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Alves E, McLeish E, Blancafort P, Coudert JD, Gaudieri S. Manipulating the NKG2D Receptor-Ligand Axis Using CRISPR: Novel Technologies for Improved Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712722. [PMID: 34456921 PMCID: PMC8397441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The activating immune receptor natural killer group member D (NKG2D) and its cognate ligands represent a fundamental surveillance system of cellular distress, damage or transformation. Signaling through the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis is critical for early detection of viral infection or oncogenic transformation and the presence of functional NKG2D ligands (NKG2D-L) is associated with tumor rejection and viral clearance. Many viruses and tumors have developed mechanisms to evade NKG2D recognition via transcriptional, post-transcriptional or post-translational interference with NKG2D-L, supporting the concept that circumventing immune evasion of the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis may be an attractive therapeutic avenue for antiviral therapy or cancer immunotherapy. To date, the complexity of the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis and the lack of specificity of current NKG2D-targeting therapies has not allowed for the precise manipulation required to optimally harness NKG2D-mediated immunity. However, with the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, novel opportunities have arisen in the realm of locus-specific gene editing and regulation. Here, we give a brief overview of the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis in humans and discuss the levels at which NKG2D-L are regulated and dysregulated during viral infection and oncogenesis. Moreover, we explore the potential for CRISPR-based technologies to provide novel therapeutic avenues to improve and maximize NKG2D-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Alves
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emily McLeish
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jerome D. Coudert
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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152
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Iacob S, Cicinnati V, Kabar I, Hüsing-Kabar A, Radtke A, Iacob R, Baba H, Schmidt HH, Paul A, Beckebaum S. Prediction of late allograft dysfunction following liver transplantation by immunological blood biomarkers. Transpl Immunol 2021; 69:101448. [PMID: 34391882 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An accelerated course of hepatic fibrosis may occur in liver transplantation (LT) patients despite normal or slightly abnormal liver blood tests. AIM To identify screening tools based on blood biomarkers to predict late allograft dysfunction in LT recipients. METHODS 174 LT recipients were enrolled. Liver biopsy, liver functional tests, cytokine quantitation in serum, as well as soluble MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A and B (sMICA/sMICB) and soluble UL16 binding protein 2 (sULBP2) were performed. RESULTS Patients with late graft dysfunction had a significantly higher donor age, lower albumin level, higher alanine (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), higher sMICA, sULBP2, higher interleukin (IL) 6, interferon γ and lower IL10 in serum as compared to recipients without allograft dysfunction. In order to provide a better statistical accuracy for discriminating 5-year allograft dysfunction from other less progressive subtype of allograft injury, we established a predictive model, based on 7 parameters (serum ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, sMICA, IL6 and albumin) which provided an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) curve of 0.905. CONCLUSIONS Blood-based biomarkers can significantly improve prediction of late liver allograft outcome in LT patients. The new developed score comprising serum parameters, with an excellent AUROC, can be reliably used for diagnosing late allograft dysfunction in transplanted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Speranta Iacob
- Center for Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Vito Cicinnati
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Iyad Kabar
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna Hüsing-Kabar
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Arnold Radtke
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Razvan Iacob
- Center for Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hideo Baba
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hartmut H Schmidt
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Paul
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Beckebaum
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Hernández C, Toledo-Stuardo K, García-González P, Garrido-Tapia M, Kramm K, Rodríguez-Siza JA, Hermoso M, Ribeiro CH, Molina MC. Heat-killed Helicobacter pylori upregulates NKG2D ligands expression on gastric adenocarcinoma cells via Toll-like receptor 4. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12812. [PMID: 33928707 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are paramount for immunity against infectious agents and tumors. Their cytokine and cytolytic responses can be mediated by natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D), an activating receptor whose ligands (NKG2DL) expression is induced in conditions of cell stress and malignant transformation. Since sustained expression of NKG2DL MICA is related to lower survival rates in gastric adenocarcinoma patients, and Helicobacter pylori infection contributes to tumorigenesis; we asked whether H. pylori stimulus could promote NKG2DL expression on human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS Heat-killed H. pylori (HKHP) was used to stimulate MKN45 cells before analysis of NKG2DL and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein levels by flow cytometry and transcripts by real-time PCR. LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and inhibitory peptide Pepinh MYD were used to inhibit TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway to assess its participation on NKG2DL expression. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and CD107a mobilization assays. RESULTS Stimulation of MKN45 cells with HKHP increased MICA, ULBP4 (another NKG2DL), and TLR4 at the protein and transcriptional levels. MICA, but not ULBP4 expression, was upregulated in a TLR4/MyD88-dependent manner. Furthermore, the presence of NKG2DL on the surface of HKHP-stimulated MKN45 cells enabled NK cell cytotoxic activation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that induction of NKG2DL expression on gastric adenocarcinoma cells by H. pylori promotes an immune response that may ultimately contribute to either gastric tissue damage, as a consequence of persistent activation of immunity, or tumor immune evasion due to chronic NKG2DL expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hernández
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Karen Toledo-Stuardo
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Paulina García-González
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Macarena Garrido-Tapia
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Karina Kramm
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - José Alejandro Rodríguez-Siza
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Marcela Hermoso
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Carolina H Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - María Carmen Molina
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Desimio MG, Finocchi A, Di Matteo G, Di Cesare S, Giancotta C, Conti F, Chessa L, Piane M, Montin D, Dellepiane M, Rossi P, Cancrini C, Doria M. Altered NK-cell compartment and dysfunctional NKG2D/NKG2D-ligand axis in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. Clin Immunol 2021; 230:108802. [PMID: 34298181 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a multisystem disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the gene encoding A-T mutated (ATM) kinase, a master regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. Most A-T patients show cellular and/or humoral immunodeficiency that has been associated with cancer risk and reduced survival, but NK cells have not been thoroughly studied. Here we investigated NK cells of A-T patients with a special focus on the NKG2D receptor that triggers cytotoxicity upon engagement by its ligands (NKG2DLs) commonly induced via the DDR pathway on infected, transformed, and variously stressed cells. Using flow cytometry, we examined the phenotype and function of NK cells in 6 A-T patients as compared with healthy individuals. NKG2D expression was evaluated also by western blotting and RT-qPCR; plasma soluble NKG2DLs (sMICA, sMICB, sULBP1, ULBP2) were measured by ELISA. Results showed that A-T NK cells were skewed towards the CD56neg anergic phenotype and displayed decreased expression of NKG2D and perforin. NKG2D was reduced at the protein but not at the mRNA level and resulted in impaired NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity in 4/6 A-T patients. Moreover, in A-T plasma we found 24-fold and 2-fold increase of sMICA and sULBP1, respectively, both inversely correlated with NKG2D expression. Overall, NK cells are disturbed in A-T patients showing reduced NKG2D expression, possibly caused by persistent engagement of its ligands, that may contribute to susceptibility to cancer and infections and represent novel targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Giancotta
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Conti
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Piane
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Montin
- Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Dellepiane
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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155
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Khan AUH, Blimkie M, Yang DS, Serran M, Pack T, Wu J, Kang JY, Laakso H, Lee SH, Le Y. Effects of Chronic Low-Dose Internal Radiation on Immune-Stimulatory Responses in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7303. [PMID: 34298925 PMCID: PMC8306076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Linear-No-Threshold (LNT) model predicts a dose-dependent linear increase in cancer risk. This has been supported by biological and epidemiological studies at high-dose exposures. However, at low-doses (LDR ≤ 0.1 Gy), the effects are more elusive and demonstrate a deviation from linearity. In this study, the effects of LDR on the development and progression of mammary cancer in FVB/N-Tg(MMTVneu)202Mul/J mice were investigated. Animals were chronically exposed to total doses of 10, 100, and 2000 mGy via tritiated drinking water, and were assessed at 3.5, 6, and 8 months of age. Results indicated an increased proportion of NK cells in various organs of LDR exposed mice. LDR significantly influenced NK and T cell function and activation, despite diminishing cell proliferation. Notably, the expression of NKG2D receptor on NK cells was dramatically reduced at 3.5 months but was upregulated at later time-points, while the expression of NKG2D ligand followed the opposite trend, with an increase at 3.5 months and a decrease thereafter. No noticeable impact was observed on mammary cancer development, as measured by tumor load. Our results demonstrated that LDR significantly influenced the proportion, proliferation, activation, and function of immune cells. Importantly, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that LDR modulates the cross-talk between the NKG2D receptor and its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ul Haq Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Melinda Blimkie
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Doo Seok Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Mandy Serran
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Tyler Pack
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Jin Wu
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Ji-Young Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Holly Laakso
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
- Centre for Infection, The University of Ottawa, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Yevgeniya Le
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
- CANDU Owners Group Inc., Toronto, ON M5G 2K4, Canada
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156
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Anti-NKG2C/IL-15/anti-CD33 Killer Engager Directs Primary and iPSC-derived NKG2C + NK cells to Specifically Target Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3410-3421. [PMID: 34174441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells mediate cytolysis of transformed cells and are currently used as an adoptive cellular therapy to treat cancer. Infection with human cytomegalovirus has been shown to expand a subset of "adaptive" NK cells, expressing the activation receptor NKG2C, that have preferred functional attributes distinct from conventional NK cells. Because NKG2C delivers a strong activating signal to NK cells, we hypothesized that NKG2C could specifically trigger NK cell-mediated antitumor responses. To elicit a tumor-directed response from NKG2C+ NK cells, we created an anti-NKG2C/IL-15/anti-CD33 killer engager, called NKG2C-KE, that directs NKG2C+ cells to target CD33+ cells, and tumor associated antigen expressed by acute myelogenous leukemia cells. The NKG2C-KE induced specific degranulation, interferon-γ production and proliferation of NKG2C-expressing NK cells from patients who reactivated cytomegalovirus after allogeneic transplantation. The NKG2C-KE was also tested in a more homogeneous system using induced pluripotent stem cell derived NK cells (iNK) that have been engineered to express NKG2C at high levels. The NKG2C-KE triggered iNK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against CD33+ cells and primary AML blasts. The NKG2C-KE specific interaction with adaptive NK and NKG2C+ iNK cells represents a new immunotherapeutic paradigm that uniquely engages highly active NK cells to induce cytotoxicity against AML through redirected targeting.
