151
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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa F, Fischer U, Dijkstra JM. Along the Axis between Type 1 and Type 2 Immunity; Principles Conserved in Evolution from Fish to Mammals. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:814-59. [PMID: 26593954 PMCID: PMC4690019 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A phenomenon already discovered more than 25 years ago is the possibility of naïve helper T cells to polarize into TH1 or TH2 populations. In a simplified model, these polarizations occur at opposite ends of an "immune 1-2 axis" (i1-i2 axis) of possible conditions. Additional polarizations of helper/regulatory T cells were discovered later, such as for example TH17 and Treg phenotypes; although these polarizations are not selected by the axis-end conditions, they are affected by i1-i2 axis factors, and may retain more potential for change than the relatively stable TH1 and TH2 phenotypes. I1-i2 axis conditions are also relevant for polarizations of other types of leukocytes, such as for example macrophages. Tissue milieus with "type 1 immunity" ("i1") are biased towards cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while the term "type 2 immunity" ("i2") is used for a variety of conditions which have in common that they inhibit type 1 immunity. The immune milieus of some tissues, like the gills in fish and the uterus in pregnant mammals, probably are skewed towards type 2 immunity. An i2-skewed milieu is also created by many tumors, which allows them to escape eradication by type 1 immunity. In this review we compare a number of i1-i2 axis factors between fish and mammals, and conclude that several principles of the i1-i2 axis system seem to be ancient and shared between all classes of jawed vertebrates. Furthermore, the present study is the first to identify a canonical TH2 cytokine locus in a bony fish, namely spotted gar, in the sense that it includes RAD50 and bona fide genes of both IL-4/13 and IL-3/ IL-5/GM-CSF families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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152
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Bredo G, Storie J, Shrestha Palikhe N, Davidson C, Adams A, Vliagoftis H, Cameron L. Interleukin-25 initiates Th2 differentiation of human CD4(+) T cells and influences expression of its own receptor. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 3:455-68. [PMID: 26734466 PMCID: PMC4693727 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human CRTh2+ Th2 cells express IL‐25 receptor (IL‐25R) and IL‐25 has been shown to potentiate production of Th2 cytokines. However, regulation of IL‐25R and whether it participates in Th2 differentiation of human cells have not been examined. We sought to characterize IL‐25R expression on CD4+ T cells and determine whether IL‐25 plays a role in Th2 differentiation. Naïve human CD4+ T cells were activated in the presence of IL‐25, IL‐4 (Th2 conditions) or both cytokines to assess their relative influence on Th2 differentiation. For experiments with differentiated Th2 cells, CRTh2‐expressing cells were isolated from differentiating cultures. IL‐25R, GATA3, CRTh2 and Th2 cytokine expression were assessed by flow cytometry, qRT‐PCR and ELISA. Expression of surface IL‐25R was induced early during Th2 differentiation (2 days). Addition of IL‐25 to naïve CD4+ T cells revealed that it induces expression of its own receptor, more strongly than IL‐4. IL‐25 also increased the proportions of IL‐4‐, GATA3‐ and CRTh2‐expressing cells and expression of IL‐5 and IL‐13. Activation of differentiated CRTh2+ Th2 cells through the TCR or by CRTh2 agonist increased surface expression of IL‐25R, though re‐expression of CRTh2 following TCR downregulation was impeded by IL‐25. These data suggest that IL‐25 may play various roles in Th2 mediated immunity. We establish here it regulates expression of its own receptor and can initiate Th2 differentiation, though not as strongly as IL‐4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Bredo
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Jessica Storie
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Courtney Davidson
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Alexis Adams
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
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153
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Someabozorg MA, Mirkazemi S, Mehrizi AA, Shokri F, Djadid ND, Zakeri S. Administration of naloxone in combination with recombinant Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 in BALB/c mice induces mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:521-532. [PMID: 26234932 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Naloxone (NLX) has the ability to shift the immune response to a Th1 profile. Therefore, the adjuvant efficacy of NLX with recombinant P. vivax apical membrane antigen-1(rPvAMA-1) in BALB/c mice was evaluated. Mice were immunized subcutaneously with purified rPvAMA-1 formulated with NLX (doses of 5 mg/kg body weight) alone or in combination with IFA. A significant increase in anti-PvAMA-1 IgG antibody after the second boost (mean OD490 = 2·08 and 2·17, in groups received, rPvAMA-1/NLX and rPvAMA-1/NLX/IFA, respectively) was detected. IgG1 and IgG2b were the predominant isotypes in all immunized mouse groups. In immunized mice with rPvAMA-1/NLX (mean: 1036 pg/mL) and with rPvAMA-1/NLX/IFA (mean: 1024 pg/mL), IFN-γ was elicited in response to rPvAMA-1 after the second boost. No detectable IL-4 secretion was determined in all tested groups. In conclusion, the administration of NLX alone or NLX/IFA with rPvAMA-1 in BALB/c mice, which induced mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses, was comparable with that of the same recombinant antigen with CFA/IFA adjuvant. The results indicate that NLX alone may possibly not be considered as a potent Th1 adjuvant in PvAMA-1-based vaccine. However, in order to modulate immune responses from mixed Th1/Th2 to strong and protective Th1 response, further study is warranted on combination of NLX with other adjuvants such as CpG motifs or MPL in proper vaccine formulation. Additionally, dose-response study is necessary to determine the effect of different doses of antigen combined with NLX (at various doses) in Balb/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Someabozorg
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mirkazemi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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154
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease which causes recurrent breathlessness affecting 300 million people worldwide of whom 250,000 die annually. The epigenome is a set of heritable modifications and tags that affect the genome without changing the intrinsic DNA sequence. These marks include DNA methylation, modifications to histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped and expression of noncoding RNA. Alterations in all of these processes have been reported in patients with asthma. In some cases these differences are linked to disease severity and susceptibility and may account for the limited value of genetic studies in asthma. Animal models of asthma suggest that epigenetic modifications and processes are linked to asthma and may be tractable targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Brook
- Imperial College London, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Mark M Perry
- Imperial College London, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Imperial College London, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Andrew L Durham
- Imperial College London, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
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155
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Epigenetic dynamics in immunity and autoimmunity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 67:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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156
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Scheinert RB, Asokan A, Rani A, Kumar A, Foster TC, Ormerod BK. Some hormone, cytokine and chemokine levels that change across lifespan vary by cognitive status in male Fischer 344 rats. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:216-32. [PMID: 26093306 PMCID: PMC4567443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We trained and tested young (6-8months; n=13), middle-aged (12-14months; n=41), and aged (22-24months; n=24) male Fischer 344 rats in a rapid acquisition water maze task and then quantified 27 stress hormones, cytokines and chemokines in their serum, hippocampi and frontal cortices using bead assay kits and xMAP technology. Middle-aged and aged rats learned the location of the hidden platform over training trials more slowly than their young counterparts. After training, young rats outperformed middle-aged and aged rats on both immediate and 24h retention probe trials and about half of the middle-aged and aged (aging) rats exhibited impaired performances when tested on the retention probe trial 24h later. The concentrations of many serum, hippocampal and cortical analytes changed with age often in networks that may represent age-sensitive signaling pathways and the concentrations of some of these analytes correlated with water maze learning and/or memory scores. Serum GRO/KC and RANTES levels, hippocampal GM-CSF levels and cortical IL-9 and RANTES levels were significantly higher in rats categorized as memory-impaired versus elite agers based upon their 24h probe trial performances. Our data add to the emerging picture of how age-related changes in immune and neuroimmune system signaling impacts cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Scheinert
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aditya Asokan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Brandi K Ormerod
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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157
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Fang Z, Hecklau K, Gross F, Bachmann I, Venzke M, Karl M, Schuchhardt J, Radbruch A, Herzel H, Baumgrass R. Transcription factor co-occupied regions in the murine genome constitute T-helper-cell subtype-specific enhancers. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3150-7. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fang
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ); A Leibniz Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Katharina Hecklau
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ); A Leibniz Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Fridolin Gross
- Institute for Theoretical Biology; Charité and Humboldt University Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Melanie Venzke
