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Food decisions of an omnivorous thrips are independent from the indirect effects of jasmonate-inducible plant defences on prey quality. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1727. [PMID: 30741999 PMCID: PMC6370905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defensive substances can affect the quality of herbivores as prey for predators either directly or indirectly. Directly when the prey has become toxic since it ingested toxic plant material and indirectly when these defences have affected the size and/or nutritional value (both quality parameters) of prey or their abundance. To disentangle direct and indirect effects of JA-defences on prey quality for predators, we used larvae of the omnivorous thrips Frankliniella occidentalis because these are not directly affected by the jasmonate-(JA)-regulated defences of tomato. We offered these thrips larvae the eggs of spider mites (Tetranychus urticae or T. evansi) that had been feeding from either normal tomato plants, JA-impaired plants, or plants treated with JA to artificially boost defences and assessed their performance. Thrips development and survival was reduced on the diet of T. evansi eggs relative to the diet of T. urticae eggs yet these effects were independent from the absence/presence of JA-defences. This indicates that the detrimental effects of tomato JA-defences on herbivores not necessarily also affects their quality as prey.
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152
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Mason CJ, Keefover-Ring K, Villari C, Klutsch JG, Cook S, Bonello P, Erbilgin N, Raffa KF, Townsend PA. Anatomical defences against bark beetles relate to degree of historical exposure between species and are allocated independently of chemical defences within trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:633-646. [PMID: 30474119 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conifers possess chemical and anatomical defences against tree-killing bark beetles that feed in their phloem. Resins accumulating at attack sites can delay and entomb beetles while toxins reach lethal levels. Trees with high concentrations of metabolites active against bark beetle-microbial complexes, and more extensive resin ducts, achieve greater survival. It is unknown if and how conifers integrate chemical and anatomical components of defence or how these capabilities vary with historical exposure. We compared linkages between phloem chemistry and tree ring anatomy of two mountain pine beetle hosts. Lodgepole pine, a mid-elevation species, has had extensive, continual contact with this herbivore, whereas high-elevation whitebark pines have historically had intermittent exposure that is increasing with warming climate. Lodgepole pine had more and larger resin ducts. In both species, anatomical defences were positively related to tree growth and nutrients. Within-tree constitutive and induced concentrations of compounds bioactive against bark beetles and symbionts were largely unrelated to resin duct abundance and size. Fewer anatomical defences in the semi-naïve compared with the continually exposed host concurs with directional differences in chemical defences. Partially uncoupling chemical and morphological antiherbivore traits may enable trees to confront beetles with more diverse defence permutations that interact to resist attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Caterina Villari
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen Cook
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Philip A Townsend
- Departments of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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153
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Yan C, Fan M, Yang M, Zhao J, Zhang W, Su Y, Xiao L, Deng H, Xie D. Injury Activates Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Phosphorylation of JAV1-JAZ8-WRKY51 Complex for Jasmonate Biosynthesis. Mol Cell 2019; 70:136-149.e7. [PMID: 29625034 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insect herbivory causes severe damage to plants and threatens the world's food production. During evolutionary adaptation, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to rapidly accumulate a key defense hormone, jasmonate (JA), that triggers plant defense against herbivory. However, little is known about how plants initially activate JA biosynthesis at encounter with herbivory. Here, we uncover that a novel JAV1-JAZ8-WRKY51 (JJW) complex controls JA biosynthesis to defend against insect attack. In healthy plants, the JJW complex represses JA biosynthesis to restrain JA at a low basal level to ensure proper plant growth. When plants are injured by insect attack, injury rapidly triggers calcium influxes to activate calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of JAV1, which disintegrates JJW complex and activates JA biosynthesis, giving rise to the rapid burst of JA for plant defense. Our findings offer new insights into the highly sophisticated defense systems evolved by plants to defend against herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mai Yang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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154
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Liu X, Li J, Noman A, Lou Y. Silencing OsMAPK20-5 has different effects on rice pests in the field. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1640562. [PMID: 31284822 PMCID: PMC6768226 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1640562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in plant development and adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recently, a rice MAPK gene, OsMAPK20-5, has been reported to protect rice plants against autotoxicity by suppressing herbivore-induced ethylene and nitric oxide signaling. In this context, we observed that silencing OsMAPK20-5 increased the percentage of leaf roll caused by leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and the severity of rice blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea but decreased the severity of sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani. These findings show that silencing OsMAPK20-5 has different effects on rice pests in the field, and these differences have important implications for the evolution and exploitation of resistance strategies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiancai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ali Noman
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- CONTACT Yonggen Lou State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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155
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Pandey P, Wang M, Baldwin IT, Pandey SP, Groten K. Complex regulation of microRNAs in roots of competitively-grown isogenic Nicotiana attenuata plants with different capacities to interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:937. [PMID: 30558527 PMCID: PMC6296096 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotiana attenuata is an ecological model plant whose 2.57 Gb genome has recently been sequenced and assembled and for which miRNAs and their genomic locations have been identified. To understand how this plant's miRNAs are reconfigured during plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) interactions and whether hostplant calcium- and calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) expression which regulates the AMF interaction also modulates miRNAs levels and regulation, we performed a large-scale miRNA analysis of this plant-AMF interaction. RESULTS Next generation sequencing of miRNAs in roots of empty vector (EV) N. attenuata plants and an isogenic line silenced in CCaMK expression (irCCaMK) impaired in AMF-interactions grown under competitive conditions with and without AMF inoculum revealed a total of 149 unique miRNAs: 67 conserved and 82 novel ones. The majority of the miRNAs had a length of 21 nucleotides. MiRNA abundances were highly variable ranging from 400 to more than 25,000 reads per million. The miRNA profile of irCCaMK plants impaired in AMF colonization was distinct from fully AMF-functional EV plants grown in the same pot. Six conserved miRNAs were present in all conditions and accumulated differentially depending on treatment and genotype; five (miR6153, miR403a-3p, miR7122a, miR167-5p and miR482d, but not miR399a-3p) showed the highest accumulation in AMF inoculated EV plants compared to inoculated irCCaMK plants. Furthermore, the accumulation patterns of sequence variants of selected conserved miRNAs showed a very distinct pattern related to AMF colonization - one variant of miR473-5p specifically accumulated in AMF-inoculated plants. Also abundances of miR403a-3p, miR171a-3p and one of the sequence variants of miR172a-3p increased in AMF-inoculated EV compared to inoculated irCCaMK plants and to non-inoculated EV plants, while miR399a-3p was most strongly enriched in AMF inoculated irCCaMK plants grown in competition with EV. The analysis of putative targets of selected miRNAs revealed an involvement in P starvation (miR399), phytohormone signaling (Nat-R-PN59, miR172, miR393) and defense (e.g. miR482, miR8667, Nat-R-PN-47). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates (1) a large-scale reprograming of miRNAs induced by AMF colonization and (2) that the impaired AMF signaling due to CCaMK silencing and the resulting reduced competitive ability of irCCaMK plants play a role in modulating signal-dependent miRNA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Pandey
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal India
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shree P. Pandey
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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156
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Ding X, Mei W, Huang S, Wang H, Zhu J, Hu W, Ding Z, Tie W, Peng S, Dai H. Genome survey sequencing for the characterization of genetic background of Dracaena cambodiana and its defense response during dragon's blood formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209258. [PMID: 30550595 PMCID: PMC6294377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dragon's blood collected from the genus Dracaena is used as a renowned traditional medicine in various cultures worldwide. However, the genetics of the genus Dracaena and the formation mechanism of dragon's blood remain poorly understood. Here, we generate the first draft genome reference assembly of an elite Chinese Dracaena species, Dracaena cambodiana, from next-generation sequencing data with 89.46× coverage. The reads were assembled into 2,640,704 contigs with an N50 length of 1.87 kb, and a 1.05 Gb assembly was finally assembled with 2,379,659 scaffolds. Furthermore, 97.75% of the 267,243 simple sequence repeats identified from these scaffolds were mononucleotide, dinucleotide, and trinucleotide repeats. Among all 53,700 predicted genes, 158 genes involved in cell wall and plant hormone synthesis and reactive oxygen species scavenging showed altered regulation during the formation of dragon's blood. This study provides a genomic characterization of D. cambodiana and improves understanding of the molecular mechanism of dragon's blood formation. This report represents the first genome-wide characterization of a Dracaena species in the Asparagaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengzhuo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zehong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Tie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China
