151
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Ribeiro MPC, Nunes-Correia I, Santos AE, Custódio JBA. The combination of glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 with tamoxifen and its active metabolites potentiates their antiproliferative activity in mouse melanoma K1735-M2 cells. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:288-96. [PMID: 24240127 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blockade by MK-801 decreases tumor growth. Thus, we investigated whether other ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) antagonists were also able to modulate the proliferation of melanoma cells. On the other hand, the antiestrogen tamoxifen (TAM) decreases the proliferation of melanoma cells, and is included in combined therapies for melanoma. As the efficacy of TAM is limited by its metabolism, we investigated the effects of the NMDAR antagonist MK-801 in combination with TAM and its active metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHTAM) and endoxifen (EDX). The NMDAR blockers MK-801 and memantine decreased mouse melanoma K1735-M2 cell proliferation. In contrast, the NMDAR competitive antagonist APV and the AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist NBQX did not affect cell proliferation, suggesting that among the iGluR antagonists only the NMDAR channel blockers inhibit melanoma cell proliferation. The combination of antiestrogens with MK-801 potentiated their individual effects on cell biomass due to diminished cell proliferation, since it decreased the cell number and DNA synthesis without increasing cell death. Importantly, TAM metabolites combined with MK-801 promoted cell cycle arrest in G1. Therefore, the data obtained suggest that the activity of MK-801 and antiestrogens in K1735-M2 cells is greatly enhanced when used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Nunes-Correia
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Flow Cytometry Unit, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armanda E Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José B A Custódio
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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152
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Modulation of hepatic redox status and mitochondrial metabolism by exercise: Therapeutic strategy for liver diseases. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:862-70. [PMID: 23880173 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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153
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Persson M, Løye AF, Mow T, Hornberg JJ. A high content screening assay to predict human drug-induced liver injury during drug discovery. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:302-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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154
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Chaudhry N, Patidar Y, Puri V. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes unveiled by valproate. J Pediatr Neurosci 2013; 8:135-7. [PMID: 24082934 PMCID: PMC3783723 DOI: 10.4103/1817-1745.117847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used as an anti-epileptic drug. The primary mechanism of VPA toxicity is interference with mitochondrial beta-oxidation, and it can exacerbate an underlying mitochondrial cytopathy. We report a case of Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes unmasked by use of Sodium Valproate in a 12-year-old boy who presented with headache and seizures. There was precipitation of encephalopathy, myopathy, lactic acidosis, and hepatic damage within two days of valproate use, after withdrawing of which there was a remarkable clinical and biochemical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Chaudhry
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
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155
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Pfeifer ND, Harris KB, Yan GZ, Brouwer KLR. Determination of intracellular unbound concentrations and subcellular localization of drugs in rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes compared with liver tissue. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1949-56. [PMID: 23990525 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of clinical efficacy, toxicity, and drug-drug interactions may be improved by accounting for the intracellular unbound drug concentration (C(unbound)) in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, subcellular drug distribution may aid in predicting efficacy, toxicity, and risk assessment. The present study was designed to quantify the intracellular C(unbound) and subcellular localization of drugs in rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) compared with rat isolated perfused liver (IPL) tissue. Probe drugs with distinct mechanisms of hepatocellular uptake and accumulation were selected for investigation. Following drug treatment, SCH and IPL tissues were homogenized and fractionated by differential centrifugation to enrich for subcellular compartments. Binding in crude lysate and cytosol was determined by equilibrium dialysis; the C(unbound) and intracellular-to-extracellular C(unbound) ratio (K(pu,u)) were used to describe accumulation of unbound drug. Total accumulation (K(pobserved)) in whole tissue was well predicted by the SCH model (within 2- to 3-fold) for the selected drugs. Ritonavir (K(pu,u) ∼1) was evenly distributed among cellular compartments, but highly bound, which explained the observed accumulation within liver tissue. Rosuvastatin was recovered primarily in the cytosolic fraction, but did not exhibit extensive binding, resulting in a K(pu,u) >1 in liver tissue and SCH, consistent with efficient hepatic uptake. Despite extensive binding and sequestration of furamidine within liver tissue, a significant portion of cellular accumulation was attributed to unbound drug (K(pu,u) >16), as expected for a charged, hepatically derived metabolite. Data demonstrate the utility of SCH to predict quantitatively total tissue accumulation and elucidate mechanisms of hepatocellular drug accumulation such as active uptake versus binding/sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Pfeifer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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156
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Olszewska A, Szewczyk A. Mitochondria as a pharmacological target: magnum overview. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:273-81. [PMID: 23441041 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria, responsible for energy metabolism within the cell, act as signaling organelles. Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to cell death and oxidative stress and may disturb calcium metabolism. Additionally, mitochondria play a pivotal role in cardioprotective phenomena and a variety of neurodegenerative disorders ranging from Parkinson's to Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrial DNA mutations may lead to impaired respiration. Hence, targeting the mitochondria with drugs offers great potential for new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this overview is to present the recent state of knowledge concerning the interactions of various substances with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olszewska
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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157
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Nissar AU, Farrukh MR, Kaiser PJ, Rafiq RA, Afnan Q, Bhushan S, Adil HS, Subhash BC, Tasduq SA. Effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an organosulfur compound from Allium plants, on experimentally induced hepatic prefibrogenic events in Wistar rat. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:828-833. [PMID: 23578993 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aim of present study was to investigate the effect of NAC on experimental chronic hepatotoxicity models induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and thioacetamide (TAA). CCl₄ toxicity was induced by administering 200 μl CCl₄ (diluted 2:3 in coconut oil)/100 g body weight, p.o., twice weekly for 8 weeks. TAA toxicity was induced by administering 150 mg/kg b. wt. of TAA i.p., twice weekly for 8 weeks. NAC treatment was started along with toxicants (CCl₄ and TAA) for 8 weeks and continued for further 4 weeks. Self reversal group was kept without any treatment for 4 weeks after completion of toxicant treatments. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Bilirubin were measured in serum. Hydroxyproline (HP), lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Glutathione (GSH) were determined in liver samples by colorimetric methods. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 450 2E1), activity was determined as hydroxylation of aniline in liver microsomes. General examination and histological analysis were also performed. Serum markers of liver damage (AST, ALT, ALP and Bilirubin) were increased by CCl₄ and TAA intoxication (p<0.001), whereas co-treatment with NAC reversed such changes (p<0.001). HP was enhanced in toxicant groups (p<0.001 in CCl₄ and TAA), but inhibited by NAC (p<0.001). LPO was increased while as GSH, CAT and GPx decreased by the administration of CCl₄ and TAA (p<0.001); co-administration of NAC restored these liver markers to normal levels (p<0.001). Biochemical determinations were corroborated by general and histological findings. Keeping in view the biochemical and histopathological studies, it was concluded that CCl₄ and TAA are strong hepatotoxic agents that produce liver fibrosis with close proximity to human etiology (micronodular cirrhosis) and NAC has a significant protective activity against CCl₄ and TAA. NAC has also been validated as a model against oxidative burden in chronic liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf U Nissar