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ); A Leibniz Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Karl
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ); A Leibniz Institute; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ); A Leibniz Institute; Berlin Germany
- Charité; Campus Mitte; Berlin Germany
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- Institute for Theoretical Biology; Charité and Humboldt University Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Ria Baumgrass
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ); A Leibniz Institute; Berlin Germany
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158
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Ruiz M, Jové M, Schlüter A, Casasnovas C, Villarroya F, Guilera C, Ortega FJ, Naudí A, Pamplona R, Gimeno R, Fourcade S, Portero-Otín M, Pujol A. Altered glycolipid and glycerophospholipid signaling drive inflammatory cascades in adrenomyeloneuropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6861-76. [PMID: 26370417 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder caused by malfunction of the ABCD1 gene, characterized by slowly progressing spastic paraplegia affecting corticospinal tracts, and adrenal insufficiency. AMN is the most common phenotypic manifestation of adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). In some cases, an inflammatory cerebral demyelination occurs associated to poor prognosis in cerebral AMN (cAMN). Though ABCD1 codes for a peroxisomal transporter of very long-chain fatty acids, the molecular mechanisms that govern disease onset and progression, or its transformation to a cerebral, inflammatory demyelinating form, remain largely unknown. Here we used an integrated -omics approach to identify novel biomarkers and altered network dynamic characteristic of, and possibly driving, the disease. We combined an untargeted metabolome assay of plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of AMN patients, which used liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF), with a functional genomics analysis of spinal cords of Abcd1(-) mouse. The results uncovered altered nodes in lipid-driven proinflammatory cascades, such as glycosphingolipid and glycerophospholipid synthesis, governed by the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (B4GALT6), the phospholipase 2γ (PLA2G4C) and the choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase (CEPT1) enzymes. Confirmatory investigations revealed a non-classic, inflammatory profile, consisting on the one hand of raised plasma levels of several eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid through PLA2G4C activity, together with also the proinflammatory cytokines IL6, IL8, MCP-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α. In contrast, we detected a more protective, Th2-shifted response in PBMC. Thus, our findings illustrate a previously unreported connection between ABCD1 dysfunction, glyco- and glycerolipid-driven inflammatory signaling and a fine-tuned inflammatory response underlying a disease considered non-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)
| | - Mariona Jové
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)
| | - Carlos Casasnovas
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Neuromuscular Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Center for Biomedical Research on Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, ISCIII, Spain, Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Guilera
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)
| | - Francisco J Ortega
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)
| | - Alba Naudí
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ramón Gimeno
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain and
| | - Stéphane Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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159
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Sahoo A, Alekseev A, Tanaka K, Obertas L, Lerman B, Haymaker C, Clise-Dwyer K, McMurray JS, Nurieva R. Batf is important for IL-4 expression in T follicular helper cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7997. [PMID: 26278622 PMCID: PMC4557271 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from T helper (Th)-2 cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a major class of IL-4-producing T cells, required for regulation of type 2 humoral immunity; however, transcriptional control of IL-4 production in Tfh cells remains mainly unknown. Here, we show that the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like, Batf is important for IL-4 expression in Tfh cells rather than in canonical Th2 cells. Functionally, Batf in cooperation with interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 4 along with Stat3 and Stat6 trigger IL-4 production in Tfh cells by directly binding to and activation of the CNS2 region in the IL-4 locus. In addition, Batf-to-c-Maf signalling is an important determinant of IL-4 expression in Tfh cells. Batf deficiency impairs the generation of IL-4-producing Tfh cells that results in protection against allergic asthma. Our results thus indicate a positive role of Batf in promoting the generation of pro-allergic IL-4-producing Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Andrei Alekseev
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- 1] Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] CNMC, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
| | - Lidiya Obertas
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Beatrisa Lerman
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Karen Clise-Dwyer
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John S McMurray
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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160
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Witte S, O'Shea JJ, Vahedi G. Super-enhancers: Asset management in immune cell genomes. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:519-26. [PMID: 26277449 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Super-enhancers (SEs) are regions of the genome consisting of clusters of regulatory elements bound with very high amounts of transcription factors, and this architecture appears to be the hallmark of genes and noncoding RNAs linked with cell identity. Recent studies have identified SEs in CD4(+) T cells and have further linked these regions to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with immune-mediated disorders, pointing to an important role for these structures in the T cell differentiation and function. Here we review the features that define SEs, and discuss their function within the broader understanding of the mechanisms that define immune cell identity and function. We propose that SEs present crucial regulatory hubs, coordinating intrinsic and extrinsic differentiation signals, and argue that delineating these regions will provide important insight into the factors and mechanisms that define immune cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Witte
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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161
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Constitutive Activation of Interleukin-13/STAT6 Contributes to Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Related Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cell Proliferation and Survival. J Virol 2015; 89:10416-26. [PMID: 26246572 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01525-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway has been associated with numerous human malignancies, including primary effusion lymphomas (PELs). PEL, a cancerous proliferation of B cells, is caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Previously we identified constitutive phosphorylation of STAT6 on tyrosine 641 (p-STAT6(C)) in PEL cell lines BC3 and BCBL1; however, the molecular mechanism leading to this activation remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that STAT6 activation tightly correlates with interleukin-13 (IL-13) secretion, JAK1/2 tyrosine phosphorylation, and reduced expression of SHP1 due to KSHV infection. Moreover, p-STAT6(C) and reduction of SHP1 were also observed in KS patient tissue. Notably, blockade of IL-13 by antibody neutralization dramatically inhibits PEL cell proliferation and survival. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-13/STAT6 signaling is modulated by KSHV to promote host cell proliferation and viral pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE STAT6 is a member of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family, whose activation is linked to KSHV-associated cancers. The mechanism through which STAT6 is modulated by KSHV remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that constitutive activation of STAT6 in KSHV-associated PEL cells results from interleukin-13 (IL-13) secretion and reduced expression of SHP1. Importantly, we also found that depletion of IL-13 reduces PEL cell growth and survival. This discovery provides new insight that IL-13/STAT6 plays an essential role in KSHV pathogenesis.
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162
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Abstract
Stroke results in cerebral inflammation that causes brain injury and triggers immunodepression, resulting in an increased incidence of morbidity and mortality secondary to remote infection. It is well known that T cells modulate brain inflammation after ischemic stroke, and targeting T cells may be an innovative therapeutic strategy for stroke treatment. T cell deficiency is neuro-protective, but the observed protective effects differ between ischemic models. Recent studies suggest different T cell subsets may have distinct effects on the injured brain. In addition to their role in cerebral inflammation, T cells also play a role in stroke-induced immunodepression. Therefore, T cell-targeted therapies designed to provide protection against brain inflammation might paradoxically contribute to remote organ infection and mortality. Further investigations are required to determine the role of specific T cell subsets in cerebral inflammation and stroke-induced immunodepression, the optimal therapeutic window for treatment, and the appropriate dose of anti-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
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163
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Abstract
It has been unclear whether alteration in DNA methylation at cytokine genes during T helper (Th) cell differentiation is a cause or consequence of gene expression. In this issue of Immunity, Ichiyama et al. (2015) show that oxidation of 5-methylcytosine by the methylcytosine dioxygenase Tet2 regulates cytokine production in Th cells.
