PMID: 24151012 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of autism populations is confounded by the inherent heterogeneity in the individuals' genetics and environment, two factors difficult to control for. Imaging genetic animal models that recapitulate a mutation associated with autism quantify the impact of genetics on brain morphology and mitigate the confounding factors in human studies. Here, we used MRI to image three genetic mouse models with single mutations implicated in autism: Neuroligin-3 R451C knock-in, Methyl-CpG binding protein-2 (MECP2) 308-truncation and integrin β3 homozygous knockout. This study identified the morphological differences specific to the cerebellum, a structure repeatedly linked to autism in human neuroimaging and postmortem studies. To accomplish a comparative analysis, a segmented cerebellum template was created and used to segment each study image. This template delineated 39 different cerebellar structures. For Neuroligin-3 R451C male mutants, the gray (effect size (ES) = 1.94, FDR q = 0.03) and white (ES = 1.84, q = 0.037) matter of crus II lobule and the gray matter of the paraflocculus (ES = 1.45, q = 0.045) were larger in volume. The MECP2 mutant mice had cerebellar volume changes that increased in scope depending on the genotype: hemizygous males to homozygous females. The integrin β3 mutant mouse had a drastically smaller cerebellum than controls with 28 out of 39 cerebellar structures smaller. These imaging results are discussed in relation to repetitive behaviors, sociability, and learning in the context of autism. This work further illuminates the cerebellum's role in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Steadman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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194
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Carey AS, Liang L, Edwards J, Brandt T, Mei H, Sharp AJ, Hsu DT, Newburger JW, Ohye RG, Chung WK, Russell MW, Rosenfeld JA, Shaffer LG, Parides MK, Edelmann L, Gelb BD. Effect of copy number variants on outcomes for infants with single ventricle heart defects. CIRCULATION. CARDIOVASCULAR GENETICS 2013; 6:444-51. [PMID: 24021551 PMCID: PMC3987966 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human genomes harbor copy number variants (CNVs), which are regions of DNA gains or losses. Although pathogenic CNVs are associated with congenital heart disease (CHD), their effect on clinical outcomes is unknown. This study sought to determine whether pathogenic CNVs among infants with single ventricle physiology were associated with inferior neurocognitive and somatic growth outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS Genomic DNAs from 223 subjects of 2 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored randomized clinical trials in infants with single ventricle CHD and 270 controls from The Cancer Genome Atlas project were analyzed for rare CNVs>300 kb using array comparative genomic hybridization. Neurocognitive and growth outcomes at 14 months from the CHD trials were compared among subjects with and without pathogenic CNVs. Putatively pathogenic CNVs, comprising 25 duplications and 6 deletions, had a prevalence of 13.9%, significantly greater than the 4.4% rate of such CNVs among controls. CNVs associated with genomic disorders were found in 13 cases but not in controls. Several CNVs likely to be causative of single ventricle CHD were observed, including aberrations altering the dosage of GATA4, MYH11, and GJA5. Subjects with pathogenic CNVs had worse linear growth, and those with CNVs associated with known genomic disorders had the poorest neurocognitive and growth outcomes. A minority of children with pathogenic CNVs were noted to be dysmorphic on clinical genetics examination. CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic CNVs seem to contribute to the cause of single ventricle forms of CHD in ≥10% of cases and are clinically subtle but adversely affect outcomes in children harboring them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S. Carey
- Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Li Liang
- Dept of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Jonathan Edwards
- Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Tracy Brandt
- Dept of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Hui Mei
- Dept of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Andrew J. Sharp
- Dept of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Daphne T. Hsu
- Pediatric Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Richard G. Ohye
- Dept of Cardiac Surgery, Section of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Dept of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mark W. Russell
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Lisa G. Shaffer
- Paw Print Genetics, Genetic Veterinary Sciences, Spokane, WA
| | - Michael K. Parides
- Dept of Health Evidence & Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Lisa Edelmann
- Dept of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Bruce D. Gelb
- Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
- Dept of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
- Dept of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
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195
