151
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Harada A, Toh R, Murakami K, Kiriyama M, Yoshikawa K, Miwa K, Kubo T, Irino Y, Mori K, Tanaka N, Nishimura K, Ishida T, Hirata KI. Cholesterol Uptake Capacity: A New Measure of HDL Functionality for Coronary Risk Assessment. J Appl Lab Med 2017; 2:186-200. [PMID: 32630971 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2016.022913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that the cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than HDL cholesterol. However, the standard procedures used for measuring cholesterol efflux capacity involve radioisotope-labeled cholesterol and cultured macrophages. Thus, a simpler method to measure HDL functionality is needed for clinical application. METHODS We established a cell-free assay system to evaluate the capacity of HDL to accept additional cholesterol, which we named cholesterol "uptake capacity," using fluorescently labeled cholesterol and an anti-apolipoprotein A1 antibody. We quantified cholesterol uptake capacity of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-depleted serum samples from patients with coronary artery disease who had previously undergone revascularization. RESULTS This assay system exhibited high reproducibility (CV <10%) and a short processing time (<6 h). The myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of apoB-depleted serum impaired cholesterol uptake capacity. Cholesterol uptake capacity correlated significantly with cholesterol efflux capacity (r2 = 0.47, n = 30). Furthermore, cholesterol uptake capacity correlated inversely with the requirement for revascularization because of recurrence of coronary lesions in patients with optimal control of LDL cholesterol (P < 0.01, n = 156). A multivariate analysis adjusted for traditional coronary risk factors showed that only cholesterol uptake capacity remained significant (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29-0.80; P = 0.0048). CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol uptake capacity assay evaluates the functionality of HDL in a sensitive and high-throughput manner without using radioisotope label and cells. This assay system could be used for the assessment of CVD risk in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amane Harada
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryuji Toh
- Division of Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine and
| | | | - Maria Kiriyama
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keiko Yoshikawa
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keiko Miwa
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takuya Kubo
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Mori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Tanaka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Nishimura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiologic Informatics, Office of Evidence-Based Medicine and Risk Analysis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine and.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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152
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Brodeur MR, Rhainds D, Charpentier D, Mihalache-Avram T, Mecteau M, Brand G, Chaput E, Perez A, Niesor EJ, Rhéaume E, Maugeais C, Tardif JC. Dalcetrapib and anacetrapib differently impact HDL structure and function in rabbits and monkeys. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1282-1291. [PMID: 28515138 PMCID: PMC5496027 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) increases HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. However, the circulating CETP level varies and the impact of its inhibition in species with high CETP levels on HDL structure and function remains poorly characterized. This study investigated the effects of dalcetrapib and anacetrapib, the two CETP inhibitors (CETPis) currently being tested in large clinical outcome trials, on HDL particle subclass distribution and cholesterol efflux capacity of serum in rabbits and monkeys. New Zealand White rabbits and vervet monkeys received dalcetrapib and anacetrapib. In rabbits, CETPis increased HDL-C, raised small and large α-migrating HDL, and increased ABCA1-induced cholesterol efflux. In vervet monkeys, although anacetrapib produced similar results, dalcetrapib caused opposite effects because the LDL-C level was increased by 42% and HDL-C decreased by 48% (P < 0.01). The levels of α- and preβ-HDL were reduced by 16% (P < 0.001) and 69% (P < 0.01), resulting in a decrease of the serum cholesterol efflux capacity. CETPis modulate the plasma levels of mature and small HDL in vivo and consequently the cholesterol efflux capacity. The opposite effects of dalcetrapib in different species indicate that its impact on HDL metabolism could vary greatly according to the metabolic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Perez
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric Rhéaume
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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153
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Desgagné V, Guérin R, Guay SP, Corbin F, Couture P, Lamarche B, Bouchard L. Changes in high-density lipoprotein-carried miRNA contribution to the plasmatic pool after consumption of dietary trans fat in healthy men. Epigenomics 2017; 9:669-688. [PMID: 28470118 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated to cardioprotection and transport functional miRNAs in circulation. The aim of this study is to assess whether consumption of trans fatty acids (TFAs) modifies the HDL-carried miRNA concentration and their contribution to the plasmatic pool. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized crossover controlled study, nine healthy men were fed each of three isoenergetic 4-week diets: first, rich in industrial TFAs; second, rich in TFAs from ruminants; third, low in TFAs. miRNAs were extracted from plasma and purified HDLs, and quantified by the real-time quantitative PCR (n = 87). RESULTS Seven HDL-carried miRNAs contributed to more than 15% of the plasmatic pool. Although no significant difference in HDL-carried miRNA concentration among diets was observed after adjustment for multiple testing, changes in the contribution to the plasmatic pool between diets were observed for miR-124-3p, miR-375, miR-150-5p and miR-31-5p (p FDR < 0.05). These miRNAs were enriched in lipid metabolism pathways. CONCLUSION These microtranscriptomic variants might reflect physiological changes in HDL functions in response to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée Guérin
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medical Biology, CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, Saguenay, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon-Pierre Guay
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,ECOGENE-21 Biocluster, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Programme de formation médicale à Saguenay (PFMS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - François Corbin
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Couture
- Institute of Nutrition & Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit Lamarche
- Institute of Nutrition & Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,ECOGENE-21 Biocluster, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medical Biology, CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, Saguenay, Québec, Canada
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154
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155
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Chang Y, Robidoux J. Dyslipidemia management update. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 33:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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156
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Furuhashi M, Ogura M, Matsumoto M, Yuda S, Muranaka A, Kawamukai M, Omori A, Tanaka M, Moniwa N, Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Harada-Shiba M, Shimamoto K, Miura T. Serum FABP5 concentration is a potential biomarker for residual risk of atherosclerosis in relation to cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:217. [PMID: 28303004 PMCID: PMC5427929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) from macrophages, the first step in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, is inversely associated with residual risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) and FABP5 are expressed in both adipocytes and macrophages and play significant roles in the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Both FABP4 and FABP5 are secreted from cells, and their circulating levels are associated with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. We investigated the association between CEC and levels of FABP4 and FABP5 in 250 subjects without any medications. CEC was positively correlated with HDL cholesterol level and negatively correlated with concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and FABP5, but not FABP4. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that FABP5 concentration was an independent predictor of CEC after adjustment of age, gender and levels of HDL cholesterol and hsCRP. In 129 of the 250 subjects who underwent carotid ultrasonography, mean intima-media thickness was negatively correlated with CEC and was positively correlated with concentrations of FABP4 and FABP5. In conclusion, in contrast to FABP4, circulating FABP5 is associated with decreased CEC and carotid atherosclerosis, suggesting that FABP5 level is a regulatory factor of CEC and a potential biomarker for residual risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Furuhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Masatsune Ogura
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Megumi Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yuda
- Devision of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Muranaka
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mina Kawamukai
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akina Omori
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Marenao Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norihito Moniwa
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohnishi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Public Health, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Saitoh
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Nursing, Division of Medical and Behavioral Subjects, Sapporo Medical University School of Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuji Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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157
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Millar CL, Duclos Q, Blesso CN. Effects of Dietary Flavonoids on Reverse Cholesterol Transport, HDL Metabolism, and HDL Function. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:226-239. [PMID: 28298268 PMCID: PMC5347106 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong experimental evidence confirms that HDL directly alleviates atherosclerosis. HDL particles display diverse atheroprotective functions in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic processes. In certain inflammatory disease states, however, HDL particles may become dysfunctional and proatherogenic. Flavonoids show the potential to improve HDL function through their well-documented effects on cellular antioxidant status and inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the basic science and clinical research examining the effects of dietary flavonoids on RCT and HDL function. Based on preclinical studies that used cell culture and rodent models, it appears that many flavonoids (e.g., anthocyanidins, flavonols, and flavone subclasses) influence RCT and HDL function beyond simple HDL cholesterol concentration by regulating cellular cholesterol efflux from macrophages and hepatic paraoxonase 1 expression and activity. In clinical studies, dietary anthocyanin intake is associated with beneficial changes in serum biomarkers related to HDL function in a variety of human populations (e.g., in those who are hyperlipidemic, hypertensive, or diabetic), including increased HDL cholesterol concentration, as well as HDL antioxidant and cholesterol efflux capacities. However, clinical research on HDL functionality is lacking for some flavonoid subclasses (e.g., flavanols, flavones, flavanones, and isoflavones). Although there has been a tremendous effort to develop HDL-targeted drug therapies, more research is warranted on how the intake of foods or specific nutrients affects HDL function.
