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Chakrabarti S, Khemka VK, Banerjee A, Chatterjee G, Ganguly A, Biswas A. Metabolic Risk Factors of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease: Implications in the Pathology, Pathogenesis and Treatment. Aging Dis 2015; 6:282-99. [PMID: 26236550 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major cause of dementia among the elderly world-wide, manifests in familial and sporadic forms, and the latter variety accounts for the majority of the patients affected by this disease. The etiopathogenesis of sporadic AD is complex and uncertain. The autopsy studies of AD brain have provided limited understanding of the antemortem pathogenesis of the disease. Experimental AD research with transgenic animal or various cell based models has so far failed to explain the complex and varied spectrum of AD dementia. The review, therefore, emphasizes the importance of AD related risk factors, especially those with metabolic implications, identified from various epidemiological studies, in providing clues to the pathogenesis of this complex disorder. Several metabolic risk factors of AD like hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia and type 2 diabetes have been studied extensively both in epidemiology and experimental research, while much less is known about the role of adipokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and vitamin D in this context. Moreover, the results from many of these studies have shown a degree of variability which has hindered our understanding of the role of AD related risk factors in the disease progression. The review also encompasses the recent recommendations regarding clinical and neuropathological diagnosis of AD and brings out the inherent uncertainty and ambiguity in this area which may have a distinct impact on the outcome of various population-based studies on AD-related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Khemka
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Anindita Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India. ; Department of Biochemistry, ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Haldia, India
| | - Gargi Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Kolkata, India
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152
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Mechlovich D, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Weinreb O, Youdim MBH. Molecular targets of the multifunctional iron-chelating drug, M30, in the brains of mouse models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5636-49. [PMID: 25073425 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurodegenerative diseases are now recognized to be multifunctional, whereby a heterogeneous set of reactions acts independently or cooperatively, leading eventually to the demise of neurons. This has led our group to design and synthesize the multifunctional, nontoxic, brain-permeable, iron chelator compound M30 with a range of pharmacological properties. Here, we have characterized the molecular targets of M30 in the brains of animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of M30 on molecular mechanisms associated with neuroprotection in the CNS were investigated-in the high-fat diet (HFD) and ob/ob transgenic mouse models of T2DM, using real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses. Brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and catecholamine levels, and peripheral glucose tolerance were assayed after treatment in vivo. KEY RESULTS M30 increased cerebral levels of insulin and insulin receptor and phosphorylated-GSK-3β in HFD mice, compared with vehicle-treated HFD mice. In both T2DM mice models, M30 treatment significantly up-regulated cerebral hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein levels and induced the expression of several HIF-1 target genes involved in neuroprotection, glycolysis, neurogenesis, oxidative stress and anti-inflammation. Additionally, M30 inhibited MAO-A and -B activities in the cerebellum. Accordingly, M30 administration significantly reduced brain levels of dopamine metabolites and increased levels of 5-HT and noradrenaline. Glucose tolerance was also improved after M30 treatment in both models of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In the brain of HFD and ob/ob transgenic mice, M30 exerted a variety of beneficial neuroprotective regulatory effects that may act synergistically to delay or prevent neurodegenerative processes associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danit Mechlovich
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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153
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The role of type 2 diabetes in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 84:22-38. [PMID: 25926349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence links type-2 diabetes (T2D) with dementia and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the most common form of dementia and is characterised neuropathologically by the accumulation of extracellular beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide aggregates and intracellular hyper-phosphorylated tau protein, which are thought to drive and/or accelerate inflammatory and oxidative stress processes leading to neurodegeneration. Although the precise mechanism remains unclear, T2D can exacerbate these neurodegenerative processes. Brain atrophy, reduced cerebral glucose metabolism and CNS insulin resistance are features of both AD and T2D. Cell culture and animal studies have indicated that the early accumulation of Aβ may play a role in CNS insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling. From the viewpoint of insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling in the brain, these are also believed to initiate other aspects of brain injury, including inflammatory and oxidative stress processes. Here we review the clinical and experimental pieces of evidence that link these two chronic diseases of ageing, and discuss underlying mechanisms. The evaluation of treatments for the management of diabetes in preclinical, and clinical studies and trials for AD will also be discussed.
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154
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Nazem A, Sankowski R, Bacher M, Al-Abed Y. Rodent models of neuroinflammation for Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:74. [PMID: 25890375 PMCID: PMC4404276 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease remains incurable, and the failures of current disease-modifying strategies for Alzheimer's disease could be attributed to a lack of in vivo models that recapitulate the underlying etiology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The etiology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease is not based on mutations related to amyloid-β (Aβ) or tau production which are currently the basis of in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease. It has recently been suggested that mechanisms like chronic neuroinflammation may occur prior to amyloid-β and tau pathologies in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of rodent models of neuroinflammation in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Our search criteria were based on characteristics of an idealistic disease model that should recapitulate causes, symptoms, and lesions in a chronological order similar to the actual disease. Therefore, a model based on the inflammation hypothesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease should include the following features: (i) primary chronic neuroinflammation, (ii) manifestations of memory and cognitive impairment, and (iii) late development of tau and Aβ pathologies. The following models fit the pre-defined criteria: lipopolysaccharide- and PolyI:C-induced models of immune challenge; streptozotocin-, okadaic acid-, and colchicine neurotoxin-induced neuroinflammation models, as well as interleukin-1β, anti-nerve growth factor and p25 transgenic models. Among these models, streptozotocin, PolyI:C-induced, and p25 neuroinflammation models are compatible with the inflammation hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nazem
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Michael Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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155
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Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Neuronal stress signaling and eIF2α phosphorylation as molecular links between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 129:37-57. [PMID: 25857551 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence from clinical, epidemiological, neuropathology and preclinical studies indicates that mechanisms similar to those leading to peripheral metabolic deregulation in metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, take place in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. These include pro-inflammatory mechanisms, brain metabolic stress and neuronal insulin resistance. From a molecular and cellular perspective, recent progress has been made in unveiling novel pathways that act in an orchestrated way to cause neuronal damage and cognitive decline in AD. These pathways converge to the activation of neuronal stress-related protein kinases and excessive phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α-P), which plays a key role in control of protein translation, culminating in synapse dysfunction and memory loss. eIF2α-P signaling thus links multiple neuronal stress pathways to impaired neuronal function and neurodegeneration. Here, we present a critical analysis of recently discovered molecular mechanisms underlying impaired brain insulin signaling and metabolic stress, with emphasis on the role of stress kinase/eIF2α-P signaling as a hub that promotes brain and behavioral impairments in AD. Because very similar mechanisms appear to operate in peripheral metabolic deregulation in T2D and in brain defects in AD, we discuss the concept that targeting defective brain insulin signaling and neuronal stress mechanisms with anti-diabetes agents may be an attractive approach to fight memory decline in AD. We conclude by raising core questions that remain to be addressed toward the development of much needed therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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156
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Li S, Wang N, Lou J, Zhang X. Expression of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 in the hippocampal tissue of an insulin-resistant rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:2389-2393. [PMID: 26136993 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) in the hippocampal tissue of an insulin-resistant rat model, and thereby explore the roles of BACE1 and insulin resistance (IR) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A total of 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 2 months, were randomly divided into three groups. These were an insulin-resistant (experimental) group, a high fat control group and a blank control group. The cognitive function and behavioral changes of the rats were tested by a Morris water maze experiment. Amyloid β (Aβ) deposition was detected by an immunohistochemical method. The expression levels of BACE1 in the rat hippocampal tissues were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology. The rats in the experimental group had evident learning and memory impairment, with significantly decreased learning memory. The modeling was successful; in the experimental group, the rats exhibited IR and their glucose metabolism was significantly abnormal. However, there was no characteristic pathology of AD. The expression of BACE1 in the brain tissue of rats in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in high fat control and blank control groups (P<0.01). In conclusion, the expression of BACE1 in the brain tissue of insulin-resistant rats increased, and IR was indicated to participate in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shize Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Nini Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhenzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Jiyu Lou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450004, P.R. China
