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Wu X, Yan R, Cao P, Qian H, Yan N. Structural advances in sterol-sensing domain-containing proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:289-300. [PMID: 35012873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sterol-sensing domain (SSD) is present in several membrane proteins that function in cholesterol metabolism, transport, and signaling. Recent progress in structural studies of SSD-containing proteins, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-cleavage activating protein (Scap), Patched, Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1), and related proteins, reveals a conserved core that is essential for their sterol-dependent functions. This domain, by its name, 'senses' the presence of sterol substrates through interactions and may modulate protein behaviors with changing sterol levels. We summarize recent advances in structural and mechanistic investigations of these proteins and propose to divide them to two classes: M for 'moderator' proteins that regulate sterol metabolism in response to membrane sterol levels, and T for 'transporter' proteins that harbor inner tunnels for cargo trafficking across cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Renhong Yan
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pingping Cao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Hongwu Qian
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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152
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Arora A, Taskinen JH, Olkkonen VM. Coordination of inter-organelle communication and lipid fluxes by OSBP-related proteins. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101146. [PMID: 34999137 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) and OSBP-related proteins (ORPs) constitute one of the largest families of lipid-binding/transfer proteins (LTPs) in eukaryotes. The current view is that many of them mediate inter-organelle lipid transfer over membrane contact sites (MCS). The transfer occurs in several cases in a 'counter-current' fashion: A lipid such as cholesterol or phosphatidylserine (PS) is transferred against its concentration gradient driven by transport of a phosphoinositide in the opposite direction. In this way ORPs are envisioned to maintain the distinct organelle lipid compositions, with impacts on multiple organelle functions. However, the functions of ORPs extend beyond lipid homeostasis to regulation of processes such as cell survival, proliferation and migration. Important expanding areas of mammalian ORP research include their roles in viral and bacterial infections, cancers, and neuronal function. The yeast OSBP homologue (Osh) proteins execute multifaceted functions in sterol and glycerophospholipid homeostasis, post-Golgi vesicle transport, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, sphingolipid and target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling, and cell cycle control. These observations identify ORPs as lipid transporters and coordinators of signals with an unforeseen variety of cellular processes. Understanding their activities not only enlightens the biology of the living cell but also allows their employment as targets of new therapeutic approaches for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Arora
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juuso H Taskinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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153
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Yang X, Zhao Z, Fan Q, Li H, Zhao L, Liu C, Liang X. Cholesterol metabolism is decreased in patients with diminished ovarian reserve. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 44:185-192. [PMID: 34801402 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does cholesterol metabolism differ in patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) compared to patients with normal ovarian reserve (NOR)? DESIGN The current research included 72 women with NOR and 86 women with DOR. Data on the cholesterol metabolism in granulosa cells of these women were analysed. RESULTS On the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin injection, serum oestradiol and progesterone in the DOR group were significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein between the NOR and DOR groups. The cholesterol-regulated gene SCAP in granulosa cells from women with DOR was down-regulated (P = 0.024). Cholesterol synthesis and transport genes (e.g. IDI1, FDFT1, CYP51A1, SRB1 and STARD1) were also significantly decreased (P = 0.026, P = 0.044, P = 0.049, P = 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively). In granulosa cells of patients with DOR, cholesterol-related substances such as coprostanone, 11A-acetoxyprogesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were significantly reduced (P = 0.0008, P = 0.0269, P = 0.0337, respectively). CYP19A1, a key steroidogenesis gene, was significantly reduced (P = 0.009). 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol decreased (P = 0.004 and P = 0.039, respectively). CONCLUSION Decreased cholesterol metabolism affecting steroid hormone synthesis in granulosa cells might be a possible mechanism for DOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Yang
- Liangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liangzhou, China
| | - Zhongying Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qigang Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology, Lanzhou Gansu Province, China
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Hospital of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology, Lanzhou Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology, Lanzhou Gansu Province, China.
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154
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Zeng H, Qin H, Liao M, Zheng E, Luo X, Xiao A, Li Y, Chen L, Wei L, Zhao L, Ruan XZ, Yang P, Chen Y. CD36 promotes de novo lipogenesis in hepatocytes through INSIG2-dependent SREBP1 processing. Mol Metab 2021; 57:101428. [PMID: 34974159 PMCID: PMC8810570 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Enhanced de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in hepatocytes is a major contributor to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) is involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD through facilitating free fatty acids uptake. Here, we explored the effects of CD36 on DNL and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Methods We generated hepatocyte-specific CD36 knockout (CD36LKO) mice to study in vivo effects of CD36 on DNL under high-fat diet (HFD). Lipid deposition and DNL were analyzed in primary hepatocytes isolated from CD36LKO mice or HepG2 cells with CD36 overexpression. RNA sequence, co-immunoprecipitation, and proximity ligation assay were carried out to determine its role in regulating DNL. Results Hepatic CD36 expression was upregulated in NAFLD mice and patients, and CD36LKO mice exhibited attenuated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. We identified hepatocyte CD36 as a key regulator for DNL in the liver. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and its downstream lipogenic enzymes such as FASN, ACCα, and ACLY were significantly downregulated in the liver of HFD-fed CD36LKO mice, whereas overexpression CD36 stimulated insulin-mediated DNL and lipid droplet formation in vitro. Mechanistically, CD36 was activated by insulin and formed a complex with insulin-induced gene-2 (INSIG2) that disrupts the interaction between SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and INSIG2, thereby leading to the translocation of SREBP1 from ER to Golgi for processing. Furthermore, treatment with 25-hydroxycholesterol or betulin molecules shown to enhance SCAP–INSIG interaction, reversed the effects of CD36 on SREBP1 cleavage. Conclusions Our findings identify a previously unsuspected role of CD36 in the regulation of hepatic lipogenic program through mediating SREBP1 processing by INSIG2, providing additional evidence for targeting CD36 in NAFLD. CD36 plays a novel role in DNL of hepatocytes beyond its known FFA transport function. CD36 regulates DNL via SREBP1 processing through interaction with INSIG2. Hepatocyte-specific intervention of CD36 is a hopeful therapeutic strategy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zeng
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Liao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Enze Zheng
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Luo
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Anhua Xiao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Yiyu Li
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wei
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Yang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China.
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China.
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155
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Luo S, Yang M, Zhao H, Han Y, Jiang N, Yang J, Chen W, Li C, Liu Y, Zhao C, Sun L. Caveolin-1 Regulates Cellular Metabolism: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Kidney Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:768100. [PMID: 34955837 PMCID: PMC8703113 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.768100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is an energy-consuming organ, and cellular metabolism plays an indispensable role in kidney-related diseases. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a multifunctional membrane protein, is the main component of caveolae on the plasma membrane. Caveolae are represented by tiny invaginations that are abundant on the plasma membrane and that serve as a platform to regulate cellular endocytosis, stress responses, and signal transduction. However, caveolae have received increasing attention as a metabolic platform that mediates the endocytosis of albumin, cholesterol, and glucose, participates in cellular metabolic reprogramming and is involved in the progression of kidney disease. It is worth noting that caveolae mainly depend on Cav-1 to perform the abovementioned cellular functions. Furthermore, the mechanism by which Cav-1 regulates cellular metabolism and participates in the pathophysiology of kidney diseases has not been completely elucidated. In this review, we introduce the structure and function of Cav-1 and its functions in regulating cellular metabolism, autophagy, and oxidative stress, focusing on the relationship between Cav-1 in cellular metabolism and kidney disease; in addition, Cav-1 that serves as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of kidney disease is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Yachun Han
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Jinfei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Chenrui Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Chanyue Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
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156
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Mc Auley MT. Modeling cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. WIREs Mech Dis 2021; 14:e1546. [PMID: 34931487 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Western populations. Many risk factors have been identified for ASCVD; however, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) remains the gold standard. Cholesterol metabolism at the cellular and whole-body level is maintained by an array of interacting components. These regulatory mechanisms have complex behavior. Likewise, the mechanisms which underpin atherogenesis are nontrivial and multifaceted. To help overcome the challenge of investigating these processes mathematical modeling, which is a core constituent of the systems biology paradigm has played a pivotal role in deciphering their dynamics. In so doing models have revealed new insights about the key drivers of ASCVD. The aim of this review is fourfold; to provide an overview of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis, to briefly introduce mathematical approaches used in this field, to critically discuss models of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis, and to highlight areas where mathematical modeling could help to investigate in the future. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Computational Models.
