151
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Tan ASL, Mello S, Sanders-Jackson A, Bigman CA. Knowledge about Chemicals in e-Cigarette Secondhand Vapor and Perceived Harms of Exposure among a National Sample of U.S. Adults. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:1170-1180. [PMID: 27595498 PMCID: PMC5567734 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Potentially harmful chemicals are detectable in e-cigarette secondhand vapor (hereafter SHV), contrary to advertising and marketing claims that it contains "only water vapor." We assessed public knowledge about the presence of chemicals in SHV and associations between knowledge and perceived harms of exposure to SHV. We conducted an online survey of a nationally representative sample of 1,449 U.S. adults (GfK's KnowledgePanel) from October to December 2013. Respondents were asked whether e-cigarette vapor contains only water vapor, contains tar, or contains formaldehyde (true/ false/ do not know). Responses to these three items were recoded (1 = incorrect, 2 = do not know, and 3 = correct) and averaged into a knowledge scale. They were also asked if they perceived breathing SHV to be harmful to one's health (two-item scale) and comparative harm of breathing SHV versus breathing secondhand smoke (SHS). Multiple regression analyses were weighted to the U.S. adult population and adjusted for potential confounders. Most respondents (58-75%) reported not knowing whether SHV contained only water vapor, if SHV contained tar, and if it contained formaldehyde. African-American respondents (vs. white) and current smokers (vs. nonsmokers) had lower levels of knowledge about chemicals in SHV. Adjusting for covariates, correct knowledge about chemicals in SHV was associated with higher perceived harms about SHV for one's health and perceived comparative harm of SHV versus SHS. These findings suggest a need to provide accurate information about the presence of chemicals in SHV (e.g., using product ingredient labels or public education).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy SL Tan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Population Sciences Division, Center for Community Based Research, Boston, USA
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, USA
| | - Susan Mello
- Northeastern University, Department of Communication Studies, Boston, USA
| | | | - Cabral A. Bigman
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Communication, Urbana, USA
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152
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Abstract
The use of tobacco-based products, most notably cigarettes, is related directly to wound healing problems and poorer outcomes in plastic surgery. Current abstracts have highlighted the potential complications from nicotine, specifically following plastic surgery in patients who choose to smoke. Recently, products that use electricity to vaporize liquid nitrogen have been gaining popularity. New rules were recently proposed that would give the federal government authority over electronic cigarettes. However, the health-related issues surrounding e-cigarettes are still largely unknown or misunderstood. These issues also extend to their impact on surgical procedures, notably their effect on plastic surgical procedures that rely heavily on the vascularity of either the host wound bed or the replacement tissue.
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153
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Belka M, Lizal F, Jedelsky J, Jicha M, Pospisil J. Measurement of an electronic cigarette aerosol size distribution during a puff. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201714302006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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154
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Manigrasso M, Buonanno G, Fuoco FC, Stabile L, Avino P. Electronic cigarettes: age-specific generation-resolved pulmonary doses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13068-13079. [PMID: 28382447 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particle size-number distributions of aerosol from e-cigarettes (0 and 14 mg mL-1 nicotine) were compared with conventional cigarettes. Results were used to provide age-specific (9-21 years) dosimetry estimates applying the MMPD model. After a 2-s puff, total number doses (D Tot ) were highest for 9 years of age (6.01 × 1010-1.31 × 1011 particles) and lowest for 18 years of age (4.69 × 1010-1.06 × 1011 particles). Such doses represented about 19-45 and 25-100% of the relevant daily doses of not smoking individuals, respectively, in tracheobronchial (TB) and alveolar (A) regions. D Tot for the e-cigarettes were about double that for conventional cigarette. Deposition densities and daily volume of e-cigarette liquid deposited per unit surface area were maximum at lobar bronchi, highest for 9 years and lowest for 21 years age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Manigrasso
- DIT, INAIL Settore Ricerca, Certificazione e Verifica, via R. Ferruzzi 38/40, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fernanda Carmen Fuoco
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy
| | - Luca Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- DIT, INAIL Settore Ricerca, Certificazione e Verifica, via R. Ferruzzi 38/40, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Food, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
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155
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Lee MS, LeBouf RF, Son YS, Koutrakis P, Christiani DC. Nicotine, aerosol particles, carbonyls and volatile organic compounds in tobacco- and menthol-flavored e-cigarettes. Environ Health 2017; 16:42. [PMID: 28449666 PMCID: PMC5406907 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess the content of electronic cigarette (EC) emissions for five groups of potentially toxic compounds that are known to be present in tobacco smoke: nicotine, particles, carbonyls, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and trace elements by flavor and puffing time. METHODS We used ECs containing a common nicotine strength (1.8%) and the most popular flavors, tobacco and menthol. An automatic multiple smoking machine was used to generate EC aerosols under controlled conditions. Using a dilution chamber, we targeted nicotine concentrations similar to that of exposure in a general indoor environment. The selected toxic compounds were extracted from EC aerosols into a solid or liquid phase and analyzed with chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. RESULTS We found that EC aerosols contained toxic compounds including nicotine, fine and nanoparticles, carbonyls, and some toxic VOCs such as benzene and toluene. Higher mass and number concentrations of aerosol particles were generated from tobacco-flavored ECs than from menthol-flavored ECs. CONCLUSION We found that diluted machine-generated EC aerosols contain some pollutants. These findings are limited by the small number of ECs tested and the conditions of testing. More comprehensive research on EC exposure extending to more brands and flavor compounds is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lee
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Building I Room 1401, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Respiratory Health Division, Field Studies Branch, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Youn-Suk Son
- Research Division for Industry & Environment, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Building I Room 1401, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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156
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Development/verification of methods for measurement of exhaled breath and environmental e-vapor product aerosol. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 85:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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157
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Breland A, Soule E, Lopez A, Ramôa C, El-Hellani A, Eissenberg T. Electronic cigarettes: what are they and what do they do? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1394:5-30. [PMID: 26774031 PMCID: PMC4947026 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) use electricity to power a heating element that aerosolizes a liquid containing solvents, flavorants, and the dependence-producing drug nicotine for user inhalation. ECIGs have evolved rapidly in the past 8 years, and the changes in product design and liquid constituents affect the resulting toxicant yield in the aerosol and delivery to the user. This rapid evolution has been accompanied by dramatic increases in ECIG use prevalence in many countries among adults and, especially, adolescents in the United States. The increased prevalence of ECIGs that deliver nicotine and other toxicants to users' lungs drives a rapidly growing research effort. This review highlights the most recent information regarding the design of ECIGs and their liquid and aerosol constituents, the epidemiology of ECIG use among adolescents and adults (including correlates of ECIG use), and preclinical and clinical research regarding ECIG effects. The current literature suggests a strong rationale for an empirical regulatory approach toward ECIGs that balances any potential ECIG-mediated decreases in health risks for smokers who use them as substitutes for tobacco cigarettes against any increased risks for nonsmokers who may be attracted to them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Soule
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virgina
| | - Alexa Lopez
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virgina
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158
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Melstrom P, Koszowski B, Thanner MH, Hoh E, King B, Bunnell R, McAfee T. Measuring PM2.5, Ultrafine Particles, Nicotine Air and Wipe Samples Following the Use of Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:1055-1061. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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159
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Famele M, Palmisani J, Ferranti C, Abenavoli C, Palleschi L, Mancinelli R, Fidente RM, de Gennaro G, Draisci R. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of nicotine and minor tobacco alkaloids in electronic cigarette refill liquids and second-hand generated aerosol. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1049-1056. [PMID: 28012240 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine and seven minor tobacco alkaloids in both refill liquids for electronic cigarettes and their generated aerosol was developed and validated. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values were 0.3-20.0 and 1.0-31.8 ng/mL, respectively. Within-laboratory reproducibility was 8.2-14.2% at limit of quantification values and 4.8-12.7% at other concentration levels. Interday recovery was 75.8-116.4%. The method was applied to evaluate the compliance of commercial liquids (n = 95) with their labels and to assess levels of minor alkaloids. Levels of nicotine and its corresponding compounds were also evaluated in generated aerosol. About 47% of samples showed differences above ±10 % of the stated nicotine concentration. About 78% of the "zero nicotine" liquids showed traces in the range of 1.3 ± 0.1-254.0 ± 14.6 μg/mL. Nicotine-N'-oxides, myosmine, and anatabine were the most common minor alkaloids in liquids containing nicotine. Nicotine and N'-oxides were detected in all air samples when aerosol was generated from liquids containing nicotine. Nicotine average emissions from electronic cigarette (2.7 ± 0.9 μg/m3 ) were significantly lower (p < 0.01, t-test) with respect to conventional cigarette (30.2 ± 1.5 μg/m3 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Famele
- National Centre for Chemicals, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Ferranti
- National Centre for Chemicals, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmelo Abenavoli
- National Centre for Chemicals, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Palleschi
- National Centre for Chemicals, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Mancinelli
- National Centre for Chemicals, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosa Draisci
- National Centre for Chemicals, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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160