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157
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Staging of cognitive deficits and neuropathological and ultrastructural changes in streptozotocin-induced rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:577-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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158
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Köksal B, Emre MH, Polat A. Investigation of Propolis' Effect on Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances and Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Levels of Hippocampus in Diabetic Rats Induced by Streptozotocin. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:52-6. [PMID: 27275196 PMCID: PMC4877788 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propolis is an organic resinous viscous substance collected from flower bud and plant sprig by bees. Propolis has a potential treatment agent for oxidative damage caused by diabetes in hippocampus due to its flavonoid and phenolic content. AIM In this study effect of propolis on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and anti-oxidative enzyme levels of hippocampus in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved measuring levels of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and TBARs in hippocampus tissue of STZ-induced diabetic rats (Adult Male Sprague Dawley rats) after applying propolis for one month. The subjects of the study were composed of 51 rats randomly assigned to four groups (Control, STZ, P+STZ and STZ+P). For analysis of data, Kruskal Wallis Test was utilized. RESULTS The findings of the study showed that there were no significant difference in the levels of TBARS, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px of hippocampus across the groups. CONCLUSION Propolis application in four-week duration does not have effect on TBARS, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px levels of hippocampus of diabetic rats. These findings mean that more time for observing oxidative harms on hippocampus is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Köksal
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Memet Hanifi Emre
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Alaadin Polat
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
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159
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Kübra Elçioğlu H, Kabasakal L, Tufan F, Elçioğlu ÖH, Solakoglu S, Kotil T, Karan MA. Effects of systemic Thalidomide and intracerebroventricular Etanercept and Infliximab administration in a Streptozotocin induced dementia model in rats. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:176-81. [PMID: 25596877 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) upregulation enhances amyloid β (Aβ) induced neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ) administration causes pathological changes and cognitive deficits similar to those seen in AD by causing impairment of brain glucose and energy metabolism. Recent reports indicate a protective role of Thalidomide, Etanercept, and Infliximab, all of which have anti-TNF-α activity, against cognitive and neuropathological changes in experimental and clinical studies. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of Thalidomide, Etanercept, and Infliximab in a rat model of intracerebroventricular STZ-induced dementia. Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300g) were separated to sham (n=6) and STZ (n=24) groups. The STZ group was divided into four groups (STZ, STZ-thalidomide, STZ-etanercept, and STZ-infliximab). Morris's water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests were performed. At the end of the third week, brain tissues were obtained. Histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopic examinations were done. The improvement performance of the STZ group was significantly reduced in the MWM test (p<0.001). Compared with the STZ, STZ-thalidomide, STZ-etanercept, and STZ-infliximab groups had significantly better performance (p<0.001, <0.05 and <0.05, respectively) in the MWM test. STZ administration caused a significant decrease in the mean escape latency in PA reflex (p<0.001). Thalidomide, Etanercept, and Infliximab were associated with better PA reflexes compared to the STZ group (p<0.001 for all). Morphological and immunohistochemical results showed increased neurodegenerative changes compared to sham group. Our findings are in line with the findings reported in the literature and encourage further studies with TNF-α antagonists, in particular Thalidomide.
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160
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Modulation of the Nitrergic Pathway via Activation of PPAR-γ Contributes to the Neuroprotective Effect of Pioglitazone Against Streptozotocin-Induced Memory Dysfunction. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:739-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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161
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Quantitative expression analysis of APP pathway and tau phosphorylation-related genes in the ICV STZ-induced non-human primate model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2386-402. [PMID: 25622254 PMCID: PMC4346842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins in the brain, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, we developed and validated a novel non-human primate model for sporadic AD (sAD) research using intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (icv STZ). To date, no characterization of AD-related genes in different brain regions has been performed. Therefore, in the current study, the expression of seven amyloid precursor protein (APP) pathway-related and five tau phosphorylation-related genes was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR experiments, using two matched-pair brain samples from control and icv STZ-treated cynomolgus monkeys. The genes showed similar expression patterns within the control and icv STZ-treated groups; however, marked differences in gene expression patterns were observed between the control and icv STZ-treated groups. Remarkably, other than β-secretase (BACE1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), all the genes tested showed similar expression patterns in AD models compared to controls, with increased levels in the precuneus and occipital cortex. However, significant changes in gene expression patterns were not detected in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, or posterior cingulate. Based on these results, we conclude that APP may be cleaved via the general metabolic mechanisms of increased α- and γ-secretase levels, and that hyperphosphorylation of tau could be mediated by elevated levels of tau protein kinase, specifically in the precuneus and occipital cortex.
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162
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Javed H, Vaibhav K, Ahmed ME, Khan A, Tabassum R, Islam F, Safhi MM, Islam F. Effect of hesperidin on neurobehavioral, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and lipid alteration in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced cognitive impairment in mice. J Neurol Sci 2015; 348:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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163
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Calvo-Ochoa E, Arias C. Cellular and metabolic alterations in the hippocampus caused by insulin signalling dysfunction and its association with cognitive impairment during aging and Alzheimer's disease: studies in animal models. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:1-13. [PMID: 24464982 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of animal and epidemiological studies suggest that metabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with the development of cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, particularly in aging. Several lines of evidence suggest that insulin signalling dysfunction produces these metabolic alterations and underlie the development of these neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we address normal insulin function in the synapse; we review and discuss the physiopathological hallmarks of synaptic insulin signalling dysfunction associated with metabolic alterations. Additionally, we describe and review the major animal models of obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind the association of metabolic alterations and cognitive impairment could facilitate the early detection of neurodegenerative diseases in patients with metabolic alterations, with treatment that focus on neuroprotection. It could also help in the development of metabolic-based therapies and drugs for using in dementia and Alzheimer's disease patients to alleviate their symptoms in a more efficient and comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calvo-Ochoa
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico
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164
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Khowal S, Mustufa MMA, Chaudhary NK, Naqvi SH, Parvez S, Jain SK, Wajid S. Assessment of the therapeutic potential of hesperidin and proteomic resolution of diabetes-mediated neuronal fluctuations expediting Alzheimer’s disease. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01977j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed as type III diabetes mellitus. Prognosis and early stage diagnosis of AD is essentially required in diabetes to avoid extensive irreversible neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Khowal
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
| | - Malik M. A. Mustufa
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
| | - Naveen K. Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
| | | | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology
- Faculty of Science
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
| | - Swatantra K. Jain
- Department of Biochemistry
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
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165
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Nine-month follow-up of the insulin receptor signalling cascade in the brain of streptozotocin rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:565-76. [PMID: 25503661 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer disease (sAD) is associated with impairment of insulin receptor (IR) signalling in the brain. Rats used to model sAD develop insulin-resistant brain state following intracerebroventricular treatment with a betacytotoxic drug streptozotocin (STZ-icv). Brain IR signalling has been explored usually at only one time point in periods ≤3 months after the STZ-icv administration. We have investigated insulin signalling in the rat hippocampus at five time points in periods ≤9 months after STZ-icv treatment. Male Wistar rats were given vehicle (control)- or STZ (3 mg/kg)-icv injection and killed 0.5, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months afterwards. Insulin-1 (Ins-1), IR, phospho- and total (p/t)-glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK-3β), p/t-tau and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) mRNA and/or protein were measured. Acute upregulation of tau and IR mRNA (p < 0.05) was followed by a pronounced downregulation of Ins-1, IR and IDE mRNA (p < 0.05) in the course of time. Acute decrement in p/t-tau and p/t-GSK-3β ratios (p < 0.05) was followed by increment in both ratios (3-6 months, p < 0.05) after which p/t-tau ratio demonstrated a steep rise and p/t-GSK-3β ratio a steep fall up to 9 months (p < 0.05). Acute decline in IDE and IR expression (p < 0.05) was followed by a slow progression of the former and a slow recovery of the latter in 3-9 months. Results indicate a biphasic pattern in time dependency of onset and progression of changes in brain insulin signalling of STZ-icv model (partly reversible acute toxicity and chronic AD-like changes) which should be considered when using this model as a tool in translational sAD research.