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Zhou D, Liu X, Gao S, Guo J, Su Y, Ling H, Wang C, Li Z, Xu L, Que Y. Foreign cry1Ac gene integration and endogenous borer stress-related genes synergistically improve insect resistance in sugarcane. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:342. [PMID: 30526526 PMCID: PMC6288918 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is considered the most globally important sugar-producing crop and raw material for biofuel. Insect attack is a major issue in sugarcane cultivation, resulting in yield losses and sucrose content reductions. Stem borer (Diatraea saccharalis F.) causes serious yield losses in sugarcane worldwide. However, insect-resistant germplasms for sugarcane are not available in any collections all over the world, and the molecular mechanism of insect resistance has not been elucidated. In this study, cry1Ac transgenic sugarcane lines were obtained and the biological characteristics and transgene dosage effect were investigated and a global exploration of gene expression by transcriptome analysis was performed. RESULTS The transgene copies of foreign cry1Ac were variable and random. The correlation between the cry1Ac protein and cry1Ac gene copies differed between the transgenic lines from FN15 and ROC22. The medium copy lines from FN15 showed a significant linear relationship, while ROC22 showed no definite dosage effect. The transgenic lines with medium copies of cry1Ac showed an elite phenotype. Transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing indicated that up/down regulated differentially expressed genes were abundant among the cry1Ac sugarcane lines and the receptor variety. Foreign cry1Ac gene and endogenous borer stress-related genes may have a synergistic effect. Three lines, namely, A1, A5, and A6, were selected for their excellent stem borer resistance and phenotypic traits and are expected to be used directly as cultivars or crossing parents for sugarcane borer resistance breeding. CONCLUSIONS Cry1Ac gene integration dramatically improved sugarcane insect resistance. The elite transgenic offspring contained medium transgene copies. Foreign cry1Ac gene integration and endogenous borer stress-related genes may have a synergistic effect on sugarcane insect resistance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinggang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Safe Utilization of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils, Hunan University of Science and Technology, School of Life Science, Xiangtan, 411201 Hunan China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Safe Utilization of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils, Hunan University of Science and Technology, School of Life Science, Xiangtan, 411201 Hunan China
| | - Shiwu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Jinlong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Yachun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
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158
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Linking conservation implications of modified disturbance regimes, plant communities, plant associations, and arthropod communities. Oecologia 2018; 189:267-277. [PMID: 30390157 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Modifications to disturbance regimes have landscape-level effects on plant communities and have the potential to influence organisms at multiple trophic levels. We examined differences in the arthropod community across a gradient of oak/hickory dominance, a plant community maintained by disturbance such as periodic fires and extensive land clearing. In southern Illinois, we used patches of forest that varied in tree dominance ranging from 94 to 0% oak/hickory composition dependent on prior land usage that occurred > 50 years ago at minimum, to test two predictions: (1) oak (Quercus) and hickory (Carya) species contain more arthropod biomass and diversity than mesic tree species [e.g., American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and maples (Acer spp.)] and (2) due to plant associations, arthropod communities are more diverse and abundant on host trees within oak/hickory stands than non-oak/hickory stands. Our results were consistent with the prediction that arthropod biomass, guild Shannon diversity, and guild richness are higher on oaks, hickories and tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) than beech and maples. We also found support for the prediction that due to plant associations, % non-oak/hickory stand composition negatively influenced arthropod guild Shannon diversity and guild richness on host trees, including maples and beech. These results are the first to demonstrate that modified disturbance regimes can influence multiple trophic levels both directly due to species-specific variation in susceptibility of plants to herbivory and indirectly through effects of plant associations. This result is concerning as modified disturbance regimes are influencing large-scale plant community composition among biomes worldwide.
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159
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Schimmel BCJ, Alba JM, Wybouw N, Glas JJ, Meijer TT, Schuurink RC, Kant MR. Distinct Signatures of Host Defense Suppression by Plant-Feeding Mites. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3265. [PMID: 30347842 PMCID: PMC6214137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato plants are attacked by diverse herbivorous arthropods, including by cell-content-feeding mites, such as the extreme generalist Tetranychus urticae and specialists like Tetranychus evansi and Aculops lycopersici. Mite feeding induces plant defense responses that reduce mite performance. However, T. evansi and A. lycopersici suppress plant defenses via poorly understood mechanisms and, consequently, maintain a high performance on tomato. On a shared host, T. urticae can be facilitated by either of the specialist mites, likely due to the suppression of plant defenses. To better understand defense suppression and indirect plant-mediated interactions between herbivorous mites, we used gene-expression microarrays to analyze the transcriptomic changes in tomato after attack by either a single mite species (T. urticae, T. evansi, A. lycopersici) or two species simultaneously (T. urticae plus T. evansi or T. urticae plus A. lycopersici). Additionally, we assessed mite-induced changes in defense-associated phytohormones using LC-MS/MS. Compared to non-infested controls, jasmonates (JAs) and salicylate (SA) accumulated to higher amounts upon all mite-infestation treatments, but the response was attenuated after single infestations with defense-suppressors. Strikingly, whereas 8 to 10% of tomato genes were differentially expressed upon single infestations with T. urticae or A. lycopersici, respectively, only 0.1% was altered in T. evansi-infested plants. Transcriptome analysis of dual-infested leaves revealed that A. lycopersici primarily suppressed T. urticae-induced JA defenses, while T. evansi dampened T. urticae-triggered host responses on a transcriptome-wide scale. The latter suggests that T. evansi not solely down-regulates plant gene expression, but rather directs it back towards housekeeping levels. Our results provide valuable new insights into the mechanisms underlying host defense suppression and the plant-mediated facilitation of competing herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardus C J Schimmel
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Juan M Alba
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Joris J Glas
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tomas T Meijer
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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160
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Furlong MJ, Ang GCK, Silva R, Zalucki MP. Bringing Ecology Back: How Can the Chemistry of Indirect Plant Defenses Against Herbivory Be Manipulated to Improve Pest Management? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1436. [PMID: 30319681 PMCID: PMC6170791 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Research on insect-plant interactions has highlighted the intricacies of constitutive and induced plant defenses. Of particular interest has been the relationship of natural enemies (especially parasitic hymenoptera) to herbivore induced changes to plants, especially their responses to herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). In recent decades this has been a fertile area for research, with elegant experiments showing that HIPVs are important in attracting natural enemies to plants. We critically appraise the application of work on HIPVs in plant-insect-natural enemy interactions. The promise of applications to improve pest management has not been forthcoming. We attribute this to a failure to include the multifaceted aspects of natural enemy-prey interactions - attraction, location, subjugation and experience. Attraction in an olfactometer by naïve parasitoids has not been translated to methodologically sound field-based estimates of higher parasitism rates. We highlight what needs to be done to better understand the information that HIPVs convey, how this is utilized by parasitoids and how a greater understanding of these interactions might lead to the development of new strategies so that this knowledge can be effectively deployed for improved pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Myron P. Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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161
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Chen L, Cao T, Zhang J, Lou Y. Overexpression of OsGID1 Enhances the Resistance of Rice to the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092744. [PMID: 30217023 PMCID: PMC6164479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) play pivotal roles in plant growth and development, and in defenses against pathogens. Thus far, how the GA-mediated signaling pathway regulates plant defenses against herbivores remains largely unknown. In this study, we cloned the rice GA receptor gene OsGID1, whose expression was induced by damage from the brown planthopper (BPH) Niaparvata lugens, mechanical wounding, and treatment with salicylic acid (SA), but not jasmonic acid. The overexpression of OsGID1 (oe-GID1) decreased BPH-induced levels of SA, H₂O₂, and three SA-pathway-related WRKY transcripts, but enhanced BPH-induced levels of ethylene. Bioassays in the laboratory revealed that gravid BPH females preferred to feed and lay eggs on wild type (WT) plants than on oe-GID1 plants. Moreover, the hatching rate of BPH eggs on oe-GID1 plants was significantly lower than that on WT plants. In the field, population densities of BPH adults and nymphs were consistently and significantly lower on oe-OsGID1 plants than on WT plants. The increased resistance in oe-GID1 plants was probably due to the increased lignin level mediated by the GA pathway, and to the decrease in the expression of the three WRKY genes. Our findings illustrated that the OsGID1-mediated GA pathway plays a positive role in mediating the resistance of rice to BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Tiantian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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162
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Wasternack C, Strnad M. Jasmonates: News on Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Action of an Ancient Group of Signaling Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2539. [PMID: 30150593 PMCID: PMC6164985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Jasmonic acid (JA) and its related derivatives are ubiquitously occurring compounds of land plants acting in numerous stress responses and development. Recent studies on evolution of JA and other oxylipins indicated conserved biosynthesis. JA formation is initiated by oxygenation of α-linolenic acid (α-LeA, 18:3) or 16:3 fatty acid of chloroplast membranes leading to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) as intermediate compound, but in Marchantiapolymorpha and Physcomitrellapatens, OPDA and some of its derivatives are final products active in a conserved signaling pathway. JA formation and its metabolic conversion take place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and cytosol, respectively. Metabolites of JA are formed in 12 different pathways leading to active, inactive and partially active compounds. The isoleucine conjugate of JA (JA-Ile) is the ligand of the receptor component COI1 in vascular plants, whereas in the bryophyte M. polymorpha COI1 perceives an OPDA derivative indicating its functionally conserved activity. JA-induced gene expressions in the numerous biotic and abiotic stress responses and development are initiated in a well-studied complex regulation by homeostasis of transcription factors functioning as repressors and activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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163