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158
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Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients display an altered lipoprotein profile with dysfunctional HDL. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43410. [PMID: 28230201 PMCID: PMC5322497 DOI: 10.1038/srep43410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. In the chronic inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS), reports on lipoprotein level alterations are inconsistent and it is unclear whether lipoprotein function is affected. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we analysed the lipoprotein profile of relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patients, progressive MS patients and healthy controls (HC). We observed smaller LDL in RRMS patients compared to healthy controls and to progressive MS patients. Furthermore, low-BMI (BMI ≤ 23 kg/m2) RRMS patients show increased levels of small HDL (sHDL), accompanied by larger, triglyceride (TG)-rich VLDL, and a higher lipoprotein insulin resistance (LP-IR) index. These alterations coincide with a reduced serum capacity to accept cholesterol via ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter G1, an impaired ability of HDL3 to suppress inflammatory activity of human monocytes, and modifications of HDL3’s main protein component ApoA-I. In summary, lipoprotein levels and function are altered in RRMS patients, especially in low-BMI patients, which may contribute to disease progression in these patients.
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159
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The ability of HDL to promote cholesterol efflux from macrophages is a predictor of cardiovascular risk independent of HDL cholesterol levels. However, the molecular determinants of HDL cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) are largely unknown. RECENT FINDINGS The term HDL defines a heterogeneous population of particles with distinct size, shape, protein, and lipid composition. Cholesterol efflux is mediated by multiple pathways that may be differentially modulated by HDL composition. Furthermore, different subpopulations of HDL particles mediate CEC via specific pathways, but the molecular determinants of CEC, either proteins or lipids, are unclear. Inflammation promotes a profound remodeling of HDL and impairs overall HDL CEC while improving ATP-binding cassette transporter G1-mediated efflux. This review discusses recent findings that connect HDL composition and CEC. SUMMARY Data from recent animal and human studies clearly show that multiple factors associate with CEC including individual proteins, lipid composition, as well as specific particle subpopulations. Although acute inflammation remodels HDL and impairs CEC, chronic inflammation has more subtle effects. Standardization of assays measuring HDL composition and CEC is a necessary prerequisite for understanding the factors controlling HDL CEC. Unraveling these factors may help the development of new therapeutic interventions improving HDL function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Corresponding author: Tomas Vaisar, Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109, Ph: (206) 616-4972,
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160
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Kuwano T, Bi X, Cipollari E, Yasuda T, Lagor WR, Szapary HJ, Tohyama J, Millar JS, Billheimer JT, Lyssenko NN, Rader DJ. Overexpression and deletion of phospholipid transfer protein reduce HDL mass and cholesterol efflux capacity but not macrophage reverse cholesterol transport. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:731-741. [PMID: 28137768 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m074625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) may affect macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (mRCT) through its role in the metabolism of HDL. Ex vivo cholesterol efflux capacity and in vivo mRCT were assessed in PLTP deletion and PLTP overexpression mice. PLTP deletion mice had reduced HDL mass and cholesterol efflux capacity, but unchanged in vivo mRCT. To directly compare the effects of PLTP overexpression and deletion on mRCT, human PLTP was overexpressed in the liver of wild-type animals using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, and control and PLTP deletion animals were injected with AAV-null. PLTP overexpression and deletion reduced plasma HDL mass and cholesterol efflux capacity. Both substantially decreased ABCA1-independent cholesterol efflux, whereas ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux remained the same or increased, even though preβ HDL levels were lower. Neither PLTP overexpression nor deletion affected excretion of macrophage-derived radiocholesterol in the in vivo mRCT assay. The ex vivo and in vivo assays were modified to gauge the rate of cholesterol efflux from macrophages to plasma. PLTP activity did not affect this metric. Thus, deviations in PLTP activity from the wild-type level reduce HDL mass and ex vivo cholesterol efflux capacity, but not the rate of macrophage cholesterol efflux to plasma or in vivo mRCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuwano
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xin Bi
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eleonora Cipollari
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tomoyuki Yasuda
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - William R Lagor
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hannah J Szapary
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Junichiro Tohyama
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John S Millar
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jeffrey T Billheimer
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nicholas N Lyssenko
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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161
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Bu XM, Niu DM, Wu J, Yuan YL, Song JX, Wang JJ. Elevated levels of preβ1-high-density lipoprotein are associated with cholesterol ester transfer protein, the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:4. [PMID: 28073362 PMCID: PMC5223436 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preβ1-high-density lipoprotein (preβ1-HDL), plays an important role in reverse cholesterol transport and exhibits potent risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the association of plasma preβ1-HDL and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) levels in CAD patients and the relationship of preβ1-HDL with extent of CAD are debatable. Methods Preβ1-HDL and CETP levels were measured by enzymed-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) in 88 acute coronary syndromes (ACS), 79 stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients and 85 control subjects. The correlation analyses, multiple linear regression analyses and logistic regression analyses were performed, respectively. Results The preβ1-HDL and CETP levels in ACS patients were significantly higher than those in SCAD patients and both of them were higher than controls’. Preβ1-HDL levels were positively associated with CETP (R = 0.348, P = 0.000), the diameter of stenosis (R = 0.253, P = 0.005), the number of vessel disease (R = 0.274, P = 0.002) and Gensini score (R = 0.227, P = 0.009) in CAD patients. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses showed that CETP was one of the determinants of preβ1-HDL levels. Logistic regression analysis revealed that elevated preβ1-HDL and CETP were potential risk factors for both ACS and SCAD. Conclusion The elevated preβ1-HDL levels may change with CETP concentrations in CAD patients and were related to the presence and severity of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Bu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305East Zhongshan Rd., Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Dong-Mei Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305East Zhongshan Rd., Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305East Zhongshan Rd., Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yun-Long Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305East Zhongshan Rd., Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Jia-Xi Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305East Zhongshan Rd., Nanjing, 210002, China.
| | - Jun-Jun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305East Zhongshan Rd., Nanjing, 210002, China.
