151
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Wu J, Chen Y, Wang P, Caselli RJ, Thompson PM, Wang J, Wang Y. Integrating Transcriptomics, Genomics, and Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease: A Federated Model. FRONTIERS IN RADIOLOGY 2022; 1:777030. [PMID: 37492173 PMCID: PMC10365097 DOI: 10.3389/fradi.2021.777030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects more than 1 in 9 people age 65 and older and becomes an urgent public health concern as the global population ages. In clinical practice, structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) is the most accessible and widely used diagnostic imaging modality. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and transcriptomics-the study of gene expression-also play an important role in understanding AD etiology and progression. Sophisticated imaging genetics systems have been developed to discover genetic factors that consistently affect brain function and structure. However, most studies to date focused on the relationships between brain sMRI and GWAS or brain sMRI and transcriptomics. To our knowledge, few methods have been developed to discover and infer multimodal relationships among sMRI, GWAS, and transcriptomics. To address this, we propose a novel federated model, Genotype-Expression-Imaging Data Integration (GEIDI), to identify genetic and transcriptomic influences on brain sMRI measures. The relationships between brain imaging measures and gene expression are allowed to depend on a person's genotype at the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level, making the inferences adaptive and personalized. We performed extensive experiments on publicly available Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. Experimental results demonstrated our proposed method outperformed state-of-the-art expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) methods for detecting genetic and transcriptomic factors related to AD and has stable performance when data are integrated from multiple sites. Our GEIDI approach may offer novel insights into the relationship among image biomarkers, genotypes, and gene expression and help discover novel genetic targets for potential AD drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wu
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Yanxi Chen
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Panwen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Caselli
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Yalin Wang
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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152
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Dennison JL, Volmar CH, Ke D, Wang J, Gravel E, Hammond-Vignini S, Li Z, Timmons JA, Lohse I, Hayward MA, Brothers SP, Wahlestedt C. JOTROL, a Novel Formulation of Resveratrol, Shows Beneficial Effects in the 3xTg-AD Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:173-190. [PMID: 35034905 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) has minimally effective treatments currently. High concentrations of resveratrol, a polyphenol antioxidant found in plants, have been reported to affect several AD-related and neuroprotective genes. To address the low bioavailability of resveratrol, we investigated a novel oral formulation of resveratrol, JOTROL™, that has shown increased pharmacokinetic properties compared to non-formulated resveratrol in animals and in humans. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that equivalent doses of JOTROL, compared to non-formulated resveratrol, would result in greater brain exposure to resveratrol, and more efficacious responses on AD biomarkers. METHODS For sub-chronic reversal studies, 15-month-old male triple transgenic (APPSW/PS1M146V/TauP301L; 3xTg-AD) AD mice were treated orally with vehicle or 50 mg/kg JOTROL for 36 days. For prophylactic studies, male and female 3xTg-AD mice were similarly administered vehicle, 50 mg/kg JOTROL, or 50 mg/kg resveratrol for 9 months starting at 4 months of age. A behavioral battery was run, and mRNA and protein from brain and blood were analyzed for changes in AD-related gene and protein expression. RESULTS JOTROL displays significantly increased bioavailability over non-formulated resveratrol. Treatment with JOTROL resulted in AD-related gene expression changes (Adam10, Bace1, Bdnf, Psen1) some of which were brain region-dependent and sex-specific, as well as changes in inflammatory gene and cytokine levels. CONCLUSION JOTROL may be effective as a prophylaxis and/or treatment for AD through increased expression and/or activation of neuroprotective genes, suppression of pro-inflammatory genes, and regulation of central and peripheral cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Dennison
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Claude-Henry Volmar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Danbing Ke
- KDM Laboratories Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James Wang
- KDM Laboratories Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Zuomei Li
- NuChem Sciences Inc., St. Laurent, QC, Canada
| | | | - Ines Lohse
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Shaun P Brothers
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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153
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Ziaunys M, Mikalauskaite K, Veiveris D, Sakalauskas A, Smirnovas V. Superoxide dismutase-1 alters the rate of prion protein aggregation and resulting fibril conformation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 715:109096. [PMID: 34848178 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of amyloidogenic proteins into highly-structured fibrillar aggregates is related to the onset and progression of several amyloidoses, including neurodegenerative Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases. Despite years of research and a general understanding of the process of such aggregate formation, there are currently still very few drugs and treatment modalities available. One of the factors that is relatively insufficiently understood is the cross-interaction between different amyloid-forming proteins. In recent years, it has been shown that several of these proteins or their aggregates can alter each other's fibrillization properties, however, there are still many unknowns in the amyloid interactome. In this work, we examine the interaction between amyloid disease-related prion protein and superoxide dismutase-1. We show that not only does superoxide dismutase-1 increase the lag time of prion protein fibril formation, but it also changes the conformation of the resulting aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Ziaunys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Kamile Mikalauskaite
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dominykas Veiveris
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Sakalauskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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154
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Berkes M, Bialystok E. Bilingualism as a Contributor to Cognitive Reserve: What it Can do and What it Cannot do. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2022; 37:15333175221091417. [PMID: 35470704 PMCID: PMC10581104 DOI: 10.1177/15333175221091417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of effective pharmacological interventions for the prevention of dementia, attention has turned to lifestyle factors that contribute to cognitive reserve. Although cognitive reserve cannot prevent the occurrence of disease, the trajectory is different for high reserve and low reserve patients, giving more time for independent living to high reserve individuals. We argue that lifelong bilingual experience meets the criteria for an experience that confers cognitive reserve, although neural reserve, a related concept, is more difficult to validate. Bilingual patients show symptoms at a later stage of disease and decline more rapidly than comparable monolingual patients. These patterns are considered in terms of evidence from behavioural, imaging and epidemiological studies. Finally, the role of bilingualism in protecting against symptoms of some forms of dementia are discussed in the context of other protective factors and the limits of this reserve approach in dealing with the consequences of dementia.
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155
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Muslu O, Hoyt CT, Lacerda M, Hofmann-Apitius M, Frohlich H. GuiltyTargets: Prioritization of Novel Therapeutic Targets With Network Representation Learning. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 19:491-500. [PMID: 32750869 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2020.3003830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The majority of clinical trials fail due to low efficacy of investigated drugs, often resulting from a poor choice of target protein. Existing computational approaches aim to support target selection either via genetic evidence or by putting potential targets into the context of a disease specific network reconstruction. The purpose of this work was to investigate whether network representation learning techniques could be used to allow for a machine learning based prioritization of putative targets. We propose a novel target prioritization approach, GuiltyTargets, which relies on attributed network representation learning of a genome-wide protein-protein interaction network annotated with disease-specific differential gene expression and uses positive-unlabeled (PU) machine learning for candidate ranking. We evaluated our approach on 12 datasets from six diseases of different type (cancer, metabolic, neurodegenerative) within a 10 times repeated 5-fold stratified cross-validation and achieved AUROC values between 0.92 - 0.97, significantly outperforming previous approaches that relied on manually engineered topological features. Moreover, we showed that GuiltyTargets allows for target repositioning across related disease areas. An application of GuiltyTargets to Alzheimer's disease resulted in a number of highly ranked candidates that are currently discussed as targets in the literature. Interestingly, one (COMT) is also the target of an approved drug (Tolcapone) for Parkinson's disease, highlighting the potential for target repositioning with our method. The GuiltyTargets Python package is available on PyPI and all code used for analysis can be found under the MIT License at https://github.com/GuiltyTargets. Attributed network representation learning techniques provide an interesting approach to effectively leverage the existing knowledge about the molecular mechanisms in different diseases. In this work, the combination with positive-unlabeled learning for target prioritization demonstrated a clear superiority compared to classical feature engineering approaches. Our work highlights the potential of attributed network representation learning for target prioritization. Given the overarching relevance of networks in computational biology we believe that attributed network representation learning techniques could have a broader impact in the future.