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jammu-Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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158
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Massart J, Begriche K, Buron N, Porceddu M, Borgne-Sanchez A, Fromenty B. Drug-Induced Inhibition of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation and Steatosis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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159
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Wills LP, Beeson GC, Trager RE, Lindsey CC, Beeson CC, Peterson YK, Schnellmann RG. High-throughput respirometric assay identifies predictive toxicophore of mitochondrial injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:490-502. [PMID: 23811330 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many environmental chemicals and drugs negatively affect human health through deleterious effects on mitochondrial function. Currently there is no chemical library of mitochondrial toxicants, and no reliable methods for predicting mitochondrial toxicity. We hypothesized that discrete toxicophores defined by distinct chemical entities can identify previously unidentified mitochondrial toxicants. We used a respirometric assay to screen 1760 compounds (5 μM) from the LOPAC and ChemBridge DIVERSet libraries. Thirty-one of the assayed compounds decreased uncoupled respiration, a stress test for mitochondrial dysfunction, prior to a decrease in cell viability and reduced the oxygen consumption rate in isolated mitochondria. The mitochondrial toxicants were grouped by chemical similarity and two clusters containing four compounds each were identified. Cheminformatic analysis of one of the clusters identified previously uncharacterized mitochondrial toxicants from the ChemBridge DIVERSet. This approach will enable the identification of mitochondrial toxicants and advance the prediction of mitochondrial toxicity for both drug discovery and risk assessment.
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160
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Silva FSG, Ribeiro MPC, Santos MS, Rocha-Pereira P, Santos-Silva A, Custódio JBA. The antiestrogen 4-hydroxytamoxifen protects against isotretinoin-induced permeability transition and bioenergetic dysfunction of liver mitochondria: comparison with tamoxifen. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 45:383-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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161
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McWhirter D, Kitteringham N, Jones RP, Malik H, Park K, Palmer D. Chemotherapy induced hepatotoxicity in metastatic colorectal cancer: a review of mechanisms and outcomes. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:404-15. [PMID: 23786843 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains one of the most common cancers worldwide. The treatment of metastatic disease has advanced considerably in the past 10 years both in terms of surgical technique and development of novel chemotherapeutic agents. The widespread use of multiple chemotherapeutic agents has lead to recognition of distinct patterns of hepatotoxicity associated with specific drugs. These side-effects have potential implications for both the patient and medical professional, but the underlying mechanisms involved in these conditions remains poorly understood. This review explores the mechanisms of action of the commonly used chemotherapeutic agents and the potential mechanisms for their hepatotoxicity. It is important that all medical professionals involved in the management of metastatic colorectal cancer understand the problems of hepatotoxicity and the impact they have on the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek McWhirter
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom; North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, United Kingdom.
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162
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Song G, Hu C, Zhu H, Li X, Zhao L, Zhou R, Zhang X, Zhang F, Wu L, Li Y. Comparative proteomics study on liver mitochondria of primary biliary cirrhosis mouse model. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:64. [PMID: 23586776 PMCID: PMC3637517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a liver specific chronic disease with unclear pathogenesis, especially for the early stage molecular events. The mitochondrion is a multi-functional organelle associated with various diseases including PBC. The purpose of this study was to discover the alterations in the mitochondria proteome using an early stage PBC mouse model for revealing the possible pathogenesis mechanisms in the early stages of PBC. Methods Mouse model of early stage of PBC was constructed by consecutive administration of poly I:C. Mitochondria of mouse models and controls were purified and comparative proteomics was performed by iTRAQ technology. Then, differentially expressed proteins were validated by western blotting. Results In total 354 proteins that satisfied the criteria for comparative proteomics study were identified. Of them, nine proteins were downregulated and 20 were up-regulated in liver mitochondria of PBC mouse model. Most differentially expressed proteins are associated with oxidation-reduction and lipid metabolism, and some are involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormone and primary bile acid. Interestingly, four proteins (HCDH, CPT I, DECR, ECHDC2) involved in the fatty acid beta-oxidation were all upregulated. Conclusions iTRAQ is a powerful tool for comparative proteomics study of PBC mouse model and differentially expressed proteins in mitochondria proteome of PBC mouse model provide insights for the pathogenesis mechanism at early stage of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100032, PR China
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163
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Wang H, Bai J, Chen G, Li W, Xiang R, Su G, Pei Y. A metabolic profiling analysis of the acute hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of Zhusha Anshen Wan compared with cinnabar in rats using (1)H NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:572-80. [PMID: 23376283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zhusha Anshen Wan (ZSASW), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, composed of cinnabar (cinnabaris), Coptidis Rhizoma (Coptis chinensis French.), Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Angelica sinensis (oliv.) Diels), uncooked Rehmanniae Radix (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.), honey fried Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), has been widely used for sedative therapy. Cinnabar, the chief component of ZSASW, has been proved to possess the toxicities. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, a metabonomics approach based on high-resolution (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was applied to investigate the protective effects of ZSASW on the toxic effects induced by cinnabar alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group, ZSASW group and cinnabar group. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to identify different metabolic profiles of urine and serum from rats. Liver and kidney histopathology examinations and serum clinical chemistry analysis were also performed. RESULTS The significant difference in metabolic profiling of urine and serum of the rats was observed between cinnabar treated group, control group, and the changes of endogenous metabolites related to the toxicities were identified. The results were also certified by the liver and kidney histopathology examinations and biochemical analysis of blood. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the four combined herbal medicines of ZSASW had the effects of protecting from the toxicity induced by cinnabar alone. This work showed that the NMR-based metabonomics approach might be a promising approach to study detoxification of Chinese medicines and reasonable combination of TCM prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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164
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Porceddu M, Buron N, Roussel C, Labbe G, Fromenty B, Borgne-Sanchez A. Prediction of liver injury induced by chemicals in human with a multiparametric assay on isolated mouse liver mitochondria. Toxicol Sci 2013; 129:332-45. [PMID: 22987451 PMCID: PMC3446843 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in humans is difficult to predict using classical
in vitro cytotoxicity screening and regulatory animal studies. This
explains why numerous compounds are stopped during clinical trials or withdrawn from the
market due to hepatotoxicity. Thus, it is important to improve early prediction of DILI in
human. In this study, we hypothesized that this goal could be achieved by investigating
drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as this toxic effect is a major mechanism of DILI.