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162
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Mutharasan RK, Thaxton CS, Berry J, Daviglus ML, Yuan C, Sun J, Ayers C, Lloyd-Jones DM, Wilkins JT. HDL efflux capacity, HDL particle size, and high-risk carotid atherosclerosis in a cohort of asymptomatic older adults: the Chicago Healthy Aging Study. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:600-606. [PMID: 28049656 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p069039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HDL efflux capacity and HDL particle size are associated with atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) events in middle-aged individuals; however, it is unclear whether these associations are present in older adults. We sampled 402 Chicago Healthy Aging Study participants who underwent a dedicated carotid MRI assessment for lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC) plaque. We measured HDL particle size, HDL particle number, and LDL particle number with NMR spectroscopy, as well as HDL efflux capacity. We quantified the associations between HDL particle size and HDL efflux using adjusted linear regression models. We quantified associations between the presence of LRNC and HDL and LDL particle number, HDL particle size, and HDL efflux capacity using adjusted logistic regression models. HDL efflux capacity was directly associated with large (β = 0.037, P < 0.001) and medium (β = 0.0065, P = 0.002) HDL particle concentration and inversely associated with small (β = -0.0049, P = 0.018) HDL particle concentration in multivariable adjusted models. HDL efflux capacity and HDL particle number were inversely associated with prevalent LRNC plaque in unadjusted models (odds ratio: 0.5; 95% confidence interval: 0.26, 0.96), but not after multivariable adjustment. HDL particle size was not associated with prevalent LRNC. HDL particle size was significantly associated with HDL efflux capacity, suggesting that differences in HDL efflux capacity may be due to structural differences in HDL particles. Future research is needed to determine whether HDL efflux is a marker of ASCVD risk in older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kannan Mutharasan
- Department of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - C Shad Thaxton
- Department of Urology and Institute of BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jarett Berry
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Chun Yuan
- University of Washington College of Engineering and University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jie Sun
- University of Washington College of Engineering and University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Colby Ayers
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - John T Wilkins
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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163
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Khalil H, Murrin C, O'Reilly M, Viljoen K, Segurado R, O'Brien J, Somerville R, McGillicuddy F, Kelleher CC. Total HDL cholesterol efflux capacity in healthy children - Associations with adiposity and dietary intakes of mother and child. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:70-77. [PMID: 27919542 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol efflux capacity in adults may be a measure of the atheroprotective property of HDL. Little however, is known about HDL cholesterol efflux capacity in childhood. We aimed to investigate the relationship between HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and childhood anthropometrics in a longitudinal study. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy-five children (mean age = 9.4 ± 0.4 years) were followed from birth until the age of 9 years. HDL cholesterol efflux capacity was determined at age 9 by incubating serum-derived HDL-supernatants with 3H-cholesterol labeled J774 macrophages and percentage efflux determined. Mothers provided dietary information by completing food frequency questionnaires in early pregnancy and then 5 years later on behalf of themselves and their children. Pearson's correlations and multiple regression analyses were conducted to confirm independent associations with HDL efflux. There was a negative correlation between HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and waist circumference at age 5 (r = -0.3, p = 0.01) and age 9 (r = -0.24, p = 0.04) and BMI at age 5 (r = -0.45, p = 0.01) and age 9 (r = -0.19, p = 0.1). Multiple regression analysis showed that BMI at age 5 remained significantly associated with reduced HDL cholesterol efflux capacity (r = -0.45, p < 0.001). HDL-C was negatively correlated with energy-adjusted fat intake (r = -0.24, p = 0.04) and positively correlated with energy-adjusted protein (r = 0.24, p = 0.04) and starch (r = 0.29, p = 0.01) intakes during pregnancy. HDL-C was not significantly correlated with children dietary intake at age 5. There were no significant correlations between maternal or children dietary intake and HDL cholesterol efflux capacity. CONCLUSIONS This novel analysis shows that efflux capacity is negatively associated with adiposity in early childhood independent of HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Khalil
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - C Murrin
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - K Viljoen
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Segurado
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J O'Brien
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Somerville
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F McGillicuddy
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Ireland; School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C C Kelleher
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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164
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Zheng KH, Stroes ESG. HDL infusion for the management of atherosclerosis: current developments and new directions. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:592-596. [PMID: 27653220 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Because human genetic studies and large clinical trials have demonstrated that HDL-cholesterol levels are not causally related to cardiovascular disease risk, attention has shifted toward the functional properties of HDL. Infusion of HDL mimetics containing apolipoprotein A-I remains a potential strategy to exploit the atheroprotective effects of HDL. RECENT FINDINGS Three HDL mimetic drugs are under development and currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Upon infusion, these drugs increase cholesterol efflux capacity. Although proof-of-concept studies are promising, large outcome studies are awaited. Alternatively, HDL particles may be used for targeted drug delivery in a nanomedicine approach. Finally, links between cholesterol efflux and myelopoeisis may prove to be a target for HDL infusion in the future. SUMMARY Clinical studies are currently ongoing to evaluate the potential of several HDL mimetic drugs. Novel nanomedicinal approaches and emerging pathophysiological insights may further expand the relevance of HDL infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang H Zheng
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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165
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Kaul S, Xu H, Zabalawi M, Maruko E, Fulp BE, Bluemn T, Brzoza-Lewis KL, Gerelus M, Weerasekera R, Kallinger R, James R, Zhang YS, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG. Lipid-Free Apolipoprotein A-I Reduces Progression of Atherosclerosis by Mobilizing Microdomain Cholesterol and Attenuating the Number of CD131 Expressing Cells: Monitoring Cholesterol Homeostasis Using the Cellular Ester to Total Cholesterol Ratio. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004401. [PMID: 27821400 PMCID: PMC5210328 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder whose development is inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein concentration. Current therapies involve pharmaceuticals that significantly elevate plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Our studies were conducted to investigate the effects of low-dose lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) on chronic inflammation. The aims of these studies were to determine how subcutaneously injected lipid-free apoA-I reduces accumulation of lipid and immune cells within the aortic root of hypercholesterolemic mice without sustained elevations in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS Ldlr-/- and Ldlr-/- apoA-I-/- mice were fed a Western diet for a total of 12 weeks. After 6 weeks, a subset of mice from each group received subcutaneous injections of 200 μg of lipid-free human apoA-I 3 times a week, while the other subset received 200 μg of albumin, as a control. Mice treated with lipid-free apoA-I showed a decrease in cholesterol deposition and immune cell retention in the aortic root compared with albumin-treated mice, regardless of genotype. This reduction in atherosclerosis appeared to be directly related to a decrease in the number of CD131 expressing cells and the esterified cholesterol to total cholesterol content in several immune cell compartments. In addition, apoA-I treatment altered microdomain cholesterol composition that shifted CD131, the common β subunit of the interleukin 3 receptor, from lipid raft to nonraft fractions of the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-I treatment reduced lipid and immune cell accumulation within the aortic root by systemically reducing microdomain cholesterol content in immune cells. These data suggest that lipid-free apoA-I mediates beneficial effects through attenuation of immune cell lipid raft cholesterol content, which affects numerous types of signal transduction pathways that rely on microdomain integrity for assembly and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kaul
