151
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Hughes CE, Benson RA, Bedaj M, Maffia P. Antigen-Presenting Cells and Antigen Presentation in Tertiary Lymphoid Organs. Front Immunol 2016; 7:481. [PMID: 27872626 PMCID: PMC5097899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) form in territorialized niches of peripheral tissues characterized by the presence of antigens; however, little is known about mechanism(s) of antigen handling by ectopic lymphoid structures. In this mini review, we will discuss the role of antigen-presenting cells and mechanisms of antigen presentation in TLOs, summarizing what is currently known about this facet of the formation and function of these tissues as well as identifying questions yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Hughes
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Robert A Benson
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Marija Bedaj
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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152
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Mitsdoerffer M, Peters A. Tertiary Lymphoid Organs in Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:451. [PMID: 27826298 PMCID: PMC5078318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), which results in permanent neuronal damage and substantial disability in patients. Autoreactive T cells are important drivers of the disease; however, the efficacy of B cell depleting therapies uncovered an essential role for B cells in disease pathogenesis. They can contribute to inflammatory processes via presentation of autoantigen, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and production of pathogenic antibodies. Recently, B cell aggregates reminiscent of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) were discovered in the meninges of MS patients, leading to the hypothesis that differentiation and maturation of autopathogenic B and T cells may partly occur inside the CNS. Since these structures were associated with a more severe disease course, it is extremely important to gain insight into the mechanism of induction, their precise function, and clinical significance. Mechanistic studies in patients are limited. However, a few studies in the MS animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) recapitulate TLO formation in the CNS and provide new insight into CNS TLO features, formation, and function. This review summarizes what we know so far about CNS TLOs in MS and what we have learned about them from EAE models. It also highlights the areas that are in need of further experimental work, as we are just beginning to understand and evaluate the phenomenon of CNS TLOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Mitsdoerffer
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Anneli Peters
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology , Martinsried , Germany
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153
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Chen L, Ishigami T, Nakashima-Sasaki R, Kino T, Doi H, Minegishi S, Umemura S. Commensal Microbe-specific Activation of B2 Cell Subsets Contributes to Atherosclerosis Development Independently of Lipid Metabolism. EBioMedicine 2016; 13:237-247. [PMID: 27810309 PMCID: PMC5264349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The relation between B2 cells and commensal microbes during atherosclerosis remains largely unexplored. Here we show that under hyperlipidemic conditions intestinal microbiota resulted in recruitment and ectopic activation of B2 cells in perivascular adipose tissue, followed by an increase in circulating IgG, promoting disease development. In contrast, disruption of the intestinal microbiota by a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail (AVNM) led to the attenuation of atherosclerosis by suppressing B2 cells, despite the persistence of serum lipid abnormalities. Furthermore, pharmacological depletion of B2 cells with an anti-B2-cell surface CD23 antibody also attenuated commensal microbe-induced atherosclerosis. Moreover, expression analysis of TLR-signaling-related genes in the activated B2 cell subsets, assessed using the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway RT2 Profiler PCR Array, confirmed activation of the B2-cell autoantibody-production axis, which was associated with an increased capacity of B2 cells to bind to intestinal microbiota. Together, our findings reveal the critical role of commensal microbe-specific activation of B2 cells in the development of atherogenesis through lipid metabolism-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ishigami
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Rie Nakashima-Sasaki
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tabito Kino
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Minegishi
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Umemura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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154
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Dashkevich A, Hagl C, Beyersdorf F, Nykänen AI, Lemström KB. VEGF Pathways in the Lymphatics of Healthy and Diseased Heart. Microcirculation 2016; 23:5-14. [PMID: 26190445 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac lymphatic system is a rare focus of the modern cardiovascular research. Nevertheless, the growing body of evidence is depicting lymphatic endothelium as an important functional unit in healthy and diseased myocardium. Since the discovery of angiogenic VEGF-A in 1983 and lymphangiogenic VEGF-C in 1997, an increasing amount of knowledge has accumulated on the essential roles of VEGF ligands and receptors in physiological and pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Tissue adaptation to several stimuli such as hypoxia, pathogen invasion, degenerative process and inflammation often involves coordinated changes in both blood and lymphatic vessels. As lymphatic vessels are involved in the initiation and resolution of inflammation and regulation of tissue edema, VEGF family members may have important roles in myocardial lymphatics in healthy and in cardiac disease. We will review the properties of VEGF ligands and receptors concentrating on their lymphatic vessel effects first in normal myocardium and then in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Dashkevich
- Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Hagl
- Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Antti I Nykänen
- Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl B Lemström
- Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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155
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Yin C, Mohanta SK, Srikakulapu P, Weber C, Habenicht AJR. Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis Immunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:387. [PMID: 27777573 PMCID: PMC5056324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) are atherosclerosis-associated lymphoid aggregates with varying degrees of complexity ranging from small T/B-cell clusters to well-structured lymph node-like though unencapsulated lymphoid tissues. ATLOs arise in the connective tissue that surrounds diseased arteries, i.e., the adventitia. ATLOs have been identified in aged atherosclerosis-prone hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice: they are organized into distinct immune cell compartments, including separate T-cell areas, activated B-cell follicles, and plasma cell niches. Analyses of ATLO immune cell subsets indicate antigen-specific T- and B-cell immune reactions within the atherosclerotic arterial wall adventitia. Moreover, ATLOs harbor innate immune cells, including a large component of inflammatory macrophages, B-1 cells, and an aberrant set of antigen-presenting cells. There is marked neoangiogenesis, irregular lymphangiogenesis, neoformation of high endothelial venules, and de novo synthesis of lymph node-like conduits. Molecular mechanisms of ATLO formation remain to be identified though media vascular smooth muscle cells may adopt features of lymphoid tissue organizer-like cells by expressing lymphorganogenic chemokines, i.e., CXCL13 and CCL21. Although these data are consistent with the view that ATLOs participate in primary T- and B-cell responses against elusive atherosclerosis-specific autoantigens, their specific protective or disease-promoting roles remain to be identified. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about ATLOs and their potential impact on atherosclerosis and make attempts to define challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarajo Kumar Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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156
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Jones GW, Hill DG, Jones SA. Understanding Immune Cells in Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Development: It Is All Starting to Come Together. Front Immunol 2016; 7:401. [PMID: 27752256 PMCID: PMC5046062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are frequently observed in tissues affected by non-resolving inflammation as a result of infection, autoimmunity, cancer, and allograft rejection. These highly ordered structures resemble the cellular composition of lymphoid follicles typically associated with the spleen and lymph node compartments. Although TLOs within tissues show varying degrees of organization, they frequently display evidence of segregated T and B cell zones, follicular dendritic cell networks, a supporting stromal reticulum, and high endothelial venules. In this respect, they mimic the activities of germinal centers and contribute to the local control of adaptive immune responses. Studies in various disease settings have described how these structures contribute to either beneficial or deleterious outcomes. While the development and architectural organization of TLOs within inflamed tissues requires homeostatic chemokines, lymphoid and inflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules, our understanding of the cells responsible for triggering these events is still evolving. Over the past 10–15 years, novel immune cell subsets have been discovered that have more recently been implicated in the control of TLO development and function. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of these cell types and consider the potential to develop new therapeutic strategies that target TLOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity URI, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - David G Hill
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity URI, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity URI, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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157
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Sautès-Fridman C, Lawand M, Giraldo NA, Kaplon H, Germain C, Fridman WH, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancers: Prognostic Value, Regulation, and Manipulation for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Immunol 2016; 7:407. [PMID: 27752258 PMCID: PMC5046074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid aggregates that reflect lymphoid neogenesis occurring in tissues at sites of inflammation. They are detected in tumors where they orchestrate local and systemic anti-tumor responses. A correlation has been found between high densities of TLS and prolonged patient's survival in more than 10 different types of cancer. TLS can be regulated by the same set of chemokines and cytokines that orchestrate lymphoid organogenesis and by regulatory T cells. Thus, TLS offer a series of putative new targets that could be used to develop therapies aiming to increase the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Lawand
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas A Giraldo
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Kaplon
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Claire Germain
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
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158
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Thymic stromal lymphopoietin in tonsillar follicular dendritic cells correlates with elevated serum immunoglobulin A titer by promoting tonsillar immunoglobulin A class switching in immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Transl Res 2016; 176:1-17. [PMID: 27187742 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN) is characterized by high serum IgA levels and IgA deposition in the renal mesangium. Previous studies suggest that elevated serum IgA partly originates from the tonsils. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of IgA production in the tonsils of patients with IgAN. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the number and relative percentage of IgA-bearing cells were significantly increased in the tonsils of IgAN patients. Compared with non-IgAN patients, enhanced IgA class switching and overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), TSLP receptor (TSLPR), activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) were detected in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of tonsillar germinal centers from IgAN patients. Importantly, TSLP correlated with IgA production in isolated FDC-associated clusters. Serum TSLP levels were increased and correlated with IgA overexpression in the tonsils and serum of IgAN patients. These data indicated that TSLP overexpression in tonsillar FDCs may promote IgA class switching in IgAN patients through the cooperative roles of AID, TGF-β1, BAFF, and APRIL. Therefore, interactions between TSLP in FDCs and IgA production in tonsils may be an important mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of IgAN.