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Bekö G, Morrison G, Weschler CJ, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Salthammer T, Schripp T, Toftum J, Clausen G. Measurements of dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air and clothing. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:427-433. [PMID: 27555532 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this preliminary study, we have investigated whether dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air or indirectly from clothing can be a meaningful exposure pathway. Two participants wearing only shorts and a third participant wearing clean cotton clothes were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), generated by mechanically "smoking" cigarettes, for three hours in a chamber while breathing clean air from head-enveloping hoods. The average nicotine concentration (420 μg/m3 ) was comparable to the highest levels reported for smoking sections of pubs. Urine samples were collected immediately before exposure and 60 hour post-exposure for bare-skinned participants. For the clothed participant, post-exposure urine samples were collected for 24 hour. This participant then entered the chamber for another three-hour exposure wearing a hood and clothes, including a shirt that had been exposed for five days to elevated nicotine levels. The urine samples were analyzed for nicotine and two metabolites-cotinine and 3OH-cotinine. Peak urinary cotinine and 3OH-cotinine concentrations for the bare-skinned participants were comparable to levels measured among non-smokers in hospitality environments before smoking bans. The amount of dermally absorbed nicotine for each bare-skinned participant was conservatively estimated at 570 μg, but may have been larger. For the participant wearing clean clothes, uptake was ~20 μg, and while wearing a shirt previously exposed to nicotine, uptake was ~80 μg. This study demonstrates meaningful dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air or from nicotine-exposed clothes. The findings are especially relevant for children in homes with smoking or vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bekö
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Morrison
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Bochum, Germany
| | - C Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - T Schripp
- Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Toftum
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Clausen
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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161
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Glasser AM, Collins L, Pearson JL, Abudayyeh H, Niaura RS, Abrams DB, Villanti AC. Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:e33-e66. [PMID: 27914771 PMCID: PMC5253272 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rapid developments in e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and the evolution of the overall tobacco product marketplace warrant frequent evaluation of the published literature. The purpose of this article is to report updated findings from a comprehensive review of the published scientific literature on ENDS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The authors conducted a systematic review of published empirical research literature on ENDS through May 31, 2016, using a detailed search strategy in the PubMed electronic database, expert review, and additional targeted searches. Included studies presented empirical findings and were coded to at least one of nine topics: (1) Product Features; (2) Health Effects; (3) Consumer Perceptions; (4) Patterns of Use; (5) Potential to Induce Dependence; (6) Smoking Cessation; (7) Marketing and Communication; (8) Sales; and (9) Policies; reviews and commentaries were excluded. Data from included studies were extracted by multiple coders (October 2015 to August 2016) into a standardized form and synthesized qualitatively by topic. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS There were 687 articles included in this systematic review. The majority of studies assessed patterns of ENDS use and consumer perceptions of ENDS, followed by studies examining health effects of vaping and product features. CONCLUSIONS Studies indicate that ENDS are increasing in use, particularly among current smokers, pose substantially less harm to smokers than cigarettes, are being used to reduce/quit smoking, and are widely available. More longitudinal studies and controlled trials are needed to evaluate the impact of ENDS on population-level tobacco use and determine the health effects of longer-term vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Glasser
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Lauren Collins
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Haneen Abudayyeh
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David B Abrams
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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162
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Steiner S, Majeed S, Kratzer G, Hoeng J, Frentzel S. A new fluorescence-based method for characterizing in vitro aerosol exposure systems. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 38:150-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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163
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Electronic Cigarettes for Curbing the Tobacco-Induced Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases: Evidence Revisited with Emphasis on Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pulm Med 2017; 2016:4894352. [PMID: 28116156 PMCID: PMC5220510 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4894352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. This review examines whether electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) implementation or vulgarization in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) could be helpful in curtailing the toll of tobacco smoking in the region. Discussion. There are about 1.3 billion smokers worldwide, with nearly 80% of them living in developing countries where the burden of tobacco-related illnesses and deaths is the heaviest. Studies report that e-cigs may facilitate smoking cessation, reduction, or abstinence and may pose only a small fraction of the risks of traditional tobacco cigarettes; e-cigs may also considerably reduce second-hand smoking. Thereby, implementation of e-cig use could help to substantially reduce the burden driven by tobacco smoking in SSA, in a particular context of lack of regulations and control policies towards this threat. However, the evidence is not clear on whether e-cigs are risk-free, especially if used in the long term. Conclusions. On the whole, if e-cigs were to be introduced in SSA, they should be strictly recommended to current and/or ex-smokers as a method to quit smoking or prevent relapse and never-smokers should be strongly encouraged to avoid using these devices. Bans on sales of e-cigs to youngsters should be legislated, e-cig advertisements prohibited, and their usage continuously controlled and monitored.
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164
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Fischer F, Kraemer A. Secondhand smoke exposure at home among middle and high school students in the United States - does the type of tobacco product matter? BMC Public Health 2017; 17:98. [PMID: 28103827 PMCID: PMC5248465 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A decline in the prevalence of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has been observed in the United States of America (USA) during the past few decades. Nevertheless, nearly half of non-smoking students are still exposed to SHS. This paper aims to describe the factors associated with SHS exposure stratified by type of exposure (overall, cigarettes and electronic cigarettes). METHODS The analysis is based on secondary data taken from the National Youth Tobacco Survey 2014. Overall, 22,007 middle and high school students from the USA are included in the sample. Descriptive and bivariate statistics as well as binary logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS Overall, 44.5% (n=9,798) of the study participants declared themselves to be exposed to SHS, 29.1% (n=6,394) declared to be exposed to SHS caused by cigarette smoke and 9.4% (n=2,067) claimed that a person who lives with them uses electronic cigarettes. There is a considerable overlap between the two types of SHS exposure, because 74.9% (n=1,548) of students declaring that a person within their household uses electronic cigarettes also declare a person in the household smoking cigarettes. The strengths of association between independent variables and SHS exposure differs by type of exposure and also by smoking status of respondents. CONCLUSIONS Although only small differences are obvious in the factors associated with SHS exposure stratified by the type of tobacco product, there are still some variations which should be considered in policy making to allow for a targeted approach in prevention campaigns or legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fischer
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100 131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Kraemer
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100 131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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165
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Davies MJ, Birkett JW, Kotwa M, Tomlinson L, Woldetinsae R. The impact of cigarette/e-cigarette vapour on simulated pulmonary surfactant monolayers under physiologically relevant conditions. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Davies
- The School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Jason W. Birkett
- The School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Mateusz Kotwa
- The School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Lauren Tomlinson
- The School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Rezene Woldetinsae
- The School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
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166
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Wang P, Chen W, Liao J, Matsuo T, Ito K, Fowles J, Shusterman D, Mendell M, Kumagai K. A Device-Independent Evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette Solvents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169811. [PMID: 28076380 PMCID: PMC5226727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate how the two main electronic (e-) cigarette solvents—propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GL)—modulate the formation of toxic volatile carbonyl compounds under precisely controlled temperatures in the absence of nicotine and flavor additives. Methods PG, GL, PG:GL = 1:1 (wt/wt) mixture, and two commercial e-cigarette liquids were vaporized in a stainless steel, tubular reactor in flowing air ranging up to 318°C to simulate e-cigarette vaping. Aerosols were collected and analyzed to quantify the amount of volatile carbonyls produced with each of the five e-liquids. Results Significant amounts of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were detected at reactor temperatures ≥215°C for both PG and GL. Acrolein was observed only in e-liquids containing GL when reactor temperatures exceeded 270°C. At 318°C, 2.03±0.80 μg of formaldehyde, 2.35±0.87 μg of acetaldehyde, and a trace amount of acetone were generated per milligram of PG; at the same temperature, 21.1±3.80 μg of formaldehyde, 2.40±0.99 μg of acetaldehyde, and 0.80±0.50 μg of acrolein were detected per milligram of GL. Conclusions We developed a device-independent test method to investigate carbonyl emissions from different e-cigarette liquids under precisely controlled temperatures. PG and GL were identified to be the main sources of toxic carbonyl compounds from e-cigarette use. GL produced much more formaldehyde than PG. Besides formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, measurable amounts of acrolein were also detected at ≥270°C but only when GL was present in the e-liquid. At 215°C, the estimated daily exposure to formaldehyde from e-cigarettes, exceeded United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) acceptable limits, which emphasized the need to further examine the potential cancer and non-cancer health risks associated with e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PW); (KK)
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Jiawen Liao
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Toshiki Matsuo
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ito
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jeff Fowles
- Exposure Assessment Section, Environmental Health Investigation Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis Shusterman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Mendell
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Kazukiyo Kumagai
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PW); (KK)
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Abstract
Objectives Research indicates youth e-cigarette use may lead to the use of conventional cigarettes, but the specific effects of flavored e-cigarettes-which greatly appeal to youth-are unknown. Therefore, this study examines how flavored e-cigarette use predicts cigarette smoking susceptibility among youth non-smokers. Methods We used 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey to explore the relationship between current e-cigarette use (non-use, flavored and plain e-cigarette use) and smoking susceptibility among 18,392 youth non-smokers (ages 11-18 years). Results Overall, 2.2% and 2.1% of non-smoking youth currently used plain and flavored e-cigarettes. Compared to 30.0% of non-users, 61.1% and 74.1% of plain and flavored e-cigarette users reported smoking susceptibility. Flavored e-cigarette users were more likely to be susceptible than plain e-cigarette users (AOR=1.7, p< .001) and non-users (AOR=3.8, p< .0001). The magnitude of the relationship between flavored e-cigarette use and smoking susceptibility was significantly higher for females (AOR=6.5, p< .01) than males (AOR=2.5, p< .01). Conclusions Flavored more so than plain e-cigarette use is strongly associated with smoking susceptibility among non-smoking youth. Flavored e-cigarettes are recruiting females and those with low smoking-risk profile to experiment conventional cigarettes. Legislative efforts to ban e-cigarettes with child-friendly flavors should be enhanced.