To this end, we developed a high-throughput screening platform using isolated mouse liver
mitochondria. Our broad spectrum multiparametric assay was designed to detect the global
mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (swelling), inner membrane permeabilization
(transmembrane potential), outer membrane permeabilization (cytochrome c
release), and alteration of mitochondrial respiration driven by succinate or
malate/glutamate. A pool of 124 chemicals (mainly drugs) was selected, including 87 with
documented DILI and 37 without reported clinical hepatotoxicity. Our screening assay
revealed an excellent sensitivity for clinical outcome of DILI (94 or 92% depending on
cutoff) and a high positive predictive value (89 or 82%). A highly significant
relationship between drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity and DILI occurrence in patients
was calculated (p < 0.001). Moreover, this multiparametric assay
allowed identifying several compounds for which mitochondrial toxicity had never been
described before and even helped to clarify mechanisms with some drugs already known to be
mitochondriotoxic. Investigation of drug-induced loss of mitochondrial integrity and
function with this multiparametric assay should be considered for integration into basic
screening processes at early stage to select drug candidates with lower risk of DILI in
human. This assay is also a valuable tool for assessing the mitochondrial toxicity profile
and investigating the mechanism of action of new compounds and marketed compounds.
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165
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Silva FSG, Ribeiro MPC, Santos MS, Rocha-Pereira P, Santos-Silva A, Custódio JBA. Acitretin affects bioenergetics of liver mitochondria and promotes mitochondrial permeability transition: potential mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2013; 306:93-100. [PMID: 23384448 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acitretin is a synthetic retinoid used for severe extensive psoriasis and it has been shown to be an effective and a safe therapeutic drug for other diseases including cancer when used in combination with other agents. However, cases of acitretin-associated liver injury have been documented, but the possible mechanisms of acitretin-associated hepatotoxicity and apoptosis are not entirely clarified. This study reports that mitochondrial dysfunctions may play an important role in liver injury and apoptosis induced by this retinoid. Acitretin (5-20 μM) impaired mitochondrial phosphorylation efficiency as demonstrated by the decrease in the state 3 respiration and ATP levels, and by the increase in the lag phase of ADP phosphorylation cycle, without affecting the membrane potential. Acitretin induced Ca(2+)-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and decreased the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) content. Acitretin-induced MPT was not prevented by thiol group protecting and antioxidant agents, excluding the involvement of oxidative stress mechanisms. However, MPT was prevented by ANT ligands ATP, ADP, tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen, implying that the MPT induction by acitretin is mediated by the ANT. ANT plays a major role in promoting apoptosis and ATP synthesis, and it is still considered as a structural component of the pore with a regulatory role in MPT formation. Therefore, our results, including the decrease in the state 3 respiration and the increase in the lag phase of phosphorylation cycle, the ATP depletion and the induction of Ca(2+)-mediated MPT, indicate that acitretin-associated liver toxicity and apoptosis is possibly related with mitochondrial dysfunctions due to interactions with the ANT. Additionally, the combination of acitretin with other drugs, such as antiestrogens, which are able to inhibit the MPT, may contribute to decrease the toxicity induced by acitretin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena S G Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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166
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Ribeiro MP, Silva FS, Santos AE, Santos MS, Custódio JB. The antiestrogen endoxifen protects rat liver mitochondria from permeability transition pore opening and oxidative stress at concentrations that do not affect the phosphorylation efficiency. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 267:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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167
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Ascensão A, Gonçalves I, Lumini-Oliveira J, Marques-Aleixo I, dos Passos E, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Machado N, Moreira A, Oliveira P, Torrella J, Magalhães J. Endurance training and chronic intermittent hypoxia modulate in vitro salicylate-induced hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrion 2012; 12:607-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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168
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Zhao X, Cong X, Zheng L, Xu L, Yin L, Peng J. Dioscin, a natural steroid saponin, shows remarkable protective effect against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:69-80. [PMID: 22939915 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effect of dioscin against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. In the in vitro tests, HepG2 cells were given APAP pretreatment with or without dioscin. In the in vivo experiments, mice were orally administrated dioscin for five days and then given APAP. Some biochemical and morphology parameters were assayed and the possible mechanism was investigated. Dioscin improved AST release, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and necrosis of HepG2 cells induced by APAP. Following administration of dioscin, APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice was significantly attenuated. Furthermore, the liver cell apoptosis and necrosis, and hepatic mitochondrial edema were also prevented. Fifteen differentially expressed proteins were found by using proteomics, and six of them, Suox, Krt18, Rgn, Prdx1, MDH and PNP were validated. These proteins may be involved in the hepatoprotective effect of dioscin and might cooperate with the levels of Ca(2+) in mitochondria, decreased expression of ATP2A2, and decreased mitochondrial cardiolipin. In addition, dioscin inhibited APAP-induced activation and expression of CYP2E1, up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and Bid, and inhibited the expression of Bax, Bak and p53. Dioscin showed a remarkable protective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by adjusting mitochondrial function. These results indicated that dioscin has the capability on the treatment of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
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169
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Carrion AF, Martin P, O’Brien C. Management of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Before and After Liver Transplantation: An Update. CURRENT HEPATITIS REPORTS 2012; 11:102-110. [DOI: 10.1007/s11901-012-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
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170