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157
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Afolabi LO, Afolabi MO, Sani MM, Okunowo WO, Yan D, Chen L, Zhang Y, Wan X. Exploiting the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system for human cancers and immunotherapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1286. [PMID: 34188916 PMCID: PMC8219901 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) technology has brought advances in the genetic manipulation of eukaryotic cells, which has revolutionised cancer research and treatment options. It is increasingly being used in cancer immunotherapy, including adoptive T and natural killer (NK) cell transfer, secretion of antibodies, cytokine stimulation and overcoming immune checkpoints. CRISPR-Cas9 technology is used in autologous T cells and NK cells to express various innovative antigen designs and combinations of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeted at specific antigens for haematological and solid tumors. Additionally, advanced engineering in immune cells to enhance their sensing circuits with sophisticated functionality is now possible. Intensive research on the CRISPR-Cas9 system has provided scientists with the ability to overcome the hostile tumor microenvironment and generate more products for future clinical use, especially off-the-shelf, universal cellular products, bringing exciting milestones for immunotherapy. This review discussed the application and challenges of CRISPR technology in cancer research and immunotherapy, its advances and prospects for promoting new cell-based therapeutic beyond immune oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukman O Afolabi
- Guangdong Immune Cell therapy Engineering and Technology research CenterCenter for Protein and Cell‐based DrugsInstitute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceFederal University DutseDutseNigeria
| | - Mariam O Afolabi
- Open FIESTA CenterTsinghua UniversityShenzhenChina
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsGraduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Musbahu M Sani
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceFederal University DutseDutseNigeria
| | - Wahab O Okunowo
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of MedicineUniversity of LagosLagosNigeria
| | - Dehong Yan
- Guangdong Immune Cell therapy Engineering and Technology research CenterCenter for Protein and Cell‐based DrugsInstitute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liang Chen
- Guangdong Immune Cell therapy Engineering and Technology research CenterCenter for Protein and Cell‐based DrugsInstitute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yaou Zhang
- Open FIESTA CenterTsinghua UniversityShenzhenChina
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsGraduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua UniversityShenzhenChina
- School of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Guangdong Immune Cell therapy Engineering and Technology research CenterCenter for Protein and Cell‐based DrugsInstitute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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158
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Covino DA, Desimio MG, Doria M. Combinations of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Distinct Latency Reversing Agents Variably Affect HIV Reactivation and Susceptibility to NK Cell-Mediated Killing of T Cells That Exit Viral Latency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136654. [PMID: 34206330 PMCID: PMC8267728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ‘shock-and-kill’ strategy to purge the latent HIV reservoir relies on latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate the provirus and subsequent immune-mediated killing of HIV-expressing cells. Yet, clinical trials employing histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis; Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) as LRAs failed to reduce the HIV reservoir size, stressing the need for more effective latency reversal strategies, such as 2-LRA combinations, and enhancement of the immune responses. Interestingly, several LRAs are employed to treat cancer because they up-modulate ligands for the NKG2D NK-cell activating receptor on tumor cells. Therefore, using in vitro T cell models of HIV latency and NK cells, we investigated the capacity of HDACis, either alone or combined with a distinct LRA, to potentiate the NKG2D/NKG2D ligands axis. While Bortezomib proteasome inhibitor was toxic for both T and NK cells, the GS-9620 TLR-7 agonist antagonized HIV reactivation and NKG2D ligand expression by HDACis. Conversely, co-administration of the Prostratin PKC agonist attenuated HDACi toxicity and, when combined with Romidepsin, stimulated HIV reactivation and further up-modulated NKG2D ligands on HIV+ T cells and NKG2D on NK cells, ultimately boosting NKG2D-mediated viral suppression by NK cells. These findings disclose limitations of LRA candidates and provide evidence that NK cell suppression of reactivated HIV may be modulated by specific 2-LRA combinations.
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159
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Abstract
Tumour recurrence is a serious impediment to cancer treatment, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The most frequently used anti-tumour therapies-chemotherapy and radiotherapy-target highly proliferative cancer cells. However non- or slow-proliferative dormant cancer cells can persist after treatment, eventually causing tumour relapse. Whereas the reversible growth arrest mechanism allows quiescent cells to re-enter the cell cycle, senescent cells are largely thought to be irreversibly arrested, and may instead contribute to tumour growth and relapse through paracrine signalling mechanisms. Thus, due to the differences in their growth arrest mechanism, metabolic features, plasticity and adaptation to their respective tumour microenvironment, dormant-senescent and -quiescent cancer cells could have different but complementary roles in fuelling tumour growth. In this review article, we discuss the implication of dormant cancer cells in tumour relapse and the need to understand how quiescent and senescent cells, respectively, may play a part in this process.
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160
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Abstract
The development of tumors requires an initiator event, usually exposure to DNA damaging agents that cause genetic alterations such as gene mutations or chromosomal abnormalities, leading to deregulated cell proliferation. Although the mere stochastic accumulation of further mutations may cause tumor progression, it is now clear that an inflammatory microenvironment has a major tumor-promoting influence on initiated cells, in particular when a chronic inflammatory reaction already existed before the initiated tumor cell was formed. Moreover, inflammatory cells become mobilized in response to signals emanating from tumor cells. In both cases, the microenvironment provides signals that initiated tumor cells perceive by membrane receptors and transduce via downstream kinase cascades to modulate multiple cellular processes and respond with changes in cell gene expression, metabolism, and morphology. Cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors are examples of major signals secreted by immune cells, fibroblast, and endothelial cells and mediate an intricate cell-cell crosstalk in an inflammatory microenvironment, which contributes to increased cancer cell survival, phenotypic plasticity and adaptation to surrounding tissue conditions. Eventually, consequent changes in extracellular matrix stiffness and architecture, coupled with additional genetic alterations, further fortify the malignant progression of tumor cells, priming them for invasion and metastasis. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the composition of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, with an emphasis on the major signals and signal-transducing events mediating different aspects of stromal cell-tumor cell communication that ultimately lead to malignant progression.
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161
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Piersma SJ, Brizić I. Natural killer cell effector functions in antiviral defense. FEBS J 2021; 289:3982-3999. [PMID: 34125493 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells involved in the control of tumors and viral infections. They provide protection by producing cytokines and by directly lysing target cells. Both effector mechanisms have been identified to contribute to viral control, depending on the context of infection. Activation of NK cells depends on the integration of signals received by cytokine receptors and activation and inhibitory receptors recognizing ligands expressed by virus-infected cells. While the control of viral infections by NK cells is well established, the signals perceived by NK cells and how these signals integrate to mediate optimal viral control have been focus of ongoing research. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on NK cell activation and integration of signals that lead to interferon gamma production and cytotoxicity in viral infections. We review NK cell interactions with viruses, with particular focus on murine cytomegalovirus studies, which helped elucidate crucial aspects of antiviral NK cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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Zhang S, Liu N, Ma M, Huang H, Handley M, Bai X, Shan F. Methionine enkephalin (MENK) suppresses lung cancer by regulating the Bcl-2/Bax/caspase-3 signaling pathway and enhancing natural killer cell-driven tumor immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107837. [PMID: 34116288 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how methionine enkephalin (MENK) regulates the biological behavior of lung cancer cells and to further explore its anti-lung cancer mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that MENK enhanced the expression of opioid receptor (OGFr) and induced apoptosis of lung cancer cells by activating the Bcl-1/Bax/caspase-3 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. However, the regulatory effects of MENK disappeared after blockade of the OGFr. This confirmed that a prerequisite for the anti-tumor action of MENK is binding to OGFr. Additionally, we observed that MENK treatment enhanced the immunogenicity of lung cancer by enhancing the exposure of calreticulin and high mobility group box 1, and increasing the expression of NKG2D ligands. Further studies showed that MENK treatment increased the expression of natural killer (NK) cell-related cytokines such as granzyme B and interferon-γ and NK cell activation. Thus, we concluded that MENK might inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer cells by activating the Bcl-2/Bax/caspase-3 signaling pathway and enhancing immunogenicity and NK cell-driven tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Mingxing Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, the People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mike Handley
- Cytocom lnc, 3001 Aloma Ave., Winter Park, FL 32792, USA
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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163
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Šustić M, Cokarić Brdovčak M, Lisnić B, Materljan J, Juranić Lisnić V, Rožmanić C, Indenbirken D, Hiršl L, Busch DH, Brizić I, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. Memory CD8 T Cells Generated by Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Vector Expressing NKG2D Ligand Have Effector-Like Phenotype and Distinct Functional Features. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681380. [PMID: 34168650 PMCID: PMC8218728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have emerged as a promising alternative to classical vaccines due to their great potential for induction of a potent cellular and humoral immunity. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an attractive vaccine vector due to its large genome with many non-essential immunoregulatory genes that can be easily manipulated to modify the immune response. CMV generates a strong antigen-specific CD8 T cell response with a gradual accumulation of these cells in the process called memory inflation. In our previous work, we have constructed a mouse CMV vector expressing NKG2D ligand RAE-1γ in place of its viral inhibitor m152 (RAE-1γMCMV), which proved to be highly attenuated in vivo. Despite attenuation, RAE-1γMCMV induced a substantially stronger CD8 T cell response to vectored antigen than the control vector and provided superior protection against bacterial and tumor challenge. In the present study, we confirmed the enhanced protective capacity of RAE-1γMCMV as a tumor vaccine vector and determined the phenotypical and functional characteristics of memory CD8 T cells induced by the RAE-1γ expressing MCMV. RNAseq data revealed higher transcription of numerous genes associated with effector-like CD8 T cell phenotype in RAE-1γMCMV immunized mice. CD8 T cells primed with RAE-1γMCMV were enriched in TCF1 negative population, with higher expression of KLRG1 and lower expression of CD127, CD27, and Eomes. These phenotypical differences were associated with distinct functional features as cells primed with RAE-1γMCMV showed inferior cytokine-producing abilities but comparable cytotoxic potential. After adoptive transfer into naive hosts, OT-1 cells induced with both RAE-1γMCMV and the control vector were equally efficient in rejecting established tumors, suggesting the context of latent infection and cell numbers as important determinants of enhanced anti-tumor response following RAE-1γMCMV vaccination. Overall, our results shed new light on the phenotypical and functional distinctness of memory CD8 T cells induced with CMV vector expressing cellular ligand for the NKG2D receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Šustić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Berislav Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Materljan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Carmen Rožmanić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lea Hiršl
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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164