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157
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Zhou F, Sun X. Cholesterol Metabolism: A Double-Edged Sword in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:762828. [PMID: 34869352 PMCID: PMC8635701 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.762828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The rising incidence of metabolic syndrome and its hepatic manifestation, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have emerged as the fastest-growing cause of HCC in recent years. Cholesterol, a major lipid component of the cell membrane and lipoprotein particles, is primarily produced and metabolized by the liver. Numerous studies have revealed an increased cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, reduced cholesterol exportation and excretion in HCC, which all contribute to lipotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis, known HCC risk factors. In contrast, some clinical studies have shown that higher cholesterol is associated with a reduced risk of HCC. These contradictory observations imply that the relationship between cholesterol and HCC is far more complex than initially anticipated. Understanding the role of cholesterol and deciphering the underlying molecular events in HCC development is highly relevant to developing new therapies. Here, we discuss the current understanding of cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis of NAFLD-associated HCC, and the underlying mechanisms, including the roles of cholesterol in the disruption of normal function of specific cell types and signaling transduction. We also review the clinical progression in evaluating the association of cholesterol with HCC. The therapeutic effects of lowering cholesterol will also be summarized. We also interpret reasons for the contradictory observations from different preclinical and human studies of the roles of cholesterol in HCC, aiming to provide a critical assessment of the potential of cholesterol as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Mays Cancer Center, Transplant Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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158
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Long T, Liu Y, Li X. Molecular structures of human ACAT2 disclose mechanism for selective inhibition. Structure 2021; 29:1410-1418.e4. [PMID: 34520735 PMCID: PMC8642284 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-localized acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACAT), including ACAT1 and ACAT2, convert cholesterol to cholesteryl esters that become incorporated into lipoproteins or stored in cytosolic lipid droplets. Selective inhibition of ACAT2 has been shown to considerably attenuate hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in mice. Here, we report cryogenic electron microscopy structures of human ACAT2 bound to its specific inhibitor pyripyropene A or the general ACAT inhibitor nevanimibe. Structural analysis reveals that ACAT2 has a topology in membranes similar to that of ACAT1. A catalytic core with an entry site occupied by a cholesterol molecule and another site for allosteric activation of ACAT2 is observed in these structures. Enzymatic assays show that mutations within sites of cholesterol entry or allosteric activation attenuate ACAT2 activity in vitro. Together, these results reveal mechanisms for ACAT2-mediated esterification of cholesterol, providing a blueprint to design new ACAT2 inhibitors for use in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Long
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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159
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He J, Siu MKY, Ngan HYS, Chan KKL. Aberrant Cholesterol Metabolism in Ovarian Cancer: Identification of Novel Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2021; 11:738177. [PMID: 34820325 PMCID: PMC8606538 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.738177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential substance in mammalian cells, and cholesterol metabolism plays crucial roles in multiple biological functions. Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism is a metabolic hallmark in several cancers, beyond the Warburg effect. Reprogrammed cholesterol metabolism has been reported to enhance tumorigenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance in multiple cancer types, including ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies worldwide. Alterations in metabolic pathways are characteristic features of ovarian cancer; however, the specific role of cholesterol metabolism remains to be established. In this report, we provide an overview of the key proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism in ovarian cancer, including the rate-limiting enzymes in cholesterol biosynthesis, and the proteins involved in cholesterol uptake, storage and trafficking. Also, we review the roles of cholesterol and its derivatives in ovarian cancer and the tumor microenvironment, and discuss promising related therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan He
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Michelle K Y Siu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Hextan Y S Ngan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Karen K L Chan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, SAR China
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160
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Lands B. Lipid nutrition: "In silico" studies and undeveloped experiments. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101142. [PMID: 34818526 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review examines lipids and lipid-binding sites on proteins in relation to cardiovascular disease. Lipid nutrition involves food energy from ingested fatty acids plus fatty acids formed from excess ingested carbohydrate and protein. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and lipoproteins have many detailed attributes not evident in their names. Recognizing attributes of lipid-protein interactions decreases unexpected outcomes. Details of double bond position and configuration interacting with protein binding sites have unexpected consequences in acyltransferase and cell replication events. Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) have n-3 and n-6 motifs with documented differences in intensity of destabilizing positive feedback loops amplifying pathophysiology. However, actions of NEFA have been neglected relative to cholesterol, which is co-produced from excess food. Native low-density lipoproteins (LDL) bind to a high-affinity cell surface receptor which poorly recognizes biologically modified LDLs. NEFA increase negative charge of LDL and decrease its processing by "normal" receptors while increasing processing by "scavenger" receptors. A positive feedback loop in the recruitment of monocytes and macrophages amplifies chronic inflammatory pathophysiology. Computer tools combine multiple components in lipid nutrition and predict balance of energy and n-3:n-6 HUFA. The tools help design and execute precise clinical nutrition monitoring that either supports or disproves expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Lands
- Fellow ASN, AAAS, SFRBM, ISSFAL, College Park, MD, USA.
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161
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Chen Y, Lee K, Liang Y, Qin S, Zhu Y, Liu J, Yao S. A Cholesterol Homeostasis-Related Gene Signature Predicts Prognosis of Endometrial Cancer and Correlates With Immune Infiltration. Front Genet 2021; 12:763537. [PMID: 34790227 PMCID: PMC8591263 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.763537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies in women. Cholesterol metabolism has been confirmed to be closely related to tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis. However, the correlation between cholesterol homeostasis-related genes and prognosis of EC remains unclear. Methods: EC patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were randomly divided into training cohort and test cohort. Transcriptome analysis, univariate survival analysis and LASSO Cox regression analysis were adopted to construct a cholesterol homeostasis-related gene signature from the training cohort. Subsequently, Kaplan-Meier (KM) plot, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and principal component analysis (PCA) were utilized to verify the predictive performance of the gene signature in two cohorts. Additionally, enrichment analysis and immune infiltration analysis were performed on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two risk groups. Results: Seven cholesterol homeostasis-related genes were selected to establish a gene signature. KM plot, ROC curve and PCA in two cohorts demonstrated that the gene signature was an efficient independent prognostic indicator. The enrichment analysis and immune infiltration analysis indicated that the high-risk group generally had lower immune infiltrating cells and immune function. Conclusion: We constructed and validated a cholesterol homeostasis-related gene signature to predict the prognosis of EC, which correlated to immune infiltration and expected to help the diagnosis and precision treatment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaping Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanchun Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhang Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junxiu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhong Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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162
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Liu F, Ma M, Gao A, Ma F, Ma G, Liu P, Jia C, Wang Y, Donahue K, Zhang S, Ong IM, Keles S, Li L, Xu W. PKM2-TMEM33 axis regulates lipid homeostasis in cancer cells by controlling SCAP stability. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108065. [PMID: 34487377 PMCID: PMC8591543 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) is preferentially expressed in cancer cells to regulate anabolic metabolism. Although PKM2 was recently reported to regulate lipid homeostasis, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we discovered an ER transmembrane protein 33 (TMEM33) as a downstream effector of PKM2 that regulates activation of SREBPs and lipid metabolism. Loss of PKM2 leads to up-regulation of TMEM33, which recruits RNF5, an E3 ligase, to promote SREBP-cleavage activating protein (SCAP) degradation. TMEM33 is transcriptionally regulated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 1 (NRF1), whose cleavage and activation are controlled by PKM2 levels. Total plasma cholesterol levels are elevated by either treatment with PKM2 tetramer-promoting agent TEPP-46 or by global PKM2 knockout in mice, highlighting the essential function of PKM2 in lipid metabolism. Although depletion of PKM2 decreases cancer cell growth, global PKM2 knockout accelerates allografted tumor growth. Together, our findings reveal the cell-autonomous and systemic effects of PKM2 in lipid homeostasis and carcinogenesis, as well as TMEM33 as a bona fide regulator of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabao Liu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Min Ma
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Ang Gao
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Fengfei Ma
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
Protein Sciences, Discovery BiologicsMerck & Co., Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Gui Ma
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- UW Carbone Cancer CenterSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Chenxi Jia
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsNational Center for Protein Sciences‐BeijingBeijing Proteome Research CenterBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Yidan Wang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Kristine Donahue