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164
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Bao K, Reinhardt RL. The differential expression of IL-4 and IL-13 and its impact on type-2 immunity. Cytokine 2015; 75:25-37. [PMID: 26073683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Allergic disease represents a significant global health burden, and disease incidence continues to rise in urban areas of the world. As such, a better understanding of the basic immune mechanisms underlying disease pathology are key to developing therapeutic interventions to both prevent disease onset as well as to ameliorate disease morbidity in those individuals already suffering from a disorder linked to type-2 inflammation. Two factors central to type-2 immunity are interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which have been linked to virtually all major hallmarks associated with type-2 inflammation. Therefore, IL-4 and IL-13 and their regulatory pathways represent ideal targets to suppress disease. Despite sharing many common regulatory pathways and receptors, these cytokines perform very distinct functions during a type-2 immune response. This review summarizes the literature surrounding the function and expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in CD4+ T cells and innate immune cells. It highlights recent findings in vivo regarding the differential expression and non-canonical regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 in various immune cells, which likely play important and underappreciated roles in type-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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165
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Zhu J. T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production. Cytokine 2015; 75:14-24. [PMID: 26044597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of extracellular parasites and are responsible for asthma and many other allergic inflammatory diseases. Although many immune cell types within the myeloid lineage compartment including basophils, eosinophils and mast cells are capable of producing at least one of these cytokines, the production of these "type 2 immune response-related" cytokines by lymphoid lineages, CD4 T helper 2 (Th2) cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in particular, are the central events during type 2 immune responses. In this review, I will focus on the signaling pathways and key molecules that determine the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, and how the expression of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-13, is regulated in Th2 cells. The similarities and differences in the differentiation of Th2 cells, IL-4-producing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and ILC2s as well as their relationships will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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166
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Li P, Spolski R, Liao W, Leonard WJ. Complex interactions of transcription factors in mediating cytokine biology in T cells. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:141-56. [PMID: 25123282 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) cells play critical roles within the mammalian immune system, and the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into distinct T-helper subsets is critical for normal immunoregulation and host defense. These carefully regulated differentiation processes are controlled by networks of cytokines, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, resulting in the generation of multiple CD4(+) T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Treg, and Tfh cells. In this review, we discuss the roles of transcription factors in determining the specific type of differentiation and in particular the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in promoting or inhibiting Th differentiation. In addition to discussing master regulators and subset-specific transcription factors for distinct T-helper cell populations, we focus on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins and on the cooperative action of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) with activator protein 1 (AP-1) family proteins and STAT3 in the assembly of complexes that broadly influence T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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167
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Liang L, Willis-Owen SAG, Laprise C, Wong KCC, Davies GA, Hudson TJ, Binia A, Hopkin JM, Yang IV, Grundberg E, Busche S, Hudson M, Rönnblom L, Pastinen TM, Schwartz DA, Lathrop GM, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOCM. An epigenome-wide association study of total serum immunoglobulin E concentration. Nature 2015; 520:670-674. [PMID: 25707804 PMCID: PMC4416961 DOI: 10.1038/nature14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a central mediator of allergic (atopic) inflammation. Therapies directed against IgE can alleviate hay fever and allergic asthma. Genetic association studies have not yet identified novel therapeutic targets or pathways underlying IgE regulation. We therefore surveyed epigenetic associations between serum IgE concentrations and methylation at loci concentrated in CpG islands genome wide in 95 nuclear pedigrees, using DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes. We validated positive results in additional families and in subjects from the general population. Here we show replicated associations--with a meta-analysis false discovery rate less than 10(-4)--between IgE and low methylation at 36 loci. Genes annotated to these loci encode known eosinophil products, and also implicate phospholipid inflammatory mediators, specific transcription factors and mitochondrial proteins. We confirmed that methylation at these loci differed significantly in isolated eosinophils from subjects with and without asthma and high IgE levels. The top three loci accounted for 13% of IgE variation in the primary subject panel, explaining the tenfold higher variance found compared with that derived from large single-nucleotide polymorphism genome-wide association studies. This study identifies novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for patient stratification for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | - Kenny C C Wong
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Gwyneth A Davies
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Thomas J Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5G 0A3
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada ON M5S 1A1
| | - Aristea Binia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Julian M Hopkin
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ivana V Yang
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Stephan Busche
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie Hudson
- Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montréal, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomi M Pastinen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - David A Schwartz
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - G Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
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168
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Panzeri I, Rossetti G, Abrignani S, Pagani M. Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNAs: Novel Drivers of Human Lymphocyte Differentiation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:175. [PMID: 25926836 PMCID: PMC4397839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of a foreign antigen, CD4(+) naïve T lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into subsets with distinct functions. This process is fundamental for the effective immune system function, as CD4(+) T cells orchestrate both the innate and adaptive immune response. Traditionally, this differentiation event has been regarded as the acquisition of an irreversible cell fate so that memory and effector CD4(+) T subsets were considered terminally differentiated cells or lineages. Consequently, these lineages are conventionally defined thanks to their prototypical set of cytokines and transcription factors. However, recent findings suggest that CD4(+) T lymphocytes possess a remarkable phenotypic plasticity, as they can often re-direct their functional program depending on the milieu they encounter. Therefore, new questions are now compelling such as which are the molecular determinants underlying plasticity and stability and how the balance between these two opposite forces drives the cell fate. As already mentioned, in some cases, the mere expression of cytokines and master regulators could not fully explain lymphocytes plasticity. We should consider other layers of regulation, including epigenetic factors such as the modulation of chromatin state or the transcription of non-coding RNAs, whose high cell-specificity give a hint on their involvement in cell fate determination. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances in understanding CD4(+) T lymphocytes subsets specification from an epigenetic point of view. In particular, we will emphasize the emerging importance of non-coding RNAs as key players in these differentiation events. We will also present here new data from our laboratory highlighting the contribution of long non-coding RNAs in driving human CD4(+) T lymphocytes differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Panzeri