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Ding H, Buzzard GW, Huang S, Sehorn MG, Marcus RK, Wei Y. MICA-G129R: A bifunctional fusion protein increases PRLR-positive breast cancer cell death in co-culture with natural killer cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252662. [PMID: 34077462 PMCID: PMC8172023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cells were reported to up-regulate human prolactin receptor (PRLR) to assist their growth through the utilization of prolactin (PRL) as the growth factor, which makes PRLR a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. On the other hand, advanced cancer cells tend to down-regulate or shed off stress signal proteins to evade immune surveillance and elimination. In this report, we created a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of MHC class I chain-related protein (MICA), a stress signal protein and ligand of the activating receptor NKG2D of natural killer (NK) cells, and G129R, an antagonistic variant of PRL. We hypothesize that the MICA portion of the fusion protein binds to NKG2D to activate NK cells and the G129R portion binds to PRLR on breast cancer cells, so that the activated NK cells will kill the PRLR-positive breast cancer cells. We demonstrated that the MICA-G129R fusion protein not only binds to human natural killer NK-92 cells and PRLR-positive human breast cancer T-47D cells, but also promotes NK cells to release granzyme B and IFN-γ and enhances the cytotoxicity of NK cells specifically on PRLR-positive cells. The fusion protein, therefore, represents a new approach for the development of breast cancer specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Garrett W. Buzzard
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Sehorn
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yanzhang Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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165
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Shehata WA, Maraee A, Amer E, Azmy R. UL 16 Binding Protein 3 gene expression: Does it have an association with Alopecia Areata? GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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166
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Cadoux M, Caruso S, Pham S, Gougelet A, Pophillat C, Riou R, Loesch R, Colnot S, Nguyen CT, Calderaro J, Celton-Morizur S, Guerra N, Zucman-Rossi J, Desdouets C, Couty JP. Expression of NKG2D ligands is downregulated by β-catenin signalling and associates with HCC aggressiveness. J Hepatol 2021; 74:1386-1397. [PMID: 33484773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The NKG2D system is a potent immunosurveillance mechanism in cancer, wherein the activating NK cell receptor (NKG2D) on immune cells recognises its cognate ligands on tumour cells. Herein, we evaluated the expression of NKG2D ligands in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in both humans and mice, taking the genomic features of HCC tumours into account. METHODS The expression of NKG2D ligands (MICA, MICB, ULBP1 and ULBP2) was analysed in large human HCC datasets by Fluidigm TaqMan and RNA-seq methods, and in 2 mouse models (mRNA and protein levels) reproducing the features of both major groups of human tumours. RESULTS We provide compelling evidence that expression of the MICA and MICB ligands in human HCC is associated with tumour aggressiveness and poor patient outcome. We also found that the expression of ULBP1 and ULBP2 was associated with poor patient outcome, and was downregulated in CTNNB1-mutated HCCs displaying low levels of inflammation and associated with a better prognosis. We also found an inverse correlation between ULBP1/2 expression levels and the expression of β-catenin target genes in patients with HCC, suggesting a role for β-catenin signalling in inhibiting expression. We showed in HCC mouse models that β-catenin signalling downregulated the expression of Rae-1 NKG2D ligands, orthologs of ULBPs, through TCF4 binding. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the expression of NKG2D ligands is associated with aggressive liver tumorigenesis and that the downregulation of these ligands by β-catenin signalling may account for the less aggressive phenotype of CTNNB1-mutated HCC tumours. LAY SUMMARY The NKG2D system is a potent immunosurveillance mechanism in cancer. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma development has not been widely investigated. Herein, we should that the expression of NKG2D ligands by tumour cells is associated with a more aggressive tumour subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Cadoux
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Stefano Caruso
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Functional genomics of solid tumors Team, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Pham
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Angélique Gougelet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Oncogenic functions of β-catenin signalling in the liver team F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Céline Pophillat
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Rozenn Riou
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Oncogenic functions of β-catenin signalling in the liver team F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Robin Loesch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Oncogenic functions of β-catenin signalling in the liver team F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sabine Colnot
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Oncogenic functions of β-catenin signalling in the liver team F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Công Trung Nguyen
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Guerra
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Functional genomics of solid tumors Team, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Couty
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, F-75006 Paris, France.
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167
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Hess JB, Sutherland KD, Best SA. Exploring natural killer cell immunology as a therapeutic strategy in lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:2788-2805. [PMID: 34295678 PMCID: PMC8264324 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic immune cells are key in the control of tumor development and progression. Natural killer (NK) cells are the cytotoxic arm of the innate immune system with the capability to kill tumor cells and surveil tumor cell dissemination. As such, the interest in harnessing NK cells in tumor control is increasing in many solid tumor types, including lung cancer. Here, we review the pre-clinical models used to unveil the role of NK cells in immunosurveillance of solid tumors and highlight measures to enhance NK cell activity. Importantly, the development of NK immunotherapy is rapidly evolving. Enhancing the NK cell response can be achieved using two broad modalities: enhancing endogenous NK cell activity, or performing adoptive transfer of pre-activated NK cells to patients. Numerous clinical trials are evaluating the efficacy of NK cell immunotherapy in isolation or in combination with standard treatments, with encouraging initial results. Pre-clinical studies and early phase clinical trials suggest that patients with solid tumors, including lung cancer, have the potential to benefit from recent developments in NK cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas B Hess
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cell Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate D Sutherland
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cell Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah A Best
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cell Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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168
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Maggs L, Cattaneo G, Dal AE, Moghaddam AS, Ferrone S. CAR T Cell-Based Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:662064. [PMID: 34113233 PMCID: PMC8185049 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.662064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Current treatment options typically consist of surgery followed by chemotherapy or more frequently radiotherapy, however, median patient survival remains at just over 1 year. Therefore, the need for novel curative therapies for GBM is vital. Characterization of GBM cells has contributed to identify several molecules as targets for immunotherapy-based treatments such as EGFR/EGFRvIII, IL13Rα2, B7-H3, and CSPG4. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes collected from a patient can be genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for an identified tumor antigen (TA). These CAR T cells can then be re-administered to the patient to identify and eliminate cancer cells. The impressive clinical responses to TA-specific CAR T cell-based therapies in patients with hematological malignancies have generated a lot of interest in the application of this strategy with solid tumors including GBM. Several clinical trials are evaluating TA-specific CAR T cells to treat GBM. Unfortunately, the efficacy of CAR T cells against solid tumors has been limited due to several factors. These include the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, inadequate trafficking and infiltration of CAR T cells and their lack of persistence and activity. In particular, GBM has specific limitations to overcome including acquired resistance to therapy, limited diffusion across the blood brain barrier and risks of central nervous system toxicity. Here we review current CAR T cell-based approaches for the treatment of GBM and summarize the mechanisms being explored in pre-clinical, as well as clinical studies to improve their anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Maggs
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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169
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Kumar A, Swain CA, Shevde LA. Informing the new developments and future of cancer immunotherapy : Future of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:549-562. [PMID: 34003425 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The application of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) in reinforcing anti-tumor immunity in response to carcinogenesis and metastasis has shown promising advances, along with new therapeutic challenges, in the landscape of cancer care. To promote tumor growth and metastasis, cancer cells aim to manipulate their microenvironment by mediating a crosstalk with various immune cells through the secretion of chemokines, cytokines, and other associated factors. Understanding this crosstalk is the key to discovering the best targets for improved immunotherapies and clinical strategies in cancer treatment. Here, we review the tumor immune crosstalk in cancer growth and metastasis. This review also highlights the development and expansion of CIT over the years. Moreover, we highlight clinical challenges and limitations involving immune-related adverse events, treating cancer patients with pre-existing autoimmune diseases, and the management of immunotherapy-induced treatment resistance. Possible clinical solutions to these current challenges in CIT are also proposed. Altogether, this review can contribute to the formation of pre-clinical and treatment-related strategies that further develop the availability and effectiveness of CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Courtney A Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA. .,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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170
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Quatrini L, Della Chiesa M, Sivori S, Mingari MC, Pende D, Moretta L. Human NK cells, their receptors and function. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1566-1579. [PMID: 33899224 PMCID: PMC9292411 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are cytotoxic components of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) that provide a first line of defense against viral infections and contribute to control tumor growth and metastasis. Their function is finely regulated by an array of HLA-specific and non-HLA-specific inhibitory and activating receptors which allow to discriminate between healthy and altered cells. Human NK cells gained a major attention in recent years because of the important progresses in understanding their biology and of some promising data in tumor therapy. In this review, we will outline well-established issues of human NK cells and discuss some of the open questions, debates, and recent advances regarding their origin, differentiation, and tissue distribution. Newly defined NK cell specializations, including the impact of inhibitory checkpoints on their function, their crosstalk with other cell types, and the remarkable adaptive features acquired in response to certain virus infections will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Immunology Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- Immunology Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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171
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Seidel E, Dassa L, Schuler C, Oiknine-Djian E, Wolf DG, Le-Trilling VTK, Mandelboim O. The human cytomegalovirus protein UL147A downregulates the most prevalent MICA allele: MICA*008, to evade NK cell-mediated killing. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008807. [PMID: 33939764 PMCID: PMC8118558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes capable of killing target cells without prior sensitization. One pivotal activating NK receptor is NKG2D, which binds a family of eight ligands, including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related chain A (MICA). Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus causing morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients and congenitally infected infants. HCMV encodes multiple antagonists of NK cell activation, including many mechanisms targeting MICA. However, only one of these mechanisms, the HCMV protein US9, counters the most prevalent MICA allele, MICA*008. Here, we discover that a hitherto uncharacterized HCMV protein, UL147A, specifically downregulates MICA*008. UL147A primarily induces MICA*008 maturation arrest, and additionally targets it to proteasomal degradation, acting additively with US9 during HCMV infection. Thus, UL147A hinders NKG2D-mediated elimination of HCMV-infected cells by NK cells. Mechanistic analyses disclose that the non-canonical GPI anchoring pathway of immature MICA*008 constitutes the determinant of UL147A specificity for this MICA allele. These findings advance our understanding of the complex and rapidly evolving HCMV immune evasion mechanisms, which may facilitate the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common pathogen that usually causes asymptomatic infection in the immunocompetent population, but the immunosuppressed and fetuses infected in utero suffer mortality and disability due to HCMV disease. Current HCMV treatments are limited and no vaccine has been approved, despite significant efforts. HCMV encodes many genes of unknown function, and virus-host interactions are only partially understood. Here, we discovered that a hitherto uncharacterized HCMV protein, UL147A, downregulates the expression of an activating immune ligand allele named MICA*008, thus hindering the elimination of HCMV-infected cells. Elucidating HCMV immune evasion mechanisms could aid in the development of novel HCMV treatments and vaccines. Furthermore, MICA*008 is a highly prevalent allele implicated in cancer immune evasion, autoimmunity and graft rejection. In this work we have shown that UL147A interferes with MICA*008’s poorly understood, nonstandard maturation pathway, and acts additively with a functionally homologous HCMV protein, US9. Study of UL147A may enable manipulation of its expression as a therapeutic measure against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Seidel