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Aubert J, Begriche K, Delannoy M, Morel I, Pajaud J, Ribault C, Lepage S, McGill MR, Lucas-Clerc C, Turlin B, Robin MA, Jaeschke H, Fromenty B. Differences in early acetaminophen hepatotoxicity between obese ob/ob and db/db mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:676-87. [PMID: 22647274 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.193813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical investigations suggest that hepatotoxicity after acetaminophen (APAP) overdose could be more severe in the context of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The pre-existence of fat accumulation and CYP2E1 induction could be major mechanisms accounting for such hepatic susceptibility. To explore this issue, experiments were performed in obese diabetic ob/ob and db/db mice. Preliminary investigations performed in male and female wild-type, ob/ob, and db/db mice showed a selective increase in hepatic CYP2E1 activity in female db/db mice. However, liver triglycerides in these animals were significantly lower compared with ob/ob mice. Next, APAP (500 mg/kg) was administered in female wild-type, ob/ob, and db/db mice, and investigations were carried out 0.5, 2, 4, and 8 h after APAP intoxication. Liver injury 8 h after APAP intoxication was higher in db/db mice, as assessed by plasma transaminases, liver histology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. In db/db mice, however, the extent of hepatic glutathione depletion, levels of APAP-protein adducts, c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation, changes in gene expression, and mitochondrial DNA levels were not greater compared with the other genotypes. Furthermore, in the db/db genotype plasma lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate were not specifically altered, whereas the plasma levels of APAP-glucuronide were intermediary between wild-type and ob/ob mice. Thus, early APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was greater in db/db than ob/ob mice, despite less severe fatty liver and similar basal levels of transaminases. Hepatic CYP2E1 induction could have an important pathogenic role when APAP-induced liver injury occurs in the context of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinthe Aubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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171
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Xue T, Luo P, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Wu H, Gai R, Wu Y, Yang B, Yang X, He Q. Oxidative stress is involved in Dasatinib-induced apoptosis in rat primary hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:280-91. [PMID: 22538170 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dasatinib, a multitargeted inhibitor of BCR-ABL and SRC kinases, exhibits antitumor activity and extends the survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, some patients suffer from hepatotoxicity, which occurs through an unknown mechanism. In the present study, we found that Dasatinib could induce hepatotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. Dasatinib reduced the cell viability of rat primary hepatocytes, induced the release of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in vitro, and triggered the ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes in Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Apoptotic markers (chromatin condensation, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP) were detected to indicate that the injury induced by Dasatinib in hepatocytes in vitro was mediated by apoptosis. This result was further validated in vivo using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. Here we found that Dasatinib dramatically increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hepatocytes, reduced the intracellular glutathione (GSH) content, attenuated the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), generated malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) related to oxidative stress and survival. These results confirm that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in Dasatinib-mediated hepatotoxicity. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a typical antioxidant, can scavenge free radicals, attenuate oxidative stress, and protect hepatocytes against Dasatinib-induced injury. Thus, relieving oxidative stress is a viable strategy for reducing Dasatinib-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xue
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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172
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Li Y, Couch L, Higuchi M, Fang JL, Guo L. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by sertraline, an antidepressant agent. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:582-91. [PMID: 22387747 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has been used for the treatment of depression. Although it is generally considered safe, cases of sertraline-associated liver injury have been documented; however, the possible mechanism of sertraline-associated hepatotoxicity is entirely unknown. Here, we report that mitochondrial impairment may play an important role in liver injury induced by sertraline. In mitochondria isolated from rat liver, sertraline uncoupled mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and inhibited the activities of oxidative phosphorylation complexes I and V. Additionally, sertraline induced Ca(2+)-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), and the induction was prevented by bongkrekic acid (BA), a specific MPT inhibitor targeting adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), implying that the MPT induction is mediated by ANT. In freshly isolated rat primary hepatocytes, sertraline rapidly depleted cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and subsequently induced lactate dehydrogenase leakage; both were attenuated by BA. Our results, including ATP depletion, induction of MPT, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration complexes, and uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, indicate that sertraline-associated liver toxicity is possibly via mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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173
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Tolosa L, Pinto S, Donato MT, Lahoz A, Castell JV, O’Connor JE, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Development of a Multiparametric Cell-based Protocol to Screen and Classify the Hepatotoxicity Potential of Drugs. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:187-98. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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174
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175
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Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain is involved in triptolide-induced liver injury. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:1241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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176
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Knockaert L, Fromenty B, Robin MA. Mechanisms of mitochondrial targeting of cytochrome P450 2E1: physiopathological role in liver injury and obesity. FEBS J 2011; 278:4252-60. [PMID: 21929725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing evidence that phase I metabolizing enzymes cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are not only located in the endoplasmic reticulum but also in other subcellular compartments and particularly in mitochondria. The presence of CYPs in these organelles raises questions regarding their metabolic role and their possible deleterious effects on the respiratory chain complexes and mitochondrial DNA. This review will focus on one particular CYP, CYP2E1, which represents a significant source of reactive oxygen species and is involved in the metabolism of small molecule substrates including ethanol, drugs and carcinogens. Since hepatic CYP2E1 expression is increased in different physiopathological situations such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and ethanol intoxication, the presence of significant levels of this CYP within the mitochondria could have major deleterious effects. This review recalls the main data that brought to the fore the presence of CYP2E1 in mitochondria and the mechanism of its targeting in this organelle. The potential pathological consequences linked to the presence of CYP2E1 in mitochondria will be subsequently discussed.