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- UW Carbone Cancer CenterSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
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163
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Khateb A, Ronai ZA. Lipid metabolism: new twists to the Yin and Yang of PKM2 in cancer. EMBO J 2021; 40:e109683. [PMID: 34642948 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While canonical and non-canonical functions of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) are recognized to mediate often-opposing roles in cancer, its contribution to cellular and systemic fatty acid homeostasis remains poorly understood. A new study by Liu et al (2021) uncovers ER transmembrane protein TMEM33 as a novel target of PKM2, which is essential for regulation of cancer cell cholesterol metabolism. These findings highlight the diversity of tissue-specific functions of PKM2 and potential implications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khateb
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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164
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Cockcroft S. Mammalian lipids: structure, synthesis and function. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:813-845. [PMID: 34415021 PMCID: PMC8578989 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are essential constituents of cellular membranes. Once regarded merely as structural components, lipids have taken centre stage with the discovery of their roles in cell signalling and in the generation of bioactive metabolites. Lipids regulate many physiological functions of cells and alterations in membrane lipid metabolism are associated with major diseases including cancer, Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and immune disorders. Understanding lipid diversity, their synthesis and metabolism to generate signalling molecules will provide insight into the fundamental function of the cell. This review summarises the biosynthesis of the lipids of the mammalian cell; phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol and how lipid diversity is achieved. The fatty acids (FAs) are the main building blocks of lipids and contribute to the diversity. Lipid synthesis is intimately connected to their transport within cells; the contribution by proteins that transport lipids, lipid transport proteins will be described. Cellular lipids are metabolised by phospholipases, lipid kinases and phosphatases to make new bioactive metabolites. These transient bioactive metabolites allow cells to respond to the external environment to maintain cellular health. The function of individual metabolites is also highlighted. Bioactive metabolites can be second messengers, or released to the external medium to regulate other cells. Alternatively, bioactive lipids also provide a platform for reversible recruitment of proteins to membranes using their lipid-binding domains. The wide range of physiological processes in which a specific involvement of lipids has been identified explains the need for lipid diversity present in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Cockcroft
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K
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165
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Papathanasiou I, Anastasopoulou L, Tsezou A. Cholesterol metabolism related genes in osteoarthritis. Bone 2021; 152:116076. [PMID: 34174501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis plays a significant role in skeletal development and the dysregulation of cholesterol-related mechanism has been shown to be involved in the development of cartilage diseases including osteoarthritis (OA). Epidemiological studies have shown an association between elevated serum cholesterol levels and OA. Furthermore, abnormal lipid accumulation in chondrocytes as a result of abnormal regulation of cholesterol homeostasis has been demonstrated to be involved in the development of OA. Although, many in vivo and in vitro studies support the connection between cholesterol and cartilage degradation, the mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between lipid metabolism, especially HDL cholesterol metabolism, and OA remain unclear. The current review aims to address this problem and focuses on key molecular players of the HDL metabolism pathway and their role in ΟΑ pathogenesis. Understanding the complexity of biological processes implicated in OA pathogenesis, such as cholesterol metabolism, may lead to new targets for drug therapy of OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Papathanasiou
- Department of Biology, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Larisa, Greece; Department of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Larisa, Greece
| | - Lydia Anastasopoulou
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Aspasia Tsezou
- Department of Biology, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Larisa, Greece; Department of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Larisa, Greece.
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166
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The Unfolded Protein Response as a Guardian of the Secretory Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112965. [PMID: 34831188 PMCID: PMC8616143 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major site of membrane biogenesis in most eukaryotic cells. As the entry point to the secretory pathway, it handles more than 10,000 different secretory and membrane proteins. The insertion of proteins into the membrane, their folding, and ER exit are affected by the lipid composition of the ER membrane and its collective membrane stiffness. The ER is also a hotspot of lipid biosynthesis including sterols, glycerophospholipids, ceramides and neural storage lipids. The unfolded protein response (UPR) bears an evolutionary conserved, dual sensitivity to both protein-folding imbalances in the ER lumen and aberrant compositions of the ER membrane, referred to as lipid bilayer stress (LBS). Through transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms, the UPR upregulates the protein folding capacity of the ER and balances the production of proteins and lipids to maintain a functional secretory pathway. In this review, we discuss how UPR transducers sense unfolded proteins and LBS with a particular focus on their role as guardians of the secretory pathway.
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167
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Rashkovan M, Albero R, Gianni F, Perez-Duran P, Miller HI, Mackey AL, Paietta EM, Tallman MS, Rowe JM, Litzow MR, Wiernik PH, Luger S, Sulis ML, Soni RK, Ferrando AA. Intracellular cholesterol pools regulate oncogenic signaling and epigenetic circuitries in Early T-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2021; 12:856-871. [PMID: 34711640 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy associated with early relapse and poor prognosis that is genetically, immunophenotypically and transcriptionally distinct from more mature T-cell acute lymphoblastic (T-ALL) tumors. Here, we leveraged global metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of primary ETP and T-ALL leukemia samples to identify specific metabolic circuitries differentially active in this high-risk leukemia group. ETP-ALLs showed increased biosynthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids, and were specifically sensitive to inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Mechanistically, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis inhibited oncogenic AKT1 signaling and suppressed MYC expression via loss of chromatin accessibility at a leukemia stem cell-specific long range MYC enhancer. In all, these results identify the mevalonate pathway as a druggable novel vulnerability in high-risk ETP-ALL cells and uncover an unanticipated critical role for cholesterol biosynthesis in signal transduction and epigenetic circuitries driving leukemia cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Albero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Francesca Gianni
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center
| | | | - Hannah I Miller
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Adam L Mackey
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Elisabeth M Paietta
- Montefiore Medical Center-North Division, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - Martin S Tallman
- Department of Medicine, Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Jacob M Rowe
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Medical Center and Technion
| | - Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic
| | | | - Selina Luger
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Rajesh K Soni
- Proteomics Core Facility, Columbia University Medical Center
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168
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Sterols, Oxysterols, and Accessible Cholesterol: Signalling for Homeostasis, in Immunity and During Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723224. [PMID: 34690800 PMCID: PMC8531217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we discuss the concept of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol and its involvement as a signalling molecule. Changes in plasma membrane accessible cholesterol, although only being minor in the context of total cholesterol plasma membrane cholesterol and total cell cholesterol, are a key regulator of overall cellular cholesterol homeostasis by the SREBP pathway. Accessible cholesterol also provides the second messenger between patched 1 and smoothened in the hedgehog signalling pathway important during development, and its depletion may provide a mechanism of resistance to microbial pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. We revise the hypothesis that oxysterols are a signalling form of cholesterol, in this instance as a rapidly acting and paracrine version of accessible cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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169
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Lee E, Zhang X, Noda T, Miyamoto J, Kimura I, Tanaka T, Sakurai K, Hatano R, Miki T. Lecithin Inclusion by α-Cyclodextrin Activates SREBP2 Signaling in the Gut and Ameliorates Postprandial Hyperglycemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910796. [PMID: 34639136 PMCID: PMC8509185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) is one of the dietary fibers that may have a beneficial effect on cholesterol and/or glucose metabolism, but its efficacy and mode of action remain unclear. METHODS In the present study, we examined the anti-hyperglycemic effect of α-CD after oral loading of glucose and liquid meal in mice. RESULTS Administration of 2 g/kg α-CD suppressed hyperglycemia after glucose loading, which was associated with increased glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion and enhanced hepatic glucose sequestration. By contrast, 1 g/kg α-CD similarly suppressed hyperglycemia, but without increasing secretions of GLP-1 and insulin. Furthermore, oral α-CD administration disrupts lipid micelle formation through its inclusion of lecithin in the gut luminal fluid. Importantly, prior inclusion of α-CD with lecithin in vitro nullified the anti-hyperglycemic effect of α-CD in vivo, which was associated with increased intestinal mRNA expressions of SREBP2-target genes (Ldlr, Hmgcr, Pcsk9, and Srebp2). CONCLUSIONS α-CD elicits its anti-hyperglycemic effect after glucose loading by inducing lecithin inclusion in the gut lumen and activating SREBP2, which is known to induce cholecystokinin secretion to suppress hepatic glucose production via a gut/brain/liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (E.L.); (X.Z.); (T.N.); (R.H.)