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Dassa
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Corinna Schuler
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana G. Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vu Thuy Khanh Le-Trilling
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail: (VTKL-T); (OM)
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail: (VTKL-T); (OM)
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172
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Salminen A. Feed-forward regulation between cellular senescence and immunosuppression promotes the aging process and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101280. [PMID: 33581314 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a progressive degenerative process involving a chronic low-grade inflammation and the accumulation of senescent cells. One major issue is to reveal the mechanisms which promote the deposition of pro-inflammatory senescent cells within tissues. The accumulation involves mechanisms which increase cellular senescence as well as those inhibiting the clearance of senescent cells from tissues. It is known that a persistent inflammatory state evokes a compensatory immunosuppression which inhibits pro-inflammatory processes by impairing the functions of effector immune cells, e.g., macrophages, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Unfortunately, these cells are indispensable for immune surveillance and the subsequent clearance of senescent cells, i.e., the inflammation-induced counteracting immunosuppression prevents the cleansing of host tissues. Moreover, senescent cells can also repress their own clearance by expressing inhibitors of immune surveillance and releasing the ligands of NKG2D receptors which impair their surveillance by NK and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. It seems that cellular senescence and immunosuppression establish a feed-forward process which promotes the aging process and age-related diseases. I will examine in detail the immunosuppressive mechanisms which impair the surveillance and clearance of pro-inflammatory senescent cells with aging. In addition, I will discuss several therapeutic strategies to halt the degenerative feed-forward circuit associated with the aging process and age-related diseases.
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173
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Pan J, Xu Y, Wu Q, Hu P, Shi J. Mild Magnetic Hyperthermia-Activated Innate Immunity for Liver Cancer Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8116-8128. [PMID: 33928777 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) is noninvasive and features excellent tissue penetration for deep-seated tumors, but unfortunately, it suffers the low therapeutic efficacy due to the limited magneto-thermal efficiency and insufficient intratumor accumulation of conventional intravenous-injected magnetic nanoparticles, which are actually mostly sequestered by the mononuclear phagocyte system, especially the liver. Such a disadvantageous characteristic of preferential liver uptake is here exploited, for the first time as far as we know, to treat orthotopic liver cancer by mild MHT using specially designed composite magnetic nanoparticles. A kind of core-shell-structured and Zn2+-doped Zn-CoFe2O4@Zn-MnFe2O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles (ZCMF) has been synthesized which exhibits excellent and highly controllable magnetic hyperthermia performance owing to an exchange-coupled magnetism between the core and shell, and Zn2+ doping. The controllable mild MHT at 43-44 °C based on ZCMF demonstrates almost complete inhibition of liver cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth, which is associated with the suppression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression. More importantly, the mild MHT-treated liver cancer cells are capable of activating natural killer (NK) cells by dramatically upregulating the expression of UL16-binding proteins (ULBPs), ligands of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D). As a result, the growth of both xenograft tumors and orthotopic liver tumors were almost completely suppressed under mild MHT via induced NK-cell-related antitumor immunity in vivo. This work not only evidences the great potential of mild MHT but also reveals the underlying immunity activation mechanism in liver cancer treatment by mild MHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China.,School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yingying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Qingsheng Wu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
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174
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Chen W, Lai D, Li Y, Wang X, Pan Y, Fang X, Fan J, Shu Q. Neuronal-Activated ILC2s Promote IL-17A Production in Lung γδ T Cells During Sepsis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670676. [PMID: 33995408 PMCID: PMC8119647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have revealed important roles for IL-17A in the development of acute lung injury (ALI) following sepsis. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of lung IL-17A remains to be fully addressed. Recent studies suggested the effect of neuromedin U (NMU) on immune cell activation and the role of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the modulation of IL-17A production. We aimed to gain in-depth insight into the mechanism underlying sepsis-induced lung IL-17A production, particularly, the role of NMU in mediating neuronal regulation of ILC2s and IL-17A-producing γδ T cells activation in sepsis. Methods Wild type mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis with or without intraperitoneal injection of NMU. The levels of ILC2s, γδ T cells, IL-17A, NMU and NMU receptor 1 (NMUR1) in the lung were then measured. In order to determine the role of NMU signaling in ILC2 activation and the role of ILC2-released IL-9 in ILC2-γδ T cell interaction, ILC2s were sorted, and the genes of nmur1 and il9 in the ILC2s were knocked down using CRISPR/Cas9. The genetically manipulated ILC2s were then co-cultured with lung γδ T cells, and the levels of IL-17A from co-culture systems were measured. Results In septic mice, the levels of NMU, IL-17A, ILC2s, and IL-17A-producing γδ T cells in the lung are significantly increased, and the expression of NMUR1 in ILC2s is increased as well. Exogenous NMU further augments these increases. The main source of IL-17A in response to CLP is γδ T cells, and lung nmur1 is specifically expressed in ILC2s. In vitro co-culture of ILC2s and γδ T cells leads to increased number of γδ T cells and higher production of IL-17A from γδ T cells, and these alterations are further augmented by septic treatment and exogenous NMU. Genetic knockdown of nmur1 or il9 in ILC2s attenuated the upregulation of γδ T cells and IL-17A production. Conclusion In sepsis, NMU acting through NMUR1 in lung ILC2s initiates the ILC2 activation, which, in turn, promote IL-17A-producing γδ T cell expansion and secretion of IL-17A. ILC2-derived IL-9 plays an important role in mediating γδ T cell expansion and IL-17A production. This study explores a new mechanism underlying neuronal regulation of innate immunity in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dengming Lai
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xueke Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihang Pan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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175
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Repellin CE, Ssemadaali MA, Newmyer S, Radhakrishnan H, Javitz HS, Bhatnagar P. NK-Cell Biofactory as an Off-the-Shelf Cell-based Vector for Targeted In Situ Synthesis of Engineered Proteins. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000298. [PMID: 33871182 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The NK-92MI, a fast-growing cytolytic cell line with a track record of exerting clinical efficacy, is transformed into a vector for synthesizing calibrated amounts of desired engineered proteins at our disease site, that is, NK-cell Biofactory. This provides an allogeneic option to the previously published T-cell-based living vector that is limited by high manufacturing cost and product variability. The modularity of this pathway, which combines a "target" receptor with an "effector" function, enables reprogramming of the NK-cell Biofactory to target diseases with specific molecular biomarkers, such as cancer, viral infections, or auto-immune disorders, and overcome barriers that may affect the advancement of NK-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherri Newmyer
- Biosciences Division SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | - Harold S Javitz
- Education Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Parijat Bhatnagar
- Biosciences Division SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Cancer Imaging and Early Detection Program, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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176
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Hagelstein I, Lutz MS, Schmidt M, Heitmann JS, Malenke E, Zhou Y, Clar KL, Kopp HG, Jung G, Salih HR, Märklin M, Hinterleitner C. Bispecific NKG2D-CD3 and NKG2D-CD16 Fusion Proteins as Novel Treatment Option in Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653081. [PMID: 33936075 PMCID: PMC8079770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) constitutes a rare group of heterogeneous malignancies. Effective treatment options for most subtypes of STS are still limited. As a result, especially in metastatic disease, prognosis is still dismal. The ligands for the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D (NKG2DL) are commonly expressed in STS, but generally absent in healthy tissues. This provides the rationale for utilization of NKG2DL as targets for immunotherapeutic approaches. We here report on the preclinical characterization of bispecific fusion proteins (BFP) consisting of the extracellular domain of the NKG2D receptor fused to Fab-fragments directed against CD3 (NKG2D-CD3) or CD16 (NKG2D-CD16) for treatment of STS. After characterization of NKG2DL expression patterns on various STS cell lines, we demonstrated that both NKG2D-CD16 and NKG2D-CD3 induce profound T and NK cell reactivity as revealed by analysis of activation, degranulation and secretion of IFNγ as well as granule associated proteins, resulting in potent target cell lysis. In addition, the stimulatory capacity of the constructs to induce T and NK cell activation was analyzed in heavily pretreated STS patients and found to be comparable to healthy donors. Our results emphasize the potential of NKG2D-CD3 and NKG2D-CD16 BFP to target STS even in an advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Hagelstein
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina S Lutz
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmidt
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jonas S Heitmann
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Malenke
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kim L Clar
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kopp
- Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases (RBCT) Robert Bosch Cancer Center, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gundram Jung
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department for Immunology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Helmut R Salih
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Märklin
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clemens Hinterleitner
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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177
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Kim N, Kim MY, Choi WS, Yi E, Lee HJ, Kim HS. GSK-3α Inhibition in Drug-Resistant CML Cells Promotes Susceptibility to NK Cell-Mediated Lysis in an NKG2D- and NKp30-Dependent Manner. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081802. [PMID: 33918810 PMCID: PMC8070516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has gained considerable interest as a therapeutic target for cancer due to its key involvement in growth arrest and apoptosis of tumor cells. Moreover, GSK-3, especially GSK-3β, limits the activation of NK cells, key innate effectors in cancer immunosurveillance, triggered by diverse activating receptors. However, the role of GSK-3 in the regulation of activating ligands on target cells that confer susceptibility to NK cells remains unclear and is the aim of this study. Here, we provide evidence that GSK-3α primarily restrains the expression of ligands for activating receptors such as NKG2D, NKp30 but not DNAM-1, thereby reducing target susceptibility to NK cells. Thus, our results suggest a distinct role of GSK-3 isoforms in target cells vs NK cells for regulating NK cell reactivity and GSK-3α inhibition as a relevant strategy to enhance target susceptibility to NK cells. Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes that provide early protection against cancer. NK cell cytotoxicity against cancer cells is triggered by multiple activating receptors that recognize specific ligands expressed on target cells. We previously demonstrated that glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, but not GSK-3α, is a negative regulator of NK cell functions via diverse activating receptors, including NKG2D and NKp30. However, the role of GSK-3 isoforms in the regulation of specific ligands on target cells is poorly understood, which remains a challenge limiting GSK-3 targeting for NK cell-based therapy. Here, we demonstrate that GSK-3α rather than GSK-3β is the primary isoform restraining the expression of NKG2D ligands, particularly ULBP2/5/6, on tumor cells, thereby regulating their susceptibility to NK cells. GSK-3α also regulated the expression of the NKp30 ligand B7-H6, but not the DNAM-1 ligands PVR or nectin-2. This regulation occurred independently of BCR-ABL1 mutation that confers tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance. Mechanistically, an increase in PI3K/Akt signaling in concert with c-Myc was required for ligand upregulation in response to GSK-3α inhibition. Importantly, GSK-3α inhibition improved cancer surveillance by human NK cells in vivo. Collectively, our results highlight the distinct role of GSK-3 isoforms in the regulation of NK cell reactivity against target cells and suggest that GSK-3α modulation could be used to enhance tumor cell susceptibility to NK cells in an NKG2D- and NKp30-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Mi Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (W.S.C.); (E.Y.); (H.J.L.)