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166
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Intracerebroventricular metformin decreases body weight but has pro-oxidant effects and decreases survival. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:514-23. [PMID: 25492133 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Metformin (Met), which is an insulin-sensitizer, decreases insulin resistance and fasting insulin levels. The precise molecular target of Met is unknown; however, several reports have shown an inhibitory effect on mitochondrial complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC), which is a related site for reactive oxygen species production. In addition to peripheral effects, Met is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, thus regulating the central mechanism involved in appetite control. The present study explores the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of Met on ROS production on brain, insulin sensitivity and metabolic and oxidative stress outcomes in CF1 mice. Metformin (Met 50 and 100 µg) was injected i.c.v. in mice daily for 7 days; the brain mitochondrial H2O2 production, food intake, body weight and fat pads were evaluated. The basal production of H2O2 of isolated mitochondria from the hippocampus and hypothalamus was significantly increased by Met (100 µg). There was increased peripheral sensitivity to insulin (Met 100 µg) and glucose tolerance tests (Met 50 and 100 µg). Moreover, Met decreased food intake, body weight, body temperature, fat pads and survival rates. Additionally, Met (1, 4 or 10 mM) decreased mitochondrial viability and increased the production of H2O2 in neuronal cell cultures. In summary, our data indicate that a high dose of Met injected directly into the brain has remarkable neurotoxic effects, as evidenced by hypothermia, hypoglycemia, disrupted mitochondrial ETC flux and decreased survival rate.
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Guerrero-Berroa E, Schmeidler J, Beeri MS. Neuropathology of type 2 diabetes: a short review on insulin-related mechanisms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1961-6. [PMID: 24529419 PMCID: PMC4116474 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem studies have shown that cerebrovascular disease (CVD) neuropathology occurs frequently in type 2 diabetes (T2D) through mechanisms associated with chronic hyperglycemia such as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The involvement of T2D in Alzheimer׳s disease (AD)-type neuropathology has been more controversial. While postmortem data from animal studies have supported the involvement of T2D in AD-type neuropathology through insulin mechanism that may affect the development of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), findings from postmortem studies in humans, of the association of T2D with AD, have been mainly negative. To complicate matters, medications to treat T2D have been implicated in reduced AD-type neuropathology. In this review we summarize the literature on animal and human postmortem studies of T2D neuropathology, mainly the mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia-related CVD neuropathology and hyperinsulinemia-related AD-type neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Schmeidler
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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168
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de la Monte SM. Type 3 diabetes is sporadic Alzheimer׳s disease: mini-review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1954-60. [PMID: 25088942 PMCID: PMC4444430 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in North America. Growing evidence supports the concept that AD is a metabolic disease mediated by impairments in brain insulin responsiveness, glucose utilization, and energy metabolism, which lead to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and worsening of insulin resistance. In addition, metabolic derangements directly contribute to the structural, functional, molecular, and biochemical abnormalities that characterize AD, including neuronal loss, synaptic disconnection, tau hyperphosphorylation, and amyloid-beta accumulation. Because the fundamental abnormalities in AD represent effects of brain insulin resistance and deficiency, and the molecular and biochemical consequences overlap with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, we suggest the term "Type 3 diabetes" to account for the underlying abnormalities associated with AD-type neurodegeneration. In light of the rapid increases in sporadic AD prevalence rates and vastly expanded use of nitrites and nitrates in foods and agricultural products over the past 30-40 years, the potential role of nitrosamine exposures as mediators of Type 3 diabetes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 55 Claverick Street, Room 419, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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169
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In vitro streptozotocin model for modeling Alzheimer-like changes: effect on amyloid precursor protein secretases and glycogen synthase kinase-3. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:551-7. [PMID: 25283498 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence for a pathogenetic link between sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). At subdiabetogenic doses, the cerebral administration of the diabetogenic substance streptozotocin (STZ) induces an insulin-resistant brain state (IRBS). The aim of the present pilot study was to investigate the effect of STZ on Alzheimer-like characteristics such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage secretases, betaA4 fragment, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) in vitro. Different STZ concentrations (0-5 mM) and incubation intervals (0-48 h) were tested to find appropriate cell culture conditions for further biochemical analyses in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-MC). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured spectrophotometrically. Intracellular ATP was determined using bioluminescent luciferase assay. Secretase activity (alpha, beta, and gamma) was measured by employing commercial fluorometric secretase activity assay kits, betaA4 fragment by immunoprecipitation. Glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha/beta (total and phospho-GSK) content was assayed by ELISA technique. In vitro STZ administration (1 mM) induced a significant reduction in intracellular ATP concentration without pronounced cell death after 24 and 48 h as measured by LDH. Under these experimental conditions, a significant increase in beta-secretase and a significant drop in alpha-secretase were obtained, whereas gamma-secretase was not changed significantly. Simultaneously, the betaA4 concentration was increased by about threefold. Furthermore, STZ significantly increased total GSK and markedly decreased phospho-GSK. A direct link between STZ, intracellular ATP deficit, and Alzheimer-related enzymes was shown in this in vitro pilot study. Thus, these results support the hypothesis that sporadic AD is being recognized as an IRBS, which can be modulated by in vitro STZ model. Continuing investigations relating pathogenetic mechanisms and AD-like hallmarks are necessary to modulate different cascades of the IRBS using in vitro models.
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170
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Brain catalase in the streptozotocin-rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease treated with the iron chelator-monoamine oxidase inhibitor, M30. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:559-64. [PMID: 25252744 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low intracerebroventricular (icv) doses of streptozotocin (STZ) produce regionally specific brain neurochemical changes in rats that are similar to those found in the brain of patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Since oxidative stress is thought to be one of the major pathologic processes in sAD, catalase (CAT) activity was estimated in the regional brain tissue of animals treated intracerebroventricularly with STZ and the multitarget iron chelator, antioxidant and MAO-inhibitor M30 [5-(N-methyl-N-propargylaminomethyl)-8-hydroxyquinoline]. Five-day oral pre-treatment of adult male Wistar rats with 10 mg/kg/day M30 dose was followed by a single injection of STZ (1 mg/kg, icv). CAT activity was measured colorimetrically in the hippocampus (HPC), brain stem (BS) and cerebellum (CB) of the control, STZ-, M30- and STZ + M30-treated rats, respectively, 4 weeks after the STZ treatment. STZ-treated rats demonstrated significantly lower CAT activity in all three brain regions in comparison to the controls (p < 0.05 for BS and CB, p < 0.01 for HPC). M30 pre-treatment of the control rats did not influence the CAT activity in HPC and CB, but significantly increased it in BS (p < 0.05). M30 pre-treatment of STZ-treated rats significantly increased CAT activity in the HPC in comparison to the STZ treatment alone (p < 0.05) and normalized to the control values. These findings are in line with the assumption that reactive oxygen species contribute to the pathogenesis of STZ in a rat model of sAD and indicate that multifunctional iron chelators such as M30 might also have beneficial effects in this non-transgenic sAD model.