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156
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Pervaiz I, Al-Ahmad AJ. In Vitro Models of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier Utilising Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Opportunities and Challenges. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2492:53-72. [PMID: 35733038 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a component of the neurovascular unit formed by specialized brain microvascular endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes end-feet processes, pericytes, and a basement membrane. The BBB plays an important role in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and has seen a growing involvement in the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases. On the other hand, the presence of such a barrier remains an important challenge for drug delivery to treat such illnesses.Since the pioneering work describing the isolation and cultivation of primary brain microvascular cells about 50 years ago until now, the development of an in vitro model of the BBB that is scalable, capable to form tight monolayers, and predictive of drug permeability in vivo remained extremely challenging.The recent description of the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a modeling tool for neurological diseases raised momentum into the use of such cells to develop new in vitro models of the BBB. This chapter will provide an exhaustive description of the use of iPSCs as a source of cells for modeling the BBB in vitro, describe the advantages and limitations of such model, as well as describe their prospective use for disease modeling and drug permeability screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Abraham J Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
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157
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Tadokoro K, Yamashita T, Sato J, Omote Y, Takemoto M, Morihara R, Nishiura K, Tani T, Abe K. Chronic Beneficial Effect of Makeup Therapy on Cognitive Function of Dementia and Facial Appearance Analyzed by Artificial Intelligence Software. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1189-1194. [PMID: 34924394 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Makeup greatly impacts normal social lives but can also be a non-pharmacological form of therapy for dementia. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic effect of makeup therapy. METHODS We carried out a prospective interventional study on female nursing home residents with dementia, focusing on the chronic therapeutic effect of makeup therapy. Thirty-four patients who received either only skin care (control group, n = 16) or skin care plus makeup therapy (makeup therapy group, n = 18) once every 2 weeks for 3 months were assessed. RESULTS Three months of makeup therapy significantly improved the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score compared with control patients ( *p < 0.05). Artificial intelligence (AI) software revealed that the appearance of age decreased significantly in the makeup group compared with the control, especially among patients without depression ( *p < 0.05). Furthermore, a larger AI happiness score was significantly correlated with a greater improvement of ADL in the makeup therapy group (r = 0.43, *p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Makeup therapy had a chronic beneficial effect on the cognitive function of female dementia patients, while the chronic effect of makeup therapy on facial appearance was successfully detected by the present AI software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Tadokoro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yoshio Omote
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryuta Morihara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Tomiko Tani
- Japan Wellness Therapist Association, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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158
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Park M, Hoang GM, Nguyen T, Lee E, Jung HJ, Choe Y, Lee MH, Hwang JY, Kim JG, Kim T. Effects of transcranial ultrasound stimulation pulsed at 40 Hz on Aβ plaques and brain rhythms in 5×FAD mice. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:48. [PMID: 34872618 PMCID: PMC8650290 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tauopathy. Reducing Aβ has been considered a major AD treatment strategy in pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Impairment of gamma oscillations, which play an important role in perception and cognitive function, has been shown in mouse AD models and human patients. Recently, the therapeutic effect of gamma entrainment in AD mouse models has been reported. Given that ultrasound is an emerging neuromodulation modality, we investigated the effect of ultrasound stimulation pulsed at gamma frequency (40 Hz) in an AD mouse model. METHODS We implanted electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes and a piezo-ceramic disc ultrasound transducer on the skull surface of 6-month-old 5×FAD and wild-type control mice (n = 12 and 6, respectively). Six 5×FAD mice were treated with two-hour ultrasound stimulation at 40 Hz daily for two weeks, and the other six mice received sham treatment. Soluble and insoluble Aβ levels in the brain were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spontaneous EEG gamma power was computed by wavelet analysis, and the brain connectivity was examined with phase-locking value and cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling. RESULTS We found that the total Aβ42 levels, especially insoluble Aβ42, in the treatment group decreased in pre- and infra-limbic cortex (PIL) compared to that of the sham treatment group. A reduction in the number of Aβ plaques was also observed in the hippocampus. There was no increase in microbleeding in the transcranial ultrasound stimulation (tUS) group. In addition, the length and number of microglial processes decreased in PIL and hippocampus. Encelphalographic spontaneous gamma power was increased, and cross-frequency coupling was normalized, implying functional improvement after tUS stimulation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the transcranial ultrasound-based gamma-band entrainment technique can be an effective therapy for AD by reducing the Aβ load and improving brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheol Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gia Minh Hoang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Thien Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hwan Lee
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Hwang
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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159
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Kim HS, Kim S, Shin SJ, Park YH, Nam Y, Kim CW, Lee KW, Kim SM, Jung ID, Yang HD, Park YM, Moon M. Gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides in Alzheimer's disease: pathologic roles and therapeutic implications. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:49. [PMID: 34876226 PMCID: PMC8650380 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most serious age-related neurodegenerative disease and causes destructive and irreversible cognitive decline. Failures in the development of therapeutics targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau, principal proteins inducing pathology in AD, suggest a paradigm shift towards the development of new therapeutic targets. The gram-negative bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are attractive new targets for AD treatment. Surprisingly, an altered distribution of gram-negative bacteria and their LPS has been reported in AD patients. Moreover, gram-negative bacteria and their LPS have been shown to affect a variety of AD-related pathologies, such as Aβ homeostasis, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Moreover, therapeutic approaches targeting gram-negative bacteria or gram-negative bacterial molecules have significantly alleviated AD-related pathology and cognitive dysfunction. Despite multiple evidence showing that the gram-negative bacteria and their LPS play a crucial role in AD pathogenesis, the pathogenic mechanisms of gram-negative bacteria and their LPS have not been clarified. Here, we summarize the roles and pathomechanisms of gram-negative bacteria and LPS in AD. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of using gram-negative bacteria and gram-negative bacterial molecules as novel therapeutic targets and new pathological characteristics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Won Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6th Floor of Real Company Building, 66, Achasan-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6th Floor of Real Company Building, 66, Achasan-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Duk Yang
- Harvard Neurology Clinic, 294 Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin, 16943, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6th Floor of Real Company Building, 66, Achasan-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.
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160
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Supakul S, Okano H, Maeda S. Utilization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived In vitro Models for the Future Study of Sex Differences in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:768948. [PMID: 34803659 PMCID: PMC8599796 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.768948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an aging-dependent neurodegenerative disease that impairs cognitive function. Although the main pathologies of AD are the aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau protein, the mechanisms that lead to these pathologies and their effects are believed to be heterogeneous among patients. Many epidemiological studies have suggested that sex is involved in disease prevalence and progression. The reduction of sex hormones contributes to the pathogenesis of AD, especially in females, suggesting that the supplementation of sex hormones could be a therapeutic intervention for AD. However, interventional studies have revealed that hormone therapy is beneficial under limited conditions in certain populations with specific administration methods. Thus, this suggests the importance of identifying crucial factors that determine hormonal effects in patients with AD. Based on these factors, it is necessary to decide which patients will receive the intervention before starting it. However, the long observational period and many uncontrollable environmental factors in clinical trials made it difficult to identify such factors, except for the APOE ε4 allele. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients can differentiate into neurons and recapitulate some aspects of AD pathogenesis. This in vitro model allows us to control non-cell autonomous factors, including the amount of Aβ aggregates and sex hormones. Hence, iPSCs provide opportunities to investigate sex-dependent pathogenesis and predict a suitable population for clinical trials of hormone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopak Supakul
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumihiro Maeda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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161
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Ziaunys M, Sakalauskas A, Mikalauskaite K, Smirnovas V. Polymorphism of Alpha-Synuclein Amyloid Fibrils Depends on Ionic Strength and Protein Concentration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12382. [PMID: 34830264 PMCID: PMC8621411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregate formation is linked with multiple amyloidoses, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Currently, the understanding of such fibrillar structure formation and propagation is still not sufficient, the outcome of which is a lack of potent, anti-amyloid drugs. The environmental conditions used during in vitro protein aggregation assays play an important role in determining both the aggregation kinetic parameters, as well as resulting fibril structure. In the case of alpha-synuclein, ionic strength has been shown as a crucial factor in its amyloid aggregation. In this work, we examine a large sample size of alpha-synuclein aggregation reactions under thirty different ionic strength and protein concentration combinations and determine the resulting fibril structural variations using their dye-binding properties, secondary structure and morphology. We show that both ionic strength and protein concentration determine the structural variability of alpha-synuclein amyloid fibrils and that sometimes even identical conditions can result in up to four distinct types of aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Ziaunys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.S.); (K.M.); (V.S.)