| | - Woo Seon Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (W.S.C.); (E.Y.); (H.J.L.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center (SCIRC), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Eunbi Yi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (W.S.C.); (E.Y.); (H.J.L.)
| | - Hyo Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (W.S.C.); (E.Y.); (H.J.L.)
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.Y.K.); (W.S.C.); (E.Y.); (H.J.L.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center (SCIRC), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3010-2207
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178
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CAR-T Cell Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Preclinical Rationale, Current Clinical Progress, and Barriers to Success. BioDrugs 2021; 35:281-302. [PMID: 33826079 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has shown impressive results in chemorefractory B cell malignancies, raising the possibilities of using this immunotherapeutic modality for other devastating hematologic malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML is an aggressive hematologic malignancy which, like B cell malignancies, poses several challenges for clinical translation of successful immunotherapy. The antigenic heterogeneity of AML results in a list of potential targets that CAR-T cells could be directed towards, each with advantages and disadvantages. In this review, we provide an up-to-date report of outcomes and adverse effects from published and presented clinical trials of CAR-T cell therapy for AML and provide the preclinical rationale underlying these studies and antigen selection. Comparison across trials is difficult, yet themes emerge with respect to appropriate antigen selection and association of adverse effects with outcomes. We highlight currently active clinical trials and the potential improvements and caveats with these novel approaches. Key hurdles to the successful introduction of CAR-T cell therapy for the treatment of AML include the effect of antigenic heterogeneity and trade-offs between therapy specificity and sensitivity; on-target off-tumor toxicities; the AML tumor microenvironment; and practical considerations for future trials that should be addressed to enable successful CAR-T cell therapy for AML.
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179
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Machuldova A, Holubova M, Caputo VS, Cedikova M, Jindra P, Houdova L, Pitule P. Role of Polymorphisms of NKG2D Receptor and Its Ligands in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Human Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651751. [PMID: 33868289 PMCID: PMC8044845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells possess key regulatory function in various malignant diseases, including acute myeloid leukemia. NK cell activity is driven by signals received through ligands binding activating or inhibitory receptors. Their activity towards elimination of transformed or virally infected cells can be mediated through MICA, MICB and ULBP ligands binding the activating receptor NKG2D. Given the efficiency of NK cells, potential target cells developed multiple protecting mechanisms to overcome NK cells killing on various levels of biogenesis of NKG2D ligands. Targeted cells can degrade ligand transcripts via microRNAs or modify them at protein level to prevent their presence at cell surface via shedding, with added benefit of shed ligands to desensitize NKG2D receptor and avert the threat of destruction via NK cells. NK cells and their activity are also indispensable during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, crucial treatment option for patients with malignant disease, including acute myeloid leukemia. Function of both NKG2D and its ligands is strongly affected by polymorphisms and particular allelic variants, as different alleles can play variable roles in ligand-receptor interaction, influencing NK cell function and HSCT outcome differently. For example, role of amino acid exchange at position 129 in MICA or at position 98 in MICB, as well as the role of other polymorphisms leading to different shedding of ligands, was described. Finally, match or mismatch between patient and donor in NKG2D ligands affect HSCT outcome. Having the information beyond standard HLA typing prior HSCT could be instrumental to find the best donor for the patient and to optimize effects of treatment by more precise patient-donor match. Here, we review recent research on the NKG2D/NKG2D ligand biology, their regulation, description of their polymorphisms across the populations of patients with AML and the influence of particular polymorphisms on HSCT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Machuldova
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Monika Holubova
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Pilsen, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Valentina S Caputo
- Hugh & Josseline Langmuir Center for Myeloma Research, Center for Hematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Biology and Therapy Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslava Cedikova
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Pavel Jindra
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Pilsen, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Lucie Houdova
- NTIS, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Pavel Pitule
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
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180
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Minculescu L, Sengelov H, Marquart HV, Ryder LP, Fischer-Nielsen A, Haastrup E. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Effectively Mobilizes TCR γδ and NK Cells Providing an Allograft Potentially Enhanced for the Graft-Versus-Leukemia Effect for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625165. [PMID: 33777007 PMCID: PMC7988077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potential cure for patients with hematological malignancies but substantial risks of recurrence of the malignant disease remain. TCR γδ and NK cells are perceived as potent innate effector cells in HSCT and have been associated with post-transplant protection from relapse in clinical studies. Immunocompetent cells from the donor are crucial for patient outcomes and peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) are being increasingly applied as graft source. G-CSF is the preferential mobilizing agent in healthy donors for PBSC grafts, yet effects of G-CSF on TCR γδ and NK cells are scarcely uncovered and could influence the graft composition and potency of these cells. Therefore, we analyzed T and NK cell subsets and activation markers in peripheral blood samples of 49 donors before and after G-CSF mobilization and—for a subset of donors—also in the corresponding graft samples using multicolor flowcytometry with staining for CD3, CD4, CD8, TCRαβ, TCRγδ, Vδ1, Vδ2, HLA-DR, CD45RA, CD197, CD45RO, HLA-DR, CD16, CD56, and CD314. We found that TCR γδ cells were mobilized and harvested with an efficiency corresponding that of TCR αβ cells. For TCR γδ as well as for TCR αβ cells, G-CSF preferentially mobilized naïve and terminally differentiated effector (TEMRA) cells over memory cells. In the TCR γδ cell compartment, G-CSF preferentially mobilized cells of the nonVδ2 types and increased the fraction of HLA-DR positive TCR γδ cells. For NK cells, mobilization by G-CSF was increased compared to that of T cells, yet NK cells appeared to be less efficiently harvested than T cells. In the NK cell compartment, G-CSF-stimulation preserved the proportion of CD56dim NK effector cells which have been associated with relapse protection. The expression of the activating receptor NKG2D implied in anti-leukemic responses, was significantly increased in both CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells after G-CSF stimulation. These results indicate differentiated mobilization and altering properties of G-CSF which could improve the effects of donor TCR γδ and NK cells in the processes of graft-versus-leukemia for relapse prevention after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Minculescu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Sengelov
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Vibeke Marquart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Ryder
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Fischer-Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Haastrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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181
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Schmied L, Höglund P, Meinke S. Platelet-Mediated Protection of Cancer Cells From Immune Surveillance - Possible Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640578. [PMID: 33777033 PMCID: PMC7988080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing insights in the complex interactions between metastatic cancer-cells and platelets have revealed that platelet tumor cell interactions in the blood stream are an important factor supporting tumor metastasis. An increased coagulability of platelets facilitates the vascular evasion and establishment of solid tumor metastasis. Furthermore, platelets can support an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment or shield tumor cells directly from engagement of cytotoxic lymphocytes as e.g., natural killer (NK) cells. Platelets are both in the tumor microenvironment and systemically the quantitatively most important source of TGF-β, which is a key cytokine for immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. If similar platelet-tumor interactions are of physiological relevance in hematological malignancies remains less well-studied. This might be important, as T- and NK cell mediated graft vs. leukemia effects (GvL) are well-documented and malignant hematological cells have a high exposure to platelets compared to solid tumors. As NK cell-based immunotherapies gain increasing attention as a therapeutic option for patients suffering from hematological and other malignancies, we review the known interactions between platelets and NK cells in the solid tumor setting and discuss how these could also apply to hematological cancers. We furthermore explore the possible implications for NK cell therapy in patients with solid tumors and patients who depend on frequent platelet transfusions. As platelets have a protective and supportive effect on cancer cells, the impact of platelet transfusion on immunotherapy and the combination of immunotherapy with platelet inhibitors needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Schmied
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stephan Meinke
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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182
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Vorwerk G, Zahn S, Bieber T, Wenzel J. NKG2D and its ligands as cytotoxic factors in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:847-852. [PMID: 33687107 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an autoimmune skin disorder that is characterized by an anti-epidermal lymphocytic infiltrate invading the dermo-epidermal junction, causing an interface dermatitis (ID). Pathogenesis of CLE has been linked to activation of innate immunity. NKG2D is an innate immune receptor on NK cells and distinct T-cell populations. The NKG2D ligands MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A and B (MICA, MICB) have been associated to CLE susceptibility. Our gene microarray analyses of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE) skin lesions, separated in epidermal, junctional and dermal skin areas via laser microdissection, revealed a high expression of NKG2D in the lymphocytic infiltrate and led us to further investigate the role of NKG2D in CLE. Pathway analyses showed a strong "interferon (IFN) signature" and vast activation of innate immune response pathways (TLR, RIG-I, cytosolic DNA sensing, JAK/STAT) in CDLE, that expressed the high NKG2D signal. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed the presence of NKG2D and its ligand MICB in CDLE and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) lesions. Finally, HaCaT cells were stimulated with nucleic acids and extracted RNA was sequenced with Illumina HiSeq and showed that stressed keratinocytes express typical NKG2D ligands MICA/B and ULBP2. This study provides first evidence that NKG2D is present in CDLE and SCLE skin lesions and could be relevant for cytotoxicity in IFN-driven skin lesions with upregulated innate immune response pathways present in CLE. It could furthermore play a role in CLE inflammation promoted by keratinocytes under cell stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero Vorwerk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Zahn