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168
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Thorne D, Crooks I, Hollings M, Seymour A, Meredith C, Gaca M. The mutagenic assessment of an electronic-cigarette and reference cigarette smoke using the Ames assay in strains TA98 and TA100. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 812:29-38. [PMID: 27908385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 were used to assess the mutagenic potential of the aerosol from a commercially available, rechargeable, closed system electronic-cigarette. Results obtained were compared to those for the mainstream smoke from a Kentucky reference (3R4F) cigarette. Two different test matrices were assessed. Aerosol generated from the e-cigarette was trapped on a Cambridge filter pad, eluted in DMSO and compared to cigarette smoke total particulate matter (TPM), which was generated in the same manner for mutagenicity assessment in the Salmonella assay. Fresh e-cigarette and cigarette smoke aerosols were generated on the Vitrocell® VC 10 smoking robot and compared using a modified scaled-down 35mm air agar interface (AAI) methodology. E-cigarette aerosol collected matter (ACM) was found to be non-mutagenic in the 85mm plate incorporation Ames assay in strains TA98 and TA100 conducted in accordance with OECD 471, when tested up to 2400μg/plate. Freshly generated e-cigarette aerosol was also found to be negative in both strains after an AAI aerosol exposure, when tested up to a 1L/min dilution for up to 3h. Positive control responses were observed in both strains, using benzo[a]pyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, sodium azide and 2-aminoanthracene in TA98 and TA100 in the presence and absence of metabolic activation respectively. In contrast, cigarette smoke TPM and aerosol from 3R4F reference cigarettes were found to be mutagenic in both tester strains, under comparable test conditions to that of e-cigarette exposure. Limited information exists on the mutagenic activity of captured e-cigarette particulates and whole aerosol AAI approaches. With the lower toxicant burden of e-cigarette aerosols compared to cigarette smoke, it is clear that a more comprehensive Ames package of data should be generated when assessing e-cigarettes, consisting of the standard OECD-five, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 (or TA97) and E. coli (or TA102). In addition, TA104 which is more sensitive to the carbonyl based compounds found in e-cigarette aerosols under dry-wicking conditions may also prove a useful addition in a testing battery. Regulatory standard product testing approaches as used in this study will become important when determining whether e-cigarette aerosols are in fact less biologically active than cigarette smoke, as this study suggests. Future studies should be supported by in vitro dosimetry approaches to draw more accurate comparisons between cigarette smoke, e-cigarette aerosol exposure and human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, United Kingdom.
| | - I Crooks
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - M Hollings
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, United Kingdom
| | - A Seymour
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, United Kingdom
| | - C Meredith
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - M Gaca
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
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169
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Zhao J, Pyrgiotakis G, Demokritou P. Development and characterization of electronic-cigarette exposure generation system (Ecig-EGS) for the physico-chemical and toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette emissions. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:658-669. [PMID: 27829296 PMCID: PMC5496446 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2016.1246628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cig) have been introduced as a nicotine replacement therapy and have gained increasing attention and popularity. However, while findings on possible toxicological implications continue to grow, major knowledge gaps on both the complex chemistry of the exposure and toxicity exist, prohibiting public health assessors from assessing risks. Here, a versatile electronic cigarette exposure generation system (Ecig-EGS) has been developed and characterized. Ecig-EGS allows generation of real world e-cig emission profiles under controlled operational conditions, real time monitoring and time-integrated particle/gas sampling for physico-chemical characterization, and toxicological assessment (both in vitro and in vivo). The platform is highly versatile and can be used with all e-cig types. It enables generation of precisely controlled e-cig exposure while critical operational parameters and environmental mixing conditions can be adjusted in a systematic manner to assess their impact on complex chemistry and toxicity of emissions. Results proved the versatility and reproducibility of Ecig-EGS. E-cig emission was found to contain 106-107 particles/cm3 with the mode diameter around 200 nm, under air change rate of 60/h. Elevated CO2 and volatile organic specie generation was also observed. Furthermore, environmental mixing conditions also influenced e-cig emission profile. The versatility of Ecig-EGS will enable linking of operational and environmental parameters with exposure chemistry and toxicology and help in assessing health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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170
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Stellungnahme der Innenraumhygienekommission (IRK) zu elektronischen Zigaretten (E-Zigaretten). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59:1660-1661. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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171
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Webb Hooper M, Kolar SK. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Electronic Cigarette Use and Reasons for Use among Current and Former Smokers: Findings from a Community-Based Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13101009. [PMID: 27754449 PMCID: PMC5086748 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of e-cigarette use is increasing, yet few studies have focused on its use in racial/ethnic minority populations. We examined associations between race/ethnicity and e-cigarette use, plans to continue using e-cigarettes, and reasons for use among current/former smokers. Participants (285 in total; 29% non-Hispanic White, 42% African American/Black, and 29% Hispanic) were recruited between June and November 2014. Telephone-administered surveys assessed demographics, cigarette smoking, e-cigarette use, plans to continue using, and reasons for use. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted. African Americans/Blacks were significantly less likely to report ever-use compared to Whites and Hispanics (50% vs. 71% and 71%, respectively; p < 0.001). However, African American/Black ever users were more likely to report plans to continue using e-cigarettes compared to Whites and Hispanics (72% vs. 53% and 47%, respectively, p = 0.01). African American/Black participants were more likely to use e-cigarettes as a cessation aid compared to both Whites (p = 0.03) and Hispanics (p = 0.48). White participants were more likely to use e-cigarettes to save money compared to Hispanics (p = 0.02). In conclusion, racial/ethnic differences in e-cigarette use, intentions, and reasons for use emerged in our study. African American ever users may be particularly vulnerable to maintaining their use, particularly to try to quit smoking. These findings have implications for cigarette smoking and e-cigarette dual use, continued e-cigarette use, and potentially for smoking-related disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Webb Hooper
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Kolar
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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172
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Cox S, Kośmider L, McRobbie H, Goniewicz M, Kimber C, Doig M, Dawkins L. E-cigarette puffing patterns associated with high and low nicotine e-liquid strength: effects on toxicant and carcinogen exposure. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:999. [PMID: 27650300 PMCID: PMC5028920 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrary to intuition, use of lower strength nicotine e-liquids might not offer reduced health risk if compensatory puffing behaviour occurs. Compensatory puffing (e.g. more frequent, longer puffs) or user behaviour (increasing the wattage) can lead to higher temperatures at which glycerine and propylene glycol (solvents used in e-liquids) undergo decomposition to carbonyl compounds, including the carcinogens formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. This study aims to document puffing patterns and user behaviour associated with using high and low strength nicotine e-liquid and associated toxicant/carcinogen exposure in experienced e-cigarette users (known as vapers herein). METHODS/DESIGN A counterbalanced repeated measures design. PARTICIPANTS Non-tobacco smoking vapers; have used an e-cigarette for ≥3 months; currently using nicotine strength e-liquid ≥12mg/mL and a second or third generation device. INTERVENTION This study will measure puffing patterns in vapers whilst they use high and low strength nicotine e-liquid under fixed and user-defined settings, each for a week. The 4 counterbalanced conditions are: i) low strength (6mg/mL), fixed settings; ii) low strength user-defined settings; iii) high strength (18mg/mL) fixed settings; iv) high strength user-defined settings. Biomarkers of exposure to toxicants and carcinogens will be measured in urine. In the second phase of this study, toxicant yields will be measured in aerosol generated using a smoking machine operated to replicate the puffing behaviours of each participant. PRIMARY OUTCOMES i) Puffing patterns (mean puff number, puff duration, inter-puff interval and mL of liquid consumed) and user behaviour (changes to device settings: voltage and air-flow) associated with using high and low strength nicotine e-liquid. ii) Toxicant/carcinogen exposure associated with the puffing patterns/device settings used by our participants. SECONDARY OUTCOMES i) Subjective effects. ii) comparisons with toxicant exposure from tobacco smoke (using documented evidence) and with recommended safety limits. SAMPLE SIZE Twenty participants. DISCUSSION The findings will have important implications for public health messaging regarding the relative risks and subjective effects associated with using high and low strength nicotine e-liquid, and for policy makers regarding regulations on nicotine concentrations in e-liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Cox
- London South Bank University, Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, 103 Borough Rd, London, UK
| | - Leon Kośmider
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Koscielna 13 Street, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Hayden McRobbie
- Queen Mary University of London, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Maciej Goniewicz
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Health Behavior, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Catherine Kimber
- University of East London, School of Psychology, Waters Lane, London, UK
| | - Mira Doig
- ABS Laboratories Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertforshire AL7 3AX UK
| | - Lynne Dawkins
- London South Bank University, Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, 103 Borough Rd, London, UK
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173