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elisa Maruko
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Brian E Fulp
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Theresa Bluemn
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kristina L Brzoza-Lewis
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mark Gerelus
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Rachel Kallinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Roland James
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yi Sherry Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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166
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Cholesterol efflux capacity: An introduction for clinicians. Am Heart J 2016; 180:54-63. [PMID: 27659883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and cardiovascular disease outcomes. However, the hypothesis of a causal relationship between HDL-C and cardiovascular disease has been challenged by genetic and clinical studies. Serum cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) is an important measure of HDL function in humans. Recent large clinical studies have shown a correlation between in vitro CEC and cardiovascular disease prevalence and incidence, which appears to be independent of HDL-C concentration. The present review summarizes recent large clinical studies and introduces important methodological considerations. Further studies are required to standardize and establish the reproducibility of this measure of HDL function and clarify whether modulating CEC will emerge as a useful therapeutic target.
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167
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Rosales C, Gillard BK, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. High-Density Lipoprotein Processing and Premature Cardiovascular Disease. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2016; 11:181-5. [PMID: 26634027 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-11-3-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) are a well-accepted risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the statin class of hypolipidemic drugs has emerged as an effective means of lowering LDL-C and reducing CVD risk. In contrast, the role of plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in protection against atherosclerotic vascular disease is the subject of considerable controversy. Although the inverse correlation between plasma HDL-C and CVD is widely acknowledged, reduction of CVD risk by interventions that increase HDL-C have not been uniformly successful. Several studies of large populations have shown that the first step in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), the transfer of cholesterol from the subendothelial space of the arterial wall via the plasma compartment to the liver for disposal, is impaired in patients with CVD. Here we review HDL function, the mechanisms by which HDL supports RCT, and the role of RCT in preventing CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Rosales
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas ; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas ; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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168
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El Khoudary SR, Hutchins PM, Matthews KA, Brooks MM, Orchard TJ, Ronsein GE, Heinecke JW. Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Subclasses of HDL Particles in Healthy Women Transitioning Through Menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3419-28. [PMID: 27399353 PMCID: PMC5010578 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Growing evidence challenges the concept that high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) is cardioprotective after menopause. HDL particle concentration (HDL-P) and cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) might be better predictors of cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE Quantify alterations in HDL-P and CEC during menopause, correlating those changes with alterations in estradiol (E2) and FSH. DESIGN Longitudinal study of HDL metrics before and after menopause as indexed by the final menstrual period (FMP). PARTICIPANTS Forty-six women, mean baseline age 47.1 years, 33% black, 67% white. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES HDL-P concentration (HDL-PIMA) by calibrated ion mobility analysis (IMA); macrophage CEC with cAMP-stimulated macrophages; ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-specific CEC with BHK cells expressing human ABCA1. RESULTS After a median of 2.1 years since FMP, both HDL-C (P = .03) and HDL-PIMA (P = .01) increased, with a selective increase in large HDL-PIMA (P = .01), whereas sizes of medium and small HDL-PIMA were decreased (P < .05). These changes were independent of race, body mass index, and time difference. Macrophage CEC and ABCA1-specific CEC increased after FMP (both P < .001). Greater declines in E2 correlated with larger increases in small HDL-PIMA (P = .01), whereas greater increases in FSH associated with greater reductions in the size of medium HDL-PIMA (P = .04). Macrophage CEC and ABCA1-specific CEC correlated positively with E2 levels only before menopause (P = .04 and .009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Large HDL-PIMA and CEC increased significantly in the early phase of the menopausal transition. Whether patterns of these alterations differ in late postmenopause is unknown. Further exploration is needed to assess that and to determine whether the reported changes in HDL metrics associate with increased cardiovascular risk after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar R El Khoudary
- Department of Epidemiology (S.R.E.K., K.A.M., M.M.B., T.J.O.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine (P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Psychiatry (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M Hutchins
- Department of Epidemiology (S.R.E.K., K.A.M., M.M.B., T.J.O.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine (P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Psychiatry (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen A Matthews
- Department of Epidemiology (S.R.E.K., K.A.M., M.M.B., T.J.O.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine (P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Psychiatry (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria M Brooks
- Department of Epidemiology (S.R.E.K., K.A.M., M.M.B., T.J.O.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine (P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Psychiatry (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Trevor J Orchard
- Department of Epidemiology (S.R.E.K., K.A.M., M.M.B., T.J.O.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine (P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Psychiatry (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Graziella E Ronsein
- Department of Epidemiology (S.R.E.K., K.A.M., M.M.B., T.J.O.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine (P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Psychiatry (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Epidemiology (S.R.E.K., K.A.M., M.M.B., T.J.O.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine (P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Psychiatry (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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169
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Manjunatha S, Distelmaier K, Dasari S, Carter RE, Kudva YC, Nair KS. Functional and proteomic alterations of plasma high density lipoproteins in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2016; 65:1421-31. [PMID: 27506748 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) is linked to lower cardiovascular risk but individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with normal or high HDL-C have higher cardiovascular events compared to age matched non-diabetic controls (ND). We determined whether altered HDL functions despite having normal HDL-C concentration may explain increased cardiovascular risk in T1DM individuals. We also determined whether irreversible posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of HDL bound proteins occur in T1DM individuals with altered HDL functions. METHODS T1DM with poor glycemic control (T1D-PC, HbA1c≥8.5%, n=15) and T1DM with good glycemic control (T1D-GC, HbA1c≤6.6%, n=15) were compared with equal numbers of NDs, ND-PC and ND-GC respectively, matched for age, sex and body mass index (BMI). We measured cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of HDL in the serum using J774 macrophages, antioxidant function of HDL as the ability to reverse the oxidative damage of LDL and PON1 activity using commercially available kit. For proteomic analysis, HDL was isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and was analyzed by mass spectrometry and shotgun proteomics method. RESULTS Plasma HDL-C concentrations in both T1DM groups were similar to their ND. However, CEC (%) of T1D-PC (16.9±0.8) and T1D-GC (17.1±1) were lower than their respective ND (17.9±1, p=0.01 and 18.2±1.4, p=0.02). HDL antioxidative function also was lower (p<0.05). The abundance of oxidative PTMs of apolipoproteins involved in CEC and antioxidative functions of HDL were higher in T1D-PC (ApoA4, p=0.041) and T1D-GC (ApoA4, p=0.025 and ApoE, p=0.041) in comparison with ND. Both T1D-PC and T1D-GC groups had higher abundance of amadori modification of ApoD (p=0.002 and p=0.041 respectively) and deamidation modification of ApoA4 was higher in T1D-PC (p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS Compromised functions of HDL particles in T1DM individuals, irrespective of glycemic control, could be explained by higher abundance of irreversible PTMs of HDL proteins. These results lend mechanistic support to the hypothesis that HDL quality rather than quantity determines HDL function in T1DM and suggest that measurements of concentrations of HbA1c and HDL-C are not sufficient as biomarkers of effective treatment to lower cardiovascular risk in T1DM individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Distelmaier