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171
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Rajasekar N, Dwivedi S, Nath C, Hanif K, Shukla R. Protection of streptozotocin induced insulin receptor dysfunction, neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis in astrocytes by insulin. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:337-52. [PMID: 25158313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Impaired insulin signaling, amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation are closely associated with neurodegenerative disorder like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our earlier studies showed that intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ) induces insulin receptor (IR) signaling defect in the hippocampus, which is associated with memory impairment in rats. Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the brain and play a major role in neuroinflammation. However, involvement of astrocytes in STZ induced IR dysfunction has not received much attention. Therefore, the present study was planned to explore the effect of STZ on IR signaling, proinflammatory markers and amyloidogenesis in rat astrocytoma cell line, (C6). STZ (100 μM) treatment in astrocytes (n = 3) for 24 h, resulted significant decrease in IR mRNA and protein expression, phosphorylation of IRS-1, Akt, GSK-3α and GSK-3β (p < 0.01). Further STZ induced amyloidogenic protein expression as evidenced by the increase in APP, BACE-1 and Aβ1-42 expression (p < 0.05) in astrocytes. STZ also significantly induced astrocytes activation as evidenced by increased expression of GFAP and p-P38 MAPK (p < 0.05). STZ treatment caused enhanced translocation of p65 NF-kB, triggered over expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, oxidative/nitrosative stress and caspase activation (p < 0.05) in astrocytes. Insulin (25-100 nM) pretreatment (n = 3) significantly prevented changes in IR signaling, amyloidogenic protein expression and levels of proinflammatory markers (p < 0.05) in STZ treated astroglial cells. In the present study, the protective effect of insulin suggests that, IR dysfunction along with amyloidogenesis and neuroinflammation may have played a major role in STZ induced toxicity in astrocytes which are relevant to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rajasekar
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Subhash Dwivedi
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Chandishwar Nath
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India.
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172
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Neha, Sodhi RK, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Animal models of dementia and cognitive dysfunction. Life Sci 2014; 109:73-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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173
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Glaucoma – Diabetes of the brain: A radical hypothesis about its nature and pathogenesis. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:535-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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174
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Song J, Hur BE, Bokara KK, Yang W, Cho HJ, Park KA, Lee WT, Lee KM, Lee JE. Agmatine improves cognitive dysfunction and prevents cell death in a streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer rat model. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:689-99. [PMID: 24719136 PMCID: PMC3990080 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.3.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) results in memory impairment and neuronal cell death in the brain. Previous studies demonstrated that intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (STZ) induces pathological and behavioral alterations similar to those observed in AD. Agmatine (Agm) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in central nervous system disorders. In this study, we investigated whether Agm treatment could attenuate apoptosis and improve cognitive decline in a STZ-induced Alzheimer rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the effect of Agm on AD pathology using a STZ-induced Alzheimer rat model. For each experiment, rats were given anesthesia (chloral hydrate 300 mg/kg, ip), followed by a single injection of STZ (1.5 mg/kg) bilaterally into each lateral ventricle (5 μL/ventricle). Rats were injected with Agm (100 mg/kg) daily up to two weeks from the surgery day. RESULTS Agm suppressed the accumulation of amyloid beta and enhanced insulin signal transduction in STZ-induced Alzheimer rats [experimetal control (EC) group]. Upon evaluation of cognitive function by Morris water maze testing, significant improvement of learning and memory dysfunction in the STZ-Agm group was observed compared with the EC group. Western blot results revealed significant attenuation of the protein expressions of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, as well as increases in the protein expressions of Bcl2, PI3K, Nrf2, and γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase, in the STZ-Agm group. CONCLUSION Our results showed that Agm is involved in the activation of antioxidant signaling pathways and activation of insulin signal transduction. Accordingly, Agm may be a promising therapeutic agent for improving cognitive decline and attenuating apoptosis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Eun Hur
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiran Kumar Bokara
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonsuk Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Taek Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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175
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Du LL, Xie JZ, Cheng XS, Li XH, Kong FL, Jiang X, Ma ZW, Wang JZ, Chen C, Zhou XW. Activation of sirtuin 1 attenuates cerebral ventricular streptozotocin-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive injuries in rat hippocampi. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:613-623. [PMID: 24142524 PMCID: PMC4039268 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes in the aging population are at high risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and reduction of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity occurs simultaneously with the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the AD-affected brain. It is not clear, however, whether SIRT1 is a suitable molecular target for the treatment of AD. Here, we employed a rat model of brain insulin resistance with intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ; 3 mg/kg, twice with an interval of 48 h). The ICV-STZ-treated rats were administrated with resveratrol (RSV; SIRT1-specific activator) or a vehicle via intraperitoneal injection for 8 weeks (30 mg/kg, once per day). In ICV-STZ-treated rats, the levels of phosphorylated tau and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) at the hippocampi were increased significantly, whereas SIRT1 activity was decreased without change of its expression level. The capacity of spatial memory was also significantly lower in ICV-STZ-treated rats compared with age-matched control. RSV, a specific activator of SIRT1, which reversed the ICV-STZ-induced decrease in SIRT1 activity, increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, tau phosphorylation, and impairment of cognitive capability in rats. In conclusion, SIRT1 protects hippocampus neurons from tau hyperphosphorylation and prevents cognitive impairment induced by ICV-STZ brain insulin resistance with decreased hippocampus ERK1/2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Ling Du
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Jia-Zhao Xie
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiang-Shu Cheng
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Fan-Li Kong
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xia Jiang
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ma
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Chen Chen
- />School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Xin-Wen Zhou
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
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176
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Kosaraju J, Madhunapantula SV, Chinni S, Khatwal RB, Dubala A, Muthureddy Nataraj SK, Basavan D. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition by Pterocarpus marsupium and Eugenia jambolana ameliorates streptozotocin induced Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2014; 267:55-65. [PMID: 24667360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by the loss of normal functions of brain cells and neuronal death, ultimately leading to memory loss. Recent accumulating evidences have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of anti-diabetic agents, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), providing opportunities to explore and test the DPP-4 inhibitors for treating this fatal disease. Prior studies determining the efficacy of Pterocarpus marsupium (PM, Fabaceae) and Eugenia jambolana (EJ, Myrtaceae) extracts for ameliorating type 2 diabetes have demonstrated the DPP-4 inhibitory properties indicating the possibility of using of these extracts even for the treating AD. Therefore, in the present study, the neuroprotective roles of PM and EJ for ameliorating the streptozotocin (STZ) induced AD have been tested in rat model. Experimentally, PM and EJ extracts, at a dose range of 200 and 400mg/kg, were administered orally to STZ induced AD Wistar rats and cognitive evaluation tests were performed using radial arm maze and hole-board apparatus. Following 30 days of treatment with the extracts, a dose- and time-dependent attenuation of AD pathology, as evidenced by decreasing amyloid beta 42, total tau, phosphorylated tau and neuro-inflammation with an increase in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels was observed. Therefore, PM and EJ extracts contain cognitive enhancers as well as neuroprotective agents against STZ induced AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasankar Kosaraju
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India.