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Pratte P, Cosandey S, Goujon-Ginglinger C. A scattering methodology for droplet sizing of e-cigarette aerosols. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:537-545. [PMID: 27644268 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2016.1224956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Knowledge of the droplet size distribution of inhalable aerosols is important to predict aerosol deposition yield at various respiratory tract locations in human. Optical methodologies are usually preferred over the multi-stage cascade impactor for high-throughput measurements of aerosol particle/droplet size distributions. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the Laser Aerosol Spectrometer technology based on Polystyrene Sphere Latex (PSL) calibration curve applied for the experimental determination of droplet size distributions in the diameter range typical of commercial e-cigarette aerosols (147-1361 nm). MATERIALS AND METHODS This calibration procedure was tested for a TSI Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (LAS) operating at a wavelength of 633 nm and assessed against model di-ethyl-hexyl-sebacat (DEHS) droplets and e-cigarette aerosols. The PSL size response was measured, and intra- and between-day standard deviations calculated. RESULTS DEHS droplet sizes were underestimated by 15-20% by the LAS when the PSL calibration curve was used; however, the intra- and between-day relative standard deviations were < 3%. This bias is attributed to the fact that the index of refraction of PSL calibrated particles is different in comparison to test aerosols. This 15-20% does not include the droplet evaporation component, which may reduce droplet size prior a measurement is performed. Aerosol concentration was measured accurately with a maximum uncertainty of 20%. Count median diameters and mass median aerodynamic diameters of selected e-cigarette aerosols ranged from 130-191 nm to 225-293 nm, respectively, similar to published values. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The LAS instrument can be used to measure e-cigarette aerosol droplet size distributions with a bias underestimating the expected value by 15-20% when using a precise PSL calibration curve. Controlled variability of DEHS size measurements can be achieved with the LAS system; however, this method can only be applied to test aerosols having a refractive index close to that of PSL particles used for calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Pratte
- a Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Neuchâtel , Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Stéphane Cosandey
- a Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Neuchâtel , Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Catherine Goujon-Ginglinger
- a Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Neuchâtel , Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
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174
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Margham J, McAdam K, Forster M, Liu C, Wright C, Mariner D, Proctor C. Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1662-1678. [PMID: 27641760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is interest in the relative toxicities of emissions from electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes. Lists of cigarette smoke priority toxicants have been developed to focus regulatory initiatives. However, a comprehensive assessment of e-cigarette chemical emissions including all tobacco smoke Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents, and additional toxic species reportedly present in e-cigarette emissions, is lacking. We examined 150 chemical emissions from an e-cigarette (Vype ePen), a reference tobacco cigarette (Ky3R4F), and laboratory air/method blanks. All measurements were conducted by a contract research laboratory using ISO 17025 accredited methods. The data show that it is essential to conduct laboratory air/method measurements when measuring e-cigarette emissions, owing to the combination of low emissions and the associated impact of laboratory background that can lead to false-positive results and overestimates. Of the 150 measurands examined in the e-cigarette aerosol, 104 were not detected and 21 were present due to laboratory background. Of the 25 detected aerosol constituents, 9 were present at levels too low to be quantified and 16 were generated in whole or in part by the e-cigarette. These comprised major e-liquid constituents (nicotine, propylene glycol, and glycerol), recognized impurities in Pharmacopoeia-quality nicotine, and eight thermal decomposition products of propylene glycol or glycerol. By contrast, approximately 100 measurands were detected in mainstream cigarette smoke. Depending on the regulatory list considered and the puffing regime used, the emissions of toxicants identified for regulation were from 82 to >99% lower on a per-puff basis from the e-cigarette compared with those from Ky3R4F. Thus, the aerosol from the e-cigarette is compositionally less complex than cigarette smoke and contains significantly lower levels of toxicants. These data demonstrate that e-cigarettes can be developed that offer the potential for substantially reduced exposure to cigarette toxicants. Further studies are required to establish whether the potential lower consumer exposure to these toxicants will result in tangible public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Margham
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Kevin McAdam
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Chuan Liu
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Christopher Wright
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Derek Mariner
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
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175
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Sleiman M, Logue JM, Montesinos VN, Russell ML, Litter MI, Gundel LA, Destaillats H. Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes: Key Parameters Affecting the Release of Harmful Chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9644-51. [PMID: 27461870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Use of electronic cigarettes has grown exponentially over the past few years, raising concerns about harmful emissions. This study quantified potentially toxic compounds in the vapor and identified key parameters affecting emissions. Six principal constituents in three different refill "e-liquids" were propylene glycol (PG), glycerin, nicotine, ethanol, acetol, and propylene oxide. The latter, with mass concentrations of 0.4-0.6%, is a possible carcinogen and respiratory irritant. Aerosols generated with vaporizers contained up to 31 compounds, including nicotine, nicotyrine, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glycidol, acrolein, acetol, and diacetyl. Glycidol is a probable carcinogen not previously identified in the vapor, and acrolein is a powerful irritant. Emission rates ranged from tens to thousands of nanograms of toxicants per milligram of e-liquid vaporized, and they were significantly higher for a single-coil vs a double-coil vaporizer (by up to an order of magnitude for aldehydes). By increasing the voltage applied to a single-coil device from 3.3 to 4.8 V, the mass of e-liquid consumed doubled from 3.7 to 7.5 mg puff(-1) and the total aldehyde emission rates tripled from 53 to 165 μg puff(-1), with acrolein rates growing by a factor of 10. Aldehyde emissions increased by more than 60% after the device was reused several times, likely due to the buildup of polymerization byproducts that degraded upon heating. These findings suggest that thermal degradation byproducts are formed during vapor generation. Glycidol and acrolein were primarily produced by glycerin degradation. Acetol and 2-propen-1-ol were produced mostly from PG, while other compounds (e.g., formaldehyde) originated from both. Because emissions originate from reaction of the most common e-liquid constituents (solvents), harmful emissions are expected to be ubiquitous when e-cigarette vapor is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Sleiman
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), Université Clermont Auvergne, Sigma-Clermont , BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- ICCF, UMR 6296, CNRS , F-63178 Aubière, France
| | - Jennifer M Logue
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - V Nahuel Montesinos
- División Química de la Remediación Ambiental, CNEA-CONICET , Avenida Gral. Paz, (1650) San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marion L Russell
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marta I Litter
- División Química de la Remediación Ambiental, CNEA-CONICET , Avenida Gral. Paz, (1650) San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad de General San Martín , Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, (1650) San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lara A Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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176
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Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control 2016; 26:e16-e18. [PMID: 27596227 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some jurisdictions have passed legislation that bans electronic cigarette (e-cig) use (vaping) in public places similarly to smoking. Many other jurisdictions have not yet determined how to regulate vaping in public places. This study examined the proportion of current e-cig users who find their vaping restricted in public places and further evaluated factors associated with the differences between restricted and unrestricted vapers. METHODS 3960 experienced exclusive e-cig users completed an online survey from December 2012 to May 2014 about their e-cig use. Restricted vapers were defined as those who reported not being able to vape in places where smoking is typically banned. Unrestricted vapers were defined as those who reported being able vape in places where smoking is typically banned. χ2 and two-sided t-tests were used as appropriate to determine differences between variables of interest. RESULTS Participants were a mean age of 40.3 years, 72.0% male, 91.8% white and 85.1% were from the USA. 26.1% (n=1034) of users reported restricted vaping, while 73.9% (n=2926) reported unrestricted vaping. Restricted vapers used less frequently (p<0.001) and were less dependent compared with unrestricted vapers (p=0.001). Of the restricted vapers, only 12% (n=124) reported finding it difficult to refrain from vaping in places where they were not supposed to. These users were more dependent (p<0.001) and more likely to experience strong cravings (p<0.001), compared with users who did not find it difficult to refrain from vaping. CONCLUSIONS This study found that most vapers report unrestricted use of their e-cig. Of the restricted vapers, the majority (88%) do not find it difficult to refrain from vaping in places where they are not supposed to vape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Yingst
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan Veldheer
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin Hammett
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shari Hrabovsky
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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177