- Integrative Biology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy
| | - Grazisa Rossetti
- Integrative Biology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Integrative Biology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pagani
- Integrative Biology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
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169
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Hosokawa H, Kato M, Tohyama H, Tamaki Y, Endo Y, Kimura MY, Tumes DJ, Motohashi S, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI, Tanaka T, Nakayama T. Methylation of Gata3 protein at Arg-261 regulates transactivation of the Il5 gene in T helper 2 cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13095-103. [PMID: 25861992 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gata3 acts as a master regulator for T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation by inducing chromatin remodeling of the Th2 cytokine loci, accelerating Th2 cell proliferation, and repressing Th1 cell differentiation. Gata3 also directly transactivates the interleukin-5 (Il5) gene via additional mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. We herein identified a mechanism whereby the methylation of Gata3 at Arg-261 regulates the transcriptional activation of the Il5 gene in Th2 cells. Although the methylation-mimicking Gata3 mutant retained the ability to induce IL-4 and repress IFNγ production, the IL-5 production was selectively impaired. We also demonstrated that heat shock protein (Hsp) 60 strongly associates with the methylation-mimicking Gata3 mutant and negatively regulates elongation of the Il5 transcript by RNA polymerase II. Thus, arginine methylation appears to play a pivotal role in the organization of Gata3 complexes and the target gene specificity of Gata3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Masaki Matsumoto
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, and
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, and
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- From the Department of Immunology, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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170
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Sakala IG, Chaudhri G, Eldi P, Buller RM, Karupiah G. Deficiency in Th2 cytokine responses exacerbate orthopoxvirus infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118685. [PMID: 25751266 PMCID: PMC4353717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV) causes mousepox in mice, a disease very similar to smallpox in humans. ECTV and variola virus (VARV), the agent of smallpox, are closely related orthopoxviruses. Mousepox is an excellent small animal model to study the genetic and immunologic basis for resistance and susceptibility of humans to smallpox. Resistance to mousepox is dependent on a strong polarized type 1 immune response, associated with robust natural killer (NK) cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses. In contrast, ECTV-susceptible mice generate a type 2 response, associated with weak NK cell, CTL and IFN-γ responses but robust IL-4 responses. Nonetheless, susceptible strains infected with mutant ECTV lacking virus-encoded IFN-γ binding protein (vIFN-γbp) (ECTV-IFN-γbpΔ) control virus replication through generation of type 1 response. Since the IL-4/IL-13/STAT-6 signaling pathways polarize type 2/T helper 2 (Th2) responses with a corresponding suppression of IFN-γ production, we investigated whether the combined absence of vIFN-γbp, and one or more host genes involved in Th2 response development, influence generation of protective immunity. Most mutant mouse strains infected with wild-type (WT) virus succumbed to disease more rapidly than WT animals. Conversely, the disease outcome was significantly improved in WT mice infected with ECTV-IFN-γbpΔ but absence of IL-4/IL-13/STAT-6 signaling pathways did not provide any added advantage. Deficiency in IL-13 or STAT-6 resulted in defective CTL responses, higher mortality rates and accelerated deaths. Deficiencies in IL-4/IL-13/STAT-6 signaling pathways significantly reduced the numbers of IFN-γ producing CD4 and CD8 T cells, indicating an absence of a switch to a Th1-like response. Factors contributing to susceptibility or resistance to mousepox are far more complex than a balance between Th1 and Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G. Sakala
- Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Geeta Chaudhri
- Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Preethi Eldi
- Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - R. Mark Buller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Gunasegaran Karupiah
- Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
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171
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Fan X, Liu Z, Jin H, Yan J, Liang HP. Alterations of dendritic cells in sepsis: featured role in immunoparalysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:903720. [PMID: 25821827 PMCID: PMC4363672 DOI: 10.1155/2015/903720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, the leading cause of mortality in intensive care unit, is characterized by hyperinflammatory response in the early stage and followed by a period of immunosuppression. This immune disorder is believed to be the potent factor that is tightly associated with high mortality in sepsis. Dendritic cells (DCs) serve as professional antigen-presenting cells that play a vital role in immune response by activating T lymphocytes. During the progression of sepsis, DCs have been reported to take part in the aberrant immune response and be necessary for survival. Therefore, a better understanding of the DCs pathology will be undoubtedly beneficial for resolving the problems occurring in sepsis. This review discusses effects of sepsis on DCs number and function, including surface molecules expression, cytokines secretion, and T cell activation, and the underlying mechanism as well as some potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - He Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hua-ping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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172
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Expression of interleukin-9 and its upstream stimulating factors in rats with ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:913-20. [PMID: 25652434 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the temporal expressions of IL-9 and its related cytokines after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. IL-9 and its related cytokines in ischemia brain and blood were tested after rats were subjected to transient focal ischemia. Comparing with sham-operated group, the levels of IL-4, TGF-β, PU.1, IRF4, OX40, NIK, RelB-p52 and IL-9 in experimental groups were significantly higher after middle cerebral artery occlusion. The results showed that expressions of IL-9 and its upstream stimulating factors increased in experimental stroke, and whether they play a role or just a secondary change is awaiting further research.
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173
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Endo Y, Hirahara K, Iinuma T, Shinoda K, Tumes DJ, Asou HK, Matsugae N, Obata-Ninomiya K, Yamamoto H, Motohashi S, Oboki K, Nakae S, Saito H, Okamoto Y, Nakayama T. The Interleukin-33-p38 Kinase Axis Confers Memory T Helper 2 Cell Pathogenicity in the Airway. Immunity 2015; 42:294-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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174
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Epigenetic Regulation of Immunological Alterations Following Prenatal Exposure to Marijuana Cannabinoids and its Long Term Consequences in Offspring. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:245-54. [PMID: 25618446 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Use of marijuana during pregnancy is fairly commonplace and can be expected increase in frequency as more states legalize its recreational use. The cannabinoids present in marijuana have been shown to be immunosuppressive, yet the effect of prenatal exposure to cannabinoids on the immune system of the developing fetus, its long term consequences during adult stage of life, and transgenerational effects have not been well characterized. Confounding factors such as co-existing drug use make the impact of cannabis use on progeny inherently difficult to study in a human population. Data from various animal models suggests that in utero exposure to cannabinoids results in profound T cell dysfunction and a greatly reduced immune response to viral antigens. Furthermore, evidence from animal studies indicates that the immunosuppressive effects of cannabinoids can be mediated through epigenetic mechanisms such as altered microRNA, DNA methylation and histone modification profiles. Such studies support the hypothesis that that parental or prenatal exposure to cannabis can trigger epigenetic changes that could have significant immunological consequences for offspring as well as long term transgenerational effects.