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Gulcan HO, Kosar M. The hybrid compounds as multi-target ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Considerations on Donepezil. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:395-407. [PMID: 34766890 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211111153626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The strategies to combat Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have been changing with respect to the failures of many drug candidates assessed in clinical studies, the complex pathophysiology of AD, and the limitations of the current drugs employed. So far, none of the targets, either validated or nonvalidated, have been shown to be purely causative in the generation and development of AD. Considering the progressive and the neurodegenerative characteristics of the disease, the main strategy has been based on the design of molecules capable of showing activity on more than one receptor, and it is defined as multi-target ligand design strategy. The hybrid molecule concept is an outcome of this approach. Donepezil, as one of the currently employed drugs for AD therapy, has also been utilized in hybrid drug design studies. This review has aimed to present the promising donepezil-like hybrid molecules introduced in the recent period. Particularly, multi-target ligands with additional activities concomitant to cholinesterase inhibition are preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, T.R. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Muberra Kosar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, T.R. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
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163
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Irwin AB, Bahabry R, Lubin FD. A putative role for lncRNAs in epigenetic regulation of memory. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105184. [PMID: 34530054 PMCID: PMC8552959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular genetics is defined as encoded genetic information within DNA, transcribed into messenger RNA, which contain the instructions for protein synthesis, thus imparting cellular functionality and ultimately life. This molecular genetic theory has given birth to the field of neuroepigenetics, and it is now well established that epigenetic regulation of gene transcription is critical to the learning and memory process. In this review, we address a potential role for a relatively new player in the field of epigenetic crosstalk - long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). First, we briefly summarize epigenetic mechanisms in memory formation and examine what little is known about the emerging role of lncRNAs during this process. We then focus discussions on how lncRNAs interact with epigenetic mechanisms to control transcriptional programs under various conditions in the brain, and how this may be applied to regulation of gene expression necessary for memory formation. Next, we explore how epigenetic crosstalk in turn serves to regulate expression of various individual lncRNAs themselves. To highlight the importance of further exploring the role of lncRNA in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, we consider the significant relationship between lncRNA dysregulation and declining memory reserve with aging, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy, as well as the promise of novel therapeutic interventions. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the critical questions that remain to be answered regarding a role for lncRNA in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh B Irwin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rudhab Bahabry
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Farah D Lubin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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164
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Limorenko G, Lashuel HA. To target Tau pathologies, we must embrace and reconstruct their complexities. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 161:105536. [PMID: 34718129 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of hyperphosphorylated fibrillar Tau aggregates in the brain is one of the defining hallmarks of Tauopathy diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. However, the primary events or molecules responsible for initiation of the pathological Tau aggregation and spreading remain unknown. The discovery of heparin as an effective inducer of Tau aggregation in vitro was instrumental to enabling different lines of research into the role of Tau aggregation in the pathogenesis of Tauopathies. However, recent proteomics and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies have revealed that heparin-induced Tau fibrils generated in vitro do not reproduce the biochemical and ultrastructural properties of disease-associated brain-derived Tau fibrils. These observations demand that we reassess our current approaches for investigating the mechanisms underpinning Tau aggregation and pathology formation. Our review article presents an up-to-date survey and analyses of 1) the evolution of our understanding of the interactions between Tau and heparin, 2) the various structural and mechanistic models of the heparin-induced Tau aggregation, 3) the similarities and differences between brain-derived and heparin-induced Tau fibrils; and 4) emerging concepts on the biochemical and structural determinants underpinning Tau pathological heterogeneity in Tauopathies. Our analyses identify specific knowledge gaps and call for 1) embracing the complexities of Tau pathologies; 2) reassessment of current approaches to investigate, model and reproduce pathological Tau aggregation as it occurs in the brain; 3) more research towards a better understanding of the naturally-occurring cofactor molecules that are associated with Tau brain pathology initiation and propagation; and 4) developing improved approaches for in vitro production of the Tau aggregates and fibrils that recapitulate and/or amplify the biochemical and structural complexity and diversity of pathological Tau in Tauopathies. This will result in better and more relevant tools, assays, and mechanistic models, which could significantly improve translational research and the development of drugs and antibodies that have higher chances for success in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Limorenko
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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165
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Ziaunys M, Mikalauskaite K, Sakalauskas A, Smirnovas V. Interplay between epigallocatechin-3-gallate and ionic strength during amyloid aggregation. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12381. [PMID: 34733592 PMCID: PMC8544251 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation and accumulation of protein amyloid aggregates is linked with multiple amyloidoses, including neurodegenerative Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. The mechanism of such fibril formation is impacted by various environmental conditions, which greatly complicates the search for potential anti-amyloid compounds. One of these factors is solution ionic strength, which varies between different aggregation protocols during in vitro drug screenings. In this work, we examine the interplay between ionic strength and a well-known protein aggregation inhibitor-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. We show that changes in solution ionic strength have a major impact on the compound's inhibitory effect, reflected in both aggregation times and final fibril structure. We also observe that this effect is unique to different amyloid-forming proteins, such as insulin, alpha-synuclein and amyloid-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Ziaunys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kamile Mikalauskaite
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Sakalauskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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166
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Barredo PA, Fernandez MJF, Ambe CE, Balanay MP. Tau fibril with membrane lipids: Insight from computational modeling and simulations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258692. [PMID: 34653235 PMCID: PMC8519458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-binding protein tau has been the center of researches concerning Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to several clinical trials of β-amyloid therapies failing recently. The availability of the tau fibril structure from AD brain enables computational modeling studies to calculate binding affinities with different ligands. In this study, the tau paired helical filaments (PHF-Tau) (PDB ID: 5O3L) was used as receptor and interactions with the lipids: 3-alpha-cholesterol; 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; and C18:1 sphingomyelin, were explored with molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and natural bond orbital analysis. Docking sites upon solvation of the protein with transferable interatomic potential-3 points reveal the amphipathic nature of PHF-Tau and molecular dynamics simulations show that the embedded phosphocholine at the tail side gives high potential energy values with some amino acids forming H-bond interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prechiel A. Barredo
- Department of Chemistry, Iligan Institute of Technology, Mindanao State University, Iligan, Republic of the Philippines
| | - Marvin Jose F. Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Iligan Institute of Technology, Mindanao State University, Iligan, Republic of the Philippines
| | - Christopher E. Ambe
- Department of Chemistry, Iligan Institute of Technology, Mindanao State University, Iligan, Republic of the Philippines
| | - Mannix P. Balanay
- Department of Chemistry, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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167
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Discovery of a Metabolic Signature Predisposing High Risk Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment to Converting to Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010903. [PMID: 34681563 PMCID: PMC8535253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing dementia conversion in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains challenging owing to pathological heterogeneity. While many MCI patients ultimately proceed to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a subset of patients remain stable for various times. Our aim was to characterize the plasma metabolites of nineteen MCI patients proceeding to AD (P-MCI) and twenty-nine stable MCI (S-MCI) patients by untargeted metabolomics profiling. Alterations in the plasma metabolites between the P-MCI and S-MCI groups, as well as between the P-MCI and AD groups, were compared over the observation period. With the help of machine learning-based stratification, a 20-metabolite signature panel was identified that was associated with the presence and progression of AD. Furthermore, when the metabolic signature panel was used for classification of the three patient groups, this gave an accuracy of 73.5% using the panel. Moreover, when specifically classifying the P-MCI and S-MCI subjects, a fivefold cross-validation accuracy of 80.3% was obtained using the random forest model. Importantly, indole-3-propionic acid, a bacteria-generated metabolite from tryptophan, was identified as a predictor of AD progression, suggesting a role for gut microbiota in AD pathophysiology. Our study establishes a metabolite panel to assist in the stratification of MCI patients and to predict conversion to AD.
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168
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Wainberg M, Luquez T, Koelle DM, Readhead B, Johnston C, Darvas M, Funk CC. The viral hypothesis: how herpesviruses may contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5476-5480. [PMID: 33972690 PMCID: PMC8758477 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that infectious agents, particularly herpesviruses, contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has been investigated for decades but has long engendered controversy. In the past 3 years, several studies in mouse models, human tissue models, and population cohorts have reignited interest in this hypothesis. Collectively, these studies suggest that many of the hallmarks of AD, like amyloid beta production and neuroinflammation, can arise as a protective response to acute infection that becomes maladaptive in the case of chronic infection. We place this work in its historical context and explore its etiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tain Luquez
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ben Readhead
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Darvas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cory C Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA.
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169
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Potential therapeutic effects of boswellic acids/Boswellia serrata extract in the prevention and therapy of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:2167-2185. [PMID: 34542667 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The link between diabetes and cognitive dysfunction has been reported in many recent articles. There is currently no disease-modifying treatment available for cognitive impairment. Boswellia serrata (B. serrata) is used traditionally to treat chronic inflammatory diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance (IR), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review aims to highlight current research on the potential use of boswellic acids (BAs)/B. serrata extract in T2D and AD. We reviewed the published information through June 2021. Studies have been collected through a search on online electronic databases (Academic libraries as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Egyptian Knowledge Bank). Accumulating evidence in preclinical and small human clinical studies has indicated that BAs/B. serrata extract has potential therapeutic effect in T2D and AD. According to most of the authors, the potential therapeutic effects of BAs/B. serrata extract in T2D and AD can be attributed to immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity, and elimination of the senescent cells. BAs/B. serrata extract may act by inhibiting the IκB kinase/nuclear transcription factor-κB (IKK/NF-κB) signaling pathway and increasing the formation of selective anti-inflammatory LOX-isoform modulators. In conclusion, BAs/B. serrata extract may have positive therapeutic effects in prevention and therapy of T2D and AD. However, more randomized controlled trials with effective, large populations are needed to show a definitive conclusion about therapeutic efficacy of BAs/B. serrata extract in T2D and AD.