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177
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Aubert J, Begriche K, Knockaert L, Robin MA, Fromenty B. Increased expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: mechanisms and pathophysiological role. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:630-7. [PMID: 21664213 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the worldwide surge in obesity and type 2 diabetes, the increased incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major concern for the public health. Indeed, NAFLD encompasses a large spectrum of conditions ranging from fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis in some patients. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in fatty liver and its progression into NASH is important in order to develop efficient drugs able to alleviate these liver diseases. Although numerous investigations pointed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) as key players in the progression of fatty liver to NASH, their exact source is still uncertain. Besides the mitochondrial respiratory chain, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) has recently emerged as another potentially important cause of ROS overproduction. Indeed, higher hepatic CYP2E1 expression and activity have been frequently observed in the context of obesity and NAFLD. It is currently unknown why CYP2E1 is enhanced in these dysmetabolic diseases, although increased hepatic levels of fatty acids and insulin resistance might play a role. Nonetheless, higher hepatic CYP2E1 could play a significant role in the pathophysiology of NASH by inducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage of key cellular components. Moreover, CYP2E1-mediated overproduction of ROS could promote hepatic insulin resistance, which can further aggravate fatty liver. Since a significant amount of CYP2E1 can be located within liver mitochondria, higher levels of CYP2E1 in NAFLD could also have detrimental effects on mitochondrial function. Finally, increased CYP2E1 activity during NAFLD could enhance the susceptibility of some patients to the hepatotoxicity of different xenobiotics through the CYP2E1-mediated generation of harmful reactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aubert
- Inserm, U991, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
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178
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Tibolone impairs glucose and fatty acid metabolism and induces oxidative stress in livers from female rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668:248-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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179
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Rogers GW, Brand MD, Petrosyan S, Ashok D, Elorza AA, Ferrick DA, Murphy AN. High throughput microplate respiratory measurements using minimal quantities of isolated mitochondria. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21746. [PMID: 21799747 PMCID: PMC3143121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed technologies have enabled multi-well measurement of O(2) consumption, facilitating the rate of mitochondrial research, particularly regarding the mechanism of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Among these technologies, the Seahorse XF24 Analyzer was designed for use with intact cells attached in a monolayer to a multi-well tissue culture plate. In order to have a high throughput assay system in which both energy demand and substrate availability can be tightly controlled, we have developed a protocol to expand the application of the XF24 Analyzer to include isolated mitochondria. Acquisition of optimal rates requires assay conditions that are unexpectedly distinct from those of conventional polarography. The optimized conditions, derived from experiments with isolated mouse liver mitochondria, allow multi-well assessment of rates of respiration and proton production by mitochondria attached to the bottom of the XF assay plate, and require extremely small quantities of material (1-10 µg of mitochondrial protein per well). Sequential measurement of basal, State 3, State 4, and uncoupler-stimulated respiration can be made in each well through additions of reagents from the injection ports. We describe optimization and validation of this technique using isolated mouse liver and rat heart mitochondria, and apply the approach to discover that inclusion of phosphatase inhibitors in the preparation of the heart mitochondria results in a specific decrease in rates of Complex I-dependent respiration. We believe this new technique will be particularly useful for drug screening and for generating previously unobtainable respiratory data on small mitochondrial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Rogers
- Seahorse Bioscience, North Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin D. Brand
- Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Susanna Petrosyan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Deepthi Ashok
- Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Alvaro A. Elorza
- Seahorse Bioscience, North Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David A. Ferrick
- Seahorse Bioscience, North Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne N. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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180
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Murakami M, Bessho K, Mushiake S, Kondou H, Miyoshi Y, Ozono K. Major role of apolipoprotein B in cycloheximide-induced acute hepatic steatosis in mice. Hepatol Res 2011; 41:446-54. [PMID: 21518403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic steatosis accompanied by impaired protein synthesis is often observed in hepatic dysfunction. To assess whether protein synthesis inhibition directly induces hepatic steatosis, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of cycloheximide (CHX)-induced fatty liver mice. METHODS C57/BL6CR mice were i.p. administrated CHX (20 mg/kg) three times every 4 h to induce hepatic steatosis. Hepatic lipid secretion, fatty acid oxidation, hepatic lipogenesis and hepatic lipid uptake were evaluated. RESULTS Twenty-four hours after the first CHX injection, hepatic lipid levels increased in CHX-treated mice to 1.8-fold of that in controls but returned to normal within 48 h. The hepatic triglyceride (TG) secretion rate decreased significantly to 22% of controls, and the apolipoprotein B (apoB) protein level, but not microsomal TG transfer protein, decreased in CHX-treated mice. The apob gene expression was not significantly different between controls and CHX-treated mice. On the other hand, plasma free fatty acid and lipogenic protein levels did not increase and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate level remained stable, suggesting that the coordinated balance between fatty acid oxidation, hepatic lipid uptake and lipogenesis was not disrupted in this model. Cellular lipid accumulation and decreased cellular and secreted apoB were also observed in CHX-treated HepG2 cells. Knockdown of apoB in HepG2 cells also resulted in the cellular TG accumulation. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that decreased hepatic lipid secretion due to acute apoB reduction is involved in the pathogenesis of CHX-induced liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Murakami
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita Department of Pediatrics, Setsunan General Hospital, Kadoma, Osaka, Japan Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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181
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Begriche K, Massart J, Robin MA, Borgne-Sanchez A, Fromenty B. Drug-induced toxicity on mitochondria and lipid metabolism: mechanistic diversity and deleterious consequences for the liver. J Hepatol 2011; 54:773-94. [PMID: 21145849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous investigations have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is a major mechanism of drug-induced liver injury, which involves the parent drug or a reactive metabolite generated through cytochromes P450. Depending of their nature and their severity, the mitochondrial alterations are able to induce mild to fulminant hepatic cytolysis and steatosis (lipid accumulation), which can have different clinical and pathological features. Microvesicular steatosis, a potentially severe liver lesion usually associated with liver failure and profound hypoglycemia, is due to a major inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Macrovacuolar steatosis, a relatively benign liver lesion in the short term, can be induced not only by a moderate reduction of mitochondrial FAO but also by an increased hepatic de novo lipid synthesis and a decreased secretion of VLDL-associated triglycerides. Moreover, recent investigations suggest that some drugs could favor lipid deposition in the liver through primary alterations of white adipose tissue (WAT) homeostasis. If the treatment is not interrupted, steatosis can evolve toward steatohepatitis, which is characterized not only by lipid accumulation but also by necroinflammation and fibrosis. Although the mechanisms involved in this aggravation are not fully characterized, it appears that overproduction of reactive oxygen species by the damaged mitochondria could play a salient role. Numerous factors could favor drug-induced mitochondrial and metabolic toxicity, such as the structure of the parent molecule, genetic predispositions (in particular those involving mitochondrial enzymes), alcohol intoxication, hepatitis virus C infection, and obesity. In obese and diabetic patients, some drugs may induce acute liver injury more frequently while others may worsen the pre-existent steatosis (or steatohepatitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Begriche
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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182
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Mueller D, Tascher G, Müller-Vieira U, Knobeloch D, Nuessler AK, Zeilinger K, Heinzle E, Noor F. In-depth physiological characterization of primary human hepatocytes in a 3D hollow-fiber bioreactor. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:e207-18. [DOI: 10.1002/term.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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183
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Mitochondrial CYP2E1 is sufficient to mediate oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by ethanol and acetaminophen. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:475-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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184
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van Leeuwen JS, Orij R, Luttik MAH, Smits GJ, Vermeulen NPE, Vos JC. Subunits Rip1p and Cox9p of the respiratory chain contribute to diclofenac-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:685-694. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.044578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely used drug diclofenac can cause serious heart, liver and kidney injury, which may be related to its ability to cause mitochondrial dysfunction. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system, we studied the mechanisms of diclofenac toxicity and the role of mitochondria therein. We found that diclofenac reduced cell growth and viability and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Strains increasingly relying on respiration for their energy production showed enhanced sensitivity to diclofenac. Furthermore, oxygen consumption was inhibited by diclofenac, suggesting that the drug inhibits respiration. To identify the site of respiratory inhibition, we investigated the effects of deletion of respiratory chain subunits on diclofenac toxicity. Whereas deletion of most subunits had no effect, loss of either Rip1p of complex III or Cox9p of complex IV resulted in enhanced resistance to diclofenac. In these deletion strains, diclofenac did not increase ROS formation as severely as in the wild-type. Our data are consistent with a mechanism of toxicity in which diclofenac inhibits respiration by interfering with Rip1p and Cox9p in the respiratory chain, resulting in ROS production that causes cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda S. van Leeuwen
- LACDR, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Orij
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke A. H. Luttik
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gertien J. Smits
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P. E. Vermeulen
- LACDR, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Chris Vos
- LACDR, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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185
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Nadanaciva S, Will Y. Current concepts in drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 2:Unit 2.15. [PMID: 20941696 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0215s40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate most of the cell's ATP and play key roles in fatty acid oxidation, steroid synthesis, heme synthesis, thermogenesis, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. With the development of new methods to study mitochondrial function, it is becoming clear that drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the causes of drug toxicity. Mitochondria can be impaired by drugs in a variety of ways. These include inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, uncoupling of electron transport from ATP synthesis, irreversible opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, inhibition of transporters within the mitochondrial inner membrane, increased oxidative stress, inhibition of the citric acid cycle, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, and impairment of either mtDNA replication or mtDNA-encoded protein synthesis. This unit provides an overview on the physiological roles of mitochondria and the mechanisms by which they can be adversely affected by drugs.