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Mikheev VB, Brinkman MC, Granville CA, Gordon SM, Clark PI. Real-Time Measurement of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Size Distribution and Metals Content Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1895-1902. [PMID: 27146638 PMCID: PMC4978987 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is increasing worldwide and is highest among both daily and nondaily smokers. E-cigarettes are perceived as a healthier alternative to combustible tobacco products, but their health risk factors have not yet been established, and one of them is lack of data on aerosol size generated by e-cigarettes. METHODS We applied a real-time, high-resolution aerosol differential mobility spectrometer to monitor the evolution of aerosol size and concentration during puff development. Particles generated by e-cigarettes were immediately delivered for analysis with minimal dilution and therefore with minimal sample distortion, which is critically important given the highly dynamic aerosol/vapor mixture inherent to e-cigarette emissions. RESULTS E-cigarette aerosols normally exhibit a bimodal particle size distribution: nanoparticles (11-25nm count median diameter) and submicron particles (96-175nm count median diameter). Each mode has comparable number concentrations (10(7)-10(8) particles/cm(3)). "Dry puff" tests conducted with no e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid) present in the e-cigarette tank demonstrated that under these conditions only nanoparticles were generated. Analysis of the bulk aerosol collected on the filter showed that e-cigarette emissions contained a variety of metals. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette aerosol size distribution is different from that of combustible tobacco smoke. E-cigarettes generate high concentrations of nanoparticles and their chemical content requires further investigation. Despite the small mass of nanoparticles, their toxicological impact could be significant. Toxic chemicals that are attached to the small nanoparticles may have greater adverse health effects than when attached to larger submicron particles. IMPLICATIONS The e-cigarette aerosol size distribution is different from that of combustible tobacco smoke and typically exhibits a bimodal behavior with comparable number concentrations of nanoparticles and submicron particles. While vaping the e-cigarette, along with submicron particles the user is also inhaling nano-aerosol that consists of nanoparticles with attached chemicals that has not been fully investigated. The presence of high concentrations of nanoparticles requires nanotoxicological consideration in order to assess the potential health impact of e-cigarettes. The toxicological impact of inhaled nanoparticles could be significant, though not necessarily similar to the biomarkers typical of combustible tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sydney M. Gordon
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Columbus, OH
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Rostami AA, Pithawalla YB, Liu J, Oldham MJ, Wagner KA, Frost-Pineda K, Sarkar MA. A Well-Mixed Computational Model for Estimating Room Air Levels of Selected Constituents from E-Vapor Product Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E828. [PMID: 27537903 PMCID: PMC4997514 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised in the literature for the potential of secondhand exposure from e-vapor product (EVP) use. It would be difficult to experimentally determine the impact of various factors on secondhand exposure including, but not limited to, room characteristics (indoor space size, ventilation rate), device specifications (aerosol mass delivery, e-liquid composition), and use behavior (number of users and usage frequency). Therefore, a well-mixed computational model was developed to estimate the indoor levels of constituents from EVPs under a variety of conditions. The model is based on physical and thermodynamic interactions between aerosol, vapor, and air, similar to indoor air models referred to by the Environmental Protection Agency. The model results agree well with measured indoor air levels of nicotine from two sources: smoking machine-generated aerosol and aerosol exhaled from EVP use. Sensitivity analysis indicated that increasing air exchange rate reduces room air level of constituents, as more material is carried away. The effect of the amount of aerosol released into the space due to variability in exhalation was also evaluated. The model can estimate the room air level of constituents as a function of time, which may be used to assess the level of non-user exposure over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rostami
- Research, Development and Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Yezdi B Pithawalla
- Research, Development and Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Research, Development and Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Michael J Oldham
- Research, Development and Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Karl A Wagner
- Research, Development and Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Kimberly Frost-Pineda
- Research, Development and Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Mohamadi A Sarkar
- Research, Development and Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Sanders-Jackson A, Tan ASL, Bigman CA, Mello S, Niederdeppe J. To Regulate or Not to Regulate? Views on Electronic Cigarette Regulations and Beliefs about the Reasons for and against Regulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161124. [PMID: 27517716 PMCID: PMC4982617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Policies designed to restrict marketing, access to, and public use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are increasingly under debate in various jurisdictions in the US. Little is known about public perceptions of these policies and factors that predict their support or opposition. Methods Using a sample of US adults from Amazon Mechanical Turk in May 2015, this paper identifies beliefs about the benefits and costs of regulating e-cigarettes and identifies which of these beliefs predict support for e-cigarette restricting policies. Results A higher proportion of respondents agreed with 8 different reasons to regulate e-cigarettes (48.5% to 83.3% agreement) versus 7 reasons not to regulate e-cigarettes (11.5% to 18.9%). The majority of participants agreed with 7 out of 8 reasons for regulation. When all reasons to regulate or not were included in a final multivariable model, beliefs about protecting people from secondhand vapor and protecting youth from trying e-cigarettes significantly predicted stronger support for e-cigarette restricting policies, whereas concern about government intrusion into individual choices was associated with reduced support. Discussion This research identifies key beliefs that may underlie public support or opposition to policies designed to regulate the marketing and use of e-cigarettes. Advocates on both sides of the issue may find this research valuable in developing strategic campaigns related to the issue. Implications Specific beliefs of potential benefits and costs of e-cigarette regulation (protecting youth, preventing exposure to secondhand vapor, and government intrusion into individual choices) may be effectively deployed by policy makers or health advocates in communicating with the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sanders-Jackson
- Michigan State University, Department of Advertising and Public Relations, College of Communication Arts and Science, 404 Wilson Road, Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andy S. L. Tan
- Harvard University, TH Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Kresge Building, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cabral A. Bigman
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Communication, 3001 Lincoln Hall, 702 S. Wright Street Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Susan Mello
- Northeastern University, Department of Communication Studies, College of Arts, Media and Design, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Communication, 476 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Kim H, Davis AH, Dohack JL, Clark PI. E-Cigarettes Use Behavior and Experience of Adults: Qualitative Research Findings to Inform E-Cigarette Use Measure Development. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 19:190-196. [PMID: 27613944 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To gain a better understanding of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use behavior and experience among adult e-cigarette users, with the goal of informing development of future e-cigarette use measures. METHODS Between August and October 2014 six focus groups were conducted in Seattle. Participants (63% male; 60% >35 years old; 60% White): e-cigarette users who used combustible tobacco products either currently or in the past. E-cigarette discussion topics covered: their daily use pattern (eg, frequency), product-related characteristics (eg, nicotine levels), and perceptions about health risks and benefits. RESULTS Participants' descriptions of daily use were so varied that no common "unit" of a "session" easily summarized frequency or quantity of typical e-cigarette use. Most users had difficulty in tracking their own use. Participants reported nicotine craving relief when using e-cigarettes, but described e-cigarettes use as less satisfying than combustible cigarettes. Valued characteristics included "ready availability" and the possibility of using indoors. A unique aspect of the e-cigarette use experience is the option of adding flavors and having the ability to exhale "big clouds" of vapor/aerosol. Most perceived e-cigarettes as a better and safer alternative to conventional cigarettes, yet still sought further information about health consequences and safety of e-cigarettes from trusted sources. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarettes users are far from homogeneous in their behavior and motivation for adopting e-cigarettes. A range of use patterns arising from both hedonic and utilitarian factors, along with product characteristics (eg, variable nicotine levels and flavors) extending beyond those of conventional cigarettes, suggest that new, specific e-cigarette use measures must be developed. IMPLICATIONS The current study provides timely information on adult e-cigarette use behavior, which is a crucial step in measuring this new phenomenon and assessing the risks associated with using e-cigarette products. Our findings reveal that vaping is not a mere replacement for combustible cigarette smoking and that many users of e-cigarettes enjoy product characteristics such as flavors and "clouds" that are unavailable in combustible cigarettes. Therefore, commonly available cigarette smoking measures are not well suited to measurement of e-cigarette use behavior, and indication that new measures need to be developed to accurately track e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pamela I Clark
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Maryland, School of Public Health, College Park, MD
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181
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Ji EH, Sun B, Zhao T, Shu S, Chang CH, Messadi D, Xia T, Zhu Y, Hu S. Characterization of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol and Its Induction of Oxidative Stress Response in Oral Keratinocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154447. [PMID: 27223106 PMCID: PMC4880184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have generated and characterized Electronic Cigarette (EC) aerosols using a combination of advanced technologies. In the gas phase, the particle number concentration (PNC) of EC aerosols was found to be positively correlated with puff duration whereas the PNC and size distribution may vary with different flavors and nicotine strength. In the liquid phase (water or cell culture media), the size of EC nanoparticles appeared to be significantly larger than those in the gas phase, which might be due to aggregation of nanoparticles in the liquid phase. By using in vitro high-throughput cytotoxicity assays, we have demonstrated that EC aerosols significantly decrease intracellular levels of glutathione in NHOKs in a dose-dependent fashion resulting in cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that EC aerosols cause cytotoxicity to oral epithelial cells in vitro, and the underlying molecular mechanisms may be or at least partially due to oxidative stress induced by toxic substances (e.g., nanoparticles and chemicals) present in EC aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoon Hye Ji