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rickey E Carter
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yogish C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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170
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Ormseth MJ, Yancey PG, Yamamoto S, Oeser AM, Gebretsadik T, Shintani A, Linton MF, Fazio S, Davies SS, Roberts LJ, Vickers KC, Raggi P, Kon V, Stein CM. Net cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL enriched serum and coronary atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 13:6-11. [PMID: 28243578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcme.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular (CV) risk is increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but not fully explained by traditional risk factors such as LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations. The cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL may be a better CV risk predictor than HDL concentrations. We hypothesized that HDL's cholesterol efflux capacity is impaired and inversely associated with coronary atherosclerosis in patients with RA. METHODS We measured the net cholesterol efflux capacity of apolipoprotein B depleted serum and coronary artery calcium score in 134 patients with RA and 76 control subjects, frequency-matched for age, race and sex. The relationship between net cholesterol efflux capacity and coronary artery calcium score and other clinical variables of interest was assessed in patients with RA. RESULTS Net cholesterol efflux capacity was similar among RA (median [IQR]: 34% removal [28, 41%]) and control subjects (35% removal [27%, 39%]) (P=0.73). In RA, increasing net cholesterol efflux capacity was not significantly associated with decreased coronary calcium score (OR=0.78 (95% CI 0.51-1.19), P=0.24, adjusted for age, race and sex, Framingham risk score and presence of diabetes). Net cholesterol efflux capacity was not significantly associated with RA disease activity score, C-reactive protein, urinary F2-isoprostanes, or degree of insulin resistance in RA. CONCLUSIONS Net cholesterol efflux capacity is not significantly altered in patients with relatively well-controlled RA nor is it significantly associated with coronary artery calcium score.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ayumi Shintani
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Sergio Fazio
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sean S Davies
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Kon
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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171
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Pollard RD, Fulp B, Sorci-Thomas MG, Thomas MJ. High-Density Lipoprotein Biogenesis: Defining the Domains Involved in Human Apolipoprotein A-I Lipidation. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4971-81. [PMID: 27501467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first step in removing cholesterol from a cell is the ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1)-driven transfer of cholesterol to lipid-free or lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), which yields cholesterol-rich nascent high-density lipoprotein (nHDL) that then matures in plasma to spherical, cholesteryl ester-rich HDL. However, lipid-free apoA-I has a three-dimensional (3D) conformation that is significantly different from that of lipidated apoA-I on nHDL. By comparing the lipid-free apoA-I 3D conformation of apoA-I to that of 9-14 nm diameter nHDL, we formulated the hypothetical helical domain transitions that might drive particle formation. To test the hypothesis, ten apoA-I mutants were prepared that contained two strategically placed cysteines several of which could form intramolecular disulfide bonds and others that could not form these bonds. Mass spectrometry was used to identify amino acid sequence and intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Recombinant HDL (rHDL) formation was assessed with this group of apoA-I mutants. ABCA1-driven nHDL formation was measured in four mutants and wild-type apoA-I. The mutants contained cysteine substitutions in one of three regions: the N-terminus, amino acids 34 and 55 (E34C to S55C), central domain amino acids 104 and 162 (F104C to H162C), and the C-terminus, amino acids 200 and 233 (L200C to L233C). Mutants were studied in the locked form, with an intramolecular disulfide bond present, or unlocked form, with the cysteine thiol blocked by alkylation. Only small amounts of rHDL or nHDL were formed upon locking the central domain. We conclude that both the N- and C-terminal ends assist in the initial steps in lipid acquisition, but that opening of the central domain was essential for particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricquita D Pollard
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Brian Fulp
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
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172
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Zheng KH, van der Valk FM, Smits LP, Sandberg M, Dasseux JL, Baron R, Barbaras R, Keyserling C, Coolen BF, Nederveen AJ, Verberne HJ, Nell TE, Vugts DJ, Duivenvoorden R, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJ, van Dongen GA, Stroes ES. HDL mimetic CER-001 targets atherosclerotic plaques in patients. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:381-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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173
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Didichenko SA, Navdaev AV, Cukier AMO, Gille A, Schuetz P, Spycher MO, Thérond P, Chapman MJ, Kontush A, Wright SD. Enhanced HDL Functionality in Small HDL Species Produced Upon Remodeling of HDL by Reconstituted HDL, CSL112: Effects on Cholesterol Efflux, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Activity. Circ Res 2016; 119:751-63. [PMID: 27436846 PMCID: PMC5006797 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: CSL112, human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) reconstituted with phosphatidylcholine, is known to cause a dramatic rise in small high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Objective: To explore the mechanisms by which the formation of small HDL particles is induced by CSL112. Methods and Results: Infusion of CSL112 into humans caused elevation of 2 small diameter HDL fractions and 1 large diameter fraction. Ex vivo studies showed that this remodeling does not depend on lipid transfer proteins or lipases. Rather, interaction of CSL112 with purified HDL spontaneously gave rise to 3 HDL species: a large, spherical species composed of apoA-I from native HDL and CSL112; a small, disc-shaped species composed of apoA-I from CSL112, but smaller because of the loss of phospholipids; and the smallest species, lipid-poor apoA-I composed of apoA-I from HDL and CSL112. Time-course studies suggest that remodeling occurs by an initial fusion of CSL112 with HDL and subsequent fission leading to the smaller forms. Functional studies showed that ATP-binding cassette transporter 1–dependent cholesterol efflux and anti-inflammatory effects in whole blood were carried by the 2 small species with little activity in the large species. In contrast, the ability to inactivate lipid hydroperoxides in oxidized low-density lipoprotein was carried predominantly by the 2 largest species and was low in lipid-poor apoA-I. Conclusions: We have described a mechanism for the formation of small, highly functional HDL species involving spontaneous fusion of discoidal HDL with spherical HDL and subsequent fission. Similar remodeling is likely to occur during the life cycle of apoA-I in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Didichenko
- From the CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland (S.A.D., A.V.N., P.S., M.O.S.); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital; ICAN, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia (A.G.); AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.T.); and CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA (S.D.W.)