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186
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Hsu MH, Savas U, Lasker JM, Johnson EF. Genistein, resveratrol, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside induce cytochrome P450 4F2 expression through an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:125-36. [PMID: 21205922 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.175851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increase the expression of the human microsomal fatty acid ω-hydroxylase CYP4F2. A 24-h treatment of either primary human hepatocytes or the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), which is converted to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate, an activator of AMPK, caused an average 2.5- or 7-fold increase, respectively, of CYP4F2 mRNA expression but not of CYP4A11 or CYP4F3, CYP4F11, and CYP4F12 mRNA. Activation of CYP4F2 expression by AICAR was significantly reduced in HepG2 cells by an AMPK inhibitor, 6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)]-3-pyridin-4-yl-pyrrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine (compound C) or by transfection with small interfering RNAs for AMPKα isoforms α1 and α2. A 2.5-fold increase in CYP4F2 mRNA expression was observed upon treatment of HepG2 cells with 6,7-dihydro-4-hydroxy-3-(2'-hydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-oxo-thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (A-769662), a direct activator for AMPK. In addition, the indirect activators of AMPK, genistein and resveratrol increased CYP4F2 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells. Pretreatment with compound C or 1,2-dihydro-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-3-one (splitomicin), an inhibitor of the NAD(+) activated deacetylase SIRT1, only partially blocked activation of CYP4F2 expression by resveratrol, suggesting that a SIRT1/AMPK-independent pathway also contributes to increased CYP4F2 expression. Compound C greatly diminished genistein activation of CYP4F2 expression. 7H-benz[de]benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-7-one-3-carboxylic acid acetate (STO-609), a calmodulin kinase kinase (CaMKK) inhibitor, reduced the level of expression of CYP4F2 elicited by genistein, suggesting that CaMKK activation contributed to AMPK activation by genistein. Transient transfection studies in HepG2 cells with reporter constructs containing the CYP4F2 proximal promoter demonstrated that AICAR, genistein, and resveratrol stimulated transcription of the reporter gene. These results suggest that activation of AMPK by cellular stress and endocrine or pharmacologic stimulation is likely to activate CYP4F2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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187
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Apostolova N, Gomez-Sucerquia LJ, Moran A, Alvarez A, Blas-Garcia A, Esplugues JV. Enhanced oxidative stress and increased mitochondrial mass during efavirenz-induced apoptosis in human hepatic cells. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:2069-84. [PMID: 20649602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Efavirenz (EFV) is widely used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Though highly efficient, there is growing concern about EFV-related side effects, the molecular basis of which remains elusive. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vitro studies were performed to address the effect of clinically relevant concentrations of EFV (10, 25 and 50 microM) on human hepatic cells. KEY RESULTS Cellular proliferation and viability were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. Analyses of the cell cycle and several cell death parameters (chromatin condensation, phosphatidylserine exteriorization, mitochondrial proapoptotic protein translocation and caspase activation) revealed that EFV triggered apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway. In addition, EFV directly affected mitochondrial function in a reversible manner, inducing a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in mitochondrial superoxide production, followed by a reduction in cellular glutathione content. The rapidity of these actions rules out any involvement of mitochondrial DNA replication, which, until now, was thought to be the main mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity of antiretroviral drugs. Importantly, we also observed an increase in mitochondrial mass, manifested as an elevated cardiolipin content and enhanced expression of mitochondrial proteins, which was not paralleled by an increase in the mtDNA/nuclear DNA copy number ratio. The toxic effect of EFV was partially reversed by antioxidant pretreatment, which suggests ROS generation is involved in this effect. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Clinically relevant concentrations of EFV were shown to be mitotoxic in human hepatic cells in vitro, which may be pertinent to the understanding of the hepatotoxicity associated with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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188
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Amacher DE. Strategies for the early detection of drug-induced hepatic steatosis in preclinical drug safety evaluation studies. Toxicology 2010; 279:10-8. [PMID: 20974209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver. Although relatively benign, simple steatosis can eventually lead to the development of steatohepatitis, a more serious condition characterized by fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventual liver failure if the underlying cause is not eliminated. According to the "two hit" theory of steatohepatitis, the initial hit involves fat accumulation in the liver, and a second hit leads to inflammation and subsequent tissue injury. Because some xenobiotics target liver fatty acid metabolism, especially mitochondrial β-oxidation, it is important to avoid potential drug candidates that can contribute to either the initiation of liver steatosis or progression to the more injurious steatohepatitis. The gold standard for the detection of these types of hepatic effects is histopathological examination of liver tissue. In animal studies, these examinations are slow, restricted to a single sampling time, and limited tissue sections. Recent literature suggests that rapid in vitro screening methods can be used early in the drug R&D process to identify compounds with steatotic potential. Further, progress in the identification of potential serum or plasma protein biomarkers for these liver changes may provide additional in vivo tools to the preclinical study toxicologist. This review summarizes recent developments for in vitro screening and in vivo biomarker detection for steatotic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Amacher
- Sciadvisor Toxicology Consulting, P.O. Box 254, Hadlyme, CT 06439, USA.