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Nallu S, Hill JA, Don K, Sahagun C, Zhang W, Meslin C, Snell-Rood E, Clark NL, Morehouse NI, Bergelson J, Wheat CW, Kronforst MR. The molecular genetic basis of herbivory between butterflies and their host plants. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1418-1427. [PMID: 30076351 PMCID: PMC6149523 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between herbivorous insects and their host-plants are a central component of terrestrial food webs and a critical topic in agriculture, where a substantial fraction of potential crop yield is lost annually to pests. Important insights into plant-insect interactions have come from research on specific plant defenses and insect detoxification mechanisms. Yet, much remains unknown about the molecular mechanisms that mediate plant-insect interactions. Here we use multiple genome-wide approaches to map the molecular basis of herbivory from both plant and insect perspectives, focusing on butterflies and their larval host-plants. Parallel genome-wide association studies in the Cabbage White butterfly, Pieris rapae, and its host-plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, pinpointed a small number of butterfly and plant genes that influenced herbivory. These genes, along with much of the genome, were regulated in a dynamic way over the time course of the feeding interaction. Comparative analyses, including diverse butterfly/plant systems, showed a variety of genome-wide responses to herbivory, yet a core set of highly conserved genes in butterflies as well as their host-plants. These results greatly expand our understanding of the genomic causes and evolutionary consequences of ecological interactions across two of nature’s most diverse taxa, butterflies and flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitha Nallu
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason A Hill
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristine Don
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlos Sahagun
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Camille Meslin
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (IEES-Paris), Versailles , France
| | - Emilie Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathan I Morehouse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joy Bergelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Marcus R Kronforst
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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164
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Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Field studies reveal functions of chemical mediators in plant interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5338-5353. [PMID: 29770376 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants are at the trophic base of most ecosystems, embedded in a rich network of ecological interactions in which they evolved. While their limited range and speed of motion precludes animal-typical behavior, plants are accomplished chemists, producing thousands of specialized metabolites which may function to convey information, or even to manipulate the physiology of other organisms. Plants' complex interactions and their underlying mechanisms are typically dissected within the controlled environments of growth chambers and glasshouses, but doing so introduces conditions alien to plants evolved in natural environments, such as being pot-bound, and receiving artificial light with a spectrum very different from sunlight. The mechanistic understanding gained from a reductionist approach provides the tools required to query and manipulate plant interactions in real-world settings. The few tests conducted in natural ecosystems and agricultural fields have highlighted the limitations of studying plant interactions only in artificial environments. Here, we focus on three examples of known or hypothesized chemical mediators of plants' interactions: the volatile phytohormone ethylene (ET), more complex plant volatile blends, and as-yet-unknown mediators transferred by common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). We highlight how mechanistic knowledge has advanced research in all three areas, and the critical importance of field work if we are to put our understanding of chemical ecology on rigorous experimental and theoretical footing, and demonstrate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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165
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Hu L, Ye M, Kuai P, Ye M, Erb M, Lou Y. OsLRR-RLK1, an early responsive leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, initiates rice defense responses against a chewing herbivore. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1097-1111. [PMID: 29878383 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to a variety of environmental stresses, including herbivory. How plants perceive herbivores on a molecular level is poorly understood. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), the largest subfamily of RLKs, are essential for plants to detect external stress signals, and may therefore also be involved in herbivore perception. Here, we employed RNA interference silencing, phytohormone profiling and complementation, as well as herbivore resistance assays, to investigate the requirement of an LRR-RLK for the initiation of rice (Oryza sativa) defenses against the chewing herbivore striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis. We discovered a plasma membrane-localized LRR-RLK, OsLRR-RLK1, whose transcription is strongly up-regulated by SSB attack and treatment with oral secretions of Spodoptera frugiperda. OsLRR-RLK1 acts upstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades, and positively regulates defense-related MPKs and WRKY transcription factors. Moreover, OsLRR-RLK1 is a positive regulator of SSB-elicited, but not wound-elicited, levels of jasmonic acid and ethylene, trypsin protease inhibitor activity and plant resistance towards SSB. OsLRR-RLK1 therefore plays an important role in herbivory-induced defenses of rice. Given the well-documented role of LRR-RLKs in the perception of stress-related molecules, we speculate that OsLRR-RLK1 may be involved in the perception of herbivory-associated molecular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peng Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaofen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
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166
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Blaazer CJH, Villacis-Perez EA, Chafi R, Van Leeuwen T, Kant MR, Schimmel BCJ. Why Do Herbivorous Mites Suppress Plant Defenses? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1057. [PMID: 30105039 PMCID: PMC6077234 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved numerous defensive traits that enable them to resist herbivores. In turn, this resistance has selected for herbivores that can cope with defenses by either avoiding, resisting or suppressing them. Several species of herbivorous mites, such as the spider mites Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus evansi, were found to maximize their performance by suppressing inducible plant defenses. At first glimpse it seems obvious why such a trait will be favored by natural selection. However, defense suppression appeared to readily backfire since mites that do so also make their host plant more suitable for competitors and their offspring more attractive for natural enemies. This, together with the fact that spider mites are infamous for their ability to resist (plant) toxins directly, justifies the question as to why traits that allow mites to suppress defenses nonetheless seem to be relatively common? We argue that this trait may facilitate generalist herbivores, like T. urticae, to colonize new host species. While specific detoxification mechanisms may, on average, be suitable only on a narrow range of similar hosts, defense suppression may be more broadly effective, provided it operates by targeting conserved plant signaling components. If so, resistance and suppression may be under frequency-dependent selection and be maintained as a polymorphism in generalist mite populations. In that case, the defense suppression trait may be under rapid positive selection in subpopulations that have recently colonized a new host but may erode in relatively isolated populations in which host-specific detoxification mechanisms emerge. Although there is empirical evidence to support these scenarios, it contradicts the observation that several of the mite species found to suppress plant defenses actually are relatively specialized. We argue that in these cases buffering traits may enable such mites to mitigate the negative side effects of suppression in natural communities and thus shield this trait from natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Joséphine H. Blaazer
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ernesto A. Villacis-Perez
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rachid Chafi
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernardus C. J. Schimmel
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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167
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Brütting C, Crava CM, Schäfer M, Schuman MC, Meldau S, Adam N, Baldwin IT. Cytokinin transfer by a free-living mirid to Nicotiana attenuata recapitulates a strategy of endophytic insects. eLife 2018; 7:e36268. [PMID: 30014847 PMCID: PMC6059766 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic insects provide the textbook examples of herbivores that manipulate their host plant's physiology, putatively altering source/sink relationships by transferring cytokinins (CK) to create 'green islands' that increase the nutritional value of infested tissues. However, unambiguous demonstrations of CK transfer are lacking. Here we show that feeding by the free-living herbivore Tupiocoris notatus on Nicotiana attenuata is characterized by stable nutrient levels, increased CK levels and alterations in CK-related transcript levels in attacked leaves, in striking similarity to endophytic insects. Using 15N-isotope labeling, we demonstrate that the CK N6-isopentenyladenine (IP) is transferred from insects to plants via their oral secretions. In the field, T. notatus preferentially attacks leaves with transgenically increased CK levels; plants with abrogated CK-perception are less tolerant of T. notatus feeding damage. We infer that this free-living insect uses CKs to manipulate source/sink relationships to increase food quality and minimize the fitness consequences of its feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Cristina Maria Crava
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Nora Adam
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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168
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Arabidopsis response to the spider mite Tetranychus urticae depends on the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9432. [PMID: 29930298 PMCID: PMC6013483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules that play a prominent role in plant response to numerous stresses, including plant interactions with herbivores. Previous findings indicate that Arabidopsis plants showed an increase in H2O2 accumulation after Tetranychus urticae infestation. Despite its importance, no information has been reported on the relationships between ROS-metabolizing systems and the spider mite-triggered plant-induced responses. In this work, four ROS-related genes that were differentially expressed between the resistant Bla-2 and the susceptible Kon Arabidopsis accessions were selected for the analysis. These genes encode proteins putatively involved in the generation (BBE22) and degradation (GPX7 and GSTU4) of H2O2, and in the degradation of ascorbate (AO). Overexpressing BBE22 and silencing GPX7, GSTU4 and AO resulted in higher leaf damage and better mite performance relative to the wild-type plants. Minor effects on H2O2 accumulation obscure major effects on the expression of genes related to ROS-metabolism and JA and SA signaling pathways, and on ROS-related enzymatic activities. In conclusion, the integration of ROS and ROS-related compounds and enzymes in the response of Arabidopsis to the spider mite T. urticae was confirmed. However, the complex network involved in ROS signaling makes difficult to predict the impact of a specific genetic manipulation.