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170
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Blümel L, Brosda J, Bert B, Hamann M, Dietz GPH. Moderately aged OFA rats as a novel model for mild age-related alterations in learning and memory. Brain Cogn 2021; 154:105799. [PMID: 34543909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aged rodents have been used as preclinical models of age-associated cognitive decline. Most of those models displayed substantial impairments in learning and memory. The initial, more subtle changes that precede more severe losses in cognitive abilities have not been well characterized. Here, we established a model detecting initial subtle cognitive changes by comparing the performance of moderately aged Oncins France Strain A Sprague Dawley rats with young rats in the Morris water maze (MWM) and the Open Field (OF) test. Both age groups improved their performance during the training period at a similar rate; however, the older rats performed worse in several parameters measured in the MWM. Our results suggest that already at the age of 18-20 months rats show changes in their approach to solve the spatial memory task while their ability to learn is not yet diminished. The disparate spatial information processing of the moderately aged rats provides a novel animal model for early age-related cognitive alterations that could be useful to test the effect of early intervention strategies. Moreover, our results suggest that the sensitivity of cognitive tests in the elderly could be substantially enhanced if they assess both the improvement after several trials, and the strategy used to solve a certain task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Blümel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan Brosda
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bettina Bert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | - Melanie Hamann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gunnar P H Dietz
- Department of Global Medical Affairs, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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171
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Singh CSB, Choi KB, Munro L, Wang HY, Pfeifer CG, Jefferies WA. Reversing pathology in a preclinical model of Alzheimer's disease by hacking cerebrovascular neoangiogenesis with advanced cancer therapeutics. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103503. [PMID: 34534764 PMCID: PMC8449085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline leading to dementia, accompanied by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in neuritic plaques together with the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (tau), are previously noted hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously discovered hypervascularity in brain specimens from AD patients and consistent with this observation, we demonstrated that overexpression of Aβ drives cerebrovascular neoangiogenesis leading to hypervascularity and coincident tight-junction disruption and blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakiness in animal models of AD. We subsequently demonstrated that amyloid plaque burden and cerebrovascular pathogenesis subside when pro-angiogenic Aβ levels are reduced. Based on these data, we propose a paradigm of AD etiology where, as a compensatory response to impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF), Aβ triggers pathogenic cerebrovascular neoangiogenesis that underlies the conventional hallmarks of AD. Consequently, here we present evidence that repurposing anti-cancer drugs to modulate cerebrovascular neoangiogenesis, rather than directly targeting the amyloid cascade, may provide an effective treatment for AD and related vascular diseases of the brain. METHODS We explored whether the anti-cancer drug, Axitinib, a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) can inhibit aberrant cerebrovascular neoangiogenic changes, reduce Aβ deposits and reverse cognitive decline in an animal model of AD. One month post-treatment with Axitinib, we employed a battery of tests to assess cognition and memory in aged Tg2576 AD mice and used molecular analysis to demonstrate reduction of amyloid plaques, BBB leakage, hypervascularity and associated disease pathology. FINDINGS Targeting the pro-angiogenic pathway in AD using the cancer drug, Axitinib, dramatically reduced cerebrovascular neoangiogenesis, restored BBB integrity, resolved tight-junction pathogenesis, diminishes Aβ depositions in plaques and effectively restores memory and cognitive performance in a preclinical mouse model of AD. INTERPRETATION Modulation of neoangiogenesis, in an analogous approach to those used to treat aberrant vascularization in cancer and also in the wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), provides an alternative therapeutic strategy for intervention in AD that warrants clinical investigation. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaahat S B Singh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kyung Bok Choi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lonna Munro
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hong Yue Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cheryl G Pfeifer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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172
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Li A, Chen Y, Visser A, Marks LAM, Tjakkes GHE. Combined association of cognitive impairment and poor oral health on mortality risk in older adults: Results from the NHANES with 15 years of follow-up. J Periodontol 2021; 93:888-900. [PMID: 34533839 PMCID: PMC9298999 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment and poor oral health are frequently seen among older adults. Both conditions have been identified as risk factors for mortality. However, the combined associations of cognitive impairment and poor oral health with mortality have not been well studied and are therefore the aim of this cohort study. Methods We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2002) linked with mortality data obtained from the 2015 public‐use linked mortality file. Cognitive impairment was defined as a digit symbol substitution test score lower than the lowest quartile. Oral health status was assessed based on presence of untreated caries, moderate to severe periodontitis, and edentulism. The combined effects of caries/periodontitis or edentulism and cognitive impairment on all‐cause and cardiometabolic mortality were examined using the Cox proportional hazard models after adjusting for potential confounders including demographic characteristics, lifestyle, biomarkers, and comorbidities. Results In total, 1973 participants were enrolled in the prospective study. At a median follow‐up of 13.4 years, 978 participants had died (264 deaths because of cardiometabolic disease). Cognitive impairment, periodontitis, and edentulism were each found to be significant predictors of all‐cause mortality. Caries, however, was not significantly related to mortality. When analyzing these predictors in combination, a diagnosis of cognitive impairment and periodontitis was associated with an 83.1% increase in all‐cause mortality risk and an 87.7% increase in cardiometabolic mortality risk compared with healthy controls. Similarly, the risk for all‐cause mortality was highest in cases where impaired cognition and edentulism co‐occurred (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.701, 1.338–2.161). Conclusion Concomitant presence of cognitive impairment and periodontitis or edentulism can be associated with a higher risk of mortality among older U.S. adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Li
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Chen
- Medical Statistics and Decision-Making, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Visser
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Luc A M Marks
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Geerten-Has E Tjakkes
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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173
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Giraldo DL, Sijbers J, Romero E. Quantification of cognitive impairment to characterize heterogeneity of patients at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease dementia. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 13:e12237. [PMID: 34541290 PMCID: PMC8439141 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropsychological test scores are limited and standard outcomes may mask the heterogeneity of cognitive impairment. This article presents the calculation and evaluation of six composite scores that quantify domain-specific impairment. METHODS Parameters for composite scores calculation were learned by performing confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. The obtained scores were evaluated with a separate sample of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in two automated tasks: unsupervised partition in different subgroups and prediction of progression to dementia for different time windows. RESULTS MCI subgroups with distinctive cognitive profiles and risk of progression emerged from cluster analysis. Composite scores outperform standard neuropsychological tests when automatically predicting progression within time windows up to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Domain-specific composite scores are useful to delineate profiles of impairment, stratify the MCI risk, and predict progression to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Giraldo
- Computer Imaging and Medical Applications Laboratory ‐ CIM@LABUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
- imec‐VisionlabDepartment of Physics at University of AntwerpUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Jan Sijbers
- imec‐VisionlabDepartment of Physics at University of AntwerpUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Eduardo Romero
- Computer Imaging and Medical Applications Laboratory ‐ CIM@LABUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
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Rejc L, Gómez-Vallejo V, Rios X, Cossío U, Baz Z, Mujica E, Gião T, Cotrina EY, Jiménez-Barbero J, Quintana J, Arsequell G, Cardoso I, Llop J. Oral Treatment with Iododiflunisal Delays Hippocampal Amyloid-β Formation in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: A Longitudinal in vivo Molecular Imaging Study1. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:99-112. [PMID: 32804152 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric, amyloid-β (Aβ)-binding protein, which reduces Aβ toxicity. The TTR/Aβ interaction can be enhanced by a series of small molecules that stabilize its tetrameric form. Hence, TTR stabilizers might act as disease-modifying drugs in Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE We monitored the therapeutic efficacy of two TTR stabilizers, iododiflunisal (IDIF), which acts as small-molecule chaperone of the TTR/Aβ interaction, and tolcapone, which does not behave as a small-molecule chaperone, in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease using positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Female mice (AβPPswe/PS1A246E/TTR+/-) were divided into 3 groups (n = 7 per group): IDIF-treated, tolcapone-treated, and non-treated. The oral treatment (100 mg/Kg/day) was started at 5 months of age. Treatment efficacy assessment was based on changes in longitudinal deposition of Aβ in the hippocampus (HIP) and the cortex (CTX) and determined using PET-[18F]florbetaben. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed at age = 14 months. RESULTS Standard uptake values relative to the cerebellum (SUVr) of [18F]florbetaben in CTX and HIP of non-treated animals progressively increased from age = 5 to 11 months and stabilized afterwards. In contrast, [18F]florbetaben uptake in HIP of IDIF-treated animals remained constant between ages = 5 and 11 months and significantly increased at 14 months. In the tolcapone-treated group, SUVr progressively increased with time, but at lower rate than in the non-treated group. No significant treatment effect was observed in CTX. Results from immunohistochemistry matched the in vivo data at age = 14 months. CONCLUSION Our work provides encouraging preliminary results on the ability of small-molecule chaperones to ameliorate Aβ deposition in certain brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Rejc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vanessa Gómez-Vallejo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Xabier Rios
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Unai Cossío
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Zuriñe Baz
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Edurne Mujica
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, EHU-UPV, Leioa, Spain
| | - Tiago Gião
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ellen Y Cotrina
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (I.Q.A.C.-C.S.I.C.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department Organic Chemistry II, Faculty Science & Technology, EHU-UPV, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jordi Quintana
- Plataforma Drug Discovery, Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Arsequell
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (I.Q.A.C.-C.S.I.C.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Llop
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)
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175
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Sakalauskas A, Ziaunys M, Snieckute R, Smirnovas V. Autoxidation Enhances Anti-Amyloid Potential of Flavone Derivatives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091428. [PMID: 34573060 PMCID: PMC8465893 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of amyloid-related disorders, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, raises the need for effective anti-amyloid drugs. It has been shown on numerous occasions that flavones, a group of naturally occurring anti-oxidants, can impact the aggregation process of several amyloidogenic proteins and peptides, including amyloid-beta. Due to flavone autoxidation at neutral pH, it is uncertain if the effective inhibitor is the initial molecule or a product of this reaction, as many anti-amyloid assays attempt to mimic physiological conditions. In this work, we examine the aggregation-inhibiting properties of flavones before and after they are oxidized. The oxidation of flavones was monitored by measuring the UV-vis absorbance spectrum change over time. The protein aggregation kinetics were followed by measuring the amyloidophilic dye thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence intensity change. Atomic force microscopy was employed to image the aggregates formed with the most prominent inhibitors. We demonstrate that flavones, which undergo autoxidation, have a far greater potency at inhibiting the aggregation of both the disease-related amyloid-beta, as well as a model amyloidogenic protein-insulin. Oxidized 6,2',3'-trihydroxyflavone was the most potent inhibitor affecting both insulin (7-fold inhibition) and amyloid-beta (2-fold inhibition). We also show that this tendency to autoxidize is related to the positions of the flavone hydroxyl groups.