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159
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Kobayashi Y, Watanabe T. Gel-Trapped Lymphorganogenic Chemokines Trigger Artificial Tertiary Lymphoid Organs and Mount Adaptive Immune Responses In Vivo. Front Immunol 2016; 7:316. [PMID: 27597851 PMCID: PMC4992816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously generated artificial lymph node-like tertiary lymphoid organs (artTLOs) in mice using lymphotoxin α-expressing stromal cells. Here, we show the construction of transplantable and functional artTLOs by applying soluble factors trapped in slow-releasing gels in the absence of lymphoid tissue organizer stromal cells. The resultant artTLOs were easily removable, transplantable, and were capable of attracting memory B and T cells. Importantly, artTLOs induced a powerful antigen-specific secondary immune response, which was particularly pronounced in immune-compromised hosts. Synthesis of functionally stable immune tissues/organs like those described here may be a first step to eventually develop immune system-based therapeutics. Although much needs to be learned from the precise mechanisms of action, they may offer ways in the future to reestablish immune functions to overcome hitherto untreatable diseases, including severe infection, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and various forms of immune deficiencies, including immune-senescence during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kobayashi
- The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Kita-ku , Osaka , Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Kita-ku , Osaka , Japan
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160
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Olivier BJ, Cailotto C, van der Vliet J, Knippenberg M, Greuter MJ, Hilbers FW, Konijn T, Te Velde AA, Nolte MA, Boeckxstaens GE, de Jonge WJ, Mebius RE. Vagal innervation is required for the formation of tertiary lymphoid tissue in colitis. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2467-2480. [PMID: 27457277 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid tissue (TLT) is lymphoid tissue that forms in adult life as a result of chronic inflammation in a tissue or organ. TLT has been shown to form in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, though it is not clear if and how TLT develops in the inflamed colon during inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we show that TLT develops as newly formed lymphoid tissue in the colon following dextran sulphate sodium induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice, where it can be distinguished from the preexisting colonic patches and solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue. TLT in the inflamed colon develops following the expression of lymphoid tissue-inducing chemokines and adhesion molecules, such as CXCL13 and VCAM-1, respectively, which are produced by stromal organizer cells. Surprisingly, this process of TLT formation was independent of the lymphotoxin signaling pathway, but rather under neuronal control, as we demonstrate that selective surgical ablation of vagus nerve innervation inhibits CXCL13 expression and abrogates TLT formation without affecting colitis. Sympathetic neuron denervation does not affect TLT formation. Hence, we reveal that inflammation in the colon induces the formation of TLT, which is controlled by innervation through the vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Olivier
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, ,University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Cailotto
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Vliet
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlene Knippenberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mascha J Greuter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisca W Hilbers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Konijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anje A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, ,University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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161
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McNamee EN, Rivera-Nieves J. Ectopic Tertiary Lymphoid Tissue in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Protective or Provocateur? Front Immunol 2016; 7:308. [PMID: 27579025 PMCID: PMC4985530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organized lymphoid tissues like the thymus first appeared in jawed vertebrates around 500 million years ago and have evolved to equip the host with a network of specialized sites, strategically located to orchestrate strict immune-surveillance and efficient immune responses autonomously. The gut-associated lymphoid tissues maintain a mostly tolerant environment to dampen our responses to daily dietary and microbial products in the intestine. However, when this homeostasis is perturbed by chronic inflammation, the intestine is able to develop florid organized tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLT), which heralds the onset of regional immune dysregulation. While TLT are a pathologic hallmark of Crohn's disease (CD), their role in the overall process remains largely enigmatic. A critical question remains; are intestinal TLT generated by the immune infiltrated intestine to modulate immune responses and rebuild tolerance to the microbiota or are they playing a more sinister role by generating dysregulated responses that perpetuate disease? Herein, we discuss the main theories of intestinal TLT neogenesis and focus on the most recent findings that open new perspectives to their role in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eóin N McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Jesús Rivera-Nieves
- Division of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, San Diego VAMC, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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162
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Carotid extramedial thickness is associated with local arterial stiffness in children. J Hypertens 2016; 34:109-15. [PMID: 26575702 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experimental evidence suggests that structural changes to the arterial adventitia may be a key vascular determinant of early arterial stiffening, although this has not been directly studied. Accordingly, we hypothesized that in young children, in whom this relationship would not be altered by atheroma, carotid extramedial thickness (EMT), a measure that incorporates the thickness of the arterial adventitia, perivascular tissues and the internal jugular venous wall, would be associated with localized arterial stiffness of the same arterial region. METHODS We studied 248 healthy prepubescent children (aged 8 years). Carotid diameter and carotid EMT were measured by high-resolution ultrasound. Carotid blood pressure was derived from brachial blood pressure and carotid tonometry. Three measures of localized arterial stiffness (β stiffness index, distensibility coefficient and incremental modulus of elasticity) were calculated for the common carotid artery. Results were adjusted for heart rate and DBP, two important hemodynamic determinants of arterial stiffness. RESULTS Carotid EMT was associated with all three measures of arterial stiffness (β stiffness index: standardized β = 0.121, P = 0.03; distensibility coefficient: standardized β = -0.121, P = 0.05; incremental modulus of elasticity: standardized β = 0.140, P = 0.02). These associations remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders such as sex, height, waist circumference, BMI and body surface area. CONCLUSION Carotid EMT is associated with the stiffness of the same arterial segment in children, suggesting that the arterial adventitia may be involved in early changes in arterial stiffness during childhood.