| | - Alexei V Navdaev
- From the CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland (S.A.D., A.V.N., P.S., M.O.S.); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital; ICAN, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia (A.G.); AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.T.); and CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA (S.D.W.)
| | - Alexandre M O Cukier
- From the CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland (S.A.D., A.V.N., P.S., M.O.S.); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital; ICAN, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia (A.G.); AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.T.); and CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA (S.D.W.)
| | - Andreas Gille
- From the CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland (S.A.D., A.V.N., P.S., M.O.S.); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital; ICAN, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia (A.G.); AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.T.); and CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA (S.D.W.)
| | - Patrick Schuetz
- From the CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland (S.A.D., A.V.N., P.S., M.O.S.); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital; ICAN, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia (A.G.); AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.T.); and CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA (S.D.W.)
| | - Martin O Spycher
- From the CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland (S.A.D., A.V.N., P.S., M.O.S.); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital; ICAN, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia (A.G.); AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.T.); and CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA (S.D.W.)
| | - Patrice Thérond
- From the CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland (S.A.D., A.V.N., P.S., M.O.S.); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital; ICAN, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia (A.G.); AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.T.); and CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA (S.D.W.)
| | - M John Chapman
- From the CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland (S.A.D., A.V.N., P.S., M.O.S.); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital; ICAN, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia (A.G.); AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.T.); and CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA (S.D.W.)
| | - Anatol Kontush
- From the CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland (S.A.D., A.V.N., P.S., M.O.S.); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital; ICAN, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia (A.G.); AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.T.); and CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA (S.D.W.)
| | - Samuel D Wright
- From the CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland (S.A.D., A.V.N., P.S., M.O.S.); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital; ICAN, Paris, France (A.M.O.C., M.J.C., A.K.); CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia (A.G.); AP-HP, HUPS Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (P.T.); and CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA (S.D.W.).
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174
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van Capelleveen JC, Kastelein JJP, Zwinderman AH, van Deventer SJH, Collins HL, Adelman SJ, Round P, Ford J, Rader DJ, Hovingh GK. Effects of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, TA-8995, on cholesterol efflux capacity and high-density lipoprotein particle subclasses. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:1137-1144.e3. [PMID: 27678430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TA-8995 is a potent inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) with beneficial effects on lipids and lipoproteins. The effect of TA-8995 on cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), a measure of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function, and HDL subparticle distribution is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of the CETP inhibitor TA-8995 on ABCA1- and non-ABCA1-driven CEC and on HDL particle distribution. METHODS Total, non-ABCA1-, and ABCA1-specific CEC from J774 cells and HDL subclass distribution assessed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were measured at baseline and after 12-week treatment in 187 mild-dyslipidemic patients randomized to placebo, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg TA-8995, or 10 mg TA-8995 combined with 10 mg rosuvastatin (NCT01970215). RESULTS Compared with placebo, total, non-ABCA1-, and ABCA1-specific CEC were increased dose dependently by up to 38%, 72%, and 28%, respectively, in patients randomized to 10 mg of TA-8995. PreBeta-1 HDL, the primary acceptor for ABCA1-driven cholesterol efflux, was increased by 36%. This increase in preBeta-1 HDL correlated significantly with the total and the ABCA1-driven CEC increase, whereas the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increase did not. CONCLUSION TA-8995 dose dependently increased not only total and non-ABCA1-specific CEC but also ABCA1-specific CEC and preBeta-1 HDL particle levels. These findings suggest that TA-8995 not only increases HDL-C levels but also promotes functional properties of HDL particles. This CETP inhibitor-driven preBeta-1 HDL increase is an important predictor of both ABCA1 and total CEC increase, independent of HDL-C increase. Whether these changes in HDL particle composition and functionality have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular outcome requires formal testing in a cardiovascular outcome trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, The Netherlands.