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175
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Gilles S, Beck I, Lange S, Ring J, Behrendt H, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Non-allergenic factors from pollen modulate T helper cell instructing notch ligands on dendritic cells. World Allergy Organ J 2015; 8:2. [PMID: 25610519 PMCID: PMC4300172 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-014-0054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollen allergens are delivered to epithelial surfaces of the upper respiratory tract in conjunction with multiple endogenous adjuvants. We previously demonstrated pollen-mediated modulation of cytokine and chemokine production of dendritic cells, contributing to a Th2-dominated micromilieu. As T helper cell differentiation not only depends on dendritic cell-derived cytokines but also on cell-cell-contact mediated mechanisms, we studied the expression of notch ligands and myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) in dendritic cells matured in the presence of aqueous birch pollen extracts and pollen-associated E1-phytoprostanes. METHODS Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were stimulated with aqueous birch pollen extracts in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide, and mRNA expression levels of notch ligands delta-1 and -4, jagged-1 and -2 and of myd88 were determined. Regulation of Delta-4 and MyD88 by aqueous pollen extracts was assessed on protein level. The contribution of notch signaling to T helper cell differentiation was analyzed in allogeneic T cell stimulation assays. RESULTS In immature dendritic cells, stimulation with pollen extracts resulted in an induction of both delta and jagged notch ligands. The lipopolysaccharide-induced up-regulation of delta-1 and -4 and of myd88 was decreased by aqueous pollen extracts, whereas jagged expression was induced. Reduction of Delta-4 and MyD88 by aqueous pollen extracts was confirmed on protein level. The Th2-skewing activity was contained in a fraction of aqueous pollen extracts enriched for molecules <3 kDa and was distinct from the previously identified E1-phytoprostanes. Reduction of notch signaling in dendritic cells matured in the presence aqueous pollen extract leads to inhibition of IL-10 and to induction of IL-5 production in naïve T cells differentiated by these dendritic cells. CONCLUSIONS Pollen derived, non-allergenic factors reduce the dendritic cell's expression of Th1 instructing Delta-like notch ligands and of MyD88, thereby promoting Th2 skewing of T helper cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gilles
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, medical faculty of the Technische Universität München, Augsburg, Germany ; CK-Care, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos-Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Beck
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, medical faculty of the Technische Universität München, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lange
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, medical faculty of the Technische Universität München, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Ring
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Behrendt
- ZAUM - Center for Allergy and Environment, Helmholtz Center and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, medical faculty of the Technische Universität München, Augsburg, Germany ; CK-Care, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos-Wolfgang, Switzerland ; Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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176
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Antignano F, Zaph C. Regulation of CD4 T-cell differentiation and inflammation by repressive histone methylation. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:245-52. [PMID: 25582341 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repressive epigenetic modifications such as dimethylation and trimethylation histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2 and H3K9me3) and H3K27me3 have been shown to be critical for embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation by silencing cell lineage-promiscuous genes. CD4(+) T helper (T(H)) cell differentiation is a powerful model to study the molecular mechanisms associated with cellular lineage choice in adult cells. Naïve T(H) cells have the capacity to differentiate into one of the several phenotypically and functionally distinct and stable lineages. Although some repressive epigenetic mechanisms have a critical role in T(H) cell differentiation in a similar manner to that in ES cells, it is clear that there are disparate functions for certain modifications between ES cells and T(H) cells. Here we review the role of repressive histone modifications in the differentiation and function of T(H) cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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177
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Ou L, Shi Y, Dong W, Liu C, Schmidt TJ, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M, Fan D, Ai W. Kruppel-like factor KLF4 facilitates cutaneous wound healing by promoting fibrocyte generation from myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1425-1434. [PMID: 25581502 PMCID: PMC4402119 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pressure ulcers (PUs) are serious skin injuries whereby the wound healing process is frequently stalled in the inflammatory phase. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulate as a result of inflammation and promote cutaneous wound healing by mechanisms not fully understood. Recently, MDSCs have been shown to differentiate into fibrocytes which serve as emerging effector cells that enhance cell proliferation in wound healing. We postulate that in wound healing, MDSCs not only execute their immunosuppressive function to regulate inflammation, but also stimulate cell proliferation once they differentiate into fibrocytes. In the current study, using full thickness and pressure ulcer mouse models, we found that KLF4 deficiency resulted in decreased accumulation of MDSCs and fibrocytes and wound healing was significantly delayed. Conversely, KLF4 activation by the plant-derived product, Mexicanin I, increased the numbers of MDSCs and fibrocytes and accelerated wound healing. Collectively, our study revealed a previously unreported function of MDSCs in cutaneous wound healing and identified Mexicanin I as a potential agent to accelerate PU wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.,Department of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.,Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunming Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), PharmaCampus, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Walden Ai
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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Grimaldi V, Vietri MT, Schiano C, Picascia A, De Pascale MR, Fiorito C, Casamassimi A, Napoli C. Epigenetic reprogramming in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 17:476. [PMID: 25433555 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-014-0476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent data support the involvement of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The most widely investigated epigenetic mechanism is DNA methylation although also histone code changes occur during the diverse steps of atherosclerosis, such as endothelial cell proliferation, vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation, and inflammatory pathway activation. In this review, we focus on the main genes that are epigenetically modified during the atherogenic process, particularly nitric oxide synthase (NOS), estrogen receptors (ERs), collagen type XV alpha 1 (COL15A1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and ten-eleven translocation (TET), which are involved in endothelial dysfunction; gamma interferon (IFN-γ), forkhead box p3 (FOXP3), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), associated with atherosclerotic inflammatory process; and p66shc, lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX1), and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes, which are regulated by high cholesterol and homocysteine (Hcy) levels. Furthermore, we also discuss the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) in atherosclerosis. NcRNAs are involved in epigenetic regulation of endothelial function, SMC proliferation, cholesterol synthesis, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Grimaldi
- U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), Second University of Naples (SUN), Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy,
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179
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Kitagawa Y, Ohkura N, Sakaguchi S. Epigenetic control of thymic Treg-cell development. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:11-6. [PMID: 25348287 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thymus-derived Treg cells, which express the transcription factor Foxp3, form a functionally stable cell lineage indispensable for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. Foxp3 is critically required for Treg-cell function, in particular for their suppressive function. Recent studies have implicated the contribution of Treg-cell-specific epigenetic modifications as a means to ensure the stable expression of Foxp3 and other molecules associated with Treg-cell function. Unexpectedly, epigenetic modifications introduced in the course of thymic Treg-cell development were found to be independent of Foxp3 expression. These findings require reconsideration of the current model of Treg-cell development based on Foxp3 induction. With reference to other examples of lineage specification, we discuss possible models for thymic Treg-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohko Kitagawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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180
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Sleiman PMA, Wang ML, Cianferoni A, Aceves S, Gonsalves N, Nadeau K, Bredenoord AJ, Furuta GT, Spergel JM, Hakonarson H. GWAS identifies four novel eosinophilic esophagitis loci. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5593. [PMID: 25407941 PMCID: PMC4238044 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic disorder characterized by infiltration of the oesophagus with eosinophils. We had previously reported association of the TSLP/WDR36 locus with EoE. Here we report genome-wide significant associations at four additional loci; c11orf30 and STAT6, which have been previously associated with both atopic and autoimmune diseases, and two EoE-specific loci, ANKRD27 that regulates the trafficking of melanogenic enzymes to epidermal melanocytes and CAPN14, that encodes a calpain whose expression is highly enriched in the oesophagus. The identification of five EoE loci, not only expands our aetiological understanding of the disease but may also represent new therapeutic targets to treat the most debilitating aspect of EoE, oesophageal inflammation and remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick MA Sleiman
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mei-Lun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of GI, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antonella Cianferoni
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seema Aceves
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0760, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nirmala Gonsalves
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Northwestern University - The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, CA, USA
| | - Albert J. Bredenoord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Digestive Health Institute, Section
of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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181
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A microRNA upregulated in asthma airway T cells promotes TH2 cytokine production. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1162-70. [PMID: 25362490 PMCID: PMC4233009 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exert powerful effects on immunological function by tuning networks of target genes that orchestrate cell activity. We sought to identify miRNAs and miRNA-regulated pathways that control the type 2 helper T cell (TH2 cell) responses that drive pathogenic inflammation in asthma. Profiling miRNA expression in human airway-infiltrating T cells revealed elevated expression of the miRNA miR-19a in asthma. Modulating miR-19 activity altered TH2 cytokine production in both human and mouse T cells, and TH2 cell responses were markedly impaired in cells lacking the entire miR-17∼92 cluster. miR-19 promoted TH2 cytokine production and amplified inflammatory signaling by direct targeting of the inositol phosphatase PTEN, the signaling inhibitor SOCS1 and the deubiquitinase A20. Thus, upregulation of miR-19a in asthma may be an indicator and a cause of increased TH2 cytokine production in the airways.