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176
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Fridmanis J, Toleikis Z, Sneideris T, Ziaunys M, Bobrovs R, Smirnovas V, Jaudzems K. Aggregation Condition-Structure Relationship of Mouse Prion Protein Fibrils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9635. [PMID: 34502545 PMCID: PMC8431800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are associated with conformational conversion of cellular prion protein into a misfolded pathogenic form, which resembles many properties of amyloid fibrils. The same prion protein sequence can misfold into different conformations, which are responsible for variations in prion disease phenotypes (prion strains). In this work, we use atomic force microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and magic-angle spinning NMR to devise structural models of mouse prion protein fibrils prepared in three different denaturing conditions. We find that the fibril core region as well as the structure of its N- and C-terminal parts is almost identical between the three fibrils. In contrast, the central part differs in length of β-strands and the arrangement of charged residues. We propose that the denaturant ionic strength plays a major role in determining the structure of fibrils obtained in a particular condition by stabilizing fibril core interior-facing glutamic acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jēkabs Fridmanis
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (J.F.); (Z.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Zigmantas Toleikis
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (J.F.); (Z.T.); (R.B.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (T.S.); (M.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Tomas Sneideris
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (T.S.); (M.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Mantas Ziaunys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (T.S.); (M.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Raitis Bobrovs
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (J.F.); (Z.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (T.S.); (M.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (J.F.); (Z.T.); (R.B.)
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177
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Logsdon AF, Francis KL, Richardson NE, Hu SJ, Faber CL, Phan BA, Nguyen V, Setthavongsack N, Banks WA, Woltjer RL, Keene CD, Latimer CS, Schwartz MW, Scarlett JM, Alonge KM. Decoding perineuronal net glycan sulfation patterns in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:942-954. [PMID: 34482642 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain comprises unique glycan "sulfation codes" that influence neurological function. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are chondroitin sulfate-glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) containing matrices that enmesh neural networks involved in memory and cognition, and loss of PNN matrices is reported in patients with neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we show that patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD-related dementia undergo a re-coding of their PNN-associated CS-GAGs that correlates to Braak stage progression, hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) accumulation, and cognitive impairment. As these CS-GAG sulfation changes are detectable prior to the regional onset of classical AD pathology, they may contribute to the initiation and/or progression of the underlying degenerative processes and implicate the brain matrix sulfation code as a key player in the development of AD clinicopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kendra L Francis
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole E Richardson
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shannon J Hu
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bao Anh Phan
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Naly Setthavongsack
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Randy L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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178
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Petersen N, Schicktanz S. The Experts' Advice: Prevention and Responsibility in German Media and Scientific Discourses on Dementia. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:2005-2018. [PMID: 34109877 PMCID: PMC8552391 DOI: 10.1177/10497323211014844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of effective pharmacological therapy options, the focus of dementia and Alzheimer's research has shifted from treatment and care to risk prediction, early detection, and prevention. Public health communication and media coverage regarding dementia emphasize the individual responsibility for dementia risk management. Focusing on the social and moral implications of the new understanding and public representation of dementia, we present an analysis of medical science, nursing science, and media discourses in Germany between 2014 and 2019. We show which notions of dementia and prevention characterize the medical and nursing science debates regarding dementia and how scientific knowledge is transferred into media discourses on dementia. We further discuss how dementia risk communication interacts with contemporary social and health policies and in what ways current dementia discourses are associated with a (self-)responsibilization of cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Petersen
- Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Niklas Petersen, Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 36, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
| | - Silke Schicktanz
- Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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179
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurement of Entorhinal Cortex in the Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091129. [PMID: 34573151 PMCID: PMC8471837 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that the entorhinal cortex (ERC) is the first brain area related to pathologic changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), even before atrophy of the hippocampus (HP). However, change in ERC morphology (thickness, surface area and volume) in the progression from aMCI to AD, especially in the subtypes of aMCI (single-domain and multiple-domain: aMCI-s and aMCI-m), however, is still unclear. ERC thickness, surface area and volume were measured in 29 people with aMCI-s, 22 people with aMCI-m, 18 patients with AD and 26 age-/sex-matched healthy controls. Group comparisons of the ERC geometry measurements (including thickness, volume and surface area) were performed using analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). Furthermore, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses and the area under the curve (AUC) were employed to investigate classification ability (HC, aMCI-s, aMCI-m and AD from each other). There was a significant decreasing tendency in ERC thickness from HC to aMCI-s to aMCI-m to finally AD in both the left and the right hemispheres (left hemisphere: HC > aMCI-s > AD; right hemisphere: aMCI-s > aMCI-m > AD). For ERC volume, both the AD group and the aMCI-m group showed significantly decreased volume on both sides compared with the HC group. In addition, the AD group also had significantly decreased volume on both sides compared with the aMCI-s group. As for the ERC surface area, no significant difference was identified among the four groups. Furthermore, the AUC results demonstrate that combined ERC parameters (thickness and volume) can better discriminate the four groups from each other than ERC thickness alone. Finally, and most importantly, relative to HP volume, the capacity of combined ERC parameters was better at discriminating between HC and aMCI-s, as well as aMCI-m and AD. ERC atrophy, particularly the combination of ERC thickness and volume, might be regarded as a promising candidate biomarker in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of aMCI and AD.
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180
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Tok S, Ahnaou A, Drinkenburg W. Functional Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease: A Perspective of Network Hyperexcitability in Disease Progression. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 88:809-836. [PMID: 34420957 PMCID: PMC9484128 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Network hyperexcitability (NH) has recently been suggested as a potential neurophysiological indicator of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as new, more accurate biomarkers of AD are sought. NH has generated interest as a potential indicator of certain stages in the disease trajectory and even as a disease mechanism by which network dysfunction could be modulated. NH has been demonstrated in several animal models of AD pathology and multiple lines of evidence point to the existence of NH in patients with AD, strongly supporting the physiological and clinical relevance of this readout. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the prevalence of NH in animal models through neurophysiological, biochemical, and imaging techniques. However, some of these hypotheses have been built on animal models with limitations and caveats that may have derived NH through other mechanisms or mechanisms without translational validity to sporadic AD patients, potentially leading to an erroneous conclusion of the underlying cause of NH occurring in patients with AD. In this review, we discuss the substantiation for NH in animal models of AD pathology and in human patients, as well as some of the hypotheses considering recently developed animal models that challenge existing hypotheses and mechanisms of NH. In addition, we provide a preclinical perspective on how the development of animal models incorporating AD-specific NH could provide physiologically relevant translational experimental data that may potentially aid the discovery and development of novel therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tok
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abdallah Ahnaou
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wilhelmus Drinkenburg
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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181
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Traxler L, Lagerwall J, Eichhorner S, Stefanoni D, D'Alessandro A, Mertens J. Metabolism navigates neural cell fate in development, aging and neurodegeneration. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048993. [PMID: 34345916 PMCID: PMC8353098 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An uninterrupted energy supply is critical for the optimal functioning of all our organs, and in this regard the human brain is particularly energy dependent. The study of energy metabolic pathways is a major focus within neuroscience research, which is supported by genetic defects in the oxidative phosphorylation mechanism often contributing towards neurodevelopmental disorders and changes in glucose metabolism presenting as a hallmark feature in age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders. However, as recent studies have illuminated roles of cellular metabolism that span far beyond mere energetics, it would be valuable to first comprehend the physiological involvement of metabolic pathways in neural cell fate and function, and to subsequently reconstruct their impact on diseases of the brain. In this Review, we first discuss recent evidence that implies metabolism as a master regulator of cell identity during neural development. Additionally, we examine the cell type-dependent metabolic states present in the adult brain. As metabolic states have been studied extensively as crucial regulators of malignant transformation in cancer, we reveal how knowledge gained from the field of cancer has aided our understanding in how metabolism likewise controls neural fate determination and stability by directly wiring into the cellular epigenetic landscape. We further summarize research pertaining to the interplay between metabolic alterations and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, and expose how an improved understanding of metabolic cell fate control might assist in the development of new concepts to combat age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Traxler
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Jessica Lagerwall
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Sophie Eichhorner
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Davide Stefanoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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182
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Zielinski M, Röder C, Schröder GF. Challenges in sample preparation and structure determination of amyloids by cryo-EM. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100938. [PMID: 34224730 PMCID: PMC8335658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloids share a common architecture but play disparate biological roles in processes ranging from bacterial defense mechanisms to protein misfolding diseases. Their structures are highly polymorphic, which makes them difficult to study by X-ray diffraction or NMR spectroscopy. Our understanding of amyloid structures is due in large part to recent advances in the field of cryo-EM, which allows for determining the polymorphs separately. In this review, we highlight the main stepping stones leading to the substantial number of high-resolution amyloid fibril structures known today as well as recent developments regarding automation and software in cryo-EM. We discuss that sample preparation should move closer to physiological conditions to understand how amyloid aggregation and disease are linked. We further highlight new approaches to address heterogeneity and polymorphism of amyloid fibrils in EM image processing and give an outlook to the upcoming challenges in researching the structural biology of amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Zielinski
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7) and JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christine Röder
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7) and JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gunnar F Schröder
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7) and JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Physics Department, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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183
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Luttrell SM, Smith AST, Mack DL. Creating stem cell-derived neuromuscular junctions in vitro. Muscle Nerve 2021; 64:388-403. [PMID: 34328673 PMCID: PMC9292444 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of novel therapies has improved mobility and quality of life for people suffering from inheritable neuromuscular disorders. Despite this progress, the majority of neuromuscular disorders are still incurable, in part due to a lack of predictive models of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) breakdown. Improvement of predictive models of a human NMJ would be transformative in terms of expanding our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin development, maintenance, and disease, and as a testbed with which to evaluate novel therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are emerging as a clinically relevant and non‐invasive cell source to create human NMJs to study synaptic development and maturation, as well as disease modeling and drug discovery. This review will highlight the recent advances and remaining challenges to generating an NMJ capable of eliciting contraction of stem cell‐derived skeletal muscle in vitro. We explore the advantages and shortcomings of traditional NMJ culturing platforms, as well as the pioneering technologies and novel, biomimetic culturing systems currently in use to guide development and maturation of the neuromuscular synapse and extracellular microenvironment. Then, we will explore how this NMJ‐in‐a‐dish can be used to study normal assembly and function of the efferent portion of the neuromuscular arc, and how neuromuscular disease‐causing mutations disrupt structure, signaling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Luttrell
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alec S T Smith
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David L Mack
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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184
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S100A9 Alters the Pathway of Alpha-Synuclein Amyloid Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157972. [PMID: 34360737 PMCID: PMC8348003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of amyloid fibril plaques in the brain creates inflammation and neuron death. This process is observed in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Alpha-synuclein is the main protein found in neuronal inclusions of patients who have suffered from Parkinson's disease. S100A9 is a calcium-binding, pro-inflammation protein, which is also found in such amyloid plaques. To understand the influence of S100A9 on the aggregation of α-synuclein, we analyzed their co-aggregation kinetics and the resulting amyloid fibril structure by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. We found that the presence of S100A9 alters the aggregation kinetics of α-synuclein and stabilizes the formation of a particular amyloid fibril structure. We also show that the solution's ionic strength influences the interplay between S100A9 and α-synuclein, stabilizing a different structure of α-synuclein fibrils.