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163
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is initiated by the retention and accumulation of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins, particularly low-density lipoprotein, in the artery wall. In the arterial intima, lipoprotein components that are generated through oxidative, lipolytic, and proteolytic activities lead to the formation of several danger-associated molecular patterns, which can activate innate immune cells as well as vascular cells. Moreover, self- and non-self-antigens, such as apolipoprotein B-100 and heat shock proteins, can contribute to vascular inflammation by triggering the response of T and B cells locally. This process can influence the initiation, progression, and stability of plaques. Substantial clinical and experimental data support that the modulation of adaptive immune system may be used for treating and preventing atherosclerosis. This may lead to the development of more selective and less harmful interventions, while keeping host defense mechanisms against infections and tumors intact. Approaches such as vaccination might become a realistic option for cardiovascular disease, especially if they can elicit regulatory T and B cells and the secretion of atheroprotective antibodies. Nevertheless, difficulties in translating certain experimental data into new clinical therapies remain a challenge. In this review, we discuss important studies on the function of T- and B-cell immunity in atherosclerosis and their manipulation to develop novel therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran K Hansson
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nus M, Mallat Z. Immune-mediated mechanisms of atherosclerosis and implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1217-1237. [PMID: 27253721 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1195686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A large body of evidence supports the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis, and both innate and adaptive immune responses play important roles in all disease stages. Areas covered: Here, we review our understanding of the role of the immune response in atherosclerosis, focusing on the pathways currently amenable to therapeutic modulation. We also discuss the advantages or undesirable effects that may be foreseen from targeting the immune response in patients at high cardiovascular risk, suggesting new avenues for research. Expert commentary: There is an extraordinary opportunity to directly test the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis in the clinic using currently available therapeutics. However, a more balanced interpretation of the experimental and translational data is needed, which may help address and identify in more detail the appropriate settings where an immune pathway can be targeted with minimal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Nus
- a Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Ziad Mallat
- a Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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Lo Sasso G, Schlage WK, Boué S, Veljkovic E, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. The Apoe(-/-) mouse model: a suitable model to study cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in the context of cigarette smoke exposure and harm reduction. J Transl Med 2016; 14:146. [PMID: 27207171 PMCID: PMC4875735 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mice display poor lipoprotein clearance with subsequent accumulation of cholesterol ester-enriched particles in the blood, which promote the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, the Apoe(-/-) mouse model is well established for the study of human atherosclerosis. The systemic proinflammatory status of Apoe(-/-) mice also makes them good candidates for studying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, characterized by pulmonary inflammation, airway obstruction, and emphysema, and which shares several risk factors with cardiovascular diseases, including smoking. Herein, we review the results from published studies using Apoe(-/-) mice, with a particular focus on work conducted in the context of cigarette smoke inhalation studies. The findings from these studies highlight the suitability of this animal model for researching the effects of cigarette smoking on atherosclerosis and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- />Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stéphanie Boué
- />Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- />Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- />Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- />Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Zhang L, Erfle H, Harder N, Beneke J, Beil N, Bulkescher R, Rohr K, Keese M. High-Throughput RNAi Screening Identifies a Role for the Osteopontin Pathway in Proliferation and Migration of Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016; 30:281-95. [PMID: 27095116 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding of the mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypic regulation is critically important to identify novel candidates for future therapeutic intervention. While HTS approaches have recently been used to identify novel regulators in many cell lines, such as cancer cells and hematopoietic stem cells, no studies have so far systematically investigated the effect of gene inactivation on VSMCs with respect to cell survival and growth response. METHODS AND RESULTS 257 out of 2000 genes tested resulted in an inhibition of cell proliferation in HaoSMCs. After pathway analysis, 38 significant genes were selected for further study. 23 genes were confirmed to inhibit proliferation, and 13 genes found to induce apoptosis in the synthetic phenotype. 11 genes led to an aberrant nuclear phenotype indicating a central role in cell mitosis. 4 genes affected the cell migration in synthetic HaoSMCs. Using computational biological network analysis, 11 genes were identified to have an indirect or direct interaction with the Osteopontin pathway. For 10 of those genes, levels of proteins downstream of the Osteopontin pathway were found to be down-regulated, using RNAi methodology. CONCLUSIONS A phenotypic high-throughput siRNA screen could be applied to identify genes relevant for the cell biology of HaoSMCs. Novel genes were identified which play a role in proliferation, apoptosis, mitosis and migration of HaoSMCs. These may represent potential drug candidates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Erfle
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Harder
- BioQuant and IPMB, University of Heidelberg and DKFZ, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beneke
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Beil
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruben Bulkescher
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Rohr
- BioQuant and IPMB, University of Heidelberg and DKFZ, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Keese
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Srikakulapu P, Hu D, Yin C, Mohanta SK, Bontha SV, Peng L, Beer M, Weber C, McNamara CA, Grassia G, Maffia P, Manz RA, Habenicht AJR. Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs Control Multilayered Territorialized Atherosclerosis B-Cell Responses in Aged ApoE-/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1174-85. [PMID: 27102965 PMCID: PMC4894775 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Explore aorta B-cell immunity in aged apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Approach and Results— Transcript maps, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, immunofluorescence analyses, cell transfers, and Ig-ELISPOT (enzyme-linked immunospot) assays showed multilayered atherosclerosis B-cell responses in artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs). Aging-associated aorta B-cell–related transcriptomes were identified, and transcript atlases revealed highly territorialized B-cell responses in ATLOs versus atherosclerotic lesions: ATLOs showed upregulation of bona fide B-cell genes, including Cd19, Ms4a1 (Cd20), Cd79a/b, and Ighm although intima plaques preferentially expressed molecules involved in non–B effector responses toward B-cell–derived mediators, that is, Fcgr3 (Cd16), Fcer1g (Cd23), and the C1q family. ATLOs promoted B-cell recruitment. ATLO B-2 B cells included naive, transitional, follicular, germinal center, switched IgG1+, IgA+, and IgE+ memory cells, plasmablasts, and long-lived plasma cells. ATLOs recruited large numbers of B-1 cells whose subtypes were skewed toward interleukin-10+ B-1b cells versus interleukin-10− B-1a cells. ATLO B-1 cells and plasma cells constitutively produced IgM and IgG and a fraction of plasma cells expressed interleukin-10. Moreover, ApoE−/− mice showed increased germinal center B cells in renal lymph nodes, IgM-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow, and higher IgM and anti–MDA-LDL (malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein) IgG serum titers. Conclusions— ATLOs orchestrate dichotomic, territorialized, and multilayered B-cell responses in the diseased aorta; germinal center reactions indicate generation of autoimmune B cells within the diseased arterial wall during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Srikakulapu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Desheng Hu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Changjun Yin
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Sarajo K Mohanta
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Sai Vineela Bontha
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Li Peng
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Michael Beer
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Gianluca Grassia
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Rudolf A Manz
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Andreas J R Habenicht
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.).