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182
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Wright KT, Giardina C, Vella AT. Therapeutic targeting of the inflammome. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:184-91. [PMID: 25204592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses can vary depending on a myriad of factors including: (1) the initiating stimulus or trigger, (2) the cell types involved in the response, and (3) the specific effector cytokine-chemokine milieus produced. The compilation of these and other factors in a given mechanistic context is sometimes referred to as the "inflammome". Humans and other higher-order mammals have evolved (over time) several discrete inflammomes to counter the effects of pathogens. However, when these inflammomes are induced inappropriately, they drive the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. The vast majority of biological anti-inflammatory treatments currently being developed are focused on the post hoc inhibition of downstream effectors by anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies and receptor antagonists. This prevailing "end-point treatment" has even directed a new disease classification paradigm, namely a cytokine-based disease classification, as opposed to a traditional diagnosis based on a particular tissue or organ system dysfunction. Although this approach has a number of advantages, it omits the processes that led to the generation of the inflammatory effectors in the first place. In this review, we will expand the cytokine-based disease taxonomy into an inflammome-based taxonomy that includes interventions that subvert a priori cytokine development and can complement post hoc inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Wright
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, University of Connecticut Heath Center, MC3710 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, University of Connecticut Heath Center, MC3710 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA control the accessibility of the genome and manage gene transcription in response to the environment in a heritable fashion. Recent evidence suggests that these mechanisms play a role in allergy and asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Here, we give an overview on recent developments in the field of asthma and allergy epigenetics with a special focus on the role of DNA methylation in these diseases, where finally, first pilot studies investigating differences in methylation pattern in patients have been published. Although these studies have to be interpreted with caution, it seems that methylation is affected by environmental stimuli such as prenatal smoke exposure and farming environments, whereas asthma status is associated with change in methylation in early childhood. SUMMARY Early stage data from population studies indicate a role of methylation differences in asthma and allergy, whereas the exact impact of these epigenetic mechanisms on disease development needs to be elucidated further.
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184
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Trithorax complex component Menin controls differentiation and maintenance of T helper 17 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12829-34. [PMID: 25136117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321245111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, such as posttranslational modifications of histones, play an important role in gene expression and regulation. These modifications are in part mediated by the Trithorax group (TrxG) complex and the Polycomb group (PcG) complex, which activate and repress transcription, respectively. We herein investigate the role of Menin, a component of the TrxG complex in T helper (Th) cell differentiation and show a critical role for Menin in differentiation and maintenance of Th17 cells. Menin(-/-) T cells do not efficiently differentiate into Th17 cells, leaving Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation intact in in vitro cultures. Menin deficiency resulted in the attenuation of Th17-induced airway inflammation. In differentiating Th17 cells, Menin directly bound to the Il17a gene locus and was required for the deposition of permissive histone modifications and recruitment of the RNA polymerase II transcriptional complex. Interestingly, although Menin bound to the Rorc locus, Menin was dispensable for the induction of Rorc expression and permissive histone modifications in differentiating Th17 cells. In contrast, Menin was required to maintain expression of Rorc in differentiated Th17 cells, indicating that Menin is essential to stabilize expression of the Rorc gene. Thus, Menin orchestrates Th17 cell differentiation and function by regulating both the induction and maintenance of target gene expression.
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185
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Jarid2 is induced by TCR signalling and controls iNKT cell maturation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4540. [PMID: 25105474 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Jarid2 is a reported component of three lysine methyltransferase complexes, polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that methylates histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27), and GLP-G9a and SETDB1 complexes that methylate H3K9. Here we show that Jarid2 is upregulated upon TCR stimulation and during positive selection in the thymus. Mice lacking Jarid2 in T cells display an increase in the frequency of IL-4-producing promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)(hi) immature invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and innate-like CD8(+) cells; Itk-deficient mice, which have a similar increase of innate-like CD8(+) cells, show blunted upregulation of Jarid2 during positive selection. Jarid2 binds to the Zbtb16 locus, which encodes PLZF, and thymocytes lacking Jarid2 show increased PLZF and decreased H3K9me3 levels. Jarid2-deficient iNKT cells perturb Th17 differentiation, leading to reduced Th17-driven autoimmune pathology. Our results establish Jarid2 as a novel player in iNKT cell maturation that regulates PLZF expression by modulating H3K9 methylation.
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186
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Karpuzoglu E, Schmiedt CW, Pardo J, Hansen M, Guo TL, Holladay SD, Gogal RM. Serine protease inhibition attenuates rIL-12-induced GZMA activity and proinflammatory events by modulating the Th2 profile from estrogen-treated mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2909-23. [PMID: 24840346 PMCID: PMC4097994 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen has potent immunomodulatory effects on proinflammatory responses, which can be mediated by serine proteases. We now demonstrate that estrogen increased the extracellular expression and IL-12-induced activity of a critical member of serine protease family Granzyme A, which has been shown to possess a novel inflammatory persona. The inhibition of serine protease activity with inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride significantly diminished enhanced production of proinflammatory interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-1α, and Granzyme A activity even in the presence of a Th1-inducing cytokine, IL-12 from splenocytes from in vivo estrogen-treated mice. Inhibition of serine protease activity selectively promoted secretion of Th2-specific IL-4, nuclear phosphorylated STAT6A, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6A translocation, and STAT6A DNA binding in IL-12-stimulated splenocytes from estrogen-treated mice. Inhibition with 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride reversed the down-regulation of Th2 transcription factors, GATA3 and c-Maf in splenocytes from estrogen-exposed mice. Although serine protease inactivation enhanced the expression of Th2-polarizing factors, it did not reverse estrogen-modulated decrease of phosphorylated STAT5, a key factor in Th2 development. Collectively, data suggest that serine protease inactivity augments the skew toward a Th2-like profile while down-regulating IL-12-induced proinflammatory Th1 biomolecules upon in vivo estrogen exposure, which implies serine proteases as potential regulators of inflammation. Thus, these studies may provide a potential mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effect of estrogen and insight into new therapeutic strategies for proinflammatory and female-predominant autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Karpuzoglu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging (E.K., T.L.G., S.D.H., R.M.G.), and Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (C.W.S., M.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Immune Effector Cells Group (J.P.), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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187
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Transcriptomics identified a critical role for Th2 cell-intrinsic miR-155 in mediating allergy and antihelminth immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3081-90. [PMID: 25024218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406322111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, orchestrated by hyperactive CD4(+) Th2 cells, are some of the most common global chronic diseases. Therapeutic intervention relies upon broad-scale corticosteroids with indiscriminate impact. To identify targets in pathogenic Th2 cells, we took a comprehensive approach to identify the microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA transcriptome of highly purified cytokine-expressing Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Treg cells both generated in vitro and isolated ex vivo from allergy, infection, and autoimmune disease models. We report here that distinct regulatory miRNA networks operate to regulate Th2 cells in house dust mite-allergic or helminth-infected animals and in vitro Th2 cells, which are distinguishable from other T cells. We validated several miRNA (miR) candidates (miR-15a, miR-20b, miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-200c), which targeted a suite of dynamically regulated genes in Th2 cells. Through in-depth studies using miR-155(-/-) or miR-146a(-/-) T cells, we identified that T-cell-intrinsic miR-155 was required for type-2 immunity, in part through regulation of S1pr1, whereas T-cell-intrinsic miR-146a was required to prevent overt Th1/Th17 skewing. These data identify miR-155, but not miR-146a, as a potential therapeutic target to alleviate Th2-medited inflammation and allergy.