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185
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Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology holds promise for modeling neurodegenerative diseases. Traditional approaches for disease modeling using animal and cellular models require knowledge of disease mutations. However, many patients with neurodegenerative diseases do not have a known genetic cause. iPSCs offer a way to generate patient-specific models and study pathways of dysfunction in an in vitro setting in order to understand the causes and subtypes of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, iPSC-based models can be used to search for candidate therapeutics using high-throughput screening. Here we review how iPSC-based models are currently being used to further our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as discuss their challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Li
- Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA; .,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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186
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Armijo E, Edwards G, Flores A, Vera J, Shahnawaz M, Moda F, Gonzalez C, Sanhueza M, Soto C. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursors Improve Memory, Synaptic and Pathological Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071802. [PMID: 34359972 PMCID: PMC8303262 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly population. The disease is characterized by progressive memory loss, cerebral atrophy, extensive neuronal loss, synaptic alterations, brain inflammation, extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, and intracellular accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein. Many recent clinical trials have failed to show therapeutic benefit, likely because at the time in which patients exhibit clinical symptoms the brain is irreversibly damaged. In recent years, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been suggested as a promising cell therapy to recover brain functionality in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. To evaluate the potential benefits of iPSCs on AD progression, we stereotaxically injected mouse iPSC-derived neural precursors (iPSC-NPCs) into the hippocampus of aged triple transgenic (3xTg-AD) mice harboring extensive pathological abnormalities typical of AD. Interestingly, iPSC-NPCs transplanted mice showed improved memory, synaptic plasticity, and reduced AD brain pathology, including a reduction of amyloid and tangles deposits. Our findings suggest that iPSC-NPCs might be a useful therapy that could produce benefit at the advanced clinical and pathological stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Armijo
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.A.); (G.E.); (A.F.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (C.G.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Av. San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago 7550000, Chile
| | - George Edwards
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.A.); (G.E.); (A.F.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Andrea Flores
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.A.); (G.E.); (A.F.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Jorge Vera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile; (J.V.); (M.S.)
| | - Mohammad Shahnawaz
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.A.); (G.E.); (A.F.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Fabio Moda
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.A.); (G.E.); (A.F.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (C.G.)
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Division of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cesar Gonzalez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.A.); (G.E.); (A.F.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (C.G.)
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Magdalena Sanhueza
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile; (J.V.); (M.S.)
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.A.); (G.E.); (A.F.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (C.G.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Av. San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago 7550000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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187
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Tan LY, Yeo XY, Bae HG, Lee DPS, Ho RC, Kim JE, Jo DG, Jung S. Association of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis with Neurodegeneration: Can Gut Microbe-Modifying Diet Prevent or Alleviate the Symptoms of Neurodegenerative Diseases? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:698. [PMID: 34357070 PMCID: PMC8305650 DOI: 10.3390/life11070698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system was classically perceived as anatomically and functionally independent from the other visceral organs. But in recent decades, compelling evidence has led the scientific community to place a greater emphasis on the role of gut microbes on the brain. Pathological observations and early gastrointestinal symptoms highlighted that gut dysbiosis likely precedes the onset of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The delicate balance in the number and functions of pathogenic microbes and alternative probiotic populations is critical in the modulation of systemic inflammation and neuronal health. However, there is limited success in restoring healthy microbial biodiversity in AD and PD patients with general probiotics interventions and fecal microbial therapies. Fortunately, the gut microflora is susceptible to long-term extrinsic influences such as lifestyle and dietary choices, providing opportunities for treatment through comparatively individual-specific control of human behavior. In this review, we examine the impact of restrictive diets on the gut microbiome populations associated with AD and PD. The overall evidence presented supports that gut dysbiosis is a plausible prelude to disease onset, and early dietary interventions are likely beneficial for the prevention and treatment of progressive neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore; (L.Y.T.); (X.Y.Y.)
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Xin Yi Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore; (L.Y.T.); (X.Y.Y.)
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Delia Pei Shan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore;
| | - Roger C. Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore;
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore; (L.Y.T.); (X.Y.Y.)
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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188
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Tadokoro K, Yamashita T, Kawano S, Sato J, Omote Y, Takemoto M, Morihara R, Nishiura K, Sagawa N, Tani T, Abe K. Immediate Beneficial Effect of Makeup Therapy on Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and Facial Appearance Analyzed by Artificial Intelligence Software. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:57-63. [PMID: 34250937 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Possible benefits of makeup therapy, in terms of immediate and late effects on cognitive and affective functions, have not been fully proved for dementia patients. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immediate effect of makeup therapy on dementia patients. METHODS Female nursing home residents with dementia received either only skin care treatment (control group, n = 17) or skin care plus makeup therapy treatment (makeup therapy group, n = 19). Cognitive, affective, and activity of daily living (ADL) scores were evaluated before and just after treatments. Apparent age and emotion were also evaluated with artificial intelligence (AI) software. RESULTS Makeup therapy significantly improved Abe's behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) score (ABS, *p < 0.05). AI software judged that makeup therapy significantly made the apparent age younger (*p < 0.05). In particular, patients with moderate ADL scores had a significantly higher happiness score in makeup therapy (*p < 0.05), with a modest correlation to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE, r = 0.42, *p < 0.05). The severe baseline MMSE group reported a greater feeling of satisfaction following makeup therapy (*p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present makeup therapy is a promising non-pharmacological approach to immediately alleviate BPSD in female dementia patients, and the present AI software quickly and quantitatively evaluated the beneficial effects of makeup therapy on facial appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Tadokoro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Sato
- Kandenjoylife Co., Ltd., Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Omote
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryuta Morihara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Natsuki Sagawa
- Japan Wellness Therapist Association, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomiko Tani
- Japan Wellness Therapist Association, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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189
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Michno W, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Brinkmalm G. Refining the amyloid β peptide and oligomer fingerprint ambiguities in Alzheimer's disease: Mass spectrometric molecular characterization in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and plasma. J Neurochem 2021; 159:234-257. [PMID: 34245565 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, amyloid-β (Aβ) has been the principal target of investigation of in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Over the years however, no clear correlation was found between the Aβ plaque burden and location, and AD-associated neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Instead, diagnostic potential of specific Aβ peptides and/or their ratio, was established. For instance, a selective reduction in the concentration of the aggregation-prone 42 amino acid-long Aβ peptide (Aβ42) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was put forward as reflective of Aβ peptide aggregation in the brain. With time, Aβ oligomers-the proposed toxic Aβ intermediates-have emerged as potential drivers of synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the disease process. Oligomers are commonly agreed upon to come in different shapes and sizes, and are very poorly characterized when it comes to their composition and their "toxic" properties. The concept of structural polymorphism-a diversity in conformational organization of amyloid aggregates-that depends on the Aβ peptide backbone, makes the characterization of Aβ aggregates and their role in AD progression challenging. In this review, we revisit the history of Aβ discovery and initial characterization and highlight the crucial role mass spectrometry (MS) has played in this process. We critically review the common knowledge gaps in the molecular identity of the Aβ peptide, and how MS is aiding the characterization of higher order Aβ assemblies. Finally, we go on to present recent advances in MS approaches for characterization of Aβ as single peptides and oligomers, and convey our optimism, as to how MS holds a promise for paving the way for progress toward a more comprehensive understanding of Aβ in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Michno
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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190
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Jadiya P, Garbincius JF, Elrod JW. Reappraisal of metabolic dysfunction in neurodegeneration: Focus on mitochondrial function and calcium signaling. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:124. [PMID: 34233766 PMCID: PMC8262011 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration remain poorly defined. Recent clinical trial failures, difficult diagnosis, uncertain etiology, and lack of curative therapies prompted us to re-examine other hypotheses of neurodegenerative pathogenesis. Recent reports establish that mitochondrial and calcium dysregulation occur early in many neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and others. However, causal molecular evidence of mitochondrial and metabolic contributions to pathogenesis remains insufficient. Here we summarize the data supporting the hypothesis that mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction result from diverse etiologies of neuropathology. We provide a current and comprehensive review of the literature and interpret that defective mitochondrial metabolism is upstream and primary to protein aggregation and other dogmatic hypotheses of NDDs. Finally, we identify gaps in knowledge and propose therapeutic modulation of mCa2+ exchange and mitochondrial function to alleviate metabolic impairments and treat NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jadiya
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, MERB 949, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Joanne F Garbincius
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, MERB 949, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, MERB 949, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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191