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Ciccia F, Rizzo A, Maugeri R, Alessandro R, Croci S, Guggino G, Cavazza A, Raimondo S, Cannizzaro A, Iacopino DG, Salvarani C, Triolo G. Ectopic expression of CXCL13, BAFF, APRIL and LT-β is associated with artery tertiary lymphoid organs in giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:235-243. [PMID: 27098405 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) are present in giant cell arteritis (GCA) and that their formation is associated with the ectopic expression of constitutive lymphoid tissue-homing chemokines. METHODS Reverse transcriptase PCR, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis were used to determine the presence of ectopic ATLOs in GCA and the expression of chemokines/chemokine receptors and cytokines involved in lymphoneogenesis in the temporal artery samples obtained from 50 patients with GCA and 30 controls. The presence of lymphatic conduits, of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) precursors and lymphoid tissue inducer cells was also investigated. Finally, expression of CXCL13, B cell activating factor (BAFF), a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and CCL21 by isolated myofibroblasts was evaluated before and after stimulation with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists and cytokines. RESULTS ATLOs were observed in the media layer of 60% of patients with GCA in close proximity to high endothelial venules and independently by the age of patients and the presence of atherosclerosis. ATLO formation was also accompanied by the expression of CXCL13, BAFF, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), lymphotoxin (LT)-β, interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-7, the presence of FDC precursors and of lymphoid conduits. Stimulation of myofibroblasts with TLR agonists and cytokines resulted in the upregulation of BAFF and CXCL13. CONCLUSIONS ATLOs occur in the inflamed arteries of patients with GCA possibly representing the immune sites where immune responses towards unknown arterial wall-derived antigens may be organised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciccia
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aroldo Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia, Sezione di Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Maugeri
- Dipartimento di Emergenze, Urgenze e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Croci
- Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Guggino
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazza
- Pathology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cannizzaro
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia, Sezione di Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Salvarani
- Unità operativa di Reumatologia, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Triolo
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Hsao HM, Li W, Gelman AE, Krupnick AS, Kreisel D. The Role of Lymphoid Neogenesis in Allografts. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1079-85. [PMID: 26614734 PMCID: PMC4803576 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
De novo induction of organized lymphoid aggregates at nonlymphoid sites has been observed in many chronic inflammatory conditions where foreign antigens such as infectious agents, autoantigens or alloantigens, persist. The prevailing opinion in the field of transplantation is that lymphoid neogenesis within allografts is detrimental to the establishment of immune tolerance. These structures, commonly referred to as tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs), are thought to contribute to graft rejection by generating and propagating local alloimmune responses. However, recent studies have shown that TLOs rich in regulatory Foxp3(+) cells are present in long-term accepting allografts. The notion that TLOs can contribute to the local downregulation of immune responses has been corroborated in other chronic inflammation models. These findings suggest that contrary to previous suggestions that the induction of TLOs in allografts is necessarily harmful, the induction of "tolerogenic" TLOs may prove advantageous. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how TLOs are induced and how they regulate immune responses with a particular focus on alloimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Min Hsao
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Alexander S. Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Correspondence to: Daniel Kreisel, MD PhD, Professor of Surgery, Pathology & Immunology, Campus Box 8234, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, Tel: (314) 362-6021, Fax: (314) 367-8459,
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170
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Rincón-Arévalo H, Castaño D, Villa-Pulgarín J, Rojas M, Vásquez G, Correa LA, Ramírez-Pineda JR, Yassin LM. Dyslipidemia-associated alterations in B cell subpopulation frequency and phenotype during experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 247:118-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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171
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Allen S, Liu YG, Scott E. Engineering nanomaterials to address cell-mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 2:37-50. [PMID: 27135051 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disorder with a pathophysiology driven by both innate and adaptive immunity and a primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide. Vascular inflammation and accumulation of foam cells and their products induce maturation of atheromas, or plaques, which can rupture by metalloprotease action, leading to ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Diverse immune cell populations participate in all stages of plaque maturation, many of which directly influence plaque stability and rupture via inflammatory mechanisms. Current clinical treatments for atherosclerosis focus on lowering serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) using therapeutics such as statins, administration of antithrombotic drugs, and surgical intervention. Strategies that address cell-mediated inflammation are lacking, and consequently have recently become an area of considerable research focus. Nanomaterials have emerged as highly advantageous tools for these studies, as they can be engineered to target specific inflammatory cell populations, deliver therapeutics of wide-ranging solubilities and enhance analytical methods that include imaging and proteomics. Furthermore, the highly phagocytic nature of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a diverse cell population central to the initiation of immune responses and inflammation, make them particularly amenable to targeting and modulation by nanoscale particulates. Nanomaterials have therefore become essential components of vaccine formulations and treatments for inflammation-driven pathologies like autoimmunity, and present novel opportunities for immunotherapeutic treatments of CVD. Here, we review recent progress in the design and use of nanomaterials for therapeutic assessment and treatment of atherosclerosis. We will focus on promising new approaches that utilize nanomaterials for cell-specific imaging, gene therapy and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Yu-Gang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Evan Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
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172
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Spitz C, Winkels H, Bürger C, Weber C, Lutgens E, Hansson GK, Gerdes N. Regulatory T cells in atherosclerosis: critical immune regulatory function and therapeutic potential. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:901-22. [PMID: 26518635 PMCID: PMC11108393 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is mediated by innate and adaptive immune responses. The disease is characterized by sub-endothelial accumulation and modification of lipids in the artery wall triggering an inflammatory reaction which promotes lesion progression and eventual plaque rupture, thrombus formation, and the respective clinical sequelae such as myocardial infarction or stroke. During the past decade, T-cell-mediated immune responses, especially control of pro-inflammatory signals by regulatory T cells (Tregs), have increasingly attracted the interest of experimental and clinical researchers. By suppression of T cell proliferation and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β, Tregs exert their atheroprotective properties. Atherosclerosis-prone, hyperlipidemic mice harbor systemically less Tregs compared to wild-type mice, suggesting an imbalance of immune cells which affects local and systemic inflammatory and potentially metabolic processes leading to atherogenesis. Restoring or increasing Treg frequency and enhancing their suppressive capacity by various modulations may pose a promising approach for treating inflammatory conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we briefly summarize the immunological basics of atherosclerosis and introduce the role and contribution of different subsets of T cells. We then discuss experimental data and current knowledge pertaining to Tregs in atherosclerosis and perspectives on manipulating the adaptive immune system to alleviate atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Spitz
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Bürger
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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173
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Context-Dependent Development of Lymphoid Stroma from Adult CD34+ Adventitial Progenitors. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2375-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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174
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Hu D, Yin C, Mohanta SK, Weber C, Habenicht AJR. Preparation of Single Cell Suspensions from Mouse Aorta. Bio Protoc 2016; 6:e1832. [PMID: 27335895 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall characterized by lipid deposition, plaque formation, and immune cell infiltration. Innate and adaptive immune cells infiltrate the artery during development of the disease. Moreover, advanced disease leads to formation of artery tertiary lymphoid organs in the adventitia (Grabner et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2015). Various and diverse types of immune cells have been identified in the aorta adventitia vs atherosclerotic plaques (Elewa et al., 2016; Galkina et al., 2006; Lotzer et al., 2010; Mohanta et al., 2016; Mohanta et al., 2014; Moos et al., 2005; Srikakulapu et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2004). There are conflicting reports on the number and subtypes of immune cells in the aorta depending on the age of the animals, the protocol that is used to obtain single cell suspensions, and the dietary conditions of the mice (Campbell et al., 2012; Clement et al., 2015; Galkina et al., 2006; Kyaw et al., 2012). The number of immune cells in the aorta differs as much as tenfold using different protocols (Butcher et al., 2012; Galkina et al., 2006; Gjurich et al., 2015; Grabner et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2015). These discrepant results call for a protocol that robustly documents bona fide aorta cells rather than those in the surrounding tissues or blood. Critical methodological hurdles include the removal of adjacent adipose tissue and small paraaortic lymph nodes lining the entire aortic tree that are not visible by the naked eye. A dissection microscope is therefore recommended. Moreover protocols of aorta preparations should ascertain that lymphocyte aggregates referred to as fat associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs) (Benezech et al., 2015; Elewa et al., 2015) that are often present at the border between the adipose tissue and the adventitia are removed before enzyme digestion. We propose - besides other approaches (Hu et al., 2015; Mohanta et al., 2014) - a combination of immunohistochemical staining and fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analyses from single cell suspensions to quantify the cells of interest. This protocol describes isolation of single cells from mouse aorta for FACS and other analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Hu