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169
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Adam N, Kallenbach M, Meldau S, Veit D, van Dam NM, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. Functional variation in a key defense gene structures herbivore communities and alters plant performance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197221. [PMID: 29874269 PMCID: PMC5991399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant genetic diversity structures animal communities and affects plant population productivity. However, few studies have investigated which traits are involved and the mechanisms mediating these effects. We studied the consequences of varying the expression of a single biosynthetic gene in jasmonate (JA) defense hormones, which are essential for defense against herbivores but constrain plant growth, in experimental mesocosm populations of wild tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata) plants under attack from three native herbivores. Empoasca leafhoppers preferentially attack JA-deficient N. attenuata plants in nature, and the specialist Tupiocoris notatus mirids avoid Empoasca-damaged plants. However, in experimental mesocosm populations having equal numbers of wild-type (WT) and JA-deficient plants that are silenced in the expression of the biosynthetic gene lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3), Empoasca sp. attacked both genotypes. Empoasca sp. damage, rather than JA, determined T. notatus damage, which was reduced in mixed populations. The growth of specialist Manduca sexta larvae was reduced on WT vs. asLOX3 monocultures, but differed in mixtures depending on caterpillar density. However, seed capsule number remained similar for WT and asLOX3 plants in mixtures, not in monocultures, in two experimental scenarios reflecting high and low caterpillar attack. At high caterpillar density, WT plants growing in mixtures produced more seed capsules than those growing in monocultures while seed production of asLOX3 plants did not differ by population type. However, at low caterpillar density, asLOX3 plants growing in mixed populations produced more seed capsules than those growing in monoculture, while seed capsule production did not differ for WT by population type. Thus, mixed populations had a more stable output of seed capsules under the two scenarios. This may result from a balance between JA-mediated herbivore defense and plant competitive ability in mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Adam
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Kallenbach
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Veit
- Technical Service, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
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170
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Dyer LA, Philbin CS, Ochsenrider KM, Richards LA, Massad TJ, Smilanich AM, Forister ML, Parchman TL, Galland LM, Hurtado PJ, Espeset AE, Glassmire AE, Harrison JG, Mo C, Yoon S, Pardikes NA, Muchoney ND, Jahner JP, Slinn HL, Shelef O, Dodson CD, Kato MJ, Yamaguchi LF, Jeffrey CS. Modern approaches to study plant–insect interactions in chemical ecology. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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171
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Zhu F, Cusumano A, Bloem J, Weldegergis BT, Villela A, Fatouros NE, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Harvey JA, Vogel H, Poelman EH. Symbiotic polydnavirus and venom reveal parasitoid to its hyperparasitoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5205-5210. [PMID: 29712841 PMCID: PMC5960289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717904115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships may provide organisms with key innovations that aid in the establishment of new niches. For example, during oviposition, some species of parasitoid wasps, whose larvae develop inside the bodies of other insects, inject polydnaviruses into their hosts. These symbiotic viruses disrupt host immune responses, allowing the parasitoid's progeny to survive. Here we show that symbiotic polydnaviruses also have a downside to the parasitoid's progeny by initiating a multitrophic chain of interactions that reveals the parasitoid larvae to their enemies. These enemies are hyperparasitoids that use the parasitoid progeny as host for their own offspring. We found that the virus and venom injected by the parasitoid during oviposition, but not the parasitoid progeny itself, affected hyperparasitoid attraction toward plant volatiles induced by feeding of parasitized caterpillars. We identified activity of virus-related genes in the caterpillar salivary gland. Moreover, the virus affected the activity of elicitors of salivary origin that induce plant responses to caterpillar feeding. The changes in caterpillar saliva were critical in inducing plant volatiles that are used by hyperparasitoids to locate parasitized caterpillars. Our results show that symbiotic organisms may be key drivers of multitrophic ecological interactions. We anticipate that this phenomenon is widespread in nature, because of the abundance of symbiotic microorganisms across trophic levels in ecological communities. Their role should be more prominently integrated in community ecology to understand organization of natural and managed ecosystems, as well as adaptations of individual organisms that are part of these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Bloem
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Villela
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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172
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Santamaria ME, Arnaiz A, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Martinez M, Diaz I. Plant Perception and Short-Term Responses to Phytophagous Insects and Mites. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1356. [PMID: 29751577 PMCID: PMC5983831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant⁻pest relationships involve complex processes encompassing a network of molecules, signals, and regulators for overcoming defenses they develop against each other. Phytophagous arthropods identify plants mainly as a source of food. In turn, plants develop a variety of strategies to avoid damage and survive. The success of plant defenses depends on rapid and specific recognition of the phytophagous threat. Subsequently, plants trigger a cascade of short-term responses that eventually result in the production of a wide range of compounds with defense properties. This review deals with the main features involved in the interaction between plants and phytophagous insects and acari, focusing on early responses from the plant side. A general landscape of the diverse strategies employed by plants within the first hours after pest perception to block the capability of phytophagous insects to develop mechanisms of resistance is presented, with the potential of providing alternatives for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Gonzalez-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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173
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Abstract
Plant oxylipins form a constantly growing group of signaling molecules that comprise oxygenated fatty acids and metabolites derived therefrom. In the last decade, the understanding of biosynthesis, metabolism, and action of oxylipins, especially jasmonates, has dramatically improved. Additional mechanistic insights into the action of enzymes and insights into signaling pathways have been deepened for jasmonates. For other oxylipins, such as the hydroxy fatty acids, individual signaling properties and cross talk between different oxylipins or even with additional phytohormones have recently been described. This review summarizes recent understanding of the biosynthesis, regulation, and function of oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- On leave from Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
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174
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Cao HH, Zhang ZF, Wang XF, Liu TX. Nutrition versus defense: Why Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) prefers and performs better on young leaves of cabbage. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196219. [PMID: 29684073 PMCID: PMC5912751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant leaves of different ages differ in nutrients and toxic metabolites and thus exhibit various resistance levels against insect herbivores. However, little is known about the influence of leaf ontogeny on plant resistance to phloem-feeding insects. In this study, we found that the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, preferred to settle on young cabbage leaves compared with mature or old leaves, although young leaves contained the highest concentration of glucosinolates. Furthermore, aphids feeding on young leaves had higher levels of glucosinolates in their body, but aphids performed better on young leaves in terms of body weight and population growth. Phloem sap of young leaves had higher amino acid:sugar molar ratio than mature leaves, and aphids feeding on young leaves showed two times longer phloem feeding time and five times more honeydew excretion than on other leaves. These results indicate that aphids acquired the highest amount of nutrients and defensive metabolites when feeding on young cabbage leaves that are strong natural plant sinks. Accordingly, we propose that aphids generally prefer to obtain more nutrition rather than avoiding host plant defense, and total amount of nutrition that aphids could obtain is significantly influenced by leaf ontogeny or source-sink status of feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-He Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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175
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Steenbergen M, Abd-El-Haliem A, Bleeker P, Dicke M, Escobar-Bravo R, Cheng G, Haring MA, Kant MR, Kappers I, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA, Legarrea S, Macel M, Mouden S, Pieterse CMJ, Sarde SJ, Schuurink RC, De Vos M, Van Wees SCM, Broekgaarden C. Thrips advisor: exploiting thrips-induced defences to combat pests on crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1837-1848. [PMID: 29490080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed diverse defence mechanisms to ward off herbivorous pests. However, agriculture still faces estimated crop yield losses ranging from 25% to 40% annually. These losses arise not only because of direct feeding damage, but also because many pests serve as vectors of plant viruses. Herbivorous thrips (Thysanoptera) are important pests of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide, and encompass virtually all general problems of pests: they are highly polyphagous, hard to control because of their complex lifestyle, and they are vectors of destructive viruses. Currently, control management of thrips mainly relies on the use of chemical pesticides. However, thrips rapidly develop resistance to these pesticides. With the rising demand for more sustainable, safer, and healthier food production systems, we urgently need to pinpoint the gaps in knowledge of plant defences against thrips to enable the future development of novel control methods. In this review, we summarize the current, rather scarce, knowledge of thrips-induced plant responses and the role of phytohormonal signalling and chemical defences in these responses. We describe concrete opportunities for breeding resistance against pests such as thrips as a prototype approach for next-generation resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Steenbergen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Abd-El-Haliem