| | | | - Santhivardhan Chinni
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India
| | - Rizwan Basha Khatwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India
| | - Anil Dubala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India
| | | | - Duraiswamy Basavan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India
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177
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Zimmer ER, Leuzy A, Bhat V, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. In vivo tracking of tau pathology using positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging in small animals. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:6. [PMID: 24628994 PMCID: PMC3995516 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is a common feature in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies, which include Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the frontotemporal dementias (FTDs). Although heavily investigated, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of tauopathies have yet to be fully understood. In this context, several rodent models have been developed that successfully recapitulate the behavioral and neurochemical features of tau pathology, aiming to achieve a better understanding of the link between tau and neurodegeneration. To date, behavioral and biochemical parameters assessed using these models have been conducted using a combination of memory tasks and invasive methods such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling or post-mortem analysis. Recently, several novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals targeting tau tangles have been developed, allowing for non-invasive in vivo quantification of tau pathology. Combined with tau transgenic models and microPET, these tracers hold the promise of advancing the development of theoretical models and advancing our understanding of the natural history of AD and non-AD tauopathies. In this review, we briefly describe some of the most important insights for understanding the biological basis of tau pathology, and shed light on the opportunity for improved modeling of tau pathology using a combination of tau-radiopharmaceuticals and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Rigon Zimmer
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 La Salle Blv - FBC room 3149, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 La Salle Blv - FBC room 3149, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Canada
| | - Venkat Bhat
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Brazil
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 La Salle Blv - FBC room 3149, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 La Salle Blv - FBC room 3149, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Canada
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178
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Choi DH, Kwon IS, Koo JH, Jang YC, Kang EB, Byun JE, Um HS, Park HS, Yeom DC, Cho IH, Cho JY. The effect of treadmill exercise on inflammatory responses in rat model of streptozotocin-induced experimental dementia of Alzheimer's type. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:225-33. [PMID: 25566459 PMCID: PMC4241920 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of treadmill exercise on inflammatory response in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced animal model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). [Methods] To induce the animal model of AD, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected into intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection with 1.5 mg/kg of STZ. Rats were divided into three groups as Sham-con group (n = 7), STZ-con group (n = 7) and STZ-exe group (n = 7). Exercise group ran on the treadmill for 30 min/day, 5 days/week during 6 weeks. [Results] The results of this study were as follows: First, STZ-exe group was improved on cognitive function when compared to STZ-con group in water maze test. Second, STZ-exe group help reduce the expression level of amyloid-beta (Aβ). In addition, Toll-like receptors-4 (TLR4), Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) level of STZ-exe group was significantly decreased when compared to STZ-con group. [Conclusion] These results show that treadmill exercise had positive effect on cognitive function and reduced inflammatory response in STZ-induced animal model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hun Choi
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-763, Korea
| | - In Su Kwon
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-763, Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Koo
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-763, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Jang
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-763, Korea
| | - Eun Bum Kang
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-763, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Byun
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-763, Korea
| | - Hyun Sub Um
- Department of exercise prescription, Kon-Yang University, 121 Daehak-ro, Nosan chugnam 320-711, Korea
| | - Hoo Seong Park
- Department of physical education, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero Dong-gu Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Yeom
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-763, Korea
| | - In Ho Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-763, Korea
| | - Joon Yong Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-763, Korea
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179
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Kang EB, Cho JY. Effects of treadmill exercise on brain insulin signaling and β-amyloid in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced-memory impairment in rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:89-96. [PMID: 25566443 PMCID: PMC4241930 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of the study is to explore effect of 6 weeks treadmill exercise on brain insulin signaling and β-amyloid(Aβ). [Methods] The rat model of Alzheimer’s disease(AD) used in the present study was induced by the intracerebroventricular(ICV) streptozotocin(STZ). To produce the model of animal with AD, STZ(1.5mg/kg) was injected to a cerebral ventricle of both cerebrums of Sprague-Dawley rat(20 weeks). The experimental animals were divided into ICV-Sham(n=7), ICV-STZ CON(n=7), ICV-STZ EXE(n=7). Treadmill exercise was done for 30 min a day, 5 days a week for 6 weeks. Passive avoidance task was carried out before and after treadmill exercise. [Results] The results of this study show that treadmill exercise activated Protein kinase B(AKT)/ Glycogen synthase kinase 3α (GSK3α), possibly via activation of insulin receptor(IR) and insulin receptor substrate(IRS) and reduced Aβ in the brain of ICV-STZ rats. More interestingly, treadmill exercise improved cognitive function of ICV-STZ rats. Finally, physical exercise or physical activity gave positive influences on brain insulin signaling pathway. [Conclusion] Therefore, treadmill exercise can be applied to improve AD as preventive and therapeutic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bum Kang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Yong Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
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180
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El Khoury NB, Gratuze M, Papon MA, Bretteville A, Planel E. Insulin dysfunction and Tau pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:22. [PMID: 24574966 PMCID: PMC3920186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include senile plaques of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides (a cleavage product of the Amyloid Precursor Protein, or APP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein assembled in paired helical filaments (PHF). NFT pathology is important since it correlates with the degree of cognitive impairment in AD. Only a small proportion of AD is due to genetic variants, whereas the large majority of cases (~99%) is late onset and sporadic in origin. The cause of sporadic AD is likely to be multifactorial, with external factors interacting with biological or genetic susceptibilities to accelerate the manifestation of the disease. Insulin dysfunction, manifested by diabetes mellitus (DM) might be such factor, as there is extensive data from epidemiological studies suggesting that DM is associated with an increased relative risk for AD. Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are known to affect multiple cognitive functions in patients. In this context, understanding the effects of diabetes on Tau pathogenesis is important since Tau pathology show a strong relationship to dementia in AD, and to memory loss in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. Here, we reviewed preclinical studies that link insulin dysfunction to Tau protein pathogenesis, one of the major pathological hallmarks of AD. We found more than 30 studies reporting Tau phosphorylation in a mouse or rat model of insulin dysfunction. We also payed attention to potential sources of artifacts, such as hypothermia and anesthesia, that were demonstrated to results in Tau hyperphosphorylation and could major confounding experimental factors. We found that very few studies reported the temperature of the animals, and only a handful did not use anesthesia. Overall, most published studies showed that insulin dysfunction can promote Tau hyperphosphorylation and pathology, both directly and indirectly, through hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura B El Khoury
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Maud Gratuze
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Amélie Papon
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis Bretteville
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
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181
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Ginsenoside Rg5 improves cognitive dysfunction and beta-amyloid deposition in STZ-induced memory impaired rats via attenuating neuroinflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:317-26. [PMID: 24503167 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory responses play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5), an abundant natural compound in Panax ginseng, has been found to be beneficial in treating AD. In the present study, we demonstrated that Rg5 improved cognitive dysfunction and attenuated neuroinflammatory responses in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced memory impaired rats. Cognitive deficits were ameliorated with Rg5 (5, 10 and 20mg/kg) treatment in a dose-dependent manner together with decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β (P<0.05) in brains of STZ rats. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was also significantly reduced by Rg5 whereas choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was remarkably increased in the cortex and hippocampus of STZ-induced AD rats (P<0.05). In addition, Congo red and immunohistochemistry staining results showed that Rg5 alleviated Aβ deposition but enhanced the expressions of insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF-1) and brain derived neurophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex (P<0.05). Western blot analysis also demonstrated that Rg5 increased remarkably BDNF and IGF-1 expressions whereas decreased significantly Aβ deposits (P<0.05). Furthermore, it was observed that the expressions of COX-2 and iNOS were significantly up-regulated in STZ-induced AD rats and down-regulated strongly (P<0.05) by Rg5 compared with control rats. These data demonstrated that STZ-induced learning and memory impairments in rats could be improved by Rg5, which was associated with attenuating neuroinflammatory responses. Our findings suggested that Rg5 could be a beneficial agent for the treatment of AD.