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarajo K Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas J R Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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175
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Mohanta S, Yin C, Weber C, Hu D, Habenicht AJ. Aorta Atherosclerosis Lesion Analysis in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Bio Protoc 2016; 6:e1833. [PMID: 27366759 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice are used as experimental models to study human atherosclerosis. ApoE-/- mice are constitutively hyperlipidemic and develop intima plaques that resemble human plaques. Various issues including experimental design for lesion analysis, dietary conditions, isolation of the aorta, staining methods, morphometry, group size, age, the location within the arterial tree, and statistical analyses are important parameters that need to be addressed to obtain robust data. Here, we provide detailed methods to quantify aorta atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarajo Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Desheng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jr Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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176
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Jones GW, Jones SA. Ectopic lymphoid follicles: inducible centres for generating antigen-specific immune responses within tissues. Immunology 2015; 147:141-51. [PMID: 26551738 PMCID: PMC4717241 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid neogenesis is traditionally viewed as a pre‐programmed process that promotes the formation of lymphoid organs during development. Here, the spatial organization of T and B cells in lymph nodes and spleen into discrete structures regulates antigen‐specific responses and adaptive immunity following immune challenge. However, lymphoid neogenesis is also triggered by chronic or persistent inflammation. Here, ectopic (or tertiary) lymphoid organs frequently develop in inflamed tissues as a response to infection, auto‐immunity, transplantation, cancer or environmental irritants. Although these structures affect local immune responses, the contribution of these lymphoid aggregates to the underlining pathology are highly context dependent and can elicit either protective or deleterious outcomes. Here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for ectopic lymphoid neogenesis and consider the relevance of these structures in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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177
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Kobayashi S, Watanabe T, Suzuki R, Furu M, Ito H, Ito J, Matsuda S, Yoshitomi H. TGF-β induces the differentiation of human CXCL13-producing CD4(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:360-71. [PMID: 26541894 PMCID: PMC5063156 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the ectopic lymphoid-like structures present in chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, a subset of human effector memory CD4(+) T cells that lacks features of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells produces CXCL13. Here, we report that TGF-β induces the differentiation of human CXCL13-producing CD4(+) T cells from naïve CD4(+) T cells. The TGF-β-induced CXCL13-producing CD4(+) T cells do not express CXCR5, B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), and other Tfh-cell markers. Furthermore, expression levels of CD25 (IL-2Rα) in CXCL13-producing CD4(+) T cells are significantly lower than those in FoxP3(+) in vitro induced Treg cells. Consistent with this, neutralization of IL-2 and knockdown of STAT5 clearly upregulate CXCL13 production by CD4(+) T cells, while downregulating the expression of FoxP3. Furthermore, overexpression of FoxP3 in naïve CD4(+) T cells downregulates CXCL13 production, and knockdown of FoxP3 fails to inhibit the differentiation of CXCL13-producing CD4(+) T cells. As reported in rheumatoid arthritis, proinflammatory cytokines enhance secondary CXCL13 production from reactivated CXCL13-producing CD4(+) T cells. Our findings demonstrate that CXCL13-producing CD4(+) T cells lacking Tfh-cell features differentiate via TGF-β signaling but not via FoxP3, and exert their function in IL-2-limited but TGF-β-rich and proinflammatory cytokine-rich inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shio Kobayashi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Furu
- Department of the Control for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Juichi Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshitomi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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178
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Le Borgne M, Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A. Once Upon a Time: The Adaptive Immune Response in Atherosclerosis--a Fairy Tale No More. Mol Med 2015; 21 Suppl 1:S13-8. [PMID: 26605642 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been carried out to decipher the function of the adaptive immune response in atherosclerosis, with the expectation that it will pave the road for the design of immunomodulatory therapies that will prevent or reverse the progression of the disease. All this work has led to the concept that some T- and B-cell subsets are proatherogenic, whereas others are atheroprotective. In addition to the immune response occurring in the spleen and lymph nodes, it has been shown that lymphoid neo-genesis takes place in the adventitia of atherosclerotic vessels, leading to the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs where an adaptive immune response can be mounted. Whereas the mechanisms orchestrating the formation of these organs are becoming better understood, their impact on atherosclerosis progression remains unclear. Several potential therapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis, such as protective vaccination against atherosclerosis antigens or inhibiting the activation of proatherogenic B cells, have been proposed based on our improving knowledge of the role of the immune system in atherosclerosis. These strategies have shown success in preclinical studies, giving hope that they will lead to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Le Borgne
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Antonino Nicoletti
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU FIRE, Paris, France
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179
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Ouimet M, Ediriweera HN, Gundra UM, Sheedy FJ, Ramkhelawon B, Hutchison SB, Rinehold K, van Solingen C, Fullerton MD, Cecchini K, Rayner KJ, Steinberg GR, Zamore PD, Fisher EA, Loke P, Moore KJ. MicroRNA-33-dependent regulation of macrophage metabolism directs immune cell polarization in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4334-48. [PMID: 26517695 PMCID: PMC4665799 DOI: 10.1172/jci81676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is increasingly recognized as a controller of immune cell fate and function. MicroRNA-33 (miR-33) regulates cellular lipid metabolism and represses genes involved in cholesterol efflux, HDL biogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation. Here, we determined that miR-33-mediated disruption of the balance of aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation instructs macrophage inflammatory polarization and shapes innate and adaptive immune responses. Macrophage-specific Mir33 deletion increased oxidative respiration, enhanced spare respiratory capacity, and induced an M2 macrophage polarization-associated gene profile. Furthermore, miR-33-mediated M2 polarization required miR-33 targeting of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but not cholesterol efflux. Notably, miR-33 inhibition increased macrophage expression of the retinoic acid-producing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A2 (ALDH1A2) and retinal dehydrogenase activity both in vitro and in a mouse model. Consistent with the ability of retinoic acid to foster inducible Tregs, miR-33-depleted macrophages had an enhanced capacity to induce forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) expression in naive CD4(+) T cells. Finally, treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with miR-33 inhibitors for 8 weeks resulted in accumulation of inflammation-suppressing M2 macrophages and FOXP3(+) Tregs in plaques and reduced atherosclerosis progression. Collectively, these results reveal that miR-33 regulates macrophage inflammation and demonstrate that miR-33 antagonism is atheroprotective, in part, by reducing plaque inflammation by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and Treg induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - U. Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katharine Cecchini
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phillip D. Zamore
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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180
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Majesky
- From the Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle.
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181
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Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 129:83-94. [PMID: 26499181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first discovered gaseous signaling molecule, nitric oxide (NO) affects a number of cellular processes, including those involving vascular cells. This brief review summarizes the contribution of NO to the regulation of vascular tone and its sources in the blood vessel wall. NO regulates the degree of contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells mainly by stimulating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) to produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), although cGMP-independent signaling [S-nitrosylation of target proteins, activation of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) or production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP)] also can be involved. In the blood vessel wall, NO is produced mainly from l-arginine by the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) but it can also be released non-enzymatically from S-nitrosothiols or from nitrate/nitrite. Dysfunction in the production and/or the bioavailability of NO characterizes endothelial dysfunction, which is associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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182
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-storage disease of arteries that is exacerbated by chronic inflammatory processes. In this issue of Immunity, Hu et al. (2015) demonstrate that T cell responses in atherosclerotic lesions are controlled in tertiary lymphoid organs in the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen 9007, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen 9007, Switzerland.