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Bleeker
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Enza Zaden BV, AA Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Cheng
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Molecular & Chemical Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Molecular & Chemical Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirka Macel
- Molecular Interactions Ecology, Radboud University, NL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanae Mouden
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep J Sarde
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colette Broekgaarden
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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176
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Chiu YC, Juvik JA, Ku KM. Targeted Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of "Red Russian" Kale (Brassicae napus var. pabularia) Following Methyl Jasmonate Treatment and Larval Infestation by the Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1058. [PMID: 29614820 PMCID: PMC5979517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), synthesized in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, has been found to upregulate glucosinolate (GS) biosynthesis in plant species of the Brassicaceae family. Exogenous application of MeJA has shown to increase tissue GS concentrations and the formation of myrosinase-mediated GS hydrolysis products (GSHPs). In vitro and in vivo assays have demonstrated the potential health-promoting effects of certain GSHPs. MeJA is also known to elicit and induce genes associated with defense mechanisms to insect herbivory in Brassica species. To investigate the relationship between MeJA-induced GS biosynthesis and insect defense, three treatments were applied to "Red Russian" kale (Brassicae napus var. pabularia) seedlings: (1) a 250 µM MeJA leaf spray treatment; (2) leaf infestation with larvae of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)); (3) control treatment (neither larval infestation nor MeJA application). Samples of leaf tissue from the three treatments were then assayed for changes in GS and GSHP concentrations, GS gene biosynthesis expression, and myrosinase activity. Major differences were observed between the three treatments in the levels of GS accumulation and GS gene expression. The insect-damaged samples showed significantly lower aliphatic GS accumulation, while both MeJA and T. ni infestation treatments induced greater accumulation of indolyl GS. The gene expression levels of CYP81F4, MYB34, and MYB122 were significantly upregulated in samples treated with MeJA and insects compared to the control group, which explained the increased indolyl GS concentration. The results suggest that the metabolic changes promoted by MeJA application and the insect herbivory response share common mechanisms of induction. This work provides potentially useful information for kale pest control and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Chiu
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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177
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Eckelmann D, Spiteller M, Kusari S. Spatial-temporal profiling of prodiginines and serratamolides produced by endophytic Serratia marcescens harbored in Maytenus serrata. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5283. [PMID: 29588473 PMCID: PMC5869619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An endophytic bacterium, Serratia marcescens MSRBB2, isolated from inner bark of a Cameroonian Maytenus serrata plant, was subjected to the OSMAC (One Strain Many Compounds) approach and metabolic profiling using HPLC-HRMSn. We identified 7 prodiginines along with 26 serratamolides. Their biosynthetic pathways were elucidated by feeding with labeled precursors in combination with HRMSn. Dual-culture confrontation/restriction assays of the bacterial endophyte were devised with coexisting fungal endophytes (Pestalotiopsis virgatula, Aspergillus caesiellus and Pichia spp.) as well as with unrelated, non-endophytic fungi belonging to the same genera. The assays were combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging high-resolution mass spectrometry (MALDI-imaging-HRMS) for visualizing, both in high spatial and temporal resolution, the distribution and interplay of the compounds during microbial interactions. We demonstrated the effect of prodigiosin produced by endophytic S. marcescens MSRBB2 as an allelochemical that specifically inhibits coexisting endophytic fungi. Our results provide new insights into the physiological and ecological relevance of prodiginines and serratamolides within the context of allelopathy and chemical defense interaction occurring between coexisting endophytes harbored in M. serrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Eckelmann
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221, Dortmund, Germany.
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178
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Erb M. Plant Defenses against Herbivory: Closing the Fitness Gap. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:187-194. [PMID: 29223923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many morphological and chemical features of plants are classified as plant defenses against herbivores. By definition, plant defenses should increase a plant's fitness (i.e., its contribution to the gene pool of the next generation) as a function of herbivory. Over the past years, substantial progress has been made in understanding and manipulating the mechanistic basis of many putative plant defense traits. However, most plant defenses are still characterized by proximate variables such as herbivore performance or plant damage rather than actual fitness. Determining fitness benefits as a function of herbivory therefore remains a major knowledge gap that must be filled to understand the ecology and evolution of plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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179
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Ochoa-López S, Rebollo R, Barton KE, Fornoni J, Boege K. Risk of herbivore attack and heritability of ontogenetic trajectories in plant defense. Oecologia 2018; 187:413-426. [PMID: 29392442 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ontogeny has been identified as a main source of variation in the expression of plant phenotypes. However, there is limited information on the mechanisms behind the evolution of ontogenetic trajectories in plant defense. We explored if risk of attack, herbivore damage, heritability, and phenotypic plasticity can promote or constrain the evolutionary potential of ontogenetic trajectories in three defensive traits. We exposed 20 genotypes of Turnera velutina to contrasting environments (shadehouse and field plots), and measured the cyanogenic potential, trichome density, and sugar content in extrafloral nectar in seedlings, juveniles and reproductive plants. We also assessed risk of attack through oviposition preferences, and quantified herbivore damage in the field. We estimated genetic variance, broad sense heritability, and evolvability of the defensive traits at each ontogenetic stage, and of the ontogenetic trajectories themselves. For plants growing in the shadehouse, we found genetic variation and broad sense heritability for cyanogenic potential in seedlings, and for trichome density at all ontogenetic stages. Genetic variation and heritability of ontogenetic trajectories was detected for trichome density only. These genetic pre-requisites for evolution, however, were not detected in the field, suggesting that environmental variation and phenotypic plastic responses mask any heritable variation. Finally, ontogenetic trajectories were found to be plastic, differing between shadehouse and field conditions for the same genetic families. Overall, we provide support for the idea that changes in herbivore pressure can be a mechanism behind the evolution of ontogenetic trajectories. This evolutionary potential, however, can be constrained by phenotypic plasticity expressed in heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Ochoa-López
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Rebollo
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kasey E Barton
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Room 101, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Juan Fornoni
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Boege
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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180
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Wilson J, Tseng A, Potter K, Davidowitz G, Hildebrand J. THE EFFECTS OF THE ALKALOID SCOPOLAMINE ON THE PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR OF TWO CATERPILLAR SPECIES. ARTHROPOD-PLANT INTERACTIONS 2018; 12:21-29. [PMID: 29430259 PMCID: PMC5800759 DOI: 10.1007/s11829-017-9548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved many defenses against insect herbivores, including numerous chemicals that can reduce herbivore growth, performance, and fitness. One group of chemicals, the tropane alkaloids, is commonly found in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) and has been thought to reduce performance and fitness in insects. We examined the effects of the tropane alkaloid scopolamine, the alkaloid constituent of Datura wrightii, which is the most frequent host plant for the abundant and widespread insect herbivore Manduca sexta in the southwestern United States. We exposed caterpillars of two different species to scopolamine: M. sexta, which has a shared evolutionary history with Datura and other solanceous plants, and Galleria mellonella, which does not. We showed that the addition of ecologically-realistic levels of scopolamine to both the diet and the hemolymph of these two caterpillar species (M. sexta and G. mellonella) had no effect on the growth of either species. We also showed that M. sexta has no behavioral preference for or against scopolamine incorporated into an artificial diet. These results are contrary to other work showing marked differences in performance for other insect species when exposed to scopolamine, and provide evidence that scopolamine might not provide the broad-spectrum herbivore resistance typically attributed to it. It also helps to clarify the coevolutionary relationship between M. sexta and one of its main host plants, as well as the physiological mechanism of resistance against scopolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.K. Wilson
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 1140 E South Campus Drive, Forbes 410, PO Box 210036, Tucson, AZ 85721
- Corresponding author information: , 253.301.7024
| | - A.S. Tseng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, 1040 E 4 Street, PO Box 210077, Tucson AZ 85721
| | - K.A. Potter
- Deparartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St., PO Box 210088, Tucson AZ 85721
| | - G. Davidowitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 1140 E South Campus Drive, Forbes 410, PO Box 210036, Tucson, AZ 85721
- Deparartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St., PO Box 210088, Tucson AZ 85721
| | - J.G. Hildebrand
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, 1040 E 4 Street, PO Box 210077, Tucson AZ 85721
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell Street, P.O. Box 210106, Tucson AZ 85721-0106
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181