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189
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Castell JV, Donato MT. Mechanism-based selection of compounds for the development of innovative in vitro approaches to hepatotoxicity studies in the LIINTOP project. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1879-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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190
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De Bus L, Depuydt P, Libbrecht L, Vandekerckhove L, Nollet J, Benoit D, Vogelaers D, Van Vlierberghe H. Severe drug-induced liver injury associated with prolonged use of linezolid. J Med Toxicol 2010; 6:322-6. [PMID: 20358416 PMCID: PMC3550492 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-010-0047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to describe a patient developing concomitant severe liver failure and lactic acidosis after long-term treatment with linezolid. A 55-year-old Caucasian woman developed concomitant severe liver failure and lactic acidosis after a treatment with linezolid for 50 days because of infected hip prosthesis. Other causes of liver failure and lactic acidosis were excluded by extensive diagnostic workup. A liver biopsy showed microvesicular steatosis. As linezolid toxicity was considered to be the cause of the lactic acidosis and the severe hepatic failure, the antibiotic was withdrawn. After 4 days of supportive therapy and hemodialysis, the serum lactate level returned within normal limits. The prothrombin time ratio and thrombocytes recovered within 2 weeks. Bilirubin levels normalized within 14 weeks. Since no other cause could be identified, liver injury was considered to be drug-related. Resolution of the hepatotoxicity occurred after discontinuation of linezolid, supportive treatment measures, and hemodialysis. Both lactic acidosis and microvesicular steatosis after the use of linezolid are related to mitochondrial dysfunction. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences/Roussel Ucalf Causality Assessment Method scale revealed that the adverse drug event was probable. Prolonged exposure to linezolid may induce severe hepatotoxicity. Clinicians should be aware of this possible adverse effect especially in case of long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet De Bus
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital, 12K12IB, 185 De Pintelaan, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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191
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Baxter MA, Rowe C, Alder J, Harrison S, Hanley KP, Park BK, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CE, Hanley NA. Generating hepatic cell lineages from pluripotent stem cells for drug toxicity screening. Stem Cell Res 2010; 5:4-22. [PMID: 20483202 PMCID: PMC3556810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is an enormous and increasing problem for the pharmaceutical industry. Early detection of problems during the drug discovery pathway is advantageous to minimize costs and improve patient safety. However, current cellular models are sub-optimal. This review addresses the potential use of pluripotent stem cells in the generation of hepatic cell lineages. It begins by highlighting the scale of the problem faced by the pharmaceutical industry, the precise nature of drug-induced liver injury and where in the drug discovery pathway the need for additional cell models arises. Current research is discussed, mainly for generating hepatocyte-like cells rather than other liver cell-types. In addition, an effort is made to identify where some of the major barriers remain in translating what is currently hypothesis-driven laboratory research into meaningful platform technologies for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Baxter
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jane Alder
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Sean Harrison
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R. Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Chris E. Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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192
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Collison KS, Maqbool ZM, Inglis AL, Makhoul NJ, Saleh SM, Bakheet RH, Al-Johi MA, Al-Rabiah RK, Zaidi MZ, Al-Mohanna FA. Effect of dietary monosodium glutamate on HFCS-induced hepatic steatosis: expression profiles in the liver and visceral fat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:1122-34. [PMID: 20111022 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) exhibit alterations in both hepatic and adipose tissue metabolism, and the dietary factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD are likely to be multifactorial. Using C57BL/6J mice, we examined whether chronic exposure to low-dose dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG), high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), or a combination of the two, vs. control would affect metabolism and hepatic and visceral fat gene expression in adult male progeny. A maternal diet containing 20% HFCS and/or dietary MSG (97.2 +/- 6.3 mg/kg body weight (bw), provided in the drinking water) was offered ad libitum from 3 weeks before mating, and continued throughout gestation and weaning until the progeny reached 32 weeks of age. Liver and abdominal fat gene expression was compared with control animals fed isocaloric standard chow under identical conditions. HFCS induced hepatic steatosis and increased the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Conversely, dietary MSG elevated serum free fatty acids (FFAs), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and insulin, together with the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism and bile synthesis. The HFCS+MSG combination elevated hepatic TGs, serum FFAs, and TG levels. In visceral white adipose tissue, both MSG and HFCS diets increased the expression of transcription factor Srebf2 and decreased expression of Ppargc1a, while downregulating the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain components. MSG increased the expression of several genes implicated in adipocytes differentiation. We hypothesize that HFCS may promote hepatic steatosis, whereas dietary MSG induces dyslipidemia and markers of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Collison
- Cell Biology and Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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193
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Adams DH, Ju C, Ramaiah SK, Uetrecht J, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of immune-mediated liver injury. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:307-21. [PMID: 20071422 PMCID: PMC2871750 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic inflammation is a common finding during a variety of liver diseases including drug-induced liver toxicity. The inflammatory phenotype can be attributed to the innate immune response generated by Kupffer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. The adaptive immune system is also influenced by the innate immune response leading to liver damage. This review summarizes recent advances in specific mechanisms of immune-mediated hepatotoxicity and its application to drug-induced liver injury. Basic mechanisms of activation of lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils and their unique mechanisms of recruitment into the liver vasculature are discussed. In particular, the role of adhesion molecules and various inflammatory mediators in this process are explored. In addition, the authors describe mechanisms of liver cell damage by these inflammatory cells and critically evaluate the functional significance of each cell type for predictive and idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. It is expected that continued advances in our understanding of immune mechanisms of liver injury will lead to an earlier detection of the hepatotoxic potential of drugs under development and to an earlier identification of susceptible individuals at risk for predictive and idiosyncratic drug toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Adams
- Center for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80045
| | - Shashi K. Ramaiah
- Biomarker and Clinical Pathology Lead, Pfizer-Drug Safety Research and Development, St Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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194
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Jones DP, Lemasters JJ, Han D, Boelsterli UA, Kaplowitz N. Mechanisms of pathogenesis in drug hepatotoxicity putting the stress on mitochondria. Mol Interv 2010; 10:98-111. [PMID: 20368370 PMCID: PMC2895369 DOI: 10.1124/mi.10.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play key roles in aerobic life and in cell death. Thus, interference of normal mitochondrial function impairs cellular energy and lipid metabolism and leads to the unleashing of mediators of cell death. The role of mitochondria in cell death due to drug hepatotoxicity has been receiving renewed attention and it is therefore timely to assess the current status of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean P Jones
- Dept of Medicine, Emory University, 4131 Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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195
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major mechanism of liver injury. A parent drug or its reactive metabolite can trigger outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization or rupture due to mitochondrial permeability transition. The latter can severely deplete ATP and cause liver cell necrosis, or it can instead lead to apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c, which activates caspases in the cytosol. Necrosis and apoptosis can trigger cytolytic hepatitis resulting in lethal fulminant hepatitis in some patients. Other drugs severely inhibit mitochondrial function and trigger extensive microvesicular steatosis, hypoglycaemia, coma, and death. Milder and more prolonged forms of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction can also cause macrovacuolar steatosis. Although this is a benign liver lesion in the short-term, it can progress to steatohepatitis and then to cirrhosis. Patient susceptibility to drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury can sometimes be explained by genetic or acquired variations in drug metabolism and/or elimination that increase the concentration of the toxic species (parent drug or metabolite). Susceptibility may also be increased by the presence of another condition, which also impairs mitochondrial function, such as an inborn mitochondrial cytopathy, beta-oxidation defect, certain viral infections, pregnancy, or the obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. Liver injury due to mitochondrial dysfunction can have important consequences for pharmaceutical companies. It has led to the interruption of clinical trials, the recall of several drugs after marketing, or the introduction of severe black box warnings by drug agencies. Pharmaceutical companies should systematically investigate mitochondrial effects during lead selection or preclinical safety studies.