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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183
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Cantoni C, Serra M, Parisi E, Azzarone B, Sementa AR, Nasto LA, Moretta L, Candiano G, Bottino C, Ghiggeri GM, Spaggiari GM. Stromal-like Wilms tumor cells induce human Natural Killer cell degranulation and display immunomodulatory properties towards NK cells. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1879530. [PMID: 33758675 PMCID: PMC7946041 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1879530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The similarity of stromal-like Wilms tumor (str-WT) cells with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), suggests their relevant role in the interplay with immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. We investigated the interaction between str-WT cells and NK cells. We observed that str-WT cells expressed some major ligands for activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors. Moreover, they expressed inhibitory checkpoint molecules involved in the negative regulation of anti-tumor immune response. The analysis of the interaction between str-WT cells and NK lymphocytes revealed that activated NK cells could efficiently degranulate upon interaction with str-WT cells. On the other hand, str-WT cells could exert potent inhibitory effects on cytokine-induced activation of NK cell proliferation and phenotype, which were mediated by the production of IDO and PGE2 inhibitory factors. Our data provide insight into the molecular interactions between str-WT cells and NK lymphocytes that may result in different outcomes possibly occurring in the WT microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Serra
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Erica Parisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bruno Azzarone
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Aurelio Nasto
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Bottino
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Division of Nephrology, Dialysis & Transplantation, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Spaggiari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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184
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Babic M, Dimitropoulos C, Hammer Q, Stehle C, Heinrich F, Sarsenbayeva A, Eisele A, Durek P, Mashreghi MF, Lisnic B, Van Snick J, Löhning M, Fillatreau S, Withers DR, Gagliani N, Huber S, Flavell RA, Polic B, Romagnani C. NK cell receptor NKG2D enforces proinflammatory features and pathogenicity of Th1 and Th17 cells. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151818. [PMID: 32453422 PMCID: PMC7398170 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is a danger sensor expressed on different subsets of innate and adaptive lymphocytes. Despite its established role as a potent activator of the immune system, NKG2D-driven regulation of CD4+ T helper (Th) cell-mediated immunity remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that NKG2D modulates Th1 and proinflammatory T-bet+ Th17 cell effector functions in vitro and in vivo. In particular, NKG2D promotes higher production of proinflammatory cytokines by Th1 and T-bet+ Th17 cells and reinforces their transcription of type 1 signature genes, including Tbx21. Conditional deletion of NKG2D in T cells impairs the ability of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells to promote inflammation in vivo during antigen-induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, indicating that NKG2D is an important target for the amelioration of Th1- and Th17-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Babic
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Medical Department I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Quirin Hammer
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Almut Eisele
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Berislav Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Max Löhning
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Bojan Polic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Medical Department I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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185
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Pi YN, Xia BR, Jin MZ, Jin WL, Lou G. Exosomes: Powerful weapon for cancer nano-immunoengineering. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114487. [PMID: 33647264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) that targets the tumor immune microenvironment is regarded as a revolutionary advancement in the fight against cancer. The success and failure of CIT are due to the complexity of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Cancer nanomedicine is a potential adjuvant therapeutic strategy for immune-based combination therapy. Exosomes are natural nanomaterials that play a pivotal role in mediating intercellular communications and package delivery in the tumor microenvironment. They affect the immune response or the effectiveness of immunotherapy. In particular, exosomal PD-L1 promotes cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapy. Exosomes possess high bioavailability, biological stability, targeting specificity, low toxicity, and immune characteristics, which indicate their potential for cancer therapy. They can be engineered to act as effective cancer therapeutic tools that activate anti-tumor immune response and start immune surveillance. In the current review, we introduce the role of exosomes in a tumor immune microenvironment, highlight the application of engineered exosomes to CIT, and discuss the challenges and prospects for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Pi
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Bai-Rong Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Ming-Zhu Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Ge Lou
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, PR China.
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186
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Kucuksezer UC, Aktas Cetin E, Esen F, Tahrali I, Akdeniz N, Gelmez MY, Deniz G. The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:622306. [PMID: 33717125 PMCID: PMC7947192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.622306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, the large granular lymphocytes differentiated from the common lymphoid progenitors, were discovered in early 1970’s. They are members of innate immunity and were initially defined by their strong cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells and by their important effector functions in anti-tumoral immune responses. Nowadays, NK cells are classified among the recently discovered innate lymphoid cell subsets and have capacity to influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, they can be considered as innate immune cells that stands between the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. NK cells don’t express T or B cell receptors and are recognized by absence of CD3. There are two major subgroups of NK cells according to their differential expression of CD16 and CD56. While CD16+CD56dim subset is best-known by their cytotoxic functions, CD16-CD56bright NK cell subset produces a bunch of cytokines comparable to CD4+ T helper cell subsets. Another subset of NK cells with production of interleukin (IL)-10 was named as NK regulatory cells, which has suppressive properties and could take part in immune-regulatory responses. Activation of NK cells is determined by a delicate balance of cell-surface receptors that have either activating or inhibitory properties. On the other hand, a variety of cytokines including IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 influence NK cell activity. NK-derived cytokines and their cytotoxic functions through induction of apoptosis take part in regulation of the immune responses and could contribute to the pathogenesis of many immune mediated diseases including ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet’s disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus and type-1 diabetes. Dysregulation of NK cells in autoimmune disorders may occur through multiple mechanisms. Thanks to the rapid developments in biotechnology, progressive research in immunology enables better characterization of cells and their delicate roles in the complex network of immunity. As NK cells stand in between innate and adaptive arms of immunity and “bridge” them, their contribution in inflammation and immune regulation deserves intense investigations. Better understanding of NK-cell biology and their contribution in both exacerbation and regulation of inflammatory disorders is a requisite for possible utilization of these multi-faceted cells in novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Can Kucuksezer
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fehim Esen
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tahrali
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Akdeniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Yusuf Gelmez
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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187
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Ponath V, Hoffmann N, Bergmann L, Mäder C, Alashkar Alhamwe B, Preußer C, Pogge von Strandmann E. Secreted Ligands of the NK Cell Receptor NKp30: B7-H6 Is in Contrast to BAG6 Only Marginally Released via Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042189. [PMID: 33671836 PMCID: PMC7926927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NKp30 (Natural Cytotoxicity Receptor 1, NCR1) is a powerful cytotoxicity receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells which is involved in tumor cell killing and the regulation of antitumor immune responses. Ligands for NKp30, including BAG6 and B7-H6, are upregulated in virus-infected and tumor cells but rarely detectable on healthy cells. These ligands are released by tumor cells as part of the cellular secretome and interfere with NK cell activity. BAG6 is secreted via the exosomal pathway, and BAG6-positive extracellular vesicles (EV-BAG6) trigger NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine release, whereas the soluble protein diminishes NK cell activity. However, the extracellular format and activity of B7-H6 remain elusive. Here, we used HEK293 as a model cell line to produce recombinant ligands and to study their impact on NK cell activity. Using this system, we demonstrate that soluble B7-H6 (sB7-H6), like soluble BAG6 (sBAG6), inhibits NK cell-mediated target cell killing. This was associated with a diminished cell surface expression of NKG2D and NCRs (NKp30, NKp40, and NKp46). Strikingly, a reduced NKp30 mRNA expression was observed exclusively in response to sBAG6. Of note, B7-H6 was marginally released in association with EVs, and EVs collected from B7-H6 expressing cells did not stimulate NK cell-mediated killing. The molecular analysis of EVs on a single EV level using nano flow cytometry (NanoFCM) revealed a similar distribution of vesicle-associated tetraspanins within EVs purified from wildtype, BAG6, or B7-H6 overexpressing cells. NKp30 is a promising therapeutic target to overcome NK cell immune evasion in cancer patients, and it is important to unravel how extracellular NKp30 ligands inhibit NK cell functions.