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Gait abnormalities and progressive myelin degeneration in a new murine model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease with tandem genomic duplication. J Neurosci 2013; 33:11788-99. [PMID: 23864668 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1336-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy caused by mutations of the proteolipid protein 1 gene (PLP1), which is located on the X chromosome and encodes the most abundant protein of myelin in the central nervous sytem. Approximately 60% of PMD cases result from genomic duplications of a region of the X chromosome that includes the entire PLP1 gene. The duplications are typically in a head-to-tail arrangement, and they vary in size and gene content. Although rodent models with extra copies of Plp1 have been developed, none contains an actual genomic rearrangement that resembles those found in PMD patients. We used mutagenic insertion chromosome engineering resources to generate the Plp1dup mouse model by introducing an X chromosome duplication in the mouse genome that contains Plp1 and five neighboring genes that are also commonly duplicated in PMD patients. The Plp1dup mice display progressive gait abnormalities compared with wild-type littermates. The single duplication leads to increased transcript levels of Plp1 and four of the five other duplicated genes over wild-type levels in the brain beginning the second postnatal week. The Plp1dup mice also display altered transcript levels of other important myelin proteins leading to a progressive degeneration of myelin. Our results show that a single duplication of the Plp1 gene leads to a phenotype similar to the pattern seen in human PMD patients with duplications.
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196
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Won H, Mah W, Kim E. Autism spectrum disorder causes, mechanisms, and treatments: focus on neuronal synapses. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:19. [PMID: 23935565 PMCID: PMC3733014 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of developmental disabilities characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and restricted and repetitive interests/behaviors. Advances in human genomics have identified a large number of genetic variations associated with ASD. These associations are being rapidly verified by a growing number of studies using a variety of approaches, including mouse genetics. These studies have also identified key mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ASD, many of which involve synaptic dysfunctions, and have investigated novel, mechanism-based therapeutic strategies. This review will try to integrate these three key aspects of ASD research: human genetics, animal models, and potential treatments. Continued efforts in this direction should ultimately reveal core mechanisms that account for a larger fraction of ASD cases and identify neural mechanisms associated with specific ASD symptoms, providing important clues to efficient ASD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Won Mah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic ScienceDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic ScienceDaejeon, South Korea
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197
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724;
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103;
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198
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Golzio C, Katsanis N. Genetic architecture of reciprocal CNVs. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:240-8. [PMID: 23747035 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) represent a frequent type of lesion in human genetic disorders that typically affects numerous genes simultaneously. This has raised the challenge of understanding which genes within a CNV drive clinical phenotypes. Although CNVs can arise by multiple mechanisms, a subset is driven by local genomic architecture permissive to recombination events that can lead to both deletions and duplications. Phenotypic analyses of patients with such reciprocal CNVs have revealed instances in which the phenotype is either identical or mirrored; strikingly, molecular studies have shown that such phenotypes are often driven by reciprocal dosage defects of the same transcript. Here we explore how these observations can help the dissection of CNVs and inform the genetic architecture of CNV-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Golzio
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham 27710, USA
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199
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Lacaria M, Gu W, Lupski JR. A functional role for structural variation in metabolism. Adipocyte 2013; 2:55-57. [PMID: 23700554 PMCID: PMC3661138 DOI: 10.4161/adip.22031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A contribution of structural genomic variation to the heritability of complex metabolic phenotypes was illuminated by the recent characterization of chromosome-engineered mouse models for genomic disorders associated with metabolic dysfunction. Herein we discuss our study, "A duplication CNV that conveys traits reciprocal to metabolic syndrome and protects against diet-induced obesity in mice and men," which describes the opposing metabolic phenotypes of mouse models for two prototypical genomic disorders,1,2 Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) and Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS). SMS and PTLS are caused by reciprocal deletion or duplication copy number variations (CNVs), respectively, on chromosome 17p11.2. The implications of the results of this study and the potential relevance of these findings for future studies in the field of metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lacaria
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX USA
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200
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Onaivi ES, Ishiguro H, Sgro S, Leonard CM. Cannabinoid Receptor Gene Variations in Drug Addiction and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4303/jdar/235714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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