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183
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Hu D, Mohanta SK, Yin C, Peng L, Ma Z, Srikakulapu P, Grassia G, MacRitchie N, Dever G, Gordon P, Burton FL, Ialenti A, Sabir SR, McInnes IB, Brewer JM, Garside P, Weber C, Lehmann T, Teupser D, Habenicht L, Beer M, Grabner R, Maffia P, Weih F, Habenicht AJR. Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs Control Aorta Immunity and Protect against Atherosclerosis via Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Lymphotoxin β Receptors. Immunity 2015; 42:1100-15. [PMID: 26084025 PMCID: PMC4678289 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) emerge during nonresolving peripheral inflammation, but their impact on disease progression remains unknown. We have found in aged Apoe−/− mice that artery TLOs (ATLOs) controlled highly territorialized aorta T cell responses. ATLOs promoted T cell recruitment, primed CD4+ T cells, generated CD4+, CD8+, T regulatory (Treg) effector and central memory cells, converted naive CD4+ T cells into induced Treg cells, and presented antigen by an unusual set of dendritic cells and B cells. Meanwhile, vascular smooth muscle cell lymphotoxin β receptors (VSMC-LTβRs) protected against atherosclerosis by maintaining structure, cellularity, and size of ATLOs though VSMC-LTβRs did not affect secondary lymphoid organs: Atherosclerosis was markedly exacerbated in Apoe−/−Ltbr−/− and to a similar extent in aged Apoe−/−Ltbrfl/flTagln-cre mice. These data support the conclusion that the immune system employs ATLOs to organize aorta T cell homeostasis during aging and that VSMC-LTβRs participate in atherosclerosis protection via ATLOs. Artery tertiary lymphoid organs control atherosclerosis T cell immunity Artery tertiary lymphoid organs generate effector memory T cells Artery tertiary lymphoid organs convert naive CD4+ T cells into induced Treg cells Artery tertiary lymphoid organs protect from atherosclerosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann-Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sarajo K Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Li Peng
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann-Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann-Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC), University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd, Post Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gianluca Grassia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Neil MacRitchie
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gary Dever
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Peter Gordon
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Francis L Burton
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Armando Ialenti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Suleman R Sabir
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - James M Brewer
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paul Garside
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany; DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Lehmann
- Institute for Medical Statistics, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Livia Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany; II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik; Technische Universität Muenchen, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Beer
- Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Grabner
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann-Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann-Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas J R Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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184
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PDGFRβ signalling regulates local inflammation and synergizes with hypercholesterolaemia to promote atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7770. [PMID: 26183159 PMCID: PMC4507293 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a mitogen and chemoattractant for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the direct effects of PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) activation on VSMCs have not been studied in the context of atherosclerosis. Here, we present a new mouse model of atherosclerosis with an activating mutation in PDGFRβ. Increased PDGFRβ signaling induces chemokine secretion and leads to leukocyte accumulation in the adventitia and media of the aorta. Furthermore, PDGFRβD849V amplifies and accelerates atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic ApoE−/− or Ldlr−/− mice. Intriguingly, increased PDGFRβ signaling promotes advanced plaque formation at novel sites in the thoracic aorta and coronary arteries. However, deletion of the PDGFRβ-activated transcription factor STAT1 in VSMCs alleviates inflammation of the arterial wall and reduces plaque burden. These results demonstrate that PDGFRβ pathway activation has a profound effect on vascular disease and support the conclusion that inflammation in the outer arterial layers is a driving process for atherosclerosis.
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185
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Relationship between serum IgG4 concentrations and atherosclerotic coronary plaques assessed by computed tomographic angiography. J Cardiol 2015; 67:254-61. [PMID: 26164687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related immuno-inflammation has been suggested to affect the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of serum IgG4 concentrations with calcified and non-calcified coronary plaques. METHODS Serum IgG4 concentrations were measured in 263 patients who underwent 320-slice coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography. Vulnerable coronary plaques were evaluated for CT plaque characteristics, including low-density plaque (LDP), positive remodeling, and spotty calcification. RESULTS Serum concentrations of IgG4 were significantly higher in patients with non-calcified plaque (NCP) than in those without (32.2mg/dL vs. 23.7mg/dL, p=0.029). By contrast, the median serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with and without calcified plaque were 31.2mg/dL and 26.2mg/dL, respectively (p=0.107). Serum IgG4 concentrations were significantly elevated in patients with LDP (33.5mg/dL vs. 26.9mg/dL, p=0.002) and in those with positive remodeling (31.4mg/dL vs. 28.4mg/dL, p=0.039) than in those without. Patients with spotty calcification also had significantly higher serum IgG4 concentrations than those without (32.1mg/dL vs. 24.9mg/dL, p=0.049). In age- and gender-adjusted logistic regression analysis, the highest IgG4 quartile (≥56.7mg/dL) was significantly associated with LDP with an odds ratio of 2.49 (95% CI, 1.15-5.36, p=0.020). CONCLUSIONS Serum IgG4 concentrations were significantly associated with NCP, especially with LDP, suggesting that IgG4-related immuno-inflammation may play a role in coronary plaque vulnerability.
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186
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Peske JD, Woods AB, Engelhard VH. Control of CD8 T-Cell Infiltration into Tumors by Vasculature and Microenvironment. Adv Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26216636 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T-cells are a critical brake on the initial development of tumors. In established tumors, the presence of CD8 T-cells is correlated with a positive patient prognosis, although immunosuppressive mechanisms limit their effectiveness and they are rarely curative without manipulation. Cancer immunotherapies aim to shift the balance back to dominant antitumor immunity through antibody blockade of immunosuppressive signaling pathways, vaccination, and adoptive transfer of activated or engineered T-cells. These approaches have yielded striking responses in small subsets of patients with solid tumors, most notably those with melanoma. Importantly, the subset of patients who respond to vaccination or immunosuppression blockade therapies are those with CD8 T-cells present in the tumor prior to initiating therapy. While current adoptive cell therapy approaches can be dramatically effective, they require infusion of extremely large numbers of T-cells, but the number that actually infiltrates the tumor is very small. Thus, poor representation of CD8 T-cells in tumors is a fundamental hurdle to successful immunotherapy, over and above the well-established barrier of immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss the factors that determine whether immune cells are present in tumors, with a focus on the representation of cytotoxic CD8 T-cells. We emphasize the critically important role of tumor-associated vasculature as a gateway that enables the active infiltration of both effector and naïve CD8 T-cells that exert antitumor activity. We also discuss strategies to enhance the gateway function and extend the effectiveness of immunotherapies to a broader set of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Peske
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amber B Woods
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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187
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Spear R, Boytard L, Blervaque R, Chwastyniak M, Hot D, Vanhoutte J, Staels B, Lemoine Y, Lamblin N, Pruvot FR, Haulon S, Amouyel P, Pinet F. Adventitial Tertiary Lymphoid Organs as Potential Source of MicroRNA Biomarkers for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11276-93. [PMID: 25993295 PMCID: PMC4463700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an inflammatory disease associated with marked changes in the cellular composition of the aortic wall. This study aims to identify microRNA (miRNA) expression in aneurysmal inflammatory cells isolated by laser microdissection from human tissue samples. The distribution of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, B and T lymphocytes, mast cells) was evaluated in human AAA biopsies. We observed in half of the samples that adventitial tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) with a thickness from 0.5 to 2 mm were located exclusively in the adventitia. Out of the 850 miRNA that were screened by microarray in isolated ATLOs (n = 2), 164 miRNAs were detected in ATLOs. The three miRNAs (miR-15a-3p, miR-30a-5p and miR-489-3p) with the highest expression levels were chosen and their expression quantified by RT-PCR in isolated ATLOs (n = 4), M1 (n = 2) and M2 macrophages (n = 2) and entire aneurysmal biopsies (n = 3). Except for the miR-30a-5p, a similar modulation was found in ATLOs and the two subtypes of macrophages. The modulated miRNAs were then evaluated in the plasma of AAA patients for their potential as AAA biomarkers. Our data emphasize the potential of miR-15a-3p and miR-30a-5p as biomarkers of AAA but also as triggers of ATLO evolution. Further investigations will be required to evaluate their targets in order to better understand AAA pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaelle Spear
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Ludovic Boytard
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Renaud Blervaque
- INSERM U1019, National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) Join Research Unit (UMR) 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Maggy Chwastyniak
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - David Hot
- INSERM U1019, National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) Join Research Unit (UMR) 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jonathan Vanhoutte
- INSERM U1011, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Bart Staels
- INSERM U1011, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Yves Lemoine
- INSERM U1019, National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) Join Research Unit (UMR) 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Nicolas Lamblin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | | | - Stephan Haulon
- INSERM U1008, Lille North of France University, Lille Regional University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Florence Pinet
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
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188