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182
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Talbot K, Wang HY. The nature, significance, and glucagon-like peptide-1 analog treatment of brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:S12-25. [PMID: 24529520 PMCID: PMC4018451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease leading over the course of decades to the most common form of dementia. Many of its pathologic features and cognitive deficits may be due in part to brain insulin resistance recently demonstrated in the insulin receptor→insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) signaling pathway. The proximal cause of such resistance in AD dementia and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) appears to be serine inhibition of IRS-1, a phenomenon likely due to microglial release of inflammatory cytokines triggered by oligomeric Aβ. Studies on animal models of AD and on human brain tissue from MCI cases at high risk of AD dementia have shown that brain insulin resistance and many other pathologic features and symptoms of AD may be greatly reduced or even reversed by treatment with FDA-approved glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs such as liraglutide (Victoza). These findings call attention to the need for further basic, translational, and clinical studies on GLP-1 analogs as promising AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Talbot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Hoau-Yan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY, USA
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183
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Hamacher M, Meyer HE, Marcus K. New access to Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 4:591-4. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.5.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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184
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Bloemer J, Bhattacharya S, Amin R, Suppiramaniam V. Impaired insulin signaling and mechanisms of memory loss. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:413-49. [PMID: 24373245 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is secreted from the β-cells of the pancreas and helps maintain glucose homeostasis. Although secreted peripherally, insulin also plays a profound role in cognitive function. Increasing evidence suggests that insulin signaling in the brain is necessary to maintain health of neuronal cells, promote learning and memory, decrease oxidative stress, and ultimately increase neuronal survival. This chapter summarizes the different facets of insulin signaling necessary for learning and memory and additionally explores the association between cognitive impairment and central insulin resistance. The role of impaired insulin signaling in the advancement of cognitive dysfunction is relevant to the current debate of whether the shared pathophysiological mechanisms between diabetes and cognitive impairment implicate a direct relationship. Here, we summarize a vast amount of literature that suggests a strong association between impaired brain insulin signaling and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Bloemer
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Subhrajit Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Rajesh Amin
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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185
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de la Monte SM, Tong M. Brain metabolic dysfunction at the core of Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 88:548-59. [PMID: 24380887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the concept that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is fundamentally a metabolic disease with molecular and biochemical features that correspond with diabetes mellitus and other peripheral insulin resistance disorders. Brain insulin/IGF resistance and its consequences can readily account for most of the structural and functional abnormalities in AD. However, disease pathogenesis is complicated by the fact that AD can occur as a separate disease process, or arise in association with systemic insulin resistance diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Whether primary or secondary in origin, brain insulin/IGF resistance initiates a cascade of neurodegeneration that is propagated by metabolic dysfunction, increased oxidative and ER stress, neuro-inflammation, impaired cell survival, and dysregulated lipid metabolism. These injurious processes compromise neuronal and glial functions, reduce neurotransmitter homeostasis, and cause toxic oligomeric pTau and (amyloid beta peptide of amyloid beta precursor protein) AβPP-Aβ fibrils and insoluble aggregates (neurofibrillary tangles and plaques) to accumulate in brain. AD progresses due to: (1) activation of a harmful positive feedback loop that progressively worsens the effects of insulin resistance; and (2) the formation of ROS- and RNS-related lipid, protein, and DNA adducts that permanently damage basic cellular and molecular functions. Epidemiologic data suggest that insulin resistance diseases, including AD, are exposure-related in etiology. Furthermore, experimental and lifestyle trend data suggest chronic low-level nitrosamine exposures are responsible. These concepts offer opportunities to discover and implement new treatments and devise preventive measures to conquer the AD and other insulin resistance disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology), Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Ming Tong
- Departments of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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186
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Kosaraju J, Murthy V, Khatwal RB, Dubala A, Chinni S, Muthureddy Nataraj SK, Basavan D. Vildagliptin: an anti-diabetes agent ameliorates cognitive deficits and pathology observed in streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1773-84. [PMID: 24117480 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adults who develop type 2 diabetes (T2D) at later stages are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pharmacological agents such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors that increase the levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and ameliorate T2D have also become promising candidates as disease-modifying agents in the treatment of AD. The present study investigates the efficacy of vildagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of AD. METHODS Three months following the induction of AD by intracerebral injection of STZ, animals were orally administered with vildagliptin (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) for 30 days. Dose-dependent and time-course effects of vildagliptin on memory retention were investigated during the course of treatment. Following treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and brain tissues were used to evaluate the effects of vildagliptin on hippocampal and cortical GLP-1 levels, amyloid beta (Aβ) burden, tau phosphorylation and inflammatory markers. KEY FINDINGS The results reveal a time-dependent improvement in memory retention and a dose-dependent attenuation of Aβ, tau phosphorylation and inflammatory markers and increased GLP-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS These robust therapeutic effects of vildagliptin demonstrate a unique mechanism for Aβ and tau clearance and reverse the cognitive deficits and pathology observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasankar Kosaraju
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu, India
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187
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Salkovic-Petrisic M, Osmanovic-Barilar J, Knezovic A, Hoyer S, Mosetter K, Reutter W. Long-term oral galactose treatment prevents cognitive deficits in male Wistar rats treated intracerebroventricularly with streptozotocin. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:68-80. [PMID: 24055495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Basic and clinical research has demonstrated that dementia of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) type is associated with dysfunction of the insulin-receptor (IR) system followed by decreased glucose transport via glucose transporter GLUT4 and decreased glucose metabolism in brain cells. An alternative source of energy is d-galactose (the C-4-epimer of d-glucose) which is transported into the brain by insulin-independent GLUT3 transporter where it might be metabolized to glucose via the Leloir pathway. Exclusively parenteral daily injections of galactose induce memory deterioration in rodents and are used to generate animal aging model, but the effects of oral galactose treatment on cognitive functions have never been tested. We have investigated the effects of continuous daily oral galactose (200 mg/kg/day) treatment on cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced (STZ-icv) rat model of sAD, tested by Morris Water Maze and Passive Avoidance test, respectively. One month of oral galactose treatment initiated immediately after the STZ-icv administration, successfully prevented development of the STZ-icv-induced cognitive deficits. Beneficial effect of oral galactose was independent of the rat age and of the galactose dose ranging from 100 to 300 mg/kg/day. Additionally, oral galactose administration led to the appearance of galactose in the blood. The increase of galactose concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid was several times lower after oral than after parenteral administration of the same galactose dose. Oral galactose exposure might have beneficial effects on learning and memory ability and could be worth investigating for improvement of cognitive deficits associated with glucose hypometabolism in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jelena Osmanovic-Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Siegfried Hoyer
- Department of Pathology, University Clinic, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kurt Mosetter
- Center for Interdisciplinary Therapies, Obere Laube 44, D-78462 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Werner Reutter
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
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188
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Chen Y, Liang Z, Tian Z, Blanchard J, Dai CL, Chalbot S, Iqbal K, Liu F, Gong CX. Intracerebroventricular streptozotocin exacerbates Alzheimer-like changes of 3xTg-AD mice. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:547-62. [PMID: 23996345 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves several possible molecular mechanisms, including impaired brain insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. To investigate the role of metabolic insults in AD, we injected streptozotocin (STZ), a diabetogenic compound if used in the periphery, into the lateral ventricle of the 6-month-old 3xTg-AD mice and studied the cognitive function as well as AD-like brain abnormalities, such as tau phosphorylation and Aβ accumulation, 3-6 weeks later. We found that STZ exacerbated impairment of short-term and spatial reference memory in 3xTg-AD mice. We also observed an increase in tau hyperphosphorylation and neuroinflammation, a disturbance of brain insulin signaling, and a decrease in synaptic plasticity and amyloid β peptides in the brain after STZ treatment. The expression of 20 AD-related genes, including those involved in the processing of amyloid precursor protein, cytoskeleton, glucose metabolism, insulin signaling, synaptic function, protein kinases, and apoptosis, was altered, suggesting that STZ disturbs multiple metabolic and cell signaling pathways in the brain. These findings provide experimental evidence of the role of metabolic insult in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Chen