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (E.L.); (X.Z.); (T.N.); (R.H.)
| | - Tomoe Noda
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (E.L.); (X.Z.); (T.N.); (R.H.)
| | - Junki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Kenichi Sakurai
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan;
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (E.L.); (X.Z.); (T.N.); (R.H.)
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (E.L.); (X.Z.); (T.N.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-43-226-2029
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170
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Targeting cholesterol homeostasis in hematopoietic malignancies. Blood 2021; 139:165-176. [PMID: 34610110 PMCID: PMC8814816 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a vital lipid for cellular functions. It is necessary for membrane biogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition to maintaining cell integrity and permeability, increasing evidence indicates a strict link between cholesterol homeostasis, inflammation and haematological tumors. This makes cholesterol homeostasis an optimal therapeutic target for hematopoietic malignancies. Manipulating cholesterol homeostasis either interfering with its synthesis or activating the reverse cholesterol transport via the engagement of liver X receptors (LXRs), affects the integrity of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Cholesterol homeostasis has also been manipulated to restore antitumor immune responses in preclinical models. These observations have prompted clinical trials in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to test the combination of chemotherapy with drugs interfering with cholesterol synthesis, i.e. statins. We review the role of cholesterol homeostasis in hematopoietic malignancies, as well as in cells of the tumor microenvironment, and discuss the potential use of lipid modulators for therapeutic purposes.
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171
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Alipoor B, Nikouei S, Rezaeinejad F, Malakooti-Dehkordi SN, Sabati Z, Ghasemi H. Long non-coding RNAs in metabolic disorders: pathogenetic relevance and potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:2015-2041. [PMID: 33792864 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could be associated with the incidence and development of metabolic disorders. AIM Accordingly, this narrative review described the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in the development of metabolic diseases including insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and coronary artery diseases (CAD). Furthermore, we investigated the up-to-date findings on the association of deregulated lncRNAs in the metabolic disorders, and potential use of lncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. CONCLUSION LncRNAs/miRNA/regulatory proteins axis plays a crucial role in progression of metabolic disorders and may be used in development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alipoor
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - S Nikouei
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - F Rezaeinejad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Z Sabati
- MSc student of Hematology, Student Research Committee, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Ghasemi
- Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
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172
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Aldana-Bitar J, Moore J, Budoff MJ. LDL receptor and pathogen processes: Functions beyond normal lipids. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:773-781. [PMID: 34645587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of the LDL receptor concerning lipids is well known, its role in various viral and parasitic infections, and in regulating the inflammatory response is poorly understood. Several infectious agents use the LDL receptor as a port of entry, and others depend on it for their cycle of infection. In this review, we focus on the discovery, structure, and normal function of the LDL receptor, as well as its role in a selection of infections. The LDL receptor plays an important role in certain infections and is a potential target for treatment deserving further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Aldana-Bitar
- Division of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Jeff Moore
- Division of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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173
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Politiek FA, Waterham HR. Compromised Protein Prenylation as Pathogenic Mechanism in Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724991. [PMID: 34539662 PMCID: PMC8446354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is an autoinflammatory metabolic disorder characterized by life-long recurring episodes of fever and inflammation, often without clear cause. MKD is caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the MVK gene, resulting in a decreased activity of the encoded enzyme mevalonate kinase (MK). MK is an essential enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, which generates both non-sterol and sterol isoprenoids. The inflammatory symptoms of patients with MKD point to a major role for isoprenoids in the regulation of the innate immune system. In particular a temporary shortage of the non-sterol isoprenoid geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is increasingly linked with inflammation in MKD. The shortage of GGPP compromises protein prenylation, which is thought to be one of the main causes leading to the inflammatory episodes in MKD. In this review, we discuss current views and the state of knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms in MKD, with particular focus on the role of compromised protein prenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frouwkje A Politiek
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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174
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Steck TL, Tabei SMA, Lange Y. A basic model for cell cholesterol homeostasis. Traffic 2021; 22:471-481. [PMID: 34528339 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cells manage their cholesterol by negative feedback using a battery of sterol-responsive proteins. How these activities are coordinated so as to specify the abundance and distribution of the sterol is unclear. We present a simple mathematical model that addresses this question. It assumes that almost all of the cholesterol is associated with phospholipids in stoichiometric complexes. A small fraction of the sterol is uncomplexed and thermodynamically active. It equilibrates among the organelles, setting their sterol level according to the affinity of their phospholipids. The activity of the homeostatic proteins in the cytoplasmic membranes is then set by their fractional saturation with uncomplexed cholesterol in competition with the phospholipids. The high-affinity phospholipids in the plasma membrane (PM) are filled to near stoichiometric equivalence, giving it most of the cell sterol. Notably, the affinity of the phospholipids in the endomembranes (EMs) is lower by orders of magnitude than that of the phospholipids in the PM. Thus, the small amount of sterol in the EMs rests far below stoichiometric capacity. Simulations match a variety of experimental data. The model captures the essence of cell cholesterol homeostasis, makes coherent a diverse set of experimental findings, provides a surprising prediction and suggests new experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore L Steck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - S M Ali Tabei
- Department of Physics, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA
| | - Yvonne Lange
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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175
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Krishnan K, Qian M, Feltes M, Chen ZW, Gale S, Wang L, Sugasawa Y, Reichert DE, Schaffer JE, Ory DS, Evers AS, Covey DF. Validation of Trifluoromethylphenyl Diazirine Cholesterol Analogues As Cholesterol Mimetics and Photolabeling Reagents. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1493-1507. [PMID: 34355883 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic diazirine analogues of cholesterol have been used previously to elaborate the cholesterol proteome and identify cholesterol binding sites on proteins. Cholesterol analogues containing the trifluoromethylphenyl diazirine (TPD) group have not been reported. Both classes of diazirines have been prepared for neurosteroid photolabeling studies and their combined use provided information that was not obtainable with either diazirine class alone. Hence, we prepared cholesterol TPD analogues and used them along with previously reported aliphatic diazirine analogues as photoaffinity labeling reagents to obtain additional information on the cholesterol binding sites of the pentameric Gloeobacter ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC). We first validated the TPD analogues as cholesterol substitutes and compared their actions with those of previously reported aliphatic diazirines in cell culture assays. All the probes bound to the same cholesterol binding site on GLIC but with differences in photolabeling efficiencies and residues identified. Photolabeling of mammalian (HEK) cell membranes demonstrated differences in the pattern of proteins labeled by the two classes of probes. Collectively, these date indicate that cholesterol photoaffinity labeling reagents containing an aliphatic diazirine or TPD group provide complementary information and will both be useful tools in future studies of cholesterol biology.