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188
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Kyläniemi MK, Kaukonen R, Myllyviita J, Rasool O, Lahesmaa R. The regulation and role of c-FLIP in human Th cell differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102022. [PMID: 25019384 PMCID: PMC4096760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The early differentiation of T helper (Th) cells is a tightly controlled and finely balanced process, which involves several factors including cytokines, transcription factors and co-stimulatory molecules. Recent studies have shown that in addition to the regulation of apoptosis, caspase activity is also needed for Th cell proliferation and activation and it might play a role in Th cell differentiation. The isoforms of the cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) are regulators of CASPASE-8 activity and the short isoform, c-FLIPS, has been shown to be up-regulated by IL-4, the Th2 driving cytokine. In this work, we have studied the expression and functional role of three c-FLIP isoforms during the early Th cell differentiation. Only two of the isoforms, c-FLIPS and c-FLIPL, were detected at the protein level although c-FLIPR was expressed at the mRNA level. The knockdown of c-FLIPL led to enhanced Th1 differentiation and elevated IL-4 production by Th2 cells, whereas the knockdown of c-FLIPS diminished GATA3 expression and IL-4 production by Th2 cells. In summary, our results provide new insight into the role of c-FLIP proteins in the early differentiation of human Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna K. Kyläniemi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- National Doctoral Programme in Informational and Structural Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riina Kaukonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyviita
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Omid Rasool
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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189
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Epigenomic analysis of primary human T cells reveals enhancers associated with TH2 memory cell differentiation and asthma susceptibility. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:777-88. [PMID: 24997565 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of asthma is the aberrant accumulation, differentiation or function of memory CD4(+) T cells that produce type 2 cytokines (TH2 cells). By mapping genome-wide histone modification profiles for subsets of T cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy and asthmatic individuals, we identified enhancers with known and potential roles in the normal differentiation of human TH1 cells and TH2 cells. We discovered disease-specific enhancers in T cells that differ between healthy and asthmatic individuals. Enhancers that gained the histone H3 Lys4 dimethyl (H3K4me2) mark during TH2 cell development showed the highest enrichment for asthma-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which supported a pathogenic role for TH2 cells in asthma. In silico analysis of cell-specific enhancers revealed transcription factors, microRNAs and genes potentially linked to human TH2 cell differentiation. Our results establish the feasibility and utility of enhancer profiling in well-defined populations of specialized cell types involved in disease pathogenesis.
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190
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Huang H, Li Y, Qi X. Cytokine signaling in the differentiation of innate effector cells. JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e23531. [PMID: 24058796 PMCID: PMC3670272 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.23531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate effector cells, including innate effector cells of myeloid and lymphoid lineages, are crucial components of various types of immune responses. Bone marrow progenitors differentiate into many subsets of innate effector cells after receiving instructional signals often provided by cytokines. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) have been shown to be essential in the differentiation of various types of innate effector cells. In this review, we focus specifically on the differentiation of innate effector cells, particularly the role of cytokine signaling in the differentiation of innate effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Medicine; National Jewish Health; Denver, CO USA ; Integrated Department of Immunology; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Denver, CO USA
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191
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Hughes K, Watson CJ. The spectrum of STAT functions in mammary gland development. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:151-8. [PMID: 24058764 PMCID: PMC3670238 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.19691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors have a spectrum of functions in mammary gland development. In some cases these roles parallel those of STATs in other organ systems, while in other instances the function of individual STATs in the mammary gland is specific to this tissue. In the immune system, STAT6 is associated with differentiation of T helper cells, while in the mammary gland, it has a fundamental role in the commitment of luminal epithelial cells to the alveolar lineage. STAT5A is required for the production of luminal progenitor cells from mammary stem cells and is essential for the differentiation of milk producing alveolar cells during pregnancy. By contrast, the initiation of regression following weaning heralds a dramatic and specific activation of STAT3, reflecting its pivotal role in the regulation of cell death and tissue remodeling during mammary involution. Although it has been demonstrated that STAT1 is regulated during a mammary developmental cycle, it is not yet determined whether it has a specific, non-redundant function. Thus, the mammary gland constitutes an unusual example of an adult organ in which different STATs are sequentially activated to orchestrate the processes of functional differentiation, cell death and tissue remodeling.
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192
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Abstract
Differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into effector (Th1, Th2, and Th17) and induced regulatory (iTreg) T cells requires lineage-specifying transcription factors and epigenetic modifications that allow appropriate repression or activation of gene transcription. The epigenetic silencing of cytokine genes is associated with the repressive H3K27 trimethylation mark, mediated by the Ezh2 or Ezh1 methyltransferase components of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Here we show that silencing of the Ifng, Gata3, and Il10 loci in naïve CD4(+) T cells is dependent on Ezh2. Naïve CD4(+) T cells lacking Ezh2 were epigenetically primed for overproduction of IFN-γ in Th2 and iTreg and IL-10 in Th2 cells. In addition, deficiency of Ezh2 accelerated effector Th cell death via death receptor-mediated extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, confirmed in vivo for Ezh2-null IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells responding to Listeria monocytogenes infection. These findings demonstrate the key role of PRC2/Ezh2 in differentiation and survival of peripheral T cells and reveal potential immunotherapeutic targets.
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193
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Lee GR. Transcriptional regulation of T helper type 2 differentiation. Immunology 2014; 141:498-505. [PMID: 24245687 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in recent years towards our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of T helper type 2 (Th2) cell differentiation. Additional transcription factors and chromatin-modifying factors were identified and shown to promote Th2 cell differentiation and inhibit differentiation into other subsets. Analyses of mice lacking several cis-regulatory elements have yielded more insight into the regulatory mechanism of Th2 cytokine genes. Gene deletion studies of several chromatin modifiers confirmed their impact on CD4 T-cell differentiation. In addition, recent genome-wide analyses of transcription factor binding and chromatin status revealed unexpected roles of these factors in Th2-cell differentiation. In this review, these recent findings and their implication are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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194
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Zhang H, Tong X, Holloway JW, Rezwan FI, Lockett GA, Patil V, Ray M, Everson TM, Soto-Ramírez N, Arshad SH, Ewart S, Karmaus W. The interplay of DNA methylation over time with Th2 pathway genetic variants on asthma risk and temporal asthma transition. Clin Epigenetics 2014; 6:8. [PMID: 24735657 PMCID: PMC4023182 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic effects on asthma of genes in the T-helper 2 (Th2) pathway may interact with epigenetic factors including DNA methylation. We hypothesized that interactions between genetic variants and methylation in genes in this pathway (IL4, IL4R, IL13, GATA3, and STAT6) influence asthma risk, that such influences are age-dependent, and that methylation of some CpG sites changes over time in accordance with asthma transition. We tested these hypotheses in subsamples of girls from a population-based birth cohort established on the Isle of Wight, UK, in 1989. Results Logistic regression models were applied to test the interaction effect of DNA methylation and SNP on asthma within each of the five genes. Bootstrapping was used to assess the models identified. From 1,361 models fitted at each age of 10 and 18 years, 8 models, including 4 CpGs and 8 SNPs, showed potential associations with asthma risk. Of the 4 CpGs, methylation of cg26937798 (IL4R) and cg23943829 (IL4) changes between ages 10 and 18 (both higher at 10; P = 9.14 × 10−6 and 1.07 × 10−5, respectively). At age 10, the odds of asthma tended to decrease as cg12405139 (GATA3) methylation increased (log-OR = −12.15; P = 0.049); this effect disappeared by age 18. At age 18, methylation of cg09791102 (IL4R) was associated with higher risk of asthma among subjects with genotype GG compared to AG (P = 0.003), increased cg26937798 methylation among subjects with rs3024685 (IL4R) genotype AA (P = 0.003) or rs8832 (IL4R) genotype GG (P = 0.01) was associated with a lower asthma risk; these CpGs had no effect at age 10. Increasing cg26937798 methylation over time possibly reduced the risk of positive asthma transition (asthma-free at age 10 → asthma at age 18; log-OR = −3.11; P = 0.069) and increased the likelihood of negative transition (asthma at age 10 → asthma-free at age 18; log-OR = 3.97; P = 0.074). Conclusions The interaction of DNA methylation and SNPs in Th2 pathway genes is likely to contribute to asthma risk. This effect may vary with age. Methylation of some CpGs changed over time, which may influence asthma transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 236A Robison Hall, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - John W Holloway
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK ; Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Faisal I Rezwan
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gabrielle A Lockett
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Veeresh Patil
- The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's, Hospital, Parkhurst Road, Newport, Isle of Wight PO30 5TG, UK
| | - Meredith Ray
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Todd M Everson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nelís Soto-Ramírez
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 236A Robison Hall, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - S Hasan Arshad
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK ; The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's, Hospital, Parkhurst Road, Newport, Isle of Wight PO30 5TG, UK
| | - Susan Ewart
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 3700 East Gull Lake Drive, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wilfried Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 236A Robison Hall, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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195
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Krow-Lucal ER, Kim CC, Burt TD, McCune JM. Distinct functional programming of human fetal and adult monocytes. Blood 2014; 123:1897-904. [PMID: 24518760 PMCID: PMC3962163 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-536094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth affects 1 out of 9 infants in the United States and is the leading cause of long-term neurologic handicap and infant mortality, accounting for 35% of all infant deaths in 2008. Although cytokines including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6, and IL-1 are produced in response to in utero infection and are strongly associated with preterm labor, little is known about how human fetal immune cells respond to these cytokines. We demonstrate that fetal and adult CD14(+)CD16(-) classical monocytes are distinct in terms of basal transcriptional profiles and in phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) in response to cytokines. Fetal monocytes phosphorylate canonical and noncanonical STATs and respond more strongly to IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-4 than adult monocytes. We demonstrate a higher ratio of SOCS3 to IL-6 receptor in adult monocytes than in fetal monocytes, potentially explaining differences in STAT phosphorylation. Additionally, IFN-γ signaling results in upregulation of antigen presentation and costimulatory machinery in adult, but not fetal, monocytes. These findings represent the first evidence that primary human fetal and adult monocytes are functionally distinct, potentially explaining how these cells respond differentially to cytokines implicated in development, in utero infections, and the pathogenesis of preterm labor.