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Stahl E, Hilfiker O, Reymond P. Plant-arthropod interactions: who is the winner? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:703-728. [PMID: 29160609 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous arthropods have interacted with plants for millions of years. During feeding they release chemical cues that allow plants to detect the attack and mount an efficient defense response. A signaling cascade triggers the expression of hundreds of genes, which encode defensive proteins and enzymes for synthesis of toxic metabolites. This direct defense is often complemented by emission of volatiles that attract beneficial parasitoids. In return, arthropods have evolved strategies to interfere with plant defenses, either by producing effectors to inhibit detection and downstream signaling steps, or by adapting to their detrimental effect. In this review, we address the current knowledge on the molecular and chemical dialog between plants and herbivores, with an emphasis on co-evolutionary aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hilfiker
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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182
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Schuman MC, Meldau S, Gaquerel E, Diezel C, McGale E, Greenfield S, Baldwin IT. The Active Jasmonate JA-Ile Regulates a Specific Subset of Plant Jasmonate-Mediated Resistance to Herbivores in Nature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:787. [PMID: 29963064 PMCID: PMC6010948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The jasmonate hormones are essential regulators of plant defense against herbivores and include several dozen derivatives of the oxylipin jasmonic acid (JA). Among these, the conjugate jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) has been shown to interact directly with the jasmonate co-receptor complex to regulate responses to jasmonate signaling. However, functional studies indicate that some aspects of jasmonate-mediated defense are not regulated by JA-Ile. Thus, it is not clear whether JA-Ile is best characterized as the master jasmonate regulator of defense, or if it regulates more specific aspects. We investigated possible functions of JA-Ile in anti-herbivore resistance of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a model system for plant-herbivore interactions. We first analyzed the soluble and volatile secondary metabolomes of irJAR4xirJAR6, asLOX3, and WT plants, as well as an RNAi line targeting the jasmonate co-receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (irCOI1), following a standardized herbivory treatment. irJAR4xirJAR6 were the most similar to WT plants, having a ca. 60% overlap in differentially regulated metabolites with either asLOX3 or irCOI1. In contrast, while at least 25 volatiles differed between irCOI1 or asLOX3 and WT plants, there were few or no differences in herbivore-induced volatile emission between irJAR4xirJAR6 and WT plants, in glasshouse- or field-collected samples. We then measured the susceptibility of jasmonate-deficient vs. JA-Ile-deficient plants in nature, in comparison to wild-type (WT) controls, and found that JA-Ile-deficient plants (irJAR4xirJAR6) are much better defended even than a mildly jasmonate-deficient line (asLOX3). The differences among lines could be attributed to differences in damage from specific herbivores, which appeared to prefer either one or the other jasmonate-deficient phenotype. We further investigated the elicitation of one herbivore-induced volatile known to be jasmonate-regulated and to mediate resistance to herbivores: (E)-α-bergamotene. We found that JA was a more potent elicitor of (E)-α-bergamotene emission than was JA-Ile, and when treated with JA, irJAR4xirJAR6 plants emitted 20- to 40-fold as much (E)-α-bergamotene than WT. We conclude that JA-Ile regulates specific aspects of herbivore resistance in N. attenuata. This specificity may allow plants flexibility in their responses to herbivores and in managing trade-offs between resistance, vs. growth and reproduction, over the course of ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Meredith C. Schuman
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Greenfield
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Plant Genetics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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183
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Ximénez-Embún MG, Glas JJ, Ortego F, Alba JM, Castañera P, Kant MR. Drought stress promotes the colonization success of a herbivorous mite that manipulates plant defenses. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 73:297-315. [PMID: 29188401 PMCID: PMC5727147 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to bring longer periods of drought and this may affect the plant's ability to resist pests. We assessed if water deficit affects the tomato russet mite (TRM; Aculops lycopersici), a key tomato-pest. TRM thrives on tomato by suppressing the plant's jamonate defenses while these defenses typically are modulated by drought stress. We observed that the TRM population grows faster and causes more damage on drought-stressed plants. To explain this observation we measured several nutrients, phytohormones, defense-gene expression and the activity of defensive proteins in plants with or without drought stress or TRM. TRM increased the levels of total protein and several free amino acids. It also promoted the SA-response and upregulated the accumulation of jasmonates but down-regulated the downstream marker genes while promoting the activity of cysteine-but not serine-protease inhibitors, polyphenol oxidase and of peroxidase (POD). Drought stress, in turn, retained the down regulation of JA-marker genes and reduced the activity of serine protease inhibitors and POD, and altered the levels of some free-amino acids. When combined, drought stress antagonized the accumulation of POD and JA by TRM and synergized accumulation of free sugars and SA. Our data show that drought stress interacts with pest-induced primary and secondary metabolic changes and promotes pest performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel G Ximénez-Embún
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joris J Glas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Ortego
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Alba
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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184
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Peyser RD, Lanno SM, Shimshak SJ, Coolon JD. Analysis of cytochrome P450 contribution to evolved plant toxin resistance in Drosophila sechellia. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:715-720. [PMID: 28703934 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila sechellia is a dietary specialist species of fruit fly that has evolved resistance to the toxic secondary defence compounds produced by the fruit of its preferred host plant Morinda citrifolia. The genetic basis of adult toxin resistance is the result of evolution at five loci across the genome. Genetic mapping between D. sechellia and Drosophila simulans and subsequent functional studies in Drosophila melanogaster have identified candidate genes potentially underlying one locus involved in toxin resistance but the remainder of the genes involved are unknown. Genes in the mixed function oxidase or cytochrome P450 gene family are frequently utilized in evolved toxin resistance in insects, yet whether they play a role in D. sechellia's resistance to the toxins found in its host plant is unknown. Here we test the role of cytochrome P450 enzymatic activity in evolved resistance to the two primary toxins found in M. citrifolia fruit: octanoic acid and hexanoic acid. We found that although cytochrome P450 enzymatic activity is involved in basal resistance it is not involved in derived toxin resistance in D. sechellia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Peyser
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - S M Lanno
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - S J Shimshak
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - J D Coolon
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
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185
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Lee G, Joo Y, Kim SG, Baldwin IT. What happens in the pith stays in the pith: tissue-localized defense responses facilitate chemical niche differentiation between two spatially separated herbivores. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:414-425. [PMID: 28805339 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore attack is known to elicit systemic defense responses that spread throughout the host plant and influence the performance of other herbivores. While these plant-mediated indirect competitive interactions are well described, and the co-existence of herbivores from different feeding guilds is common, the mechanisms of co-existence are poorly understood. In both field and glasshouse experiments with a native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, we found no evidence of negative interactions when plants were simultaneously attacked by two spatially separated herbivores: a leaf chewer Manduca sexta and a stem borer Trichobaris mucorea. T. mucorea attack elicited jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine bursts in the pith of attacked stems similar to those that occur in leaves when M. sexta attacks N. attenuata leaves. Pith chlorogenic acid (CGA) levels increased 1000-fold to levels 6-fold higher than leaf levels after T. mucorea attack; these increases in pith CGA levels, which did not occur in M. sexta-attacked leaves, required JA signaling. With plants silenced in CGA biosynthesis (irHQT plants), CGA, as well as other caffeic acid conjugates, was demonstrated in both glasshouse and field experiments to function as a direct defense protecting piths against T. mucorea attack, but not against leaf chewers or sucking insects. T. mucorea attack does not systemically activate JA signaling in leaves, while M. sexta leaf-attack transiently induces detectable but minor pith JA levels that are dwarfed by local responses. We conclude that tissue-localized defense responses allow tissue-specialized herbivores to share the same host and occupy different chemical defense niches in the same hostplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisuk Lee
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
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186
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Schimmel BCJ, Ataide LMS, Kant MR. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tomato induced defense responses affects spider mite performance and behavior. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1370526. [PMID: 28857667 PMCID: PMC5647976 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1370526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
When feeding from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the generalist spider mite Tetranychus urticae induces jasmonate (JA)- and salicylate (SA)-regulated defense responses that hamper its performance. The related T. evansi, a Solanaceae-specialist, suppresses these defenses, thereby upholding a high performance. On a shared leaf, T. urticae can be facilitated by T. evansi, likely via suppression of defenses by the latter. Yet, when infesting the same plant, T. evansi outcompetes T. urticae. Recently, we found that T. evansi intensifies suppression of defenses locally, i.e., at its feeding site, after T. urticae mites were introduced onto adjacent leaf tissue. This hyper-suppression is paralleled by an increased oviposition rate of T. evansi, probably promoting its competitive population growth. Here we present additional data that not only provide insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of defense induction and suppression by mites, but that also suggest T. evansi to manipulate more than JA and SA defenses alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardus C. J. Schimmel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Livia M. S. Ataide