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176
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Wang X, Chen Q, Wang X, Cong P, Xu J, Xue C. Lipidomics Approach in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis Dyslipidemia Hamsters: Alleviation Using Ether-Phospholipids in Sea Urchin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9167-9177. [PMID: 33961420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ether-phospholipids (ether-PLs) in sea urchins, especially eicosapentaenoic-acid-enriched plasmenyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PE-P) and plasmanyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-O), exhibit potential lipid-regulating effects. However, their underlying regulatory mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Herein, we integrated an untargeted lipidomics strategy and biochemical analysis to investigate these mechanisms in high-fat-induced atherosclerotic hamsters. Dietary supplementation with PE-P and PC-O decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in serum. The lipid regulatory effects of PE-P were superior to those of PC-O. Additionally, 20 lipid molecular species, including phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesteryl ester, triacylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol, were identified as potential lipid biomarkers in the serum of hamsters with PC-O and PE-P treatment (95% confidence interval; p < 0.05). The variations of lipids may be attributed to downregulation of adipogenesis genes and upregulation of lipid β-oxidation genes and bile acid biosynthesis genes. The improved lipid homeostasis by ether-PLs in sea urchins might be a key pathway underlying the antiatherosclerosis effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinsheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
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177
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Zou H, Yang N, Zhang X, Chen HW. RORγ is a context-specific master regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis and an emerging therapeutic target in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114725. [PMID: 34384758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis in the form of elevated cholesterol biosynthesis and dysregulated efflux and metabolism is well recognized as a major feature of metabolic reprogramming in solid tumors. Recent studies have emphasized on major drivers and regulators such as Myc, mutant p53, SREBP2, LXRs and oncogenic signaling pathways that play crucial roles in tumor cholesterol metabolic reprogramming. Therapeutics such as statins targeting the mevalonate pathway were tried at the clinic without showing consistent benefits to cancer patients. Nuclear receptors are prominent regulators of mammalian metabolism. Their de-regulation often drives tumorigenesis. RORγ and its immune cell-specific isoform RORγt play important functions in control of mammalian metabolism, circadian rhythm and immune responses. Although RORγ, together with its closely related members RORα and RORβ were identified initially as orphan receptors, recent studies strongly support the conclusion that specific intermediates and metabolites of cholesterol pathways serve as endogenous ligands of RORγ. More recent studies also reveal a critical role of RORγ in tumorigenesis through major oncogenic pathways including acting a new master-like regulator of tumor cholesterol biosynthesis program. Importantly, an increasing number of RORγ orthosteric and allosteric ligands are being identified that display potent activities in blocking tumor growth and autoimmune disorders in preclinical models. This review summarizes the recent preclinical and clinical progress on RORγ with emphasis on its role in reprogramming tumor cholesterol metabolism and its regulation. It will also discuss RORγ functional mechanisms, context-specificity and its value as a therapeutic target for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nianxin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, USA.
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178
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Post-Translational Modification and Subcellular Compartmentalization: Emerging Concepts on the Regulation and Physiopathological Relevance of RhoGTPases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081990. [PMID: 34440759 PMCID: PMC8393718 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues are continuously exposed to both chemical and physical stimuli and dynamically adapt and respond to this variety of external cues to ensure cellular homeostasis, regulated development and tissue-specific differentiation. Alterations of these pathways promote disease progression-a prominent example being cancer. Rho GTPases are key regulators of the remodeling of cytoskeleton and cell membranes and their coordination and integration with different biological processes, including cell polarization and motility, as well as other signaling networks such as growth signaling and proliferation. Apart from the control of GTP-GDP cycling, Rho GTPase activity is spatially and temporally regulated by post-translation modifications (PTMs) and their assembly onto specific protein complexes, which determine their controlled activity at distinct cellular compartments. Although Rho GTPases were traditionally conceived as targeted from the cytosol to the plasma membrane to exert their activity, recent research demonstrates that active pools of different Rho GTPases also localize to endomembranes and the nucleus. In this review, we discuss how PTM-driven modulation of Rho GTPases provides a versatile mechanism for their compartmentalization and functional regulation. Understanding how the subcellular sorting of active small GTPase pools occurs and what its functional significance is could reveal novel therapeutic opportunities.
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179
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Ho WY, Chang JC, Lim K, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Nguyen AT, Foo JC, Muralidharan S, Viera-Ortiz A, Ong SJM, Hor JH, Agrawal I, Hoon S, Arogundade OA, Rodriguez MJ, Lim SM, Kim SH, Ravits J, Ng SY, Wenk MR, Lee EB, Tucker-Kellogg G, Ling SC. TDP-43 mediates SREBF2-regulated gene expression required for oligodendrocyte myelination. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212536. [PMID: 34347016 PMCID: PMC8348376 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism operates autonomously within the central nervous system (CNS), where the majority of cholesterol resides in myelin. We demonstrate that TDP-43, the pathological signature protein for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), influences cholesterol metabolism in oligodendrocytes. TDP-43 binds directly to mRNA of SREBF2, the master transcription regulator for cholesterol metabolism, and multiple mRNAs encoding proteins responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, including HMGCR, HMGCS1, and LDLR. TDP-43 depletion leads to reduced SREBF2 and LDLR expression, and cholesterol levels in vitro and in vivo. TDP-43-mediated changes in cholesterol levels can be restored by reintroducing SREBF2 or LDLR. Additionally, cholesterol supplementation rescues demyelination caused by TDP-43 deletion. Furthermore, oligodendrocytes harboring TDP-43 pathology from FTD patients show reduced HMGCR and HMGCS1, and coaggregation of LDLR and TDP-43. Collectively, our results indicate that TDP-43 plays a role in cholesterol homeostasis in oligodendrocytes, and cholesterol dysmetabolism may be implicated in TDP-43 proteinopathies-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jer-Cherng Chang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Computational Biology Programme, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Juat Chin Foo
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sneha Muralidharan
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ashley Viera-Ortiz
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah J M Ong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Hui Hor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | - Ira Agrawal
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shawn Hoon
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | | | - Maria J Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Su Min Lim
- Department of Neurology, and Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, and Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Greg Tucker-Kellogg
- Computational Biology Programme, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
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180
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Huang D, Xu B, Liu L, Wu L, Zhu Y, Ghanbarpour A, Wang Y, Chen FJ, Lyu J, Hu Y, Kang Y, Zhou W, Wang X, Ding W, Li X, Jiang Z, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhou H, Li JZ, Guo C, Zheng W, Zhang X, Li P, Melia T, Reinisch K, Chen XW. TMEM41B acts as an ER scramblase required for lipoprotein biogenesis and lipid homeostasis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1655-1670.e8. [PMID: 34015269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
How amphipathic phospholipids are shuttled between the membrane bilayer remains an essential but elusive process, particularly at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). One prominent phospholipid shuttling process concerns the biogenesis of APOB-containing lipoproteins within the ER lumen, which may require bulk trans-bilayer movement of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic leaflet of the ER bilayer. Here, we show that TMEM41B, present in the lipoprotein export machinery, encodes a previously conceptualized ER lipid scramblase mediating trans-bilayer shuttling of bulk phospholipids. Loss of hepatic TMEM41B eliminates plasma lipids, due to complete absence of mature lipoproteins within the ER, but paradoxically also activates lipid production. Mechanistically, scramblase deficiency triggers unique ER morphological changes and unsuppressed activation of SREBPs, which potently promotes lipid synthesis despite stalled secretion. Together, this response induces full-blown nonalcoholic hepatosteatosis in the TMEM41B-deficient mice within weeks. Collectively, our data uncovered a fundamental mechanism safe-guarding ER function and integrity, dysfunction of which disrupts lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bolin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lingzhi Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuangang Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Alireza Ghanbarpour
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yawei Wang
- Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng-Jung Chen
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jia Lyu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yating Hu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunlu Kang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wanqiu Ding
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaodi Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510503, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - John Zhong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunguang Guo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Thomas Melia
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Karin Reinisch
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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181