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196
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Tsagaratou A, Rao A. TET proteins and 5-methylcytosine oxidation in the immune system. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 78:1-10. [PMID: 24619230 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2013.78.020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation in the form of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) is essential for normal development in mammals and influences a variety of biological processes, including transcriptional regulation, imprinting, and the maintenance of genomic stability. The recent discovery of TET proteins, which oxidize 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxylcytosine, has changed our understanding of the process of DNA demethylation. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the roles of DNA methylation and TET proteins in cell differentiation and function. The intensive research on this subject has so far focused primarily on embryonic stem (ES) cells and neurons. In addition, we summarize what is known about DNA methylation in T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ageliki Tsagaratou
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Anjana Rao
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037 Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636 Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
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197
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Abstract
Immunotherapy for cancer using antibodies to enhance T-cell function has been successful in recent clinical trials. Many molecules that improve activation and effector function of T cells have been investigated as potential new targets for immunomodulatory antibodies, including the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members GITR and OX40. Antibodies engaging GITR or OX40 result in significant tumor protection in preclinical models. In this study, we observed that the GITR agonist antibody DTA-1 causes anaphylaxis in mice upon repeated intraperitoneal dosing. DTA-1-induced anaphylaxis requires GITR, CD4(+) T cells, B cells, and interleukin-4. Transfer of serum antibodies from DTA-1-treated mice, which contain high levels of DTA-1-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), can induce anaphylaxis in naive mice upon administration of an additional dose of DTA-1, suggesting that anaphylaxis results from anti-DTA-1 antibodies. Depletion of basophils and blockade of platelet-activating factor, the key components of the IgG1 pathway of anaphylaxis, rescues the mice from DTA-1-induced anaphylaxis. These results demonstrate a previously undescribed lethal side effect of repetitive doses of an agonist immunomodulatory antibody as well as insight into the mechanism of toxicity, which may offer a means of preventing adverse effects in future clinical trials using anti-GITR or other agonist antibodies as immunotherapies.
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198
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Opposing actions of IL-2 and IL-21 on Th9 differentiation correlate with their differential regulation of BCL6 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3508-13. [PMID: 24550509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301138111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a γc-family cytokine that is highly produced by T-helper 9 (Th9) cells and regulates a range of immune responses, including allergic inflammation. Here we show that IL-2-JAK3-STAT5 signaling is required for Th9 differentiation, with critical STAT5 binding sites in the Il9 (the gene encoding IL-9) promoter. IL-2 also inhibited B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) expression, and overexpression of BCL6 impaired Th9 differentiation. In contrast, IL-21 induced BCL6 and diminished IL-9 expression in wild-type but not Bcl6(-/-) cells, and Th9 differentiation was increased in Il21(-/-) and Il21r(-/-) T cells. Interestingly, BCL6 bound in proximity to many STAT5 and STAT6 binding sites, including at the Il9 promoter. Moreover, there was increased BCL6 and decreased STAT binding at this site in cells treated with blocking antibodies to IL-2 and the IL-2 receptor, suggesting a possible BCL6-STAT5 binding competition that influences IL-9 production. BCL6 binding was also increased when cells were Th9-differentiated in the presence of IL-21. Thus, our data reveal not only direct IL-2 effects via STAT5 at the Il9 gene, but also opposing actions of IL-2 and IL-21 on BCL6 expression, with increased BCL6 expression inhibiting IL-9 production. These data suggest a model in which increasing BCL6 expression decreases efficient Th9 differentiation, indicating possible distinctive approaches for controlling this process.
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Abstract
In higher eukaryotic organisms epigenetic modifications are crucial for proper chromatin folding and thereby proper regulation of gene expression. In the last years the involvement of aberrant epigenetic modifications in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases has been recognized and attracted significant interest. However, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the different disease phenotypes are still poorly understood. As autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are at least partly T cell mediated, we will provide in this chapter an introduction to the epigenetics of T cell differentiation followed by a summary of the current knowledge on aberrant epigenetic modifications that dysfunctional T cells display in various diseases such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and asthma.
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200
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Serafini N, Klein Wolterink RG, Satoh-Takayama N, Xu W, Vosshenrich CA, Hendriks RW, Di Santo JP. Gata3 drives development of RORγt+ group 3 innate lymphoid cells. J Exp Med 2014; 211:199-208. [PMID: 24419270 PMCID: PMC3920560 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) include IL-22-producing NKp46(+) cells and IL-17A/IL-22-producing CD4(+) lymphoid tissue inducerlike cells that express RORγt and are implicated in protective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Whereas the transcription factor Gata3 is essential for T cell and ILC2 development from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and for IL-5 and IL-13 production by T cells and ILC2, the role for Gata3 in the generation or function of other ILC subsets is not known. We found that abundant GATA-3 protein is expressed in mucosa-associated ILC3 subsets with levels intermediate between mature B cells and ILC2. Chimeric mice generated with Gata3-deficient fetal liver hematopoietic precursors lack all intestinal RORγt(+) ILC3 subsets, and these mice show defective production of IL-22 early after infection with the intestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, leading to impaired survival. Further analyses demonstrated that ILC3 development requires cell-intrinsic Gata3 expression in fetal liver hematopoietic precursors. Our results demonstrate that Gata3 plays a generalized role in ILC lineage determination and is critical for the development of gut RORγt(+) ILC3 subsets that maintain mucosal barrier homeostasis. These results further extend the paradigm of Gata3-dependent regulation of diversified innate ILC and adaptive T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Serafini
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Roel G.J. Klein Wolterink
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Naoko Satoh-Takayama
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Wei Xu
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Christian A.J. Vosshenrich
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Rudi W. Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
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