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- CONTACT Merijn R. Kant Postbus 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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187
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Zhang J, Luo T, Wang W, Cao T, Li R, Lou Y. Silencing OsSLR1 enhances the resistance of rice to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2147-2159. [PMID: 28666057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins, negative regulators of the gibberellin (GA) pathway, play important roles in plant growth, development and pathogen resistance by regulating multiple phytohormone signals. Yet, whether and how they regulate plant herbivore resistance remain unknown. We found that the expression of the rice DELLA gene OsSLR1 was down-regulated by an infestation of female adults of the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens. On one hand, OsSLR1 positively regulated BPH-induced levels of two mitogen-activated protein kinase and four WRKY transcripts, and of jasmonic acid, ethylene and H2 O2 . On the other hand, silencing OsSLR1 enhanced constitutive levels of defence-related compounds, phenolic acids, lignin and cellulose, as well as the resistance of rice to BPH in the laboratory and in the field. The increased resistance in rice with silencing of OsSLR1 is probably due to impaired JA and ethylene pathways, and, at least in part, to the increased lignin level and mechanical hardness of rice leaf sheaths. Our findings illustrate that OsSLR1, acting as an early negative regulator, plays an important role in regulating the resistance of rice to BPH by activating appropriate defence-related signalling pathways and compounds. Moreover, our data also provide new insights into relationships between plant growth and defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wanwan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tiantian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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188
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Joo Y, Schuman MC, Goldberg JK, Kim S, Yon F, Brütting C, Baldwin IT. Herbivore‐induced volatile blends with both “fast” and “slow” components provide robust indirect defence in nature. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Leipzig Germany
| | - Jay K. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Sang‐Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
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189
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Li R, Wang M, Wang Y, Schuman MC, Weinhold A, Schäfer M, Jiménez-Alemán GH, Barthel A, Baldwin IT. Flower-specific jasmonate signaling regulates constitutive floral defenses in wild tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7205-E7214. [PMID: 28784761 PMCID: PMC5576791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703463114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal defense (OD) theory predicts that within a plant, tissues are defended in proportion to their fitness value and risk of predation. The fitness value of leaves varies greatly and leaves are protected by jasmonate (JA)-inducible defenses. Flowers are vehicles of Darwinian fitness in flowering plants and are attacked by herbivores and pathogens, but how they are defended is rarely investigated. We used Nicotiana attenuata, an ecological model plant with well-characterized herbivore interactions to characterize defense responses in flowers. Early floral stages constitutively accumulate greater amounts of two well-characterized defensive compounds, the volatile (E)-α-bergamotene and trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs), which are also found in herbivore-induced leaves. Plants rendered deficient in JA biosynthesis or perception by RNA interference had significantly attenuated floral accumulations of defensive compounds known to be regulated by JA in leaves. By RNA-seq, we found a JAZ gene, NaJAZi, specifically expressed in early-stage floral tissues. Gene silencing revealed that NaJAZi functions as a flower-specific jasmonate repressor that regulates JAs, (E)-α-bergamotene, TPIs, and a defensin. Flowers silenced in NaJAZi are more resistant to tobacco budworm attack, a florivore. When the defensin was ectopically expressed in leaves, performance of Manduca sexta larvae, a folivore, decreased. NaJAZi physically interacts with a newly identified NINJA-like protein, but not the canonical NINJA. This NINJA-like recruits the corepressor TOPLESS that contributes to the suppressive function of NaJAZi on floral defenses. This study uncovers the defensive function of JA signaling in flowers, which includes components that tailor JA signaling to provide flower-specific defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Arne Weinhold
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Barthel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
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190
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Lin F, Williams BJ, Thangella PAV, Ladak A, Schepmoes AA, Olivos HJ, Zhao K, Callister SJ, Bartley LE. Proteomics Coupled with Metabolite and Cell Wall Profiling Reveal Metabolic Processes of a Developing Rice Stem Internode. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1134. [PMID: 28751896 PMCID: PMC5507963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Internodes of grass stems function in mechanical support, transport, and, in some species, are a major sink organ for carbon in the form of cell wall polymers. This study reports cell wall composition, proteomic, and metabolite analyses of the rice elongating internode. Cellulose, lignin, and xylose increase as a percentage of cell wall material along eight segments of the second rice internode (internode II) at booting stage, from the younger to the older internode segments, indicating active cell wall synthesis. Liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of trypsin-digested proteins from this internode at booting reveals 2,547 proteins with at least two unique peptides in two biological replicates. The dataset includes many glycosyltransferases, acyltransferases, glycosyl hydrolases, cell wall-localized proteins, and protein kinases that have or may have functions in cell wall biosynthesis or remodeling. Phospho-enrichment of internode II peptides identified 21 unique phosphopeptides belonging to 20 phosphoproteins including a leucine rich repeat-III family receptor like kinase. GO over-representation and KEGG pathway analyses highlight the abundances of proteins involved in biosynthetic processes, especially the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. LC-MS/MS of hot methanol-extracted secondary metabolites from internode II at four stages (booting/elongation, early mature, mature, and post mature) indicates that internode secondary metabolites are distinct from those of roots and leaves, and differ across stem maturation. This work fills a void of in-depth proteomics and metabolomics data for grass stems, specifically for rice, and provides baseline knowledge for more detailed studies of cell wall synthesis and other biological processes characteristic of internode development, toward improving grass agronomic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, OK, United States
| | | | | | - Adam Ladak
- Waters CorporationBeverly, MA, United States
| | - Athena A. Schepmoes
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, WA, United States
| | | | - Kangmei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, OK, United States
| | - Stephen J. Callister
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, WA, United States
| | - Laura E. Bartley
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, OK, United States
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191
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Spatial and temporal components of induced plant responses in the context of herbivore life history and impact on host. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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192
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Zalucki MP, Zalucki JM, Perkins LE, Schramm K, Vassão DG, Gershenzon J, Heckel DG. A Generalist Herbivore Copes with Specialized Plant Defence: the Effects of Induction and Feeding by Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Intact Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicales) Plants. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:608-616. [PMID: 28585091 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants of the Brassicaceae are defended from feeding by generalist insects by constitutively-expressed and herbivory-induced glucosinolates (GS). We induced Arabidopsis plants 1, 16 and 24 h prior to allowing neonate larvae of the generalist Helicoverpa armigera to feed on whole plants for 72 h. These plants were subsequently retested with another group of neonates for a further 72 h. We used wild-type A. thaliana Col-0, and mutant lines lacking indolic GS, aliphatic GS or all GS. We hypothesized that larvae would not grow well on defended plants (WT) compared to those lacking GS, and would not grow well if plants had been primed or fed on for longer, due to the expected induced GS. There was survivorship on all lines suggesting H. armigera is a suitable generalist for these experiments. Larvae performed less well on wild-type and no indolic lines than on no aliphatic and no GS lines. Larvae distributed feeding damage extensively in all lines, more so on wild type and no-indolic lines. Contrary to expectations, larvae grew better on plants that had been induced for 1 to 16 h than on un-induced plants suggesting they moved to and selected less toxic plant parts within a heterogeneously defended plant. Performance declined on all lines if plants had been induced for 24 h, or had been fed upon for a further 72 h. However, contrary to expectation, individual and total GS did not increase after these two treatments. This suggests that Arabidopsis plants induce additional (not GS) defenses after longer induction periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - J M Zalucki
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4011, Australia
| | - L E Perkins
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - K Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany.,University of Utah, Biology, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - D G Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - J Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - D G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
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193
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Alyokhin A, Chen YH. Adaptation to toxic hosts as a factor in the evolution of insecticide resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 21:33-38. [PMID: 28822486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a serious economic problem that jeopardizes sustainability of chemical control of herbivorous insects and related arthropods. It can be viewed as a specific case of adaptation to toxic chemicals, which has been driven in large part, but not exclusively, by the necessity for insect pests to tolerate defensive compounds produced by their host plants. Synthetic insecticides may simply change expression of specific sets of detoxification genes that have evolved due to ancestral associations with host plants. Feeding on host plants with more abundant or novel secondary metabolites has even been shown to prime insect herbivores to tolerate pesticides. Clear understanding of basic evolutionary processes is important for achieving lasting success in managing herbivorous arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Alyokhin
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, 5722 Deering Hall, Orono, ME 04469, United States.