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander J H van Deventer
- Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Patrick Round
- Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, The Netherlands; Xention Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Ford
- Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, The Netherlands; Xention Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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175
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Kim DS, Li YK, Bell GA, Burt AA, Vaisar T, Hutchins PM, Furlong CE, Otvos JD, Polak JF, Arnan MK, Kaufman JD, McClelland RL, Longstreth WT, Jarvik GP. Concentration of Smaller High-Density Lipoprotein Particle (HDL-P) Is Inversely Correlated With Carotid Intima Media Thickening After Confounder Adjustment: The Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002977. [PMID: 27207961 PMCID: PMC4889175 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have failed to establish a causal relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), shifting focus to other HDL measures. We previously reported that smaller/denser HDL levels are protective against cerebrovascular disease. This study sought to determine which of small+medium HDL particle concentration (HDL-P) or large HDL-P was more strongly associated with carotid intima-media thickening (cIMT) in an ethnically diverse cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses of participants from the Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we evaluated the associations of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-measured small+medium versus large HDL-P with cIMT measured in the common and internal carotid arteries, through linear regression. After adjustment for CVD confounders, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C, and small+medium HDL-P remained significantly and inversely associated with common (coefficient=-1.46 μm; P=0.00037; n=6512) and internal cIMT (coefficient=-3.82 μm; P=0.0051; n=6418) after Bonferroni correction for 4 independent tests (threshold for significance=0.0125; α=0.05/4). Large HDL-P was significantly and inversely associated with both cIMT outcomes before HDL-C adjustment; however, after adjustment for HDL-C, the association of large HDL-P with both common (coefficient=1.55 μm; P=0.30; n=6512) and internal cIMT (coefficient=4.84 μm; P=0.33; n=6418) was attenuated. In a separate sample of 126 men, small/medium HDL-P was more strongly correlated with paraoxonase 1 activity (rp=0.32; P=0.00023) as compared to both total HDL-P (rp=0.27; P=0.0024) and large HDL-P (rp=0.02; P=0.41) measures. CONCLUSIONS Small+medium HDL-P is significantly and inversely correlated with cIMT measurements. Correlation of small+medium HDL-P with cardioprotective paraoxonase 1 activity may reflect a functional aspect of HDL responsible for this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seung Kim
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA
| | - Yatong K Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA
| | - Griffith A Bell
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA
| | - Amber A Burt
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Patrick M Hutchins
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA TSI Incorporated, Shoreview, MN
| | - Clement E Furlong
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Joseph F Polak
- Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joel D Kaufman
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA
| | - Robyn L McClelland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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176
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Monette JS, Hutchins PM, Ronsein GE, Wimberger J, Irwin AD, Tang C, Sara JD, Shao B, Vaisar T, Lerman A, Heinecke JW. Patients With Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction Have Impaired Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Reduced HDL Particle Concentration. Circ Res 2016; 119:83-90. [PMID: 27114438 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Coronary endothelial dysfunction (ED)-an early marker of atherosclerosis-increases the risk of cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that cholesterol efflux capacity and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle concentration predict coronary ED better than HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 80 subjects with nonobstructive (<30% stenosis) coronary artery disease. ED was defined as <50% change in coronary blood flow in response to intracoronary infusions of acetylcholine during diagnostic coronary angiography. Cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL particle concentration (HDL-PIMA) were assessed with validated assays. Cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL-PIMA were both strong, inverse predictors of ED (P<0.001 and 0.005, respectively). In contrast, HDL-C and other traditional lipid risk factors did not differ significantly between control and ED subjects. Large HDL particles were markedly decreased in ED subjects (33%; P=0.005). After correction for HDL-C, both efflux capacity and HDL-PIMA remained significant predictors of ED status. HDL-PIMA explained cholesterol efflux capacity more effectively than HDL-C (r=0.54 and 0.36, respectively). The efflux capacities of isolated HDL and serum HDL correlated strongly (r=0.49). CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL-PIMA are reduced in subjects with coronary ED, independently of HDL-C. Alterations in HDL-PIMA and HDL itself account for a much larger fraction of the variation in cholesterol efflux capacity than does HDL-C. A selective decrease in large HDL particles may contribute to impaired cholesterol efflux capacity in ED subjects. These observations support a role for HDL size, concentration, and function as markers-and perhaps mediators-of coronary atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Monette
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Patrick M Hutchins
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Graziella E Ronsein
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Jake Wimberger
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Angela D Irwin
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Chongren Tang
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Jaskanwal D Sara
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Baohai Shao
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Amir Lerman
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.)
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.S.M., P.M.H., G.E.R., J.W., A.D.I., C.T., B.S., T.V., J.W.H.); and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.D.S., A.L.).
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177
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Liver disease alters high-density lipoprotein composition, metabolism and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:630-8. [PMID: 27106140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are important endogenous inhibitors of inflammatory responses. Functional impairment of HDL might contribute to the excess mortality experienced by patients with liver disease, but the effect of cirrhosis on HDL metabolism and function remain elusive. To get an integrated measure of HDL quantity and quality, we assessed several metrics of HDL function using apolipoprotein (apo) B-depleted sera from patients with compensated cirrhosis, patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis and healthy controls. We observed that sera of cirrhotic patients showed reduced levels of HDL-cholesterol and profoundly suppressed activities of several enzymes involved in HDL maturation and metabolism. Native gel electrophoresis analyses revealed that cirrhotic serum HDL shifts towards the larger HDL2 subclass. Proteomic assessment of isolated HDL identified several proteins, including apoA-I, apoC-III, apoE, paraoxonase 1 and acute phase serum amyloid A to be significantly altered in cirrhotic patients. With regard to function, these alterations in levels, composition and structure of HDL were strongly associated with metrics of function of apoB-depleted sera, including cholesterol efflux capability, paraoxonase activity, the ability to inhibit monocyte production of cytokines and endothelial regenerative activities. Of particular interest, cholesterol efflux capacity appeared to be strongly associated with liver disease mortality. Our findings may be clinically relevant and improve our ability to monitor cirrhotic patients at high risk.
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178
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Lee-Rueckert M, Escola-Gil JC, Kovanen PT. HDL functionality in reverse cholesterol transport--Challenges in translating data emerging from mouse models to human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:566-83. [PMID: 26968096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whereas LDL-derived cholesterol accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions, HDL particles are thought to facilitate removal of cholesterol from the lesions back to the liver thereby promoting its fecal excretion from the body. Because generation of cholesterol-loaded macrophages is inherent to atherogenesis, studies on the mechanisms stimulating the release of cholesterol from these cells and its ultimate excretion into feces are crucial to learn how to prevent lesion development or even induce lesion regression. Modulation of this key anti-atherogenic pathway, known as the macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport, has been extensively studied in several mouse models with the ultimate aim of applying the emerging knowledge to humans. The present review provides a detailed comparison and critical analysis of the various steps of reverse cholesterol transport in mouse and man. We attempt to translate this in vivo complex scenario into practical concepts, which could serve as valuable tools when developing novel HDL-targeted therapies.