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314-6399, USA
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189
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Neuroprotective effects of edaravone on cognitive deficit, oxidative stress and tau hyperphosphorylation induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats. Neurotoxicology 2013; 38:136-45. [PMID: 23932983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated as an important factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we have investigated the effects of edaravone (9mg/kg, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a free radical scavenger, in a streptozotocin (STZ-3mg/kg) induced rat model of sporadic AD (sAD). Treatment with edaravone significantly improved STZ-induced cognitive damage as evaluated in Morris water maze and step-down tests and markedly restored changes in malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) adducts, hydroxyl radical (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels. In addition, histomorphological observations confirmed the protective effect of edaravone on neuronal degeneration. Moreover, hyperphosphorylation of tau resulting from intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) injection was decreased by the administration of edaravone. These results provide experimental evidence demonstrating preventive effects of edaravone on cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress and hyperphosphorylation of tau in ICV-STZ rats. Since edaravone has been used for treatment of patients with stroke, it represents a safe and established therapeutic intervention that has the potential for a novel application in the treatment of age-related neurodegenerative disorders associated with cognitive decline, such as AD.
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190
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Thibault O, Anderson KL, DeMoll C, Brewer LD, Landfield PW, Porter NM. Hippocampal calcium dysregulation at the nexus of diabetes and brain aging. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:34-43. [PMID: 23872402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently it has become clear that conditions of insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome, obesity and diabetes, are linked with moderate cognitive impairment in normal aging and elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease. It appears that a common feature of these conditions is impaired insulin signaling, affecting the brain as well as peripheral target tissues. A number of studies have documented that insulin directly affects brain processes and that reduced insulin signaling results in impaired learning and memory. Several studies have also shown that diabetes induces Ca(2+) dysregulation in neurons. Because brain aging is associated with substantial Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis, it has been proposed that impaired insulin signaling exacerbates or accelerates aging-related Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis. However, there have been few studies examining insulin interactions with Ca(2+) regulation in aging animals. We have been testing predictions of the Ca(2+) dysregulation/diabetes/brain aging hypothesis and have found that insulin and insulin-sensitizers (thiazolidinediones) target several hippocampal Ca(2+)-related processes affected by aging. The drugs appear able to reduce the age-dependent increase in Ca(2+) transients and the Ca(2+) -sensitive afterhyperpolarization. Thus, while additional testing is needed, the results to date are consistent with the view that strategies that enhance insulin signaling can counteract the effect of aging on Ca(2+) dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Thibault
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, MS 313, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Katie L Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, MS 313, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Chris DeMoll
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, MS 313, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Lawrence D Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, MS 313, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Philip W Landfield
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, MS 313, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Nada M Porter
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, MS 313, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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191
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Yang Y, Song W. Molecular links between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus. Neuroscience 2013; 250:140-50. [PMID: 23867771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Substantial epidemiological evidence shows an increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in people with diabetes. Yet the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. This article reviews the current studies on common pathological processes of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes with particular focus on potential mechanisms through which diabetes affects the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Impairment of insulin signaling, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, advanced glycation end products, APOEε4 and cholesterol appear to be important mediators and are likely to act synergistically in promoting AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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192
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Daulatzai MA. Neurotoxic Saboteurs: Straws that Break the Hippo’s (Hippocampus) Back Drive Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:407-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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193
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Tang J, Pei Y, Zhou G. When aging-onset diabetes is coming across with Alzheimer disease: comparable pathogenesis and therapy. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:744-50. [PMID: 23648584 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose because of the insulin-resistance and insulin-deficiency in Type 2, while the insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas in Type 1. The development of Type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Aging patients with diabetes are at increased risk of developing cognitive and memory dysfunctions, which is one of the significant symptoms of Alzheimer disease (AD). Also, over 2/3 of AD patients were clinically indentified with impairment of glucose. Cognitive dysfunction would be associated with poor self-care ability in diabetes patients. This review will briefly summarize the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of these two diseases and highlight similarities in their pathophysiologies. Furthermore, we will shortly discuss recent progress in the insulin-targeted strategy, aiming to explore the inner linkage between these two diseases in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic,200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905,USA
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194
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Leboucher A, Laurent C, Fernandez-Gomez FJ, Burnouf S, Troquier L, Eddarkaoui S, Demeyer D, Caillierez R, Zommer N, Vallez E, Bantubungi K, Breton C, Pigny P, Buée-Scherrer V, Staels B, Hamdane M, Tailleux A, Buée L, Blum D. Detrimental effects of diet-induced obesity on τ pathology are independent of insulin resistance in τ transgenic mice. Diabetes 2013; 62:1681-8. [PMID: 23250356 PMCID: PMC3636620 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The τ pathology found in Alzheimer disease (AD) is crucial in cognitive decline. Midlife development of obesity, a major risk factor of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, increases the risk of dementia and AD later in life. The impact of obesity on AD risk has been suggested to be related to central insulin resistance, secondary to peripheral insulin resistance. The effects of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on τ pathology remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated effects of a high-fat diet, given at an early pathological stage, in the THY-Tau22 transgenic mouse model of progressive AD-like τ pathology. We found that early and progressive obesity potentiated spatial learning deficits as well as hippocampal τ pathology at a later stage. Surprisingly, THY-Tau22 mice did not exhibit peripheral insulin resistance. Further, pathological worsening occurred while hippocampal insulin signaling was upregulated. Together, our data demonstrate that DIO worsens τ phosphorylation and learning abilities in τ transgenic mice independently from peripheral/central insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Leboucher
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Cyril Laurent
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Francisco-José Fernandez-Gomez
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Burnouf
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Laetitia Troquier
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Sabiha Eddarkaoui
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Demeyer
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Raphaëlle Caillierez
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Nadège Zommer
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U1011, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Kadiombo Bantubungi
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U1011, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Breton
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- EA 4489, Environnement Perinatal et Croissance, Lille, France
| | - Pascal Pigny
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Buée-Scherrer
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U1011, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Malika Hamdane
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U1011, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Corresponding author: David Blum,
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195
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Saxagliptin: a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor ameliorates streptozotocin induced Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:291-300. [PMID: 23603201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the major risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have found similarities in molecular mechanisms that underlie the respective degenerative developments in the two diseases. Pharmacological agents, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which increase the level of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and ameliorate T2D, have become valuable candidates as disease modifying agents in the treatment of AD. In addition, endogenous GLP-1 levels decrease amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and tau phosphorylation in AD. The present study examines the efficacy of Saxagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor in a streptozotocin (STZ) induced rat model of AD. Three months following induction of AD by intracerebral administration of streptozotocin, animals were orally administered Saxagliptin (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) for 60 days. The effect of the DPP-4 inhibitor on hippocampal GLP-1 levels, Aβ burden, tau phosphorylation, inflammatory markers and memory retention were evaluated. The results reveal an attenuation of Aβ, tau phosphorylation and inflammatory markers and an improvement in hippocampal GLP-1 and memory retention following treatment. This remarkable therapeutic effect of Saxagliptin mediated through DPP-4 inhibition demonstrates a unique mechanism for Aβ and tau clearance by increasing GLP-1 levels and reverses the behavioural deficits and pathology observed in AD.