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Peske JD, Thompson ED, Gemta L, Baylis RA, Fu YX, Engelhard VH. Effector lymphocyte-induced lymph node-like vasculature enables naive T-cell entry into tumours and enhanced anti-tumour immunity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7114. [PMID: 25968334 PMCID: PMC4435831 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of lymph node (LN)-like vasculature in tumors, characterized by expression of peripheral node addressin and chemokine CCL21, is correlated with T-cell infiltration and positive prognosis in breast cancer and melanoma patients. However, mechanisms controlling the development of LN-like vasculature and how it might contribute to a beneficial outcome for cancer patients are unknown. Here we demonstrate that LN-like vasculature is present in murine models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. It enables infiltration by naïve T-cells that significantly delay tumor outgrowth after intratumoral activation. Development of this vasculature is controlled by a mechanism involving effector CD8 T-cells and NK cells that secrete LTα3 and IFNγ. LN-like vasculature is also associated with organized aggregates of B-lymphocytes and gp38+ fibroblasts that resemble tertiary lymphoid organs that develop in models of chronic inflammation. These results establish LN-like vasculature as both a consequence of and key contributor to anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Peske
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Lelisa Gemta
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Richard A Baylis
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
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189
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Ishizaka N, Tanigawa J, Suzuki S. Sudden Cardiac Death Due To IgG4-Related Disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:571. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0325-le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Tanigawa
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuji Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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190
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Buckley CD, Barone F, Nayar S, Bénézech C, Caamaño J. Stromal Cells in Chronic Inflammation and Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Formation. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:715-45. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Cecile Bénézech
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Jorge Caamaño
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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191
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Grandoch M, Feldmann K, Göthert JR, Dick LS, Homann S, Klatt C, Bayer JK, Waldheim JN, Rabausch B, Nagy N, Oberhuber A, Deenen R, Köhrer K, Lehr S, Homey B, Pfeffer K, Fischer JW. Deficiency in lymphotoxin β receptor protects from atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Circ Res 2015; 116:e57-68. [PMID: 25740843 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTbR) regulates immune cell trafficking and communication in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of LTbR in atherosclerosis is still unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of LTbR in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS After 15 weeks of feeding a Western-type diet, mice double-deficient in apolipoprotein E and LTbR (apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-)) exhibited lower aortic plaque burden than did apoE(-/-) littermates. Macrophage content at the aortic root and in the aorta was reduced, as determined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. In line with a decrease in plaque inflammation, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (Ccl5) and other chemokines were transcriptionally downregulated in aortic tissue from apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice. Moreover, bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that LTbR deficiency in hematopoietic cells mediated the atheroprotection. Furthermore, during atheroprogression, apoE(-/-) mice exhibited increased concentrations of cytokines, for example, Ccl5, whereas apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice did not. Despite this decreased plaque macrophage content, flow cytometric analysis showed that the numbers of circulating lymphocyte antigen 6C (Ly6C)(low) monocytes were markedly elevated in apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice. The influx of these cells into atherosclerotic lesions was significantly reduced, whereas apoptosis and macrophage proliferation in atherosclerotic lesions were unaffected. Gene array analysis pointed to chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 as the most regulated pathway in isolated CD115(+) cells in apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice. Furthermore, stimulating monocytes from apoE(-/-) mice with agonistic anti-LTbR antibody or the natural ligand lymphotoxin-α1β2, increased Ccl5 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LTbR plays a role in macrophage-driven inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions, probably by augmenting the Ccl5-mediated recruitment of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grandoch
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.).
| | - Kathrin Feldmann
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Joachim R Göthert
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Lena S Dick
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Susanne Homann
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Christina Klatt
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Julia K Bayer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Jan N Waldheim
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Berit Rabausch
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Nadine Nagy
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Alexander Oberhuber
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - René Deenen
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Karl Köhrer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Stefan Lehr
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Bernhard Homey
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Jens W Fischer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
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192
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Germain C, Gnjatic S, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Tertiary Lymphoid Structure-Associated B Cells are Key Players in Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:67. [PMID: 25755654 PMCID: PMC4337382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now admitted that the immune system plays a major role in tumor control. Besides the existence of tumor-specific T cells and B cells, many studies have demonstrated that high numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with good clinical outcome. In addition, not only the density but also the organization of tumor-infiltrating immune cells has been shown to determine patient survival. Indeed, more and more studies describe the development within the tumor microenvironment of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), whose presence has a positive impact on tumor prognosis. TLS are transient ectopic lymphoid aggregates displaying the same organization and functionality as canonical secondary lymphoid organs, with T-cell-rich and B-cell-rich areas that are sites for the differentiation of effector and memory T cells and B cells. However, factors favoring the emergence of such structures within tumors still need to be fully characterized. In this review, we survey the state of the art of what is known about the general organization, induction, and functionality of TLS during chronic inflammation, and more especially in cancer, with a particular focus on the B-cell compartment. We detail the role played by TLS B cells in anti-tumor immunity, both as antigen-presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells, and raise the question of the capacity of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents to induce the development of TLS within tumors. Finally, we explore how to take advantage of our knowledge on TLS B cells to develop new therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Germain
- Laboratory Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138 , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Laboratory Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138 , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Paris Descartes , Paris , France
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193
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Clement M, Guedj K, Andreata F, Morvan M, Bey L, Khallou-Laschet J, Gaston AT, Delbosc S, Alsac JM, Bruneval P, Deschildre C, Le Borgne M, Castier Y, Kim HJ, Cantor H, Michel JB, Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A. Control of the T Follicular Helper–Germinal Center B-Cell Axis by CD8
+
Regulatory T Cells Limits Atherosclerosis and Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Development. Circulation 2015; 131:560-70. [PMID: 25552357 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.010988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
The atheromodulating activity of B cells during the development of atherosclerosis is well documented, but the mechanisms by which these cells are regulated have not been investigated.
Methods and Results—
Here, we analyzed the contribution of Qa-1–restricted CD8
+
regulatory T cells to the control of the T follicular helper–germinal center B-cell axis during atherogenesis. Genetic disruption of CD8
+
regulatory T cell function in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E knockout mice resulted in overactivation of this axis in secondary lymphoid organs, led to the increased development of tertiary lymphoid organs in the aorta, and enhanced disease development. In contrast, restoring control of the T follicular helper–germinal center B-cell axis by blocking the ICOS-ICOSL pathway reduced the development of atherosclerosis and the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs. Moreover, analyses of human atherosclerotic aneurysmal arteries by flow cytometry, gene expression analysis, and immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of T follicular helper cells within tertiary lymphoid organs.
Conclusions—
This study is the first to demonstrate that the T follicular helper–germinal center B-cell axis is proatherogenic and that CD8
+
regulatory T cells control the germinal center reaction in both secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs. Therefore, disrupting this axis represents an innovative therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clement
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Kevin Guedj
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Francesco Andreata
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Marion Morvan
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Laetitia Bey
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Jamila Khallou-Laschet
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Anh-Thu Gaston
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Sandrine Delbosc
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Jean-Marc Alsac
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Catherine Deschildre
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Marie Le Borgne
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Yves Castier
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Harvey Cantor
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.)
| | - Antonino Nicoletti
- From Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital X Bichat, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., M.M., J.-.K.L., A.-T.G., S.D., C.D., M.L.B., Y.C., J.-B.M., G.C., A.N.); Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France (M.C., K.G., F.A., L.B., J.-K.L., M.L.B., A.N.); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France (J.-M.A., P.B.); and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.-J.K., H.C.).