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Naito T, Saheki Y. GRAMD1-mediated accessible cholesterol sensing and transport. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158957. [PMID: 33932585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol, an essential lipid for cell signaling and structural integrity of cellular membranes, is highly enriched in the plasma membrane (PM). However, the regulatory mechanisms that control its biosynthesis and uptake both reside in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Thus, the ER needs to constantly monitor the levels of PM cholesterol. This is in part mediated by regulated transport of a biochemically defined pool of cholesterol, termed "accessible" cholesterol, from the PM to the ER via evolutionarily conserved ER-anchored lipid transfer proteins, the GRAMD1s/Asters (GRAMD1a/1b/1c) (Lam/Ltc proteins in yeast). GRAMD1s possess cytosolically exposed GRAM domain and StART-like domain followed by a transmembrane ER anchor. They form homo- and hetero-meric complexes and move to the contacts formed between the ER and the PM by sensing a transient expansion of the accessible pool of cholesterol in the PM via the GRAM domain and facilitate its extraction and transport to the ER via the StART-like domain. The GRAMD1b GRAM domain possesses distinct, but synergistic sites, for recognizing accessible cholesterol and anionic lipids, including phosphatidylserine, within the PM. This property of the GRAM domain contributes to regulated tethering of the PM to ER membrane where GRAMD1s are anchored and fine-tunes StART-like domain-dependent accessible cholesterol transport. Thus, cells use GRAMD1s to sense the levels of cholesterol in the PM and regulate transport of accessible PM cholesterol to the ER in order to maintain cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Naito
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore; Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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182
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Chu TT, Tu X, Yang K, Wu J, Repa JJ, Yan N. Tonic prime-boost of STING signalling mediates Niemann-Pick disease type C. Nature 2021; 596:570-575. [PMID: 34290407 PMCID: PMC8859990 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classic mode of STING activation is through binding the cyclic dinucleotide 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), produced by the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which is important for the innate immune response to microbial infection and autoimmune disease. Modes of STING activation that are independent of cGAS are much less well understood. Here, through a spatiotemporally resolved proximity labelling screen followed by quantitative proteomics, we identify the lysosomal membrane protein Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) as a cofactor in the trafficking of STING. NPC1 interacts with STING and recruits it to the lysosome for degradation in both human and mouse cells. Notably, we find that knockout of Npc1 'primes' STING signalling by physically linking or 'tethering' STING to SREBP2 trafficking. Loss of NPC1 protein also 'boosts' STING signalling by blocking lysosomal degradation. Both priming and boosting of STING signalling are required for severe neurological disease in the Npc1-/- mouse. Genetic deletion of Sting1 (the gene that encodes STING) or Irf3, but not that of Cgas, significantly reduced the activation of microglia and relieved the loss of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum of Npc1-/- mice, leading to improved motor function. Our study identifies a cGAS- and cGAMP-independent mode of STING activation that affects neuropathology and provides a therapeutic target for the treatment of Niemann-Pick disease type C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xintao Tu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joyce J Repa
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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183
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Long T, Liu Y, Qin Y, DeBose-Boyd RA, Li X. Structures of dimeric human NPC1L1 provide insight into mechanisms for cholesterol absorption. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/34/eabh3997. [PMID: 34407950 PMCID: PMC8373123 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polytopic Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) plays a major role in intestinal absorption of biliary cholesterol, vitamin E (VE), and vitamin K (VK). The drug ezetimibe inhibits NPC1L1-mediated absorption of cholesterol, lowering of circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of human NPC1L1 (hNPC1L1) bound to either cholesterol or a lipid resembling VE. These findings, together with functional assays, reveal that the same intramolecular channel in hNPC1L1 mediates transport of VE and cholesterol. hNPC1L1 exists primarily as a homodimer; dimerization is mediated by aromatic residues within a region of transmembrane helix 2 that exhibits a horizonal orientation in the membrane. Mutation of tryptophan-347 lies in this region disrupts dimerization and the resultant monomeric NPC1L1 exhibits reduced efficiency of cholesterol uptake. These findings identify the oligomeric state of hNPC1L1 as a target for therapies that inhibit uptake of dietary cholesterol and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Long
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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184
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Djuricic I, Calder PC. Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072421. [PMID: 34371930 PMCID: PMC8308533 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation have been recognized as important contributors to the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may regulate the antioxidant signaling pathway and modulate inflammatory processes. They also influence hepatic lipid metabolism and physiological responses of other organs, including the heart. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies demonstrate that there is an association between moderate intake of the omega-6 PUFA linoleic acid and lower risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), most likely as a result of lower blood cholesterol concentration. Current evidence suggests that increasing intake of arachidonic acid (up to 1500 mg/day) has no adverse effect on platelet aggregation and blood clotting, immune function and markers of inflammation, but may benefit muscle and cognitive performance. Many studies show that higher intakes of omega-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are associated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases characterized by elevated inflammation, including CVDs. This is because of the multiple molecular and cellular actions of EPA and DHA. Intervention trials using EPA + DHA indicate benefit on CVD mortality and a significant inverse linear dose-response relationship has been found between EPA + DHA intake and CVD outcomes. In addition to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, omega-3 fatty acids are considered to regulate platelet homeostasis and lower risk of thrombosis, which together indicate their potential use in COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Djuricic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Correspondence:
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185
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Kober DL, Radhakrishnan A, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Clark LD, Bai XC, Rosenbaum DM. Scap structures highlight key role for rotation of intertwined luminal loops in cholesterol sensing. Cell 2021; 184:3689-3701.e22. [PMID: 34139175 PMCID: PMC8277531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol-sensing protein Scap induces cholesterol synthesis by transporting membrane-bound transcription factors called sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus for proteolytic activation. Transport requires interaction between Scap's two ER luminal loops (L1 and L7), which flank an intramembrane sterol-sensing domain (SSD). Cholesterol inhibits Scap transport by binding to L1, which triggers Scap's binding to Insig, an ER retention protein. Here we used cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) to elucidate two structures of full-length chicken Scap: (1) a wild-type free of Insigs and (2) mutant Scap bound to chicken Insig without cholesterol. Strikingly, L1 and L7 intertwine tightly to form a globular domain that acts as a luminal platform connecting the SSD to the rest of Scap. In the presence of Insig, this platform undergoes a large rotation accompanied by rearrangement of Scap's transmembrane helices. We postulate that this conformational change halts Scap transport of SREBPs and inhibits cholesterol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Kober
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Joseph L Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael S Brown
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lindsay D Clark
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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186
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Hu M, Yang F, Huang Y, You X, Liu D, Sun S, Sui SF. Structural insights into the mechanism of human NPC1L1-mediated cholesterol uptake. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/29/eabg3188. [PMID: 34272236 PMCID: PMC8284890 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) protein plays a central role in the intestinal cholesterol absorption and is the target of a drug, ezetimibe, which inhibits NPC1L1 to reduce cholesterol absorption. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human NPC1L1 in apo state, cholesterol-enriched state, and ezetimibe-bound state to reveal molecular details of NPC1L1-mediated cholesterol uptake and ezetimibe inhibition. Comparison of these structures reveals that the sterol-sensing domain (SSD) could respond to the cholesterol level alteration by binding different number of cholesterol molecules. Upon increasing cholesterol level, SSD binds more cholesterol molecules, which, in turn, triggers the formation of a stable structural cluster in SSD, while binding of ezetimibe causes the deformation of the SSD and destroys the structural cluster, leading to the inhibition of NPC1L1 function. These results provide insights into mechanisms of NPC1L1 function and ezetimibe action and are of great significance for the development of new cholesterol absorption inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yawen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin You
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Desheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Sen-Fang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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187
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The PKD-Dependent Biogenesis of TGN-to-Plasma Membrane Transport Carriers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071618. [PMID: 34203456 PMCID: PMC8303525 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is essential for processing and transport of proteins and lipids and to establish cell compartmentation and tissue organization. Cells respond to their needs and control the quantity and quality of protein secretion accordingly. In this review, we focus on a particular membrane trafficking route from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the cell surface: protein kinase D (PKD)-dependent pathway for constitutive secretion mediated by carriers of the TGN to the cell surface (CARTS). Recent findings highlight the importance of lipid signaling by organelle membrane contact sites (MCSs) in this pathway. Finally, we discuss our current understanding of multiple signaling pathways for membrane trafficking regulation mediated by PKD, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), growth factors, metabolites, and mechanosensors.