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196
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Alakoskela JM, Vitovic P, Kinnunen PKJ. Screening for the drug-phospholipid interaction: correlation to phospholipidosis. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1224-51. [PMID: 19551800 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid bilayers represent a complex, anisotropic environment fundamentally different from bulk oil or octanol, for instance. Even "simple" drug association to phospholipid bilayers can only be fully understood if the slab-of-hydrocarbon approach is abandoned and the complex, anisotropic properties of lipid bilayers reflecting the chemical structures and organization of the constituent phospholipids are considered. The interactions of drugs with phospholipids are important in various processes, such as drug absorption, tissue distribution, and subcellular distribution. In addition, drug-lipid interactions may lead to changes in lipid-dependent protein activities, and further, to functional and morphological changes in cells, a prominent example being the phospholipidosis (PLD) induced by cationic amphiphilic drugs. Herein we briefly review drug-lipid interactions in general and the significance of these interactions in PLD in particular. We also focus on a potential causal connection between drug-induced PLD and steatohepatitis, which is induced by some cationic amphiphilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha-Matti Alakoskela
- Division of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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197
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Antoine DJ, Mercer AE, Williams DP, Park BK. Mechanism-based bioanalysis and biomarkers for hepatic chemical stress. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:565-77. [PMID: 19621999 DOI: 10.1080/00498250903046993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions, in particular drug-induced hepatotoxicity, represent a major challenge for clinicians and an impediment to safe drug development. Novel blood or urinary biomarkers of chemically-induced hepatic stress also hold great potential to provide information about pathways leading to cell death within tissues. The earlier pre-clinical identification of potential hepatotoxins and non-invasive diagnosis of susceptible patients, prior to overt liver disease is an important goal. Moreover, the identification, validation and qualification of biomarkers that have in vitro, in vivo and clinical transferability can assist bridging studies and accelerate the pace of drug development. Drug-induced chemical stress is a multi-factorial process, the kinetics of the interaction between the hepatotoxin and the cellular macromolecules are crucially important as different biomarkers will appear over time. The sensitivity of the bioanalytical techniques used to detect biological and chemical biomarkers underpins the usefulness of the marker in question. An integrated analysis of the biochemical, molecular and cellular events provides an understanding of biological (host) factors which ultimately determine the balance between xenobiotic detoxification, adaptation and liver injury. The aim of this review is to summarise the potential of novel mechanism-based biomarkers of hepatic stress which provide information to connect the intracellular events (drug metabolism, organelle, cell and whole organ) ultimately leading to tissue damage (apoptosis, necrosis and inflammation). These biomarkers can provide both the means to inform the pharmacologist and chemist with respect to safe drug design, and provide clinicians with valuable tools for patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Antoine
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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198
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Donato MT, Martínez-Romero A, Jiménez N, Negro A, Herrera G, Castell JV, O'Connor JE, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Cytometric analysis for drug-induced steatosis in HepG2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:417-23. [PMID: 19647728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Drugs are capable of inducing hepatic lipid accumulation. When fat accumulates, lipids are primarily stored as triglycerides which results in steatosis and provides substrates for lipid peroxidation. An in vitro multiparametric flow cytometry assay was performed in HepG2 cells by using fluorescent probes to analyze cell viability (propidium iodide, PI), lipid accumulation (BODIPY493/503), mitochondrial membrane potential (tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester, TMRM) and reactive oxygen species generation (ROS) (2',7'-dihydrochlorofluorescein diacetate, DHCF-DA) as functional markers. All the measurements were restricted to live cells by gating the cells that excluded PI or those that exhibited the typical forward and side scatter features of live cells. The assay was qualified by analyzing a number of selected model drugs with a well documented induction of steatosis in vivo using different mechanisms as positive controls and several non-steatosic compounds as negative controls. For the cytometric screening assay, the concentrations tested were up to the corresponding IC(10) value determined by the MTT assay. Among the parameters analyzed, increased BODIPY fluorescence was the most sensitive and selective marker of drug-induced steatosis. However, a more consistent predictive approach was the combination of two endpoints: lipid accumulation and ROS generation. The assay correctly identified 100% of steatosis-positive and steatosis-negative compounds, and a high steatosis risk was predicted for amiodarone, doxycycline, tetracycline and valproate treatments at therapeutic doses. The results suggest that this cell-based assay may be a useful approach to identify the potential of drug candidates to induce steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Centro de Investigación, Hospital La Fe, Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
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Begriche K, Knockaert L, Massart J, Robin MA, Fromenty B. Mitochondrial dysfunction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): are there drugs able to improve it? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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