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Bingbing Sun
- School of Medicine, Division of Nanomedcine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Tongke Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
- Peking University, School of Physics, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Shu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Diana Messadi
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Tian Xia
- School of Medicine, Division of Nanomedcine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Franck C, Filion KB, Kimmelman J, Grad R, Eisenberg MJ. Ethical considerations of e-cigarette use for tobacco harm reduction. Respir Res 2016; 17:53. [PMID: 27184265 PMCID: PMC4869264 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their similarity to tobacco cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) could play an important role in tobacco harm reduction. However, the public health community remains divided concerning the appropriateness of endorsing a device whose safety and efficacy for smoking cessation remain unclear. We identified the major ethical considerations surrounding the use of e-cigarettes for tobacco harm reduction, including product safety, efficacy for smoking cessation and reduction, use among non-smokers, use among youth, marketing and advertisement, use in public places, renormalization of a smoking culture, and market ownership. Overall, the safety profile of e-cigarettes is unlikely to warrant serious public health concerns, particularly given the known adverse health effects associated with tobacco cigarettes. As a result, it is unlikely that the population-level harms resulting from e-cigarette uptake among non-smokers would overshadow the public health gains obtained from tobacco harm reduction among current smokers. While the existence of a gateway effect for youth remains uncertain, e-cigarette use in this population should be discouraged. Similarly, marketing and advertisement should remain aligned with the degree of known product risk and should be targeted to current smokers. Overall, the available evidence supports the cautionary implementation of harm reduction interventions aimed at promoting e-cigarettes as attractive and competitive alternatives to cigarette smoking, while taking measures to protect vulnerable groups and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Franck
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kristian B Filion
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Kimmelman
- Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Social Studies and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roland Grad
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark J Eisenberg
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Cardiology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital/McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Suite H-421.1, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada.
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183
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Fernández E, Ballbè M, Sureda X, Fu M, Saltó E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:423-9. [PMID: 26452675 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to review the literature on the composition of aerosols from electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) originated by human vaping and to describe the emission of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter (PM(2.5)) from conventional and e-cigarettes at home in real-use conditions. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Science. We measured PM(2.5) in four different homes: one from a conventional cigarette smoker, one from an e-cigarette user, and two from non-smokers. RESULTS The review identified eight previous investigations on the composition of aerosols from e-cigarettes originated by human vaping and indicated that emissions from e-cigarettes can contain potential toxic compounds such as nicotine, carbonyls, metals, and organic volatile compounds, besides particulate matter. In the observational study, the PM(2.5) median concentration was 9.88 μg/m³ in the e-cigarette user home and 9.53 and 9.36 μg/m³ in the smoke-free homes, with PM(2.5) peaks concurrent with the e-cigarette puffs. CONCLUSION Both the literature review and the observational study indicate that e-cigarettes used under real-conditions emit toxicants, including PM(2.5). Further research is needed to characterize the chemicals emitted by different types of e-cigarettes and to assess secondhand exposure to e-cigarette aerosol using biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xisca Sureda
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Esteve Saltó
- Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Health Plan Directorate, Ministry of Health, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain.
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Cancer Prevention and Control Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Biostatistics Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.
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184
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Preliminary results about the breath of passive smokers and vapers based on the use of portable air monitoring devices. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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185
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Gallart-Mateu D, Elbal L, Armenta S, de la Guardia M. Passive exposure to nicotine from e-cigarettes. Talanta 2016; 152:329-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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186
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Cooke A, Fergeson J, Bulkhi A, Casale TB. The Electronic Cigarette: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2016; 3:498-505. [PMID: 26164573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (EC) are battery-powered nicotine delivery systems that have increased in popularity since they entered the US market. EC has been reported to contain less carcinogens than traditional cigarettes, cause less acute lung effects in healthy individuals, and may help with smoking cessation. It has also been viewed as a potential safer alternative for asthmatic smokers, but its effects on lung functions are unclear. However, EC do carry some harmful aspects as they contain formaldehyde and formaldehyde-forming hemiacetals as well as potentially toxic particulate matter that deposits on surfaces. EC are an increasingly popular device that could serve as a gateway into traditional cigarette smoking or illicit drugs. The popularity of EC has brought with it money from large tobacco corporations and mass marketing. Lack of regulation has generated product inconsistency and potential health hazards. This review highlights what is known and what still needs to be answered about EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cooke
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla
| | - Jennifer Fergeson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla
| | - Adeeb Bulkhi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas B Casale
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla.
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187
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188
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Review on quantitation methods for hazardous pollutants released by e-cigarette (EC) smoking. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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189
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Breiev K, Burseg KMM, O'Connell G, Hartungen E, Biel SS, Cahours X, Colard S, Märk TD, Sulzer P. An online method for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in electronic cigarette aerosol based on proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:691-7. [PMID: 26864521 PMCID: PMC4755144 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Due to the recent rapid increase in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use worldwide, there is a strong scientific but also practical interest in analyzing e-cigarette aerosols. Most studies to date have used standardized but time-consuming offline technologies. Here a proof-of-concept for a fast online quantification setup based on proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is presented. METHODS The combination of a novel sampling interface with a time-of-flight PTR-MS instrument specially designed for three scenarios is introduced: (i) mainstream aerosol analysis (aerosol that the user inhales prior to exhalation), and analysis of exhaled breath following (ii) mouth-hold (no inhalation) and (iii) inhalation of e-cigarette aerosols. A double-stage dilution setup allows the various concentration ranges in these scenarios to be accessed. RESULTS First, the instrument is calibrated for the three principal constituents of the e-cigarettes' liquids, namely propylene glycol, vegetable glycerol and nicotine. With the double-stage dilution the instrument's dynamic range was easily adapted to cover the concentration ranges obtained in the three scenarios: 20-1100 ppmv for the mainstream aerosol characterisation; 4-300 ppmv for the mouth-hold; and 2 ppbv to 20 ppmv for the inhalation experiment. CONCLUSIONS It is demonstrated that the novel setup enables fast, high time resolution e-cigarette studies with online quantification. This enables the analysis and understanding of any puff-by-puff variations in e-cigarette aerosols. Large-scale studies involving a high number of volunteers will benefit from considerably higher sample throughput and shorter data processing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostiantyn Breiev
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin M M Burseg
- Fontem Ventures B.V., Barbara Strozzilaan 101, 1083 HN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grant O'Connell
- Fontem Ventures B.V., Barbara Strozzilaan 101, 1083 HN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eugen Hartungen
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan S Biel
- Fontem Ventures B.V., Barbara Strozzilaan 101, 1083 HN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Cahours
- SEITA - Imperial Tobacco Group, 48 rue Danton, 45404, Fleury-les-Aubrais, France
| | - Stéphane Colard
- SEITA - Imperial Tobacco Group, 48 rue Danton, 45404, Fleury-les-Aubrais, France
| | - Tilmann D Märk
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Sulzer
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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190
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Abstract
The American Heart Association warned from the potential of electronic cigarettes to renormalize smoking in public and the International Respiratory Societies demanded regulation of all nicotine products as medicines or tobacco products. This review summarizes the results of studies on hazards of e-cigarette use, which has increased dramatically and may be the real threat for the achievements in tobacco control of the past 20 years.