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Tang Y, Zhang D, He H, Wu J, Zheng J. Antimicrobial α-defensins as multi-target inhibitors against amyloid formation and microbial infection. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9124-9139. [PMID: 34276942 PMCID: PMC8261786 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01133b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation and microbial infection are considered as pathological risk factors for developing amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), type II diabetes (T2D), Parkinson's disease (PD), and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Due to the multifactorial nature of amyloid diseases, single-target drugs and treatments have mostly failed to inhibit amyloid aggregation and microbial infection simultaneously, thus leading to marginal benefits for amyloid inhibition and medical treatments. Herein, we proposed and demonstrated a new "anti-amyloid and antimicrobial hypothesis" to discover two host-defense antimicrobial peptides of α-defensins containing β-rich structures (human neutrophil peptide of HNP-1 and rabbit neutrophil peptide of NP-3A), which have demonstrated multi-target, sequence-independent functions to (i) prevent the aggregation and misfolding of different amyloid proteins of amyloid-β (Aβ, associated with AD), human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP, associated with T2D), and human calcitonin (hCT, associated with MTC) at sub-stoichiometric concentrations, (ii) reduce amyloid-induced cell toxicity, and (iii) retain their original antimicrobial activity upon the formation of complexes with amyloid peptides. Further structural analysis showed that the sequence-independent amyloid inhibition function of α-defensins mainly stems from their cross-interactions with amyloid proteins via β-structure interactions. The discovery of antimicrobial peptides containing β-structures to inhibit both microbial infection and amyloid aggregation greatly expands the new therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides as multi-target amyloid inhibitors for better understanding pathological causes and treatments of amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron Ohio USA
| | - Yonglan Liu
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron Ohio USA
| | - Yijing Tang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron Ohio USA
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron Ohio USA
| | - Huacheng He
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Zhejiang China
| | - Jiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Zhejiang China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron Ohio USA
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192
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Yang L, Wang X, Guo Q, Gladstein S, Wooten D, Li T, Robieson WZ, Sun Y, Huang X. Deep Learning Based Multimodal Progression Modeling for Alzheimer’s Disease. Stat Biopharm Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2021.1884129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Qi Guo
- AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Yan Sun
- AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, IL
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193
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Jani V, Sonavane U, Joshi R. Destabilization potential of beta sheet breaker peptides on Abeta fibril structure: an insight from molecular dynamics simulation study. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23557-23573. [PMID: 35479797 PMCID: PMC9036544 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03609b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by amyloid-β aggregation. Currently, all the approved medications are to treat the symptoms but there is no clinically approved treatment for the cure or to prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Earlier reports suggest the use of small molecules and peptides to target and destabilize the amyloid fibril. The use of Beta Sheet Breaker (BSB) peptides seems to be a promising and attractive therapeutic approach as it can strongly bind and destabilize the preformed amyloid fibril. There are experimental studies describing the destabilization role of various BSB peptides, but the exact mechanism remains elusive. In the current work, an attempt is made to study the destabilization mechanism of different BSB peptides on preformed amyloid protofibril using molecular docking and simulations. Molecular docking of eight different BSB peptides of varying length (5-mer to 10-mer) on the Abeta protofibril was done. Docking was followed by multiple sets of molecular simulations for the Abeta protofibril–BSB peptide complex for each of the top ranked poses of the eight BSB peptides. As a control, multiple sets of simulations for the Abeta protofibril (APO) were also carried out. An increase in the RMSD, decrease in the number of interchain hydrogen bonds, destabilization of important salt bridge interactions (D23–K28), and destabilization of interchain hydrophobic interactions suggested the destabilization of Abeta protofibril by BSB peptides. The MM-GBSA free energy of binding for each of the BSB peptides was calculated to measure the binding affinity of BSB peptides to Abeta protofibril. Further residue wise contribution of free energy of binding was also calculated. The study showed that 7-mer peptides tend to bind strongly to Abeta protofibril as compared to other BSB peptides. The KKLVFFA peptide showed better destabilization potential as compared to the other BSB peptides. The details about the destabilization mechanism of BSB peptides will help in the design of other peptides for the therapeutic intervention for AD. Destabilzation of Abeta protofibril by Beta Sheet Breaker (BSB) peptides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Jani
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) Panchavati, Pashan Pune India
| | - Uddhavesh Sonavane
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) Panchavati, Pashan Pune India
| | - Rajendra Joshi
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) Panchavati, Pashan Pune India
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194
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Costa-Rodrigues C, Couceiro J, Moreno E. Cell competition from development to neurodegeneration. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:269331. [PMID: 34190316 PMCID: PMC8277968 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a process by which suboptimal cells are eliminated to the benefit of cells with higher fitness. It is a surveillance mechanism that senses differences in the fitness status by several modes, such as expression of fitness fingerprints, survival factor uptake rate and resistance to mechanical stress. Fitness fingerprints-mediated cell competition recognizes isoforms of the transmembrane protein Flower, and translates the relative fitness of cells into distinct fates through the Flower code. Impairments in cell competition potentiate the development of diseases like cancer and ageing-related pathologies. In cancer, malignant cells acquire a supercompetitor behaviour, killing the neighbouring cells and overtaking the tissue, thus avoiding elimination. Neurodegenerative disorders affect millions of people and are characterized by cognitive decline and locomotor deficits. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, and one of the largely studied diseases. However, the cellular processes taking place remain unclear. Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging neurodegeneration model due to its versatility as a tool for genetic studies. Research in a Drosophila Alzheimer's disease model detected fitness markers in the suboptimal and hyperactive neurons, thus establishing a link between cell competition and Alzheimer's disease. In this Review, we overview cell competition and the new insights related to neurodegenerative disorders, and discuss how research in the field might contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana Couceiro
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Moreno
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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195
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Kumar D, Sharma A, Sharma L. A Comprehensive Review of Alzheimer's Association with Related Proteins: Pathological Role and Therapeutic Significance. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:674-695. [PMID: 32172687 PMCID: PMC7536827 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200203101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's is an insidious, progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disease which causes the devastation of neurons. Alzheimer's possesses complex pathologies of heterogeneous nature counting proteins as one major factor along with enzymes and mutated genes. Proteins such as amyloid precursor protein (APP), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), presenilin, mortalin, calbindin-D28K, creactive protein, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and prion protein are some of the chief elements in the foremost hypotheses of AD like amyloid-beta (Aβ) cascade hypothesis, tau hypothesis, cholinergic neuron damage, etc. Disturbed expression of these proteins results in synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, memory loss, and neuronal degradation. On the therapeutic ground, attempts of developing anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, anti-tau therapies are on peak, having APP and tau as putative targets. Some proteins, e.g., HSPs, which ameliorate oxidative stress, calpains, which help in regulating synaptic plasticity, and calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP) with its neuroprotective role are few promising future targets for developing anti-AD therapies. On diagnostic grounds of AD C-reactive protein, pentraxins, collapsin response mediator protein-2, and growth-associated protein-43 represent the future of new possible biomarkers for diagnosing AD. The last few decades were concentrated over identifying and studying protein targets of AD. Here, we reviewed the physiological/pathological roles and therapeutic significance of nearly all the proteins associated with AD that addresses putative as well as probable targets for developing effective anti-AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., India
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196
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Munawara U, Catanzaro M, Xu W, Tan C, Hirokawa K, Bosco N, Dumoulin D, Khalil A, Larbi A, Lévesque S, Ramassamy C, Barron AE, Cunnane S, Beauregard PB, Bellenger JP, Rodrigues S, Desroches M, Witkowski JM, Laurent B, Frost EH, Fulop T. Hyperactivation of monocytes and macrophages in MCI patients contributes to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:29. [PMID: 34154615 PMCID: PMC8215492 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease ultimately manifesting as clinical dementia. Despite considerable effort and ample experimental data, the role of neuroinflammation related to systemic inflammation is still unsettled. While the implication of microglia is well recognized, the exact contribution of peripheral monocytes/macrophages is still largely unknown, especially concerning their role in the various stages of AD. Objectives AD develops over decades and its clinical manifestation is preceded by subjective memory complaints (SMC) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI); thus, the question arises how the peripheral innate immune response changes with the progression of the disease. Therefore, to further investigate the roles of monocytes/macrophages in the progression of AD we assessed their phenotypes and functions in patients at SMC, MCI and AD stages and compared them with cognitively healthy controls. We also conceptualised an idealised mathematical model to explain the functionality of monocytes/macrophages along the progression of the disease. Results We show that there are distinct phenotypic and functional changes in monocyte and macrophage populations as the disease progresses. Higher free radical production upon stimulation could already be observed for the monocytes of SMC patients. The most striking results show that activation of peripheral monocytes (hyperactivation) is the strongest in the MCI group, at the prodromal stage of the disease. Monocytes exhibit significantly increased chemotaxis, free radical production, and cytokine production in response to TLR2 and TLR4 stimulation. Conclusion Our data suggest that the peripheral innate immune system is activated during the progression from SMC through MCI to AD, with the highest levels of activation being in MCI subjects and the lowest in AD patients. Some of these parameters may be used as biomarkers, but more holistic immune studies are needed to find the best period of the disease for clinical intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-021-00236-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usma Munawara
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michael Catanzaro
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Weili Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Crystal Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo Med. Dent. University, Tokyo and Nitobe Memorial Nakanosogo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nabil Bosco
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Cellular Metabolism, EPFL Innovation Park, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Dumoulin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Anis Larbi
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon Lévesque
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé-biotechnologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascale B Beauregard
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Bellenger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. .,Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Mathematical, Computational and Experimental Neuroscience research group, Alameda de Mazarredo 14, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Basque-Country, Spain.