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194
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Hansson GK. How to repeat a success and control a bad influence. Circulation 2015; 131:525-7. [PMID: 25552358 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.014560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Göran K Hansson
- From Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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195
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Yin C, Mohanta S, Ma Z, Weber C, Hu D, Weih F, Habenicht A. Generation of Aorta Transcript Atlases of Wild-Type and Apolipoprotein E-null Mice by Laser Capture Microdissection-Based mRNA Expression Microarrays. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1339:297-308. [PMID: 26445797 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2929-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a transmural chronic inflammatory disease of medium and large arteries. Though it is well recognized that immune responses contribute to atherosclerosis, it remains unclear whether these responses are carried out in secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes and/or within the arterial wall. Arteries are composed of three major layers, i.e., the laminae intima, media, and adventitia. However, each of these layers may play different roles in arterial wall biology and atherogenesis. We identified well-structured artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) in the abdominal aorta adventitia but not in the intima of aged apolipoprotein E-null (ApoE(-/-)) mice. These observations suggested that disease-associated immune responses are highly territorialized within the arterial wall and that the adventitia may play distinct and hitherto unrecognized roles. Here, we set out to apply laser capture microdissection (LCM) to dissect plaque, media, adventitia, and adjacent aorta-draining lymph nodes (LN) in aged ApoE(-/-) mice in attempts to establish the territoriality of atherosclerosis immune responses. Using whole-genome mRNA expression microarrays of arterial wall tissues, we constructed robust transcript atlases of wild-type and ApoE(-/-) mouse aortas. Data were deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's gene expression omnibus (GEO) and are accessible to the public through the Internet. These transcript atlases are anticipated to prove valuable to address a wide scope of issues ranging from atherosclerosis immunity and inflammation to the role of single genes in regulating arterial wall remodeling. This chapter presents protocols for LCM of mouse aorta and microarray expression analysis from LCM-isolated aorta laminae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstraße 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Sarajo Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstraße 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhe Ma
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstraße 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstraße 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Desheng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstraße 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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196
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Guedj K, Khallou-Laschet J, Clement M, Morvan M, Delbosc S, Gaston AT, Andreata F, Castier Y, Deschildre C, Michel JB, Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A. Inflammatory micro-environmental cues of human atherothrombotic arteries confer to vascular smooth muscle cells the capacity to trigger lymphoid neogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116295. [PMID: 25548922 PMCID: PMC4280229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental atherosclerosis is characterized by the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLOs) within the adventitial layer, which involves the chemokine-expressing aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). TLOs have also been described around human atherothrombotic arteries but the mechanisms of their formation remain poorly investigated. Herein, we tested whether human vascular SMCs play the role of chemokine-expressing cells that would trigger the formation of TLOs in atherothrombotic arteries. RESULTS We first characterized, by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis, the prevalence and cell composition of TLOs in human abdominal aneurysms of the aorta (AAAs), an evolutive form of atherothrombosis. Chemotaxis experiments revealed that the conditioned medium from AAA tissues recruited significantly more B and T lymphocytes than the conditioned medium from control (N-AAA) tissues. This was associated with an increase in the concentration of CXCL13, CXCL16, CCL19, CCL20, and CCL21 chemokines in the conditioned medium from AAA tissues. Immunofluorescence analysis of AAA cryosections revealed that α-SMA-positive SMCs were the main contributors to the chemokine production. These results were confirmed by RT-qPCR assays where we found that primary vascular SMCs from AAA tissues expressed significantly more chemokines than SMCs from N-AAA. Finally, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the inflammatory cytokines found to be increased in the conditioned medium from AAA were able to trigger the production of chemokines by primary SMCs. CONCLUSION Together, these results suggest that human vascular SMCs in atherothrombotic arteries, in response to inflammatory signals, are converted into chemokine-expressing cells that trigger the recruitment of immune cells and the formation of aortic TLOs.
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MESH Headings
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/immunology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Humans
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Guedj
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Jamila Khallou-Laschet
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Marc Clement
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Marion Morvan
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Delbosc
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Anh-Thu Gaston
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Yves Castier
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Deschildre
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Antonino Nicoletti
- Unité 1148, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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197
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Tsiantoulas D, Sage AP, Mallat Z, Binder CJ. Targeting B cells in atherosclerosis: closing the gap from bench to bedside. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:296-302. [PMID: 25359862 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque formation is strongly influenced by different arms of the immune system, including B lymphocytes. B cells are divided into 2 main families: the B1 and the B2 cells. B1 cells are atheroprotective mainly via the production of natural IgM antibodies that bind oxidized low-density lipoprotein and apoptotic cells. B2 cells, which include follicular and marginal zone B cells, are suggested to be proatherogenic. Antibody-mediated depletion of B cells has become a valuable treatment option for certain autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis that are also characterized by the development of premature atherosclerosis. Thus, B cells represent a novel interesting target for therapeutic modulation of the atherosclerotic disease process. Here, we discuss the effect of different of B-cell subsets in experimental atherosclerosis, their mechanism of action as well as potential ways to exploit these findings for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., Z.M.)
| | - Andrew P Sage
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., Z.M.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., Z.M.)
| | - Christoph J Binder
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (D.T., C.J.B.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., Z.M.).
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198
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Sakamoto S, Tsuruda T, Hatakeyama K, Imamura T, Asada Y, Kitamura K. Impact of age-dependent adventitia inflammation on structural alteration of abdominal aorta in hyperlipidemic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105739. [PMID: 25153991 PMCID: PMC4143271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The adventitia is suggested to contribute to vascular remodeling; however, the site-selective inflammatory responses in association with the development of atherosclerosis remain to be elucidated. Methods and Results Wild-type or apolipoprotein E knockout male C57BL/6J background mice were fed standard chow for 16, 32, and 52 weeks, and the morphology of the aortic arch, descending aorta, and abdominal aorta was compared. Atheromatous plaque formation progressed with age, particularly in the aortic arch and abdominal aorta but not in the descending aorta. In addition, we found that the numbers of macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and microvessels, assessed by anti-F4/80, CD3, and CD31 antibodies, were higher in the adventitia of the abdominal aorta at 52 weeks. These numbers were positively correlated with plaque formation, but negatively correlated with elastin content, resulting in the enlargement of the total vessel area. In aortic tissues, interleukin-6 levels increased in the atheromatous plaque with age, whereas the level of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) increased with age, and compared with other sites, it was particularly distributed in inflammatory cells in the adventitia of the abdominal aorta. Conclusion This study suggests that adventitial inflammation contributes to the age-dependent structural alterations, and that the activation/inactivation of cytokines/chemokines is involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiharu Sakamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tsuruda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kinta Hatakeyama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuroh Imamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koga General Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yujiro Asada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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199
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Akhavanpoor M, Wangler S, Gleissner CA, Korosoglou G, Katus HA, Erbel C. Adventitial inflammation and its interaction with intimal atherosclerotic lesions. Front Physiol 2014; 5:296. [PMID: 25152736 PMCID: PMC4126462 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of adventitial inflammation in correlation with atherosclerotic lesions has been recognized for decades. In the last years, several studies have investigated the relevance and impact of adventitial inflammation on atherogenesis. In the abdominal aorta of elderly Apoe−/− mice, adventitial inflammatory structures were characterized as organized ectopic lymphoid tissue, and therefore termed adventitial tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs). These ATLOs possess similarities in development, structure and function to secondary lymphoid organs. A crosstalk between intimal atherosclerotic lesions and ATLOs has been suggested, and several studies could demonstrate a potential role for medial vascular smooth muscle cells in this process. We here review the development, phenotypic characteristics, and function of ATLOs in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we discuss the possible role of medial vascular smooth muscle cells and their interaction between plaque and ATLOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Akhavanpoor
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Wangler
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian A Gleissner
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Grigorios Korosoglou
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Erbel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
The development of atherosclerosis is the major etiological factor causing cardiovascular disease and constitutes a lipid-induced, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease of the large arteries. A long-standing view of the protective role of B cells in atherosclerosis has been challenged by recent studies using B cell depletion in animal models. Whereas complete B cell deficiency increases atherosclerosis, depletion of B2 but not B1 cells reduces atherosclerosis. This has led to a re-evaluation of the multiple potential pathways by which B cells can regulate atherosclerosis, and the apparent opposing roles of B1 and B2 cells. B cells, in addition to having the unique ability to produce antibodies, are now recognized to play a number of important roles in the immune system, including cytokine production and direct regulation of T cell responses. This review summarizes current knowledge on B cell subsets and functions, and how these could distinctly influence atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sage
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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