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191
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St. Helen G, Havel C, Dempsey D, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Nicotine delivery, retention and pharmacokinetics from various electronic cigarettes. Addiction 2016; 111:535-44. [PMID: 26430813 PMCID: PMC4749433 DOI: 10.1111/add.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To measure the systemic retention of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users, and assess the abuse liability of e-cigarettes by characterizing nicotine pharmacokinetics. DESIGN E-cigarette users recruited over the internet participated in a 1-day research ward study. Subjects took 15 puffs from their usual brand of e-cigarette. Exhaled breath was trapped in gas-washing bottles and blood was sampled before and several times after use. SETTING San Francisco, California, USA. PARTICIPANTS Thirteen healthy, experienced adult e-cigarette users (six females and seven males). MEASUREMENTS Plasma nicotine was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and nicotine, VG and PG in e-liquids and gas traps were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Heart rate changes and subjective effects were assessed. FINDINGS E-cigarettes delivered an average of 1.33 (0.87-1.79) mg [mean and 95% confidence interval (CI)] of nicotine, and 93.8% of the inhaled dose, 1.22 (0.80-1.66) was systemically retained. Average maximum plasma nicotine concentration (Cmax ) was 8.4 (5.4-11.5) ng/ml and time of maximal concentration (Tmax ) was 2-5 minutes. One participant had Tmax of 30 minutes. 84.4% and 91.7% of VG and PG, respectively, was systemically retained. Heart rate increased by an average of 8.0 beats per minute after 5 minutes. Withdrawal and urge to smoke decreased and the e-cigarettes were described as satisfying. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarettes can deliver levels of nicotine that are comparable to or higher than typical tobacco cigarettes, with similar systemic retention. Although the average maximum plasma nicotine concentration in experienced e-cigarette users appears to be generally lower than what has been reported from tobacco cigarette use, the shape of the pharmacokinetic curve is similar, suggesting addictive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon St. Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA,UCSF Tobacco Center of Regulatory Sciences (TCORS), University of California, San Francisco, CA,Corresponding Author: Gideon St. Helen, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, Box 1220, San Francisco, California 94143-1220, Tel (415) 206-2687, Fax (415) 206-4956,
| | - Christopher Havel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Delia Dempsey
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA,UCSF Tobacco Center of Regulatory Sciences (TCORS), University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA,UCSF Tobacco Center of Regulatory Sciences (TCORS), University of California, San Francisco, CA,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Yao T, Jiang N, Grana R, Ling PM, Glantz SA. A content analysis of electronic cigarette manufacturer websites in China. Tob Control 2016; 25:188-94. [PMID: 25335902 PMCID: PMC4405407 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to summarise the websites of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) manufacturers in China and describe how they market their products. METHODS From March to April 2013, we used two search keywords 'electronic cigarette' (Dian Zi Xiang Yan in Chinese) and 'manufacturer' (Sheng Chan Chang Jia in Chinese) to search e-cigarette manufacturers in China on Alibaba, an internet-based e-commerce business that covers business-to-business online marketplaces, retail and payment platforms, shopping search engine and data-centric cloud computing services. A total of 18 websites of 12 e-cigarette manufacturers in China were analysed by using a coding guide which includes 14 marketing claims. RESULTS Health-related benefits were claimed most frequently (89%), followed by the claims of no secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure (78%), and utility for smoking cessation (67%). A wide variety of flavours, celebrity endorsements and e-cigarettes specifically for women were presented. None of the websites had any age restriction on access, references to government regulation or lawsuits. Instruction on how to use e-cigarettes was on 17% of the websites. CONCLUSIONS Better regulation of e-cigarette marketing messages on manufacturers' websites is needed in China. The frequent claims of health benefits, smoking cessation, strategies appealing to youth and women are concerning, especially targeting women. Regulators should prohibit marketing claims of health benefits, no SHS exposure and value for smoking cessation in China until health-related, quality and safety issues have been adequately addressed. To avoid e-cigarette use for initiation to nicotine addiction, messages targeting youth and women should be prohibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yao
- Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel Grana
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stanton A Glantz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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193
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Sosnowski TR, Kramek-Romanowska K. Predicted Deposition of E-Cigarette Aerosol in the Human Lungs. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2016; 29:299-309. [PMID: 26907696 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2015.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health effects of inhaling aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes (ECs) are still uncertain. This work analyzes ECs as specific inhalation devices, which can be characterized by aerodynamic resistance, size distribution of released droplets, and predicted regional and total lung deposition as a function of inhalation maneuver. METHODS The internal resistance of two types of EC and a conventional cigarette was evaluated by measuring ΔP-Q curves. Particle size distribution in EC-emitted mist was determined by laser diffraction. The measured data were used to calculate lung deposition based on two approaches: multipath particle dosimetry model (MPPD) and Finlay-Martin correlations. Computations were done for the set of ventilation parameters of an EC user, and also for a by-stander. RESULTS Tested ECs had higher aerodynamic resistance (1.6-1.9 mbar(0.5) min/L) than tobacco cigarette (0.56 mbar(0.5) min/L), and these values are much above the high-resistant DPIs. The average mass median diameter of droplets emitted from ECs was 410 nm, with the average GSD = 1.6. Predicted total lung deposition of the mainstream aerosol was 15%-45% depending on the breathing scheme. An expected increase of particle size in the exhaled aerosol led to predictions of 15%-30% deposition efficiency during passive vaping. CONCLUSIONS ECs are characterized by high inhalatory resistance, so they require stronger physical effort to transfer cloud of droplets to the lungs, as compared, for example, to DPIs. A significant amount of aerosol is then exhaled, forming an unintentional source of particles to which by-standers are exposed. From this perspective, ECs are not optimal personal aerosol delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz R Sosnowski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw, Poland
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194
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Soule EK, Maloney SF, Spindle TR, Rudy AK, Hiler MM, Cobb CO. Electronic cigarette use and indoor air quality in a natural setting. Tob Control 2016; 26:109-112. [PMID: 26880745 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondhand smoke (SHS) from combustible cigarettes causes numerous diseases. Policies have been developed to prevent SHS exposure from indoor cigarette use to reduce health risks to non-smokers. However, fewer policies have been implemented to deter electronic cigarette (ECIG) use indoors, and limited research has examined the impact of secondhand exposure to ECIG aerosol. METHODS Indoor air quality was measured at a 2-day ECIG event held in a large room at a hotel. Fine particulate matter (PM) was measured using 2 devices that measured concentrations of PM 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter or smaller (PM2.5). Measurements were taken before the event, over 2 days when the event was ongoing, and the day after the event. PM2.5 measurements were also taken from the restaurant at the hotel hosting the event and a restaurant at a nearby hotel. RESULTS During 6 time points when the event was ongoing, between 59 and 86 active ECIG users were present in the event room (room volume=4023 m3). While the event was ongoing, median PM2.5 concentrations in the event room increased from a baseline of 1.92-3.20 μg/m3 to concentrations that ranged from 311.68 μg/m3 (IQR 253.44-411.84 μg/m3) to 818.88 μg/m3 (IQR 760.64-975.04 μg/m3). CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 concentrations observed at the ECIG event were higher than concentrations reported previously in hookah cafés and bars that allow cigarette smoking. This study indicates that indoor ECIG use exposes non-users to secondhand ECIG aerosol. Regulatory bodies should consider establishing policies that prohibit ECIG use anywhere combustible cigarette use is prohibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Soule
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah F Maloney
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Tory R Spindle
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alyssa K Rudy
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Marzena M Hiler
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Caroline O Cobb
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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195
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Shivalingappa PC, Hole R, Westphal CV, Vij N. Airway Exposure to E-Cigarette Vapors Impairs Autophagy and Induces Aggresome Formation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:186-204. [PMID: 26377848 PMCID: PMC4744882 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are proposed to be a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes. Hence, we evaluated if e-cigarette vapors (eCV) impair cellular proteostasis similar to cigarette smoke exposure. RESULTS First, we evaluated the impact of eCV exposure (2.5 or 7.5 mg) on Beas2b cells that showed significant increase in accumulation of total polyubiquitinated proteins (Ub, insoluble fractions) with time-dependent decrease in proteasomal activities from 1 h (p < 0.05), 3 h (p < 0.001) to 6 h (p < 0.001) of eCV exposure compared to room air control. We verified that even minimal eCV exposure (1 h) induces valosin-containing protein (VCP; p < 0.001), sequestosome-1/p62 (aberrant autophagy marker; p < 0.05), and aggresome formation (total poly-Ub-accumulation; p < 0.001) using immunoblotting (IB), fluorescence microscopy, and immunoprecipitation (IP). The inhibition of protein synthesis by 6 h of cycloheximide (50 μg/ml) treatment significantly (p < 0.01) alleviates eCV-induced (1 h) aggresome bodies. We also observed that eCV (1 h)-induced protein aggregation can activate oxidative stress, apoptosis (caspase-3/7), and senescence (p < 0.01) compared to room air controls. We verified using an autophagy inducer carbamazepine (20 μM, 6 h) or cysteamine (250 μM; 6 h, antioxidant) that eCV-induced changes in oxidative stress, poly-ub-accumulation, proteasomal activity, autophagy, apoptosis, and/or senescence could be controlled by autophagy induction. We further confirmed the role of acute eCV exposure on autophagy impairment in murine lungs (C57BL/6 and CD1) by IB (Ub, p62, VCP) and IP (VCP, p62), similar to in-vitro experiments. INNOVATION In this study, we report for the first time that eCV exposure induces proteostasis/autophagy impairment leading to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and senescence that can be ameliorated by an autophagy inducer. CONCLUSION eCV-induced autophagy impairment and aggresome formation suggest their potential role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-emphysema pathogenesis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Hole