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179
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Nicholls SJ, Ruotolo G, Brewer HB, Kane JP, Wang MD, Krueger KA, Adelman SJ, Nissen SE, Rader DJ. Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Pre-Beta-1 HDL Concentrations Are Increased in Dyslipidemic Patients Treated With Evacetrapib. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 66:2201-2210. [PMID: 26564598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potent cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors have been shown to substantially increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I levels as monotherapy and combined with statins. However, data on the effects of this class of drugs on macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), a functional assay that characterizes a key step in the process of reverse cholesterol transport, are limited. OBJECTIVES This study assessed the impact of evacetrapib, statins, or combination therapy on CEC. METHODS We analyzed samples from 377 subjects with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or low HDL-C levels who were enrolled in a phase 2 trial of evacetrapib. Percent changes from baseline in CEC (total, non-ABCA1-, and ABCA1-specific) and HDL subpopulations were evaluated after 12 weeks of treatment with placebo, statin monotherapy, evacetrapib monotherapy, or evacetrapib combined with statins. Pre-beta-1 HDL levels were quantified by immunofixation and nondenaturing 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE). RESULTS Relative to placebo, evacetrapib monotherapy increased dose-dependent total and non-ABCA1-specific CEC up to 34% and 47%, respectively. Evacetrapib monotherapy also increased ABCA1-specific CEC up to 26%. Relative to statin monotherapy, evacetrapib with statins also increased total, non-ABCA1-, and ABCA1-specific CEC by 21%, 27%, and 15%, respectively. In contrast, rosuvastatin and simvastatin significantly reduced total and ABCA1-specific CEC, whereas atorvastatin had no significant effect. Consistent with ABCA1-specific CEC, evacetrapib monotherapy and evacetrapib combined with statins significantly increased pre-beta-1 HDL levels as measured by either method. CONCLUSIONS Evacetrapib, as monotherapy and combined with statins, not only increased total CEC, but also increased ABCA1-specific CEC and pre-beta-1 HDL. The mechanisms by which potent CETP inhibition increases ABCA1-specific CEC and pre-beta-1 HDL require further study. (A Study of LY2484595 in Patients With High LDL-C or Low HDL-C; NCT01105975).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Nicholls
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Giacomo Ruotolo
- Cardiovascular Unit, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indianapolis
| | - H Bryan Brewer
- MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute, MedStar Health, Washington, DC
| | - John P Kane
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ming-Dauh Wang
- Cardiovascular Unit, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indianapolis
| | - Kathryn A Krueger
- Cardiovascular Unit, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indianapolis
| | | | | | - Daniel J Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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180
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Zhang J, Xu J, Wang J, Wu C, Xu Y, Wang Y, Deng F, Wang Z, Chen X, Wu M, Chen Y. Prognostic Usefulness of Serum Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Am J Cardiol 2016; 117:508-514. [PMID: 26718234 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux capacity has been shown to have an inverse relation with coronary artery disease (CAD) and may overcome the limitations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels as a predictor for CAD risks. We investigated the predictive value of cholesterol efflux capacity for the prognosis of CAD. Serum cholesterol efflux capacity in 313 patients newly diagnosed with CAD by coronary angiography was measured, and all patients completed a 3-year follow-up. The primary clinical end points were nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. The secondary clinical end points were class IV heart failure requiring hospitalization and coronary artery revascularization. Cholesterol efflux capacity was lower in patients with CAD compared with control group, and decreased cholesterol efflux capacity was associated with an increased risk of acute coronary syndrome (odds ratios, 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.14 to 0.46; p <0.01). There was no association between cholesterol efflux capacity and serum HDL cholesterol levels. Follow-up data showed that patients with CAD with lower cholesterol efflux capacity had higher primary clinical end point events (26 of 158 vs 8 of 155, p <0.01). Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis further showed that a decreased cholesterol efflux capacity was associated with an increased risk of the primary end point events regardless of adjustment. There was no association between cholesterol efflux capacity and the secondary end point events. In conclusion, the results provide the important clinical evidence that cholesterol efflux capacity is a predictive index for plaque stability and the prognosis of CAD, independent of HDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changhao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yueguo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengfeng Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzuo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangxin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The functional capacities of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) reflect the physiological role of the particle better than the quantity of HDL cholesterol. Owing to its phenolic compounds, the consumption of virgin olive oil has emerged as a promising therapy to promote these capacities. This review highlights the human studies that explain these benefits and explores some possible mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS The consumption of olive oil phenolic compounds increased the ability of HDLs to pick up cholesterol excess in peripheral cells (the cholesterol efflux capacity). Olive oil phenolic compounds have also been shown to improve HDL antioxidant capacities and some anti-inflammatory traits. These changes respond to an improvement of HDL oxidative status and composition. SUMMARY Novel strategies to increase HDL functional capacities are in demand from clinicians. The attainment of a fully-functional HDL through dietary or lifestyle changes is a priority in cardiovascular research. Within this context, the consumption of virgin olive oil, because of its phenolic compounds, may be a relevant protective approach. Further studies in large-scale, randomized controlled trials are, however, required to confirm these effects in HDL functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Hernáez
- aCardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona bCIBER de Fisiopatología de la Nutrición y la Obesidad (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid cPh.D Program of Food Science and Nutrition, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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182
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Ronsein GE, Hutchins PM, Isquith D, Vaisar T, Zhao XQ, Heinecke JW. Niacin Therapy Increases High-Density Lipoprotein Particles and Total Cholesterol Efflux Capacity But Not ABCA1-Specific Cholesterol Efflux in Statin-Treated Subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:404-11. [PMID: 26681752 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated relationships between statin and niacin/statin combination therapy and the concentration of high-density lipoprotein particles (HDL-P) and cholesterol efflux capacity, 2 HDL metrics that might better assess cardiovascular disease risk than HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. APPROACH In the Carotid Plaque Composition Study, 126 subjects with a history of cardiovascular disease were randomized to atorvastatin or combination therapy (atorvastatin/niacin). At baseline and after 1 year of treatment, the concentration of HDL and its 3 subclasses (small, medium, and large) were quantified by calibrated ion mobility analysis (HDL-PIMA). We also measured total cholesterol efflux from macrophages and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-specific cholesterol efflux capacity. RESULTS Atorvastatin decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 39% and raised HDL-C by 11% (P=0.0001) but did not increase HDL-PIMA or macrophage cholesterol efflux. Combination therapy raised HDL-C by 39% (P<0.0001) but increased HDL-PIMA by only 14%. Triglyceride levels did not correlate with HDL-PIMA (P=0.39), in contrast to their strongly negative correlation with HDL-C (P<0.0001). Combination therapy increased macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity (16%, P<0.0001) but not ABCA1-specific efflux. ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity decreased significantly (P=0.013) in statin-treated subjects, with or without niacin therapy. CONCLUSIONS Statin therapy increased HDL-C levels but failed to increase HDL-PIMA. It also reduced ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity. Adding niacin to statin therapy increased HDL-C and macrophage efflux, but had much less effect on HDL-PIMA. It also failed to improve ABCA1-specific efflux, a key cholesterol exporter in macrophages. Our observations raise the possibility that niacin might not target the relevant atheroprotective population of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Isquith
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Xue-Qiao Zhao
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
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183
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Pamir N, Hutchins P, Ronsein G, Vaisar T, Reardon CA, Getz GS, Lusis AJ, Heinecke JW. Proteomic analysis of HDL from inbred mouse strains implicates APOE associated with HDL in reduced cholesterol efflux capacity via the ABCA1 pathway. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:246-57. [PMID: 26673204 PMCID: PMC4727420 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m063701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux capacity associates strongly and negatively with the incidence and prevalence of human CVD. We investigated the relationships of HDL’s size and protein cargo with its cholesterol efflux capacity using APOB-depleted serum and HDLs isolated from five inbred mouse strains with different susceptibilities to atherosclerosis. Like humans, mouse HDL carried >70 proteins linked to lipid metabolism, the acute-phase response, proteinase inhibition, and the immune system. HDL’s content of specific proteins strongly correlated with its size and cholesterol efflux capacity, suggesting that its protein cargo regulates its function. Cholesterol efflux capacity with macrophages strongly and positively correlated with retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and PLTP, but not APOA1. In contrast, ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux correlated strongly with HDL’s content of APOA1, APOC3, and APOD, but not RBP4 and PLTP. Unexpectedly, APOE had a