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188
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Feringa FM, van der Kant R. Cholesterol and Alzheimer's Disease; From Risk Genes to Pathological Effects. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:690372. [PMID: 34248607 PMCID: PMC8264368 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.690372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While the central nervous system compromises 2% of our body weight, it harbors up to 25% of the body's cholesterol. Cholesterol levels in the brain are tightly regulated for physiological brain function, but mounting evidence indicates that excessive cholesterol accumulates in Alzheimer's disease (AD), where it may drive AD-associated pathological changes. This seems especially relevant for late-onset AD, as several of the major genetic risk factors are functionally associated with cholesterol metabolism. In this review we discuss the different systems that maintain brain cholesterol metabolism in the healthy brain, and how dysregulation of these processes can lead, or contribute to, Alzheimer's disease. We will also discuss how AD-risk genes might impact cholesterol metabolism and downstream AD pathology. Finally, we will address the major outstanding questions in the field and how recent technical advances in CRISPR/Cas9-gene editing and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-technology can aid to study these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke M. Feringa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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189
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Schumacher MM, DeBose-Boyd RA. Posttranslational Regulation of HMG CoA Reductase, the Rate-Limiting Enzyme in Synthesis of Cholesterol. Annu Rev Biochem 2021; 90:659-679. [PMID: 34153214 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-081820-101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The polytopic, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase produces mevalonate, the key intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol and many nonsterol isoprenoids including geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp). Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational feedback mechanisms converge on this reductase to ensure cells maintain a sufficient supply of essential nonsterol isoprenoids but avoid overaccumulation of cholesterol and other sterols. The focus of this review is mechanisms for the posttranslational regulation of HMG CoA reductase, which include sterol-accelerated ubiquitination and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) that is augmented by GGpp. We discuss how GGpp-induced ER-to-Golgi trafficking of the vitamin K2 synthetic enzyme UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1) modulates HMG CoA reductase ERAD to balance the synthesis of sterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. We also summarize the characterization of genetically manipulated mice, which established that sterol-accelerated, UBIAD1-modulated ERAD plays a major role in regulation of HMG CoA reductase and cholesterol metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc M Schumacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
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190
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Lian J, van der Veen JN, Watts R, Jacobs RL, Lehner R. Carboxylesterase 1d (Ces1d) does not contribute to cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in the liver. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100093. [PMID: 34153284 PMCID: PMC8287225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central organ regulating cholesterol synthesis, storage, transport, and elimination. Mouse carboxylesterase 1d (Ces1d) and its human ortholog CES1 have been described to possess lipase activity and play roles in hepatic triacylglycerol metabolism and VLDL assembly. It has been proposed that Ces1d/CES1 might also catalyze cholesteryl ester (CE) hydrolysis in the liver and thus be responsible for the hydrolysis of HDL-derived CE; this could contribute to the final step in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, wherein cholesterol is secreted from the liver into bile and feces, either directly or after conversion to water-soluble bile salts. However, the proposed function of Ces1d/CES1 as a CE hydrolase is controversial. In this study, we interrogated the role hepatic Ces1d plays in cholesterol homeostasis using liver-specific Ces1d-deficient mice. We rationalized that if Ces1d is a major hepatic CE hydrolase, its absence would (1) reduce in vivo RCT flux and (2) provoke liver CE accumulation after a high-cholesterol diet challenge. We found that liver-specific Ces1d-deficient mice did not show any difference in the flux of in vivo HDL-to-feces RCT nor did it cause additional liver CE accumulation after high-fat, high-cholesterol Western-type diet feeding. These findings challenge the importance of Ces1d as a major hepatic CE hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lian
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Russell Watts
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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191
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Inokuchi JI, Kanoh H, Inamori KI, Nagafuku M, Nitta T, Fukase K. Homeostatic and pathogenic roles of the GM3 ganglioside. FEBS J 2021; 289:5152-5165. [PMID: 34125497 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two decades ago, we achieved molecular cloning of ganglioside GM3 synthase (GM3S; ST3GAL5), the enzyme responsible for initiating biosynthesis of complex gangliosides. The efforts of our research group since then have been focused on clarifying the physiological and pathological roles of gangliosides, particularly GM3. This review summarizes our long-term studies on the roles of GM3 in insulin resistance and adipogenesis in adipose tissues, cholesterol uptake in intestine, and leptin resistance in hypothalamus. We hypothesized that GM3 plays a role in innate immune function of macrophages and demonstrated that molecular species of GM3 with differing acyl-chain structures and modifications functioned as pro- and anti-inflammatory endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) modulators in macrophages. Very-long-chain and α-hydroxy GM3 species enhanced TLR4 activation, whereas long-chain and unsaturated GM3 species counteracted this effect. Lipidomic analyses of serum and adipose tissues revealed that imbalances between such pro- and anti-inflammatory GM3 species promoted progression of metabolic disorders. GM3 thus functions as a physiological regulatory factor controlling the balance between homeostatic and pathological states. Ongoing studies based on these findings will clarify the mechanisms underlying ganglioside-dependent control of energy homeostasis and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education (MS-CORE), Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanoh
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Inamori
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nagafuku
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nitta
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education (MS-CORE), Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan
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192
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Matos ALL, Keller F, Wegner T, del Castillo CEC, Grill D, Kudruk S, Spang A, Glorius F, Heuer A, Gerke V. CHIMs are versatile cholesterol analogs mimicking and visualizing cholesterol behavior in lipid bilayers and cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:720. [PMID: 34117357 PMCID: PMC8196198 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of cellular membranes regulating the structural integrity and fluidity of biological bilayers and cellular processes such as signal transduction and membrane trafficking. However, tools to investigate the role and dynamics of cholesterol in live cells are still scarce and often show limited applicability. To address this, we previously developed a class of imidazolium-based cholesterol analogs, CHIMs. Here we confirm that CHIM membrane integration characteristics largely mimic those of cholesterol. Computational studies in simulated phospholipid bilayers and biophysical analyses of model membranes reveal that in biologically relevant systems CHIMs behave similarly to natural cholesterol. Importantly, the analogs can functionally replace cholesterol in membranes, can be readily labeled by click chemistry and follow trafficking pathways of cholesterol in live cells. Thus, CHIMs represent chemically versatile cholesterol analogs that can serve as a flexible toolbox to study cholesterol behavior and function in live cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. L. Matos
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Keller
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Physical Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Münster, Germany ,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Münster, Germany
| | - Tristan Wegner
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - David Grill
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sergej Kudruk
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Spang
- grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Glorius
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Physical Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Münster, Germany ,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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193
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Di Pardo A, Monyror J, Morales LC, Kadam V, Lingrell S, Maglione V, Wozniak RW, Sipione S. Mutant huntingtin interacts with the sterol regulatory element-binding proteins and impairs their nuclear import. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:418-431. [PMID: 31875875 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain cholesterol homeostasis is altered in Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a CAG nucleotide repeat in the HTT gene. Genes involved in the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids were shown to be downregulated shortly after the expression of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) in inducible HD cells. Nuclear levels of the transcription factors that regulate lipid biogenesis, the sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP1 and SREBP2), were found to be decreased in HD models compared to wild-type, but the underlying causes were not known. SREBPs are synthesized as inactive endoplasmic reticulum-localized precursors. Their mature forms (mSREBPs) are generated upon transport of the SREBP precursors to the Golgi and proteolytic cleavage, and are rapidly imported into the nucleus by binding to importin β. We show that, although SREBP2 processing into mSREBP2 is not affected in YAC128 HD mice, mSREBP2 is mislocalized to the cytoplasm. Chimeric mSREBP2-and mSREBP1-EGFP proteins are also mislocalized to the cytoplasm in immortalized striatal cells expressing mHTT, in YAC128 neurons and in fibroblasts from HD patients. We further show that mHTT binds to the SREBP2/importin β complex required for nuclear import and sequesters it in the cytoplasm. As a result, HD cells fail to upregulate cholesterogenic genes under sterol-depleted conditions. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the downregulation of genes involved in the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids in HD models, and have potential implications for other pathways modulated by SREBPs, including autophagy and excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Di Pardo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - John Monyror
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Luis Carlos Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Vaibhavi Kadam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Susanne Lingrell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Vittorio Maglione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Richard W Wozniak
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
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194
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Yan R, Cao P, Song W, Li Y, Wang T, Qian H, Yan C, Yan N. Structural basis for sterol sensing by Scap and Insig. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109299. [PMID: 34192549 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway monitors the cellular cholesterol level through sterol-regulated association between the SREBP cleavage-activating protein (Scap) and the insulin-induced gene (Insig). Despite structural determination of the Scap and Insig-2 complex bound to 25-hydroxycholesterol, the luminal domains of Scap remain unresolved. In this study, combining cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis and artificial intelligence-facilitated structural prediction, we report the structure of the human Scap/Insig-2 complex purified in digitonin. The luminal domain loop 1 and a co-folded segment in loop 7 of Scap resemble those of the luminal/extracellular domain in NPC1 and related proteins, providing clues to the cholesterol-regulated interaction of loop 1 and loop 7. An additional luminal interface is observed between Scap and Insig. We also show that Scap(D428A), which inhibits SREBP activation even under sterol depletion, exhibits an identical conformation with the wild-type protein when complexed with Insig-2, and its constitutive suppression of the SREBP pathway may also involve a later step in protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhong Yan