| | - Mathieu Desroches
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, Valbonne, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric H Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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197
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Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Low-Dose Radiation Therapy in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:658-670. [PMID: 34144146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, several studies have reported that low-dose radiation therapy (RT) suppresses the release of proinflammatory cytokines in inflammatory-degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer disease (AD). AD is the most common cause of dementia, and neuroinflammation is one of the major contributing factors in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, low-dose RT may be used clinically for treating AD. However, the appropriate doses, effects, and underlying mechanisms of RT in AD have not been determined. In this study, we aimed to determine the appropriate RT dose and schedule for AD treatment and to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of low-dose RT in AD. METHODS AND MATERIALS We first determined the proper dose and schedule for RT in late-stage AD using 8- to 9-month-old 5x Familial AD (5xFAD) mice, a well-known animal model of AD, by comparing the effects of a low total dose with low dose per fraction (LD-LDRT, 5 × 0.6 Gy) with those of a low moderate total dose with conventional dose per fraction (LMD-CDRT, 5 × 2 Gy). RESULTS LD-LDRT and LMD-CDRT were found to reduce the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines CD54, IL-3, CXCL9/10, and CCL2/4 in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, increased microgliosis assessed using Iba-1 and CD68 dual immunostaining was significantly reduced by LD-LDRT and LMD-CDRT in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. Moreover, LD-LDRT and LMD-CDRT decreased the amyloid plaque burden in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice and attenuated their cognitive impairment; these effects persisted for 4 to 5 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that LD-LDRT alleviates cognitive impairments and prevents the accumulation of amyloid plaques by regulating neuroinflammation in the late stage of AD in 5xFAD mice, with an efficacy equivalent to that of LMD-CDRT. Furthermore, the findings suggest that compared with LMD-CDRT, LD-LDRT may facilitate accessible and convenient treatment in clinical trials.
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198
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Bron EE, Klein S, Papma JM, Jiskoot LC, Venkatraghavan V, Linders J, Aalten P, De Deyn PP, Biessels GJ, Claassen JAHR, Middelkoop HAM, Smits M, Niessen WJ, van Swieten JC, van der Flier WM, Ramakers IHGB, van der Lugt A. Cross-cohort generalizability of deep and conventional machine learning for MRI-based diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102712. [PMID: 34118592 PMCID: PMC8203808 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work validates the generalizability of MRI-based classification of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and controls (CN) to an external data set and to the task of prediction of conversion to AD in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We used a conventional support vector machine (SVM) and a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) approach based on structural MRI scans that underwent either minimal pre-processing or more extensive pre-processing into modulated gray matter (GM) maps. Classifiers were optimized and evaluated using cross-validation in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; 334 AD, 520 CN). Trained classifiers were subsequently applied to predict conversion to AD in ADNI MCI patients (231 converters, 628 non-converters) and in the independent Health-RI Parelsnoer Neurodegenerative Diseases Biobank data set. From this multi-center study representing a tertiary memory clinic population, we included 199 AD patients, 139 participants with subjective cognitive decline, 48 MCI patients converting to dementia, and 91 MCI patients who did not convert to dementia. AD-CN classification based on modulated GM maps resulted in a similar area-under-the-curve (AUC) for SVM (0.940; 95%CI: 0.924–0.955) and CNN (0.933; 95%CI: 0.918–0.948). Application to conversion prediction in MCI yielded significantly higher performance for SVM (AUC = 0.756; 95%CI: 0.720-0.788) than for CNN (AUC = 0.742; 95%CI: 0.709-0.776) (p<0.01 for McNemar’s test). In external validation, performance was slightly decreased. For AD-CN, it again gave similar AUCs for SVM (0.896; 95%CI: 0.855–0.932) and CNN (0.876; 95%CI: 0.836–0.913). For prediction in MCI, performances decreased for both SVM (AUC = 0.665; 95%CI: 0.576-0.760) and CNN (AUC = 0.702; 95%CI: 0.624-0.786). Both with SVM and CNN, classification based on modulated GM maps significantly outperformed classification based on minimally processed images (p=0.01). Deep and conventional classifiers performed equally well for AD classification and their performance decreased only slightly when applied to the external cohort. We expect that this work on external validation contributes towards translation of machine learning to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther E Bron
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Klein
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janne M Papma
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vikram Venkatraghavan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jara Linders
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Aalten
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Huub A M Middelkoop
- Department of Neurology & Neuropsychology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiro J Niessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Inez H G B Ramakers
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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199
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Ziaunys M, Mikalauskaite K, Sakalauskas A, Smirnovas V. Using lysozyme amyloid fibrils as a means of scavenging aggregation-inhibiting compounds. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100138. [PMID: 34089232 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins is linked to several amyloidoses, including neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. Currently there are very few effective cures or treatments available, despite countless screenings and clinical trials. One of the most challenging aspects of potential anti-amyloid drug discovery is finding which molecules are the actual inhibitors out of mixtures, which may contain hundreds of distinct compounds. Considering that anti-amyloid compounds would interact with the aggregate, this affinity could be used as a means of separating such compounds from ineffective ones. In this work, we attempt to scavenge potential aggregation-inhibiting molecules out of four, different complexity mixtures, ranging from oxidized gallic acid to tea extract, using lysozyme amyloid fibrils. We show that these compounds bind to aggregates with high affinity and can be later separated from them by different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Ziaunys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kamile Mikalauskaite
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Sakalauskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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200
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Pinz MP, Vogt AG, da Costa Rodrigues K, Dos Reis AS, Duarte LFB, Fronza MG, Domingues WB, Blodorn EB, Alves D, Campos VF, Savegnago L, Wilhelm EA, Luchese C. Effect of a purine derivative containing selenium to improve memory decline and anxiety through modulation of the cholinergic system and Na +/K +-ATPase in an Alzheimer's disease model. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:871-888. [PMID: 33651275 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a worldwide problem, and there are currently no treatments that can stop this disease. To investigate the binding affinity of 6-((4-fluorophenyl) selanyl)-9H-purine (FSP) with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), to verify the effects of FSP in an AD model in mice and to evaluate the toxicological potential of this compound in mice. The binding affinity of FSP with AChE was investigated by molecular docking analyses. The AD model was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in Swiss mice after FSP treatment (1 mg/kg, intragastrically (i.g.)), 1st-10th day of the experimental protocol. Anxiety was evaluated in an elevated plus maze test, and memory impairment was evaluated in the Y-maze, object recognition and step-down inhibitory avoidance tasks. The cholinergic system was investigated based on by looking at expression and activity of AChE and expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). We evaluated expression and activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. For toxicological analysis, animals received FSP (300 mg/kg, i.g.) and aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase activities were determined in plasma and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity in brain and liver. FSP interacts with residues of the AChE active site. FSP mitigated the induction of anxiety and memory impairment caused by STZ. FSP protected cholinergic system dysfunction and reduction of activity and expression of Na+/K+-ATPase. FSP did not modify toxicological parameters evaluated and did not cause the death of mice. FSP protected against anxiety, learning and memory impairment with involvement of the cholinergic system and Na+/K+-ATPase in these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Peglow Pinz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP96010-900, Brazil
| | - Ane Gabriela Vogt
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP96010-900, Brazil
| | - Karline da Costa Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP96010-900, Brazil
| | - Angélica Schiavom Dos Reis
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP96010-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Barbosa Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LASOL), CCQFA, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gallio Fronza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, GPN, CDTec, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - William Borges Domingues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), UFPel, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bierhaus Blodorn
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), UFPel, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LASOL), CCQFA, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Farias Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CDTec), UFPel, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, GPN, CDTec, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Ethel Antunes Wilhelm
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Luchese
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP96010-900, Brazil.
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