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Liu P, Zou L, Jiao Q, Chi T, Ji X, Qi Y, Xu Q, Wang L. Xanthoceraside attenuates learning and memory deficits via improving insulin signaling in STZ-induced AD rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 543:115-20. [PMID: 23562514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Xanthoceraside, a triterpenoid saponin extracted from the fruit husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, has been shown to reverse the cognitive deficits observed in several Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal models. Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of the insulin signaling pathway in neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. Thus, we used an AD animal model of cognitive impairment induced by the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to test the effects of xanthoceraside on behavioral impairments and insulin signaling mechanisms. In our present study, memory impairment was assessed using the Morris water maze test. The expression of IR, IGF-1R and Raf-1/ERK/CREB was tested by western blotting. The STZ group showed memory deficits in the Morris water maze test and significant decreases in IR and IGF-1R protein levels in the hippocampus. Xanthoceraside treatment significantly rescued memory deficits, as well as IR and IGF-1R protein expression levels. STZ inhibited the Ras/ERK signaling cascade and decreased the phosphorylation of CREB; these effects were also attenuated by xanthoceraside treatment. These results suggest the potential use of xanthoceraside for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in which brain insulin signaling may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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197
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Shingo AS, Kanabayashi T, Kito S, Murase T. Intracerebroventricular administration of an insulin analogue recovers STZ-induced cognitive decline in rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 241:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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198
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Park SJ, Kim YH, Lee Y, Kim KM, Kim HS, Lee SR, Kim SU, Kim SH, Kim JS, Jeong KJ, Lee KM, Huh JW, Chang KT. Selection of appropriate reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in a streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease model of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). PLoS One 2013; 8:e56034. [PMID: 23457495 PMCID: PMC3573079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has been widely used to quantify relative gene expression because of the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of this technique. In order to obtain reliable gene expression data from RT-qPCR experiments, it is important to utilize optimal reference genes for the normalization of target gene expression under varied experimental conditions. Previously, we developed and validated a novel icv-STZ cynomolgus monkey model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. However, in order to enhance the reliability of this disease model, appropriate reference genes must be selected to allow meaningful analysis of the gene expression levels in the icv-STZ cynomolgus monkey brain. In this study, we assessed the expression stability of 9 candidate reference genes in 2 matched-pair brain samples (5 regions) of control cynomolgus monkeys and those who had received intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (icv-STZ). Three well-known analytical programs geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper were used to choose the suitable reference genes from the total sample group, control group, and icv-STZ group. Combination analysis of the 3 different programs clearly indicated that the ideal reference genes are RPS19 and YWHAZ in the total sample group, GAPDH and RPS19 in the control group, and ACTB and GAPDH in the icv-STZ group. Additionally, we validated the normalization accuracy of the most appropriate reference genes (RPS19 and YWHAZ) by comparison with the least stable gene (TBP) using quantification of the APP and MAPT genes in the total sample group. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first study to identify and validate the appropriate reference genes in cynomolgus monkey brains. These findings provide useful information for future studies involving the expression of target genes in the cynomolgus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JWH); (KTC)
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JWH); (KTC)
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199
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Papon MA, El Khoury NB, Marcouiller F, Julien C, Morin F, Bretteville A, Petry FR, Gaudreau S, Amrani A, Mathews PM, Hébert SS, Planel E. Deregulation of protein phosphatase 2A and hyperphosphorylation of τ protein following onset of diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 2013; 62:609-17. [PMID: 22961084 PMCID: PMC3554372 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD) include intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of abnormally hyperphosphorylated τ protein. Insulin dysfunction might influence AD pathology, as population-based and cohort studies have detected higher AD incidence rates in diabetic patients. But how diabetes affects τ pathology is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of insulin dysfunction on τ phosphorylation in a genetic model of spontaneous type 1 diabetes: the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Brains of young and adult female NOD mice were examined, but young NOD mice did not display τ hyperphosphorylation. τ phosphorylation at τ-1 and pS422 epitopes was slightly increased in nondiabetic adult NOD mice. At the onset of diabetes, τ was hyperphosphorylated at the τ-1, AT8, CP13, pS262, and pS422. A subpopulation of diabetic NOD mice became hypothermic, and τ hyperphosphorylation further extended to paired helical filament-1 and TG3 epitopes. Furthermore, elevated τ phosphorylation correlated with an inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. Our data indicate that insulin dysfunction in NOD mice leads to AD-like τ hyperphosphorylation in the brain, with molecular mechanisms likely involving a deregulation of PP2A. This model may be a useful tool to address further mechanistic association between insulin dysfunction and AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Amélie Papon
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada
| | - Noura B. El Khoury
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - François Marcouiller
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Carl Julien
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Françoise Morin
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Bretteville
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Franck R. Petry
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Gaudreau
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul M. Mathews
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sébastien S. Hébert
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Corresponding author: Emmanuel Planel,
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200
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Lee S, Tong M, Hang S, Deochand C, de la Monte S. CSF and Brain Indices of Insulin Resistance, Oxidative Stress and Neuro-Inflammation in Early versus Late Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:128. [PMID: 25035815 PMCID: PMC4096626 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive impairments in cognitive and behavioral functions with deficits in learning, memory and executive reasoning. Growing evidence points toward brain insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) resistance-mediated metabolic derangements as critical etiologic factors in AD. This suggests that indices of insulin/IGF resistance and their consequences, i.e. oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and reduced neuronal plasticity, should be included in biomarker panels for AD. Herein, we examine a range of metabolic, inflammatory, stress, and neuronal plasticity related proteins in early AD, late AD, and aged control postmortem brain, postmortem ventricular fluid (VF), and clinical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. In AD brain, VF, and CSF samples the trends with respect to alterations in metabolic, neurotrophin, and stress indices were similar, but for pro-inflammatory cytokines, the patterns were discordant. With the greater severities of dementia and neurodegeneration, the differences from control were more pronounced for late AD (VF and brain) than early or moderate AD (brain, VF and CSF). The findings suggest that the inclusion of metabolic, neurotrophin, stress biomarkers in AβPP-Aβ+pTau CSF-based panels could provide more information about the status and progression of neurodegeneration, as well as aid in predicting progression from early- to late-stage AD. Furthermore, standardized multi-targeted molecular assays of neurodegeneration could help streamline postmortem diagnoses, including assessments of AD severity and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lee
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Steven Hang
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chetram Deochand
- Departments of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Suzanne de la Monte
- Department of Medicine, Pathology (Neuropathology), Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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