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Pingping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenqi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongwu Qian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Chuangye Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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195
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Lasunción MA, Martínez-Botas J, Martín-Sánchez C, Busto R, Gómez-Coronado D. Cell cycle dependence on the mevalonate pathway: Role of cholesterol and non-sterol isoprenoids. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114623. [PMID: 34052188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of isoprenoids, including sterols and other metabolites that are essential for diverse biological functions. Cholesterol, the main sterol in mammals, and non-sterol isoprenoids are in high demand by rapidly dividing cells. As evidence of its importance, many cell signaling pathways converge on the mevalonate pathway and these include those involved in proliferation, tumor-promotion, and tumor-suppression. As well as being a fundamental building block of cell membranes, cholesterol plays a key role in maintaining their lipid organization and biophysical properties, and it is crucial for the function of proteins located in the plasma membrane. Importantly, cholesterol and other mevalonate derivatives are essential for cell cycle progression, and their deficiency blocks different steps in the cycle. Furthermore, the accumulation of non-isoprenoid mevalonate derivatives can cause DNA replication stress. Identification of the mechanisms underlying the effects of cholesterol and other mevalonate derivatives on cell cycle progression may be useful in the search for new inhibitors, or the repurposing of preexisting cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors to target cancer cell division. In this review, we discuss the dependence of cell division on an active mevalonate pathway and the role of different mevalonate derivatives in cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Lasunción
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Javier Martínez-Botas
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Covadonga Martín-Sánchez
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Busto
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
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196
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Colardo M, Martella N, Pensabene D, Siteni S, Di Bartolomeo S, Pallottini V, Segatto M. Neurotrophins as Key Regulators of Cell Metabolism: Implications for Cholesterol Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5692. [PMID: 34073639 PMCID: PMC8198482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins constitute a family of growth factors initially characterized as predominant mediators of nervous system development, neuronal survival, regeneration and plasticity. Their biological activity is promoted by the binding of two different types of receptors, leading to the generation of multiple and variegated signaling cascades in the target cells. Increasing evidence indicates that neurotrophins are also emerging as crucial regulators of metabolic processes in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. In this context, it has been reported that neurotrophins affect redox balance, autophagy, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. Additionally, the trophic support provided by these secreted factors may involve the regulation of cholesterol metabolism. In this review, we examine the neurotrophins' signaling pathways and their effects on metabolism by critically discussing the most up-to-date information. In particular, we gather experimental evidence demonstrating the impact of these growth factors on cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Colardo
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (M.C.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Noemi Martella
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (M.C.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Daniele Pensabene
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (M.C.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Silvia Siteni
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Sabrina Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (M.C.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Valentina Pallottini
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy;
- Neuroendocrinology Metabolism and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Segatto
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (M.C.); (N.M.); (D.P.); (S.D.B.)
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197
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Reyes-García J, Montaño LM, Carbajal-García A, Wang YX. Sex Hormones and Lung Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:259-321. [PMID: 34019274 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a characteristic marker in numerous lung disorders. Several immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, as well as T and B lymphocytes, synthetize and release cytokines involved in the inflammatory process. Gender differences in the incidence and severity of inflammatory lung ailments including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), lung cancer (LC), and infectious related illnesses have been reported. Moreover, the effects of sex hormones on both androgens and estrogens, such as testosterone (TES) and 17β-estradiol (E2), driving characteristic inflammatory patterns in those lung inflammatory diseases have been investigated. In general, androgens seem to display anti-inflammatory actions, whereas estrogens produce pro-inflammatory effects. For instance, androgens regulate negatively inflammation in asthma by targeting type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and T-helper (Th)-2 cells to attenuate interleukin (IL)-17A-mediated responses and leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis pathway. Estrogens may promote neutrophilic inflammation in subjects with asthma and COPD. Moreover, the activation of estrogen receptors might induce tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we summarize the most recent advances in the functional roles and associated signaling pathways of inflammatory cellular responses in asthma, COPD, PF, LC, and newly occurring COVID-19 disease. We also meticulously deliberate the influence of sex steroids on the development and progress of these common and severe lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Reyes-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abril Carbajal-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yong-Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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198
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Giacomini I, Gianfanti F, Desbats MA, Orso G, Berretta M, Prayer-Galetti T, Ragazzi E, Cocetta V. Cholesterol Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer and Its Pharmacological Modulation as Therapeutic Strategy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:682911. [PMID: 34109128 PMCID: PMC8181394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a ubiquitous sterol with many biological functions, which are crucial for proper cellular signaling and physiology. Indeed, cholesterol is essential in maintaining membrane physical properties, while its metabolism is involved in bile acid production and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Additionally, isoprenoids metabolites of the mevalonate pathway support protein-prenylation and dolichol, ubiquinone and the heme a biosynthesis. Cancer cells rely on cholesterol to satisfy their increased nutrient demands and to support their uncontrolled growth, thus promoting tumor development and progression. Indeed, transformed cells reprogram cholesterol metabolism either by increasing its uptake and de novo biosynthesis, or deregulating the efflux. Alternatively, tumor can efficiently accumulate cholesterol into lipid droplets and deeply modify the activity of key cholesterol homeostasis regulators. In light of these considerations, altered pathways of cholesterol metabolism might represent intriguing pharmacological targets for the development of exploitable strategies in the context of cancer therapy. Thus, this work aims to discuss the emerging evidence of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials, on the role of cholesterol pathways in the treatment of cancer, starting from already available cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins or fibrates), and moving towards novel potential pharmacological inhibitors or selective target modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Giacomini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Gianfanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso Prayer-Galetti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology - Urology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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199
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Shin S, Zhou H, He C, Wei Y, Wang Y, Shingu T, Zeng A, Wang S, Zhou X, Li H, Zhang Q, Mo Q, Long J, Lan F, Chen Y, Hu J. Qki activates Srebp2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis for maintenance of eye lens transparency. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3005. [PMID: 34021134 PMCID: PMC8139980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective cholesterol biosynthesis in eye lens cells is often associated with cataracts; however, how genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis are regulated in lens cells remains unclear. Here, we show that Quaking (Qki) is required for the transcriptional activation of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis in the eye lens. At the transcriptome level, lens-specific Qki-deficient mice present downregulation of genes associated with the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, resulting in a significant reduction of total cholesterol level in the eye lens. Mice with Qki depletion in lens epithelium display progressive accumulation of protein aggregates, eventually leading to cataracts. Notably, these defects are attenuated by topical sterol administration. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Qki enhances cholesterol biosynthesis by recruiting Srebp2 and Pol II in the promoter regions of cholesterol biosynthesis genes. Supporting its function as a transcription co-activator, we show that Qki directly interacts with single-stranded DNA. In conclusion, we propose that Qki-Srebp2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis is essential for maintaining the cholesterol level that protects lens from cataract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seula Shin
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxi He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Clinical Science Division, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Takashi Shingu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ailiang Zeng
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute of Jilin University, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qinling Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiafu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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200
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Darnet S, Blary A, Chevalier Q, Schaller H. Phytosterol Profiles, Genomes and Enzymes - An Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:665206. [PMID: 34093623 PMCID: PMC8172173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.665206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable diversity of sterol biosynthetic capacities described in living organisms is enriched at a fast pace by a growing number of sequenced genomes. Whereas analytical chemistry has produced a wealth of sterol profiles of species in diverse taxonomic groups including seed and non-seed plants, algae, phytoplanktonic species and other unicellular eukaryotes, functional assays and validation of candidate genes unveils new enzymes and new pathways besides canonical biosynthetic schemes. An overview of the current landscape of sterol pathways in the tree of life is tentatively assembled in a series of sterolotypes that encompass major groups and provides also peculiar features of sterol profiles in bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hubert Schaller
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology Team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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