- 1 College of Medicine, Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Colin Van Westphal
- 1 College of Medicine, Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Neeraj Vij
- 1 College of Medicine, Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant, Michigan.,2 Department of Pediatric Respiratory Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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196
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Geiss O, Bianchi I, Barrero-Moreno J. Correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the heating coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:268-77. [PMID: 26847410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
E-liquids generally contain four main components: nicotine, flavours, water and carrier liquids. The carrier liquid dissolves flavours and nicotine and vaporises at a certain temperature on the atomizer of the e-cigarette. Propylene glycol and glycerol, the principal carriers used in e-liquids, undergo decomposition in contact with the atomizer heating-coil forming volatile carbonyls. Some of these, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, are of concern due to their adverse impact on human health when inhaled at sufficient concentrations. The aim of this study was to correlate the yield of volatile carbonyls emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the heating coil. For this purpose, a popular commercial e-liquid was machine-vaped on a third generation e-cigarette which allowed the variation of the output wattage (5-25W) and therefore the heat generated on the atomizer heating-coil. The temperature of the heating-coil was determined by infrared thermography and the vapour generated at each temperature underwent subjective sensorial quality evaluation by an experienced vaper. A steep increase in the generated carbonyls was observed when applying a battery-output of at least 15W corresponding to 200-250°C on the heating coil. However, when considering concentrations in each inhaled puff, the short-term indoor air guideline value for formaldehyde was already exceeded at the lowest wattage of 5W, which is the wattage applied in most 2nd generation e-cigarettes. Concentrations of acetaldehyde in each puff were several times below the short-term irritation threshold value for humans. Acrolein was only detected from 20W upwards. The negative sensorial quality evaluation by the volunteering vaper of the vapour generated at 20W demonstrated the unlikelihood that such a wattage would be realistically set by a vaper. This study highlights the importance to develop standardised testing methods for the assessment of carbonyl-emissions and emissions of other potentially harmful compounds from e-cigarettes. The wide variety and variability of products available on the market make the development of such methods and the associated standardised testing conditions particularly demanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Geiss
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Ivana Bianchi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Josefa Barrero-Moreno
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
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197
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Kenne DR, Mix D, Banks M, Fischbein R. Electronic cigarette initiation and correlates of use among never, former, and current tobacco cigarette smoking college students. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1068387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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198
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Meng Q, Schwander S, Son Y, Rivas C, Delveno C, Graber J, Giovenco D, Bruen U, Mathew R, Robson M. Has the mist been peered through? Revisiting the building blocks of human health risk assessment for electronic cigarette use. HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT : HERA 2016; 22:558-579. [PMID: 38162291 PMCID: PMC10756495 DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Electronic cigarettes, battery-powered nicotine delivery devices, have been increasingly used in the past decade. However, human health risks associated with E-vapor inhalation have not been fully characterized. Aims This critical review aims at revisiting the building blocks of human health risk assessment, summarizing the state of the science, and identifying major knowledge gaps in exposure assessment and toxicity assessment. Approach A qualitative research synthesis was conducted based on scientific findings reported to date in peer-reviewed publications and our own preliminary experimental results. Results There are a limited number of studies across all lines of evidence on E-vapor exposure and the health impacts of E-vapor inhalation. E-cigarette may be as efficient as traditional cigarettes in nicotine delivery, especially for experienced users, and studies suggest lower emissions of air toxics from E-cigarette vapor and lower second- and third-hand vapor exposures. But some toxic emissions may surpass those of traditional cigarettes, especially under high voltage vaping conditions. Experimentally, E-vapor/E-liquid exposures reduce cell viability and promote pro-inflammatory cytokine release. User vulnerability to concomitant environmental agent exposures, such as viruses and bacteria, may potentially be increased. Conclusion While evidence to date suggests that e-cigarettes release fewer toxins and carcinogens and compared to cigarettes, E-vapor is not safe and might adversely affect human immune functions. Major knowledge gaps hinder risk quantification and effective regulation of E-cigarette products including: 1) lack of long-term exposure studies; 2) lack of understanding of biological mechanisms associated with exposure; and 3) lack of integration of exposure and toxicity assessments.,. Better data are needed to inform human health risk assessments and to better understand the public health impact of E-vapor exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Meng
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Stephan Schwander
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yeongkwon Son
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Cesar Rivas
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Cristine Delveno
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Judith Graber
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Giovenco
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Uma Bruen
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Rose Mathew
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark Robson
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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199
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Jo SH, Kim KH. Development of a sampling method for carbonyl compounds released due to the use of electronic cigarettes and quantitation of their conversion from liquid to aerosol. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1429:369-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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200
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Maloney JC, Thompson MK, Oldham MJ, Stiff CL, Lilly PD, Patskan GJ, Shafer KH, Sarkar MA. Insights from two industrial hygiene pilot e-cigarette passive vaping studies. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:275-83. [PMID: 26576834 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1116693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
While several reports have been published using research methods of estimating exposure risk to e-cigarette vapors in nonusers, only two have directly measured indoor air concentrations from vaping using validated industrial hygiene sampling methodology. Our first study was designed to measure indoor air concentrations of nicotine, menthol, propylene glycol, glycerol, and total particulates during the use of multiple e-cigarettes in a well-characterized room over a period of time. Our second study was a repeat of the first study, and it also evaluated levels of formaldehyde. Measurements were collected using active sampling, near real-time and direct measurement techniques. Air sampling incorporated industrial hygiene sampling methodology using analytical methods established by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Active samples were collected over a 12-hr period, for 4 days. Background measurements were taken in the same room the day before and the day after vaping. Panelists (n = 185 Study 1; n = 145 Study 2) used menthol and non-menthol MarkTen prototype e-cigarettes. Vaping sessions (six, 1-hr) included 3 prototypes, with total number of puffs ranging from 36-216 per session. Results of the active samples were below the limit of quantitation of the analytical methods. Near real-time data were below the lowest concentration on the established calibration curves. Data from this study indicate that the majority of chemical constituents sampled were below quantifiable levels. Formaldehyde was detected at consistent levels during all sampling periods. These two studies found that indoor vaping of MarkTen prototype e-cigarette does not produce chemical constituents at quantifiable levels or background levels using standard industrial hygiene collection techniques and analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Maloney
- a Safety, Health and Environmental, Altria Client Services Inc. , Richmond , Virginia
| | - Michael K Thompson
- a Safety, Health and Environmental, Altria Client Services Inc. , Richmond , Virginia
| | - Michael J Oldham
- b Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services Inc. , Richmond , Virginia
| | - Charles L Stiff
- a Safety, Health and Environmental, Altria Client Services Inc. , Richmond , Virginia
| | - Patrick D Lilly
- a Safety, Health and Environmental, Altria Client Services Inc. , Richmond , Virginia
| | | | | | - Mohamadi A Sarkar
- b Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services Inc. , Richmond , Virginia
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