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188
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The Role of NK Cells in EBV Infection and EBV-Associated NPC. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020300. [PMID: 33671917 PMCID: PMC7918975 DOI: 10.3390/v13020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast majority of the population worldwide are asymptomatic carriers of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). However, some infected individuals eventually develop EBV-related cancers, including Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). NPC is one of the most common EBV-associated epithelial cancers, and is highly prevalent in Southern China and Southeast Asia. While NPC is highly sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is a lack of effective and durable treatment among the 15%–30% of patients who subsequently develop recurrent disease. Natural Killer (NK) cells are natural immune lymphocytes that are innately primed against virus-infected cells and nascent aberrant transformed cells. As EBV is found in both virally infected and cancer cells, it is of interest to examine the NK cells’ role in both EBV infection and EBV-associated NPC. Herein, we review the current understanding of how EBV-infected cells are cleared by NK cells, and how EBV can evade NK cell-mediated elimination in the context of type II latency in NPC. Next, we summarize the current literature about NPC and NK cell biology. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of NK cells in NPC. This information will deepen our understanding of host immune interactions with EBV-associated NPC and facilitate development of more effective NK-mediated therapies for NPC treatment.
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189
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Denaeghel S, De Pelsmaeker S, Van Waesberghe C, Favoreel HW. Pseudorabies Virus Infection Causes Downregulation of Ligands for the Activating NK Cell Receptor NKG2D. Viruses 2021; 13:266. [PMID: 33572245 PMCID: PMC7915010 DOI: 10.3390/v13020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses display a complex and carefully balanced interaction with important players in the antiviral immune response of immunocompetent natural hosts, including natural killer (NK) cells. With regard to NK cells, this delicate balance is illustrated on the one hand by severe herpesvirus disease reported in individuals with NK cell deficiencies and on the other hand by several NK cell evasion strategies described for herpesviruses. In the current study, we report that porcine cells infected with the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) display a rapid and progressive downregulation of ligands for the major activating NK cell receptor NKG2D. This downregulation consists both of a downregulation of NKG2D ligands that are already expressed on the cell surface of an infected cell and an inhibition of cell surface expression of newly expressed NKG2D ligands. Flow cytometry and RT-qPCR assays showed that PRV infection results in downregulation of the porcine NKG2D ligand pULBP1 from the cell surface and a very substantial suppression of mRNA expression of pULBP1 and of another potential NKG2D ligand, pMIC2. Furthermore, PRV-induced NKG2D ligand downregulation was found to be independent of late viral gene expression. In conclusion, we report that PRV infection of host cells results in a very pronounced downregulation of ligands for the activating NK cell receptor NKG2D, representing an additional NK evasion strategy of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.D.); (S.D.P.); (C.V.W.)
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190
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The NKG2D ligand ULBP4 is not expressed by human monocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246726. [PMID: 33556116 PMCID: PMC7870063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin-like receptor NKG2D contributes to the immunosurveillance of virally infected and malignant cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes. A peculiar and puzzling feature of the NKG2D-based immunorecognition system is the high number of ligands for this single immunoreceptor. In humans, there are a total of eight NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) comprising two members of the MIC (MICA, MICB) and six members of the ULBP family of glycoproteins (ULBP1 to ULBP6). While MICA has been extensively studied with regard to its biochemistry, cellular expression and function, very little is known about the NKG2DL ULBP4. This is, at least in part, due to its rather restricted expression by very few cell lines and tissues. Recently, constitutive ULBP4 expression by human monocytes was reported, questioning the view of tissue-restricted ULBP4 expression. Here, we scrutinized ULBP4 expression by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytes by analyzing ULBP4 transcripts and ULBP4 surface expression. In contrast to MICA, there was no ULBP4 expression detectable, neither by freshly isolated monocytes nor by PAMP-activated monocytes. However, a commercial antibody erroneously indicated surface ULBP4 on monocytes due to a non-ULBP4-specific binding activity, emphasizing the critical importance of validated reagents for life sciences. Collectively, our data show that ULBP4 is not expressed by monocytes, and likely also not by other peripheral blood immune cells, and therefore exhibits an expression pattern rather distinct from other human NKG2DL.
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191
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Calabrese DR, Aminian E, Mallavia B, Liu F, Cleary SJ, Aguilar OA, Wang P, Singer JP, Hays SR, Golden JA, Kukreja J, Dugger D, Nakamura M, Lanier LL, Looney MR, Greenland JR. Natural killer cells activated through NKG2D mediate lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:137047. [PMID: 33290276 PMCID: PMC7852842 DOI: 10.1172/jci137047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a clinical syndrome of acute lung injury that occurs after lung transplantation or remote organ ischemia. IRI causes early mortality and has no effective therapies. While NK cells are innate lymphocytes capable of recognizing injured cells, their roles in acute lung injury are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrated that NK cells were increased in frequency and cytotoxicity in 2 different IRI mouse models. We showed that NK cells trafficked to the lung tissue from peripheral reservoirs and were more mature within lung tissue. Acute lung ischemia-reperfusion injury was blunted in a NK cell-deficient mouse strain but restored with adoptive transfer of NK cells. Mechanistically, NK cell NKG2D receptor ligands were induced on lung endothelial and epithelial cells following IRI, and antibody-mediated NK cell depletion or NKG2D stress receptor blockade abrogated acute lung injury. In human lung tissue, NK cells were increased at sites of ischemia-reperfusion injury and activated NK cells were increased in prospectively collected human bronchoalveolar lavage in subjects with severe IRI. These data support a causal role for recipient peripheral NK cells in pulmonary IRI via NK cell NKG2D receptor ligation. Therapies targeting NK cells may hold promise in acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Calabrese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Emily Aminian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Benat Mallavia
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Fengchun Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Simon J. Cleary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Oscar A. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan P. Singer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven R. Hays
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey A. Golden
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jasleen Kukreja
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel Dugger
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Mary Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark R. Looney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - John R. Greenland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
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192
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Jin KT, Chen B, Liu YY, Lan HUR, Yan JP. Monoclonal antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:83. [PMID: 33522929 PMCID: PMC7851946 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Besides common therapeutic approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, novel therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy, have been an advent in CRC treatment. The immunotherapy approaches try to elicit patients` immune responses against tumor cells to eradicate the tumor. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are two branches of cancer immunotherapy. MAbs demonstrate the great ability to completely recognize cancer cell-surface receptors and blockade proliferative or inhibitory pathways. On the other hand, T cell activation by genetically engineered CAR receptor via the TCR/CD3 and costimulatory domains can induce potent immune responses against specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Both of these approaches have beneficial anti-tumor effects on CRC. Herein, we review the different mAbs against various pathways and their applications in clinical trials, the different types of CAR-T cells, various specific CAR-T cells against TAAs, and their clinical use in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua, 312000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua, 312000, P.R. China
| | - H Uan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua, 312000, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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193
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Zhang R, Mou N, Pu YD, Li Q, Jiang YY, Yuan T, Deng Q. [Overexpression of NKG2D-CD3ζ in NY-ESO-1 TCR-T cells enhanced cytotoxicity to acute myeloid leukemia cells in vitro]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2021; 41:946-950. [PMID: 33333701 PMCID: PMC7767805 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - N Mou
- Shanghai Genbase Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Y D Pu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Q Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Y Y Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Q Deng
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
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194
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Zhu M, Huang Y, Bender ME, Girard L, Kollipara R, Eglenen-Polat B, Naito Y, Savage TK, Huffman KE, Koyama S, Kumanogoh A, Minna JD, Johnson JE, Akbay EA. Evasion of Innate Immunity Contributes to Small Cell Lung Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1813-1826. [PMID: 33495232 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a pulmonary neuroendocrine cancer with very poor prognosis and limited effective therapeutic options. Most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, and the exact reason for the aggressive and metastatic phenotype of SCLC is completely unknown. Despite a high tumor mutational burden, responses to immune checkpoint blockade are minimal in patients with SCLC. This may reflect defects in immune surveillance. Here we illustrate that evading natural killer (NK) surveillance contributes to SCLC aggressiveness and metastasis, primarily through loss of NK-cell recognition of these tumors by reduction of NK-activating ligands (NKG2DL). SCLC primary tumors expressed very low level of NKG2DL mRNA and SCLC lines express little to no surface NKG2DL at the protein level. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing showed NKG2DL loci in SCLC are inaccessible compared with NSCLC, with few H3K27Ac signals. Restoring NKG2DL in preclinical models suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in an NK cell-dependent manner. Likewise, histone deacetylase inhibitor treatment induced NKG2DL expression and led to tumor suppression by inducing infiltration and activation of NK and T cells. Among all the common tumor types, SCLC and neuroblastoma were the lowest NKG2DL-expressing tumors, highlighting a lineage dependency of this phenotype. In conclusion, these data show that epigenetic silencing of NKG2DL results in a lack of stimulatory signals to engage and activate NK cells, highlighting the underlying immune avoidance of SCLC and neuroblastoma. SIGNIFICANCE: This study discovers in SCLC and neuroblastoma impairment of an inherent mechanism of recognition of tumor cells by innate immunity and proposes that this mechanism can be reactivated to promote immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matthew E Bender
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Luc Girard
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas.,Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rahul Kollipara
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Buse Eglenen-Polat
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yujiro Naito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Trisha K Savage
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kenneth E Huffman
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas.,Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - John D Minna
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas.,Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jane E Johnson
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Esra A Akbay
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas
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195