| | - Yolanda H Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, 63 Carrigan Dr., University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
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194
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Sappington TW, Miller NJ. Editorial overview: Pests and resistance: Shedding the albatross of resistance starts by embracing the ecological complexities of its evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 21:v-viii. [PMID: 28822498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilson Sappington
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, and Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Miller
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 298 Life Science Building, 3101 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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195
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Zakir A, Khallaf MA, Hansson BS, Witzgall P, Anderson P. Herbivore-Induced Changes in Cotton Modulates Reproductive Behavior in the Moth Spodoptera littoralis. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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196
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Wasternack C, Song S. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling by proteins activating and repressing transcription. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1303-1321. [PMID: 27940470 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The lipid-derived phytohormone jasmonate (JA) regulates plant growth, development, secondary metabolism, defense against insect attack and pathogen infection, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as wounding, UV light, salt, and drought. JA was first identified in 1962, and since the 1980s many studies have analyzed the physiological functions, biosynthesis, distribution, metabolism, perception, signaling, and crosstalk of JA, greatly expanding our knowledge of the hormone's action. In response to fluctuating environmental cues and transient endogenous signals, the occurrence of multilayered organization of biosynthesis and inactivation of JA, and activation and repression of the COI1-JAZ-based perception and signaling contributes to the fine-tuning of JA responses. This review describes the JA biosynthetic enzymes in terms of gene families, enzymatic activity, location and regulation, substrate specificity and products, the metabolic pathways in converting JA to activate or inactivate compounds, JA signaling in perception, and the co-existence of signaling activators and repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelu 11, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Susheng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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197
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Eisenring M, Meissle M, Hagenbucher S, Naranjo SE, Wettstein F, Romeis J. Cotton Defense Induction Patterns Under Spatially, Temporally and Quantitatively Varying Herbivory Levels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:234. [PMID: 28270830 PMCID: PMC5318428 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In its defense against herbivores, cotton (Gossypium sp.) relies in part on the production of a set of inducible, non-volatile terpenoids. Under uniform damage levels, in planta allocation of induced cotton terpenoids has been found to be highest in youngest leaves, supporting assumptions of the optimal defense theory (ODT) which predicts that plants allocate defense compounds to tissues depending on their value and the likelihood of herbivore attack. However, our knowledge is limited on how varying, and thus more realistic, damage levels might affect cotton defense organization. We hypothesized that the allocation of terpenoids and densities of terpenoid-storing glands in leaves aligns with assumptions of the ODT, even when plants are subjected to temporally, spatially and quantitatively varying caterpillar (Heliothis virescens) damage. As expected, cotton plants allocated most of their defenses to their youngest leaves regardless of damage location. However, defense induction in older leaves varied with damage location. For at least 14 days after damage treatments ended, plants reallocated defense resources from previously young leaves to newly developed leaves. Furthermore, we observed a positive hyperbolic relationship between leaf damage area and both terpenoid concentrations and gland densities, indicating that cotton plants can fine-tune defense allocation. Although it appears that factors like vascular constraints and chemical properties of individual defense compounds can affect defense levels, our results overall demonstrate that induced defense organization of cotton subjected to varying damage treatments is in alignment with key assumptions of the ODT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Steven E. Naranjo
- United States Department of Agriculture – Agriclutural Research Service, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, MaricopaAZ, USA
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198
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Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions shape community dynamics across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. From amphipods to elephants and from algae to trees, plant-herbivore relationships are the crucial link generating animal biomass (and human societies) from mere sunlight. These interactions are, thus, pivotal to understanding the ecology and evolution of virtually any ecosystem. Here, we briefly highlight recent advances in four areas of plant-herbivore interactions: (1) plant defense theory, (2) herbivore diversity and ecosystem function, (3) predation risk aversion and herbivory, and (4) how a changing climate impacts plant-herbivore interactions. Recent advances in plant defense theory, for example, highlight how plant life history and defense traits affect and are affected by multiple drivers, including enemy pressure, resource availability, and the local plant neighborhood, resulting in trait-mediated feedback loops linking trophic interactions with ecosystem nutrient dynamics. Similarly, although the positive effect of consumer diversity on ecosystem function has long been recognized, recent advances using DNA barcoding to elucidate diet, and Global Positioning System/remote sensing to determine habitat selection and impact, have shown that herbivore communities are probably even more functionally diverse than currently realized. Moreover, although most diversity-function studies continue to emphasize plant diversity, herbivore diversity may have even stronger impacts on ecosystem multifunctionality. Recent studies also highlight the role of risk in plant-herbivore interactions, and risk-driven trophic cascades have emerged as landscape-scale patterns in a variety of ecosystems. Perhaps not surprisingly, many plant-herbivore interactions are currently being altered by climate change, which affects plant growth rates and resource allocation, expression of chemical defenses, plant phenology, and herbivore metabolism and behavior. Finally, we conclude by noting that although the field is advancing rapidly, the world is changing even more rapidly, challenging our ability to manage these pivotal links in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deron E. Burkepile
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - John D. Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
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199
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Liu J, Legarrea S, Kant MR. Tomato Reproductive Success Is Equally Affected by Herbivores That Induce or That Suppress Defenses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2128. [PMID: 29326739 PMCID: PMC5733352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory induces plant defenses. These responses are often costly, yet enable plants under attack to reach a higher fitness than they would have reached without these defenses. Spider mites (Tetranychus ssp.) are polyphagous plant-pests. While most strains of the species Tetranychus urticae induce defenses at the expense of their performance, the species Tetranychus evansi suppresses plant defenses and thereby maintains a high performance. Most data indicate that suppression is a mite-adaptive trait. Suppression is characterized by a massive down-regulation of plant gene-expression compared to plants infested with defense-inducing mites as well as compared to control plants, albeit to a lesser extent. Therefore, we hypothesized that suppression may also benefit a plant since the resources saved during down-regulation could be used to increase reproduction. To test this hypothesis, we compared fruit and viable seed production of uninfested tomato plants with that of plants infested with defense-inducing or defense-suppressing mites. Mite-infested plants produced fruits faster than control plants albeit in lower total amounts. The T. evansi-infested plants produced the lowest number of fruits. However, the number of viable seeds was equal across treatments at the end of the experiment. Nonetheless, at this stage control plants were still alive and productive and therefore reach a higher lifetime fitness than mite-infested plants. Our results indicate that plants have plastic control over reproduction and can speed up fruit- and seed production when conditions are unfavorable. Moreover, we showed that although suppressed plants are less productive in terms of fruit production than induced plants, their lifetime fitness was equal under laboratory conditions. However, under natural conditions the fitness of plants such as tomato will also depend on the efficiency of seed dispersal by animals. Hence, we argue that the fitness of induced plants in the field may be promoted more by their higher fruit production relative to that of their suppressed counterparts.
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Chang HX, Hartman GL. Characterization of Insect Resistance Loci in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection Using Genome-Wide Association Studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:670. [PMID: 28555141 PMCID: PMC5430066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Management of insects that cause economic damage to yields of soybean mainly rely on insecticide applications. Sources of resistance in soybean plant introductions (PIs) to different insect pests have been reported, and some of these sources, like for the soybean aphid (SBA), have been used to develop resistant soybean cultivars. With the availability of SoySNP50K and the statistical power of genome-wide association studies, we integrated phenotypic data for beet armyworm, Mexican bean beetle (MBB), potato leafhopper (PLH), SBA, soybean looper (SBL), velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), and chewing damage caused by unspecified insects for a comprehensive understanding of insect resistance in the United States Department of Agriculture Soybean Germplasm Collection. We identified significant single nucleotide (SNP) polymorphic markers for MBB, PLH, SBL, and VBC, and we highlighted several leucine-rich repeat-containing genes and myeloblastosis transcription factors within the high linkage disequilibrium region surrounding significant SNP markers. Specifically for soybean resistance to PLH, we found the PLH locus is close but distinct to a locus for soybean pubescence density on chromosome 12. The results provide genetic support that pubescence density may not directly link to PLH resistance. This study offers a novel insight of soybean resistance to four insect pests and reviews resistance mapping studies for major soybean insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Xun Chang
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Glen L. Hartman
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
- *Correspondence: Glen L. Hartman ;
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