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Dubrot J, Lane-Reticker SK, Kessler EA, Ayer A, Mishra G, Wolfe CH, Zimmer MD, Du PP, Mahapatra A, Ockerman KM, Davis TGR, Kohnle IC, Pope HW, Allen PM, Olander KE, Iracheta-Vellve A, Doench JG, Haining WN, Yates KB, Manguso RT. In vivo screens using a selective CRISPR antigen removal lentiviral vector system reveal immune dependencies in renal cell carcinoma. Immunity 2021; 54:571-585.e6. [PMID: 33497609 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering has increased the pace of discovery for immunology and cancer biology, revealing potential therapeutic targets and providing insight into mechanisms underlying resistance to immunotherapy. However, endogenous immune recognition of Cas9 has limited the applicability of CRISPR technologies in vivo. Here, we characterized immune responses against Cas9 and other expressed CRISPR vector components that cause antigen-specific tumor rejection in several mouse cancer models. To avoid unwanted immune recognition, we designed a lentiviral vector system that allowed selective CRISPR antigen removal (SCAR) from tumor cells. The SCAR system reversed immune-mediated rejection of CRISPR-modified tumor cells in vivo and enabled high-throughput genetic screens in previously intractable models. A pooled in vivo screen using SCAR in a CRISPR-antigen-sensitive renal cell carcinoma revealed resistance pathways associated with autophagy and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) expression. Thus, SCAR presents a resource that enables CRISPR-based studies of tumor-immune interactions and prevents unwanted immune recognition of genetically engineered cells, with implications for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Dubrot
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Emily A Kessler
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Austin Ayer
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gargi Mishra
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clara H Wolfe
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Margaret D Zimmer
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter P Du
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Animesh Mahapatra
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kyle M Ockerman
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas G R Davis
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ian C Kohnle
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hans W Pope
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter M Allen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kira E Olander
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arvin Iracheta-Vellve
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen B Yates
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Robert T Manguso
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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196
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Immunological status of peripheral blood is associated with prognosis in patients with bone and soft-tissue sarcoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:212. [PMID: 33510813 PMCID: PMC7836390 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising antitumor effects against certain types of cancer. However, specific immune-checkpoint inhibitors for patients with sarcoma have yet to be identified, whereas the immunological status of peripheral blood in patients with bone sarcoma and soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) remains unknown. In addition, it is unclear whether the immunological status from the peripheral blood could be used as a prognostic indicator. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the immunological status of peripheral blood samples derived from patients with bone sarcoma and STS. Immune monitoring was performed using the peripheral blood samples of 61 patients with no metastasis of high-grade sarcoma. A total of 25 patients with metastatic sarcoma were used for comparison. A total of 41 immune cell subsets were analyzed using multicolor-flow cytometry. The patients that did not have metastasis demonstrated higher quantities of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3)+ CD8+ T cells, which were significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) time, while higher quantities of NKG2D+ CD8+ T cells were significantly associated with improved DFS time. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the number of Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells was associated with lower DFS time. A significant association was also found between the number of M-MDSCs and progression-free survival (PFS) time in patients with metastasis. The results suggested the occurrence of immune surveillance, which indicated that the host immune reaction against cancer existed in patients with bone sarcoma and STS. Notably, a high number of M-MDSCs was associated with both DFS and PFS time, suggesting a strong prognostic value. The data suggested that the immune status of peripheral blood was associated with the prognosis in patients with sarcoma, as previously reported in patients with other cancer types. In summary, the results may assist with the development of novel strategies for sarcoma treatment, based on the use of biomarkers or immunotherapy.
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197
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Abstract
Natural killer cells are powerful effectors of innate immunity that constitute a first line of defense against cancer. NK cells express an array of germline-encoded receptors which allow them to eliminate transformed cells and spare normal, healthy cells. Owing to their ability to kill circulating tumor cells, NK cells play a major role in the protection against cancer metastases. There is also convincing evidence that NK cells protect against some hematological cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia. However, the importance of NK cells for the control of established solid tumors is rather uncertain. Several mechanisms impede NK cell-mediated elimination of solid tumors, starting with the incapacity of NK cells to infiltrate the core of the tumor. In addition, immune escape mechanisms are at play in both solid and hematological cancers. These include the immunoediting of tumor cells and aberrant chronic inflammation that renders NK cells ineffective. In this chapter, I review the phenotypic characteristics of NK cells within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, I describe the mechanisms by which NK cells contribute to antitumor immunity. Finally, I review the different immune-evasion factors that impair NK cell activity against cancer.
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198
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ADCC against MICA/B Is Mediated against Differentiated Oral and Pancreatic and Not Stem-Like/Poorly Differentiated Tumors by the NK Cells; Loss in Cancer Patients due to Down-Modulation of CD16 Receptor. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020239. [PMID: 33440654 PMCID: PMC7826810 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are known to upregulate major histocompatibility complex-class I chain related proteins A and B (MICA/B) expression under stress conditions or due to radiation exposure. However, it is not clear whether there are specific stages of cellular maturation in which these ligands are upregulated or whether the natural killer (NK) cells differentially target these tumors in direct cytotoxicity or antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). We used freshly isolated primary and osteoclast (OCs)-expanded NK cells to determine the degree of direct cytotoxicity or of ADCC using anti-MICA/B monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against oral stem-like/poorly-differentiated oral squamous cancer stem cells (OSCSCs) and Mia PaCa-2 (MP2) pancreatic tumors as well as their well-differentiated counterparts: namely, oral squamous carcinoma cells (OSCCs) and pancreatic PL12 tumors. By using phenotypic and functional analysis, we demonstrated that OSCSCs and MP2 tumors were primary targets of direct cytotoxicity by freshly isolated NK cells and not by ADCC mediated by anti-MICA/B mAbs, which was likely due to the lower surface expression of MICA/B. However, the inverse was seen when their MICA/B-expressing differentiated counterparts, OSCCs and PL12 tumors, were used in direct cytotoxicity and ADCC, in which there was lower direct cytotoxicity but higher ADCC mediated by the NK cells. Differentiation of the OSCSCs and MP2 tumors by NK cell-supernatants abolished the direct killing of these tumors by the NK cells while enhancing NK cell-mediated ADCC due to the increased expression of MICA/B on the surface of these tumors. We further report that both direct killing and ADCC against MICA/B expressing tumors were significantly diminished by cancer patients' NK cells. Surprisingly, OC-expanded NK cells, unlike primary interleukin-2 (IL-2) activated NK cells, were found to kill OSCCs and PL12 tumors, and under these conditions, we did not observe significant ADCC using anti-MICA/B mAbs, even though the tumors expressed a higher surface expression of MICA/B. In addition, differentiated tumor cells also expressed higher levels of surface epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and programmed death-ligand 1(PDL1) and were more susceptible to NK cell-mediated ADCC in the presence of anti-EGFR and anti-PDL1 mAbs compared to their stem-like/poorly differentiated counterparts. Overall, these results suggested the possibility of CD16 receptors mediating both direct cytotoxicity and ADCC, resulting in the competitive use of these receptors in either direct killing or ADCC, depending on the differentiation status of tumor cells and the stage of maturation and activation of NK cells.
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199
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Zhang K, Sakamoto A, Chang L, Qu Y, Wang S, Pu Y, Tan Y, Wang X, Fujita Y, Ishima T, Hatano M, Hashimoto K. Splenic NKG2D confers resilience versus susceptibility in mice after chronic social defeat stress: beneficial effects of (R)-ketamine. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:447-456. [PMID: 31875248 PMCID: PMC7981328 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is a large immune organ that plays a key role in the immune system. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between the spleen and stress-related psychiatric disorders are unknown. Here we investigated the role of spleen in stress-related psychiatric disorders. FACS analysis was applied to determine the contribution of the spleen to susceptibility and resilience in mice that were subjected to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). We found a notable increase in splenic volume and weight in CSDS-susceptible mice compared to control (no CSDS) mice and CSDS-resilient mice. The number of granulocytes, but not of T cells and B cells, in the spleen of susceptible mice was higher than in the spleen of both control and resilient mice. Interestingly, NKG2D (natural killer group 2, member D) expression in the spleen of CSDS-susceptible mice was higher than that in control mice and CSDS-resilient mice. In addition, NKG2D expression in the spleen of patients with depression was higher than that in controls. Both increased splenic weight and increased splenic NKG2D expression in CSDS-susceptible mice were ameliorated after a subsequent administration of (R)-ketamine. The present findings indicate a novel role of splenic NKG2D in stress susceptibility versus resilience in mice subjected to CSDS. Furthermore, abnormalities in splenic functions in CSDS-susceptible mice were ameliorated after subsequent injection of (R)-ketamine. Thus, the brain-spleen axis might, at least in part, contribute to the pathogenesis of stress-related psychiatric disorders such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan ,Present Address: Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000 China
| | - Akemi Sakamoto
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Lijia Chang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Youge Qu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Siming Wang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Yaoyu Pu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Yunfei Tan
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Xingming Wang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Yuko Fujita
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Tamaki Ishima
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Masahiko Hatano
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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200
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Maurer S, Ferrari de Andrade L. NK Cell Interaction With Platelets and Myeloid Cells in the Tumor Milieu. Front Immunol 2020; 11:608849. [PMID: 33424862 PMCID: PMC7785787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill tumor cells via germ-line encoded receptors and polarized degranulation of cytotoxic molecules, respectively. As such, NK cells help to inhibit the development of cancers. The activating receptor NKG2D induces NK cell-mediated killing of metastasizing tumor cells by recognition of the stress-induced ligands MICA, MICB, and ULBP1-6. However, platelets enable escape from this immune surveillance mechanism by obstructing the interactions between NK cells and tumor cells or by cleaving the stress-induced ligands. It is also being increasingly appreciated that NK cells play additional roles in cancer immunity, including chemokine-mediated recruitment of antigen presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment that is followed by generation of adaptive immunity. However, the NK cell interplays with dendritic cells, and macrophages are extremely complex and involve molecular interactions via NKG2D and cytokine receptors. Specifically, NKG2D-mediated chronic interaction between NK cells and tumor-infiltrating macrophages causes immune suppression by differentiating NK cells toward a dysfunctional state. Here we discuss the underlying mechanisms of NK cell control by platelets and myeloid cells with focus on NKG2D and its ligands, and provide a timely perspective on how to harness these pathways with novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Maurer
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lucas Ferrari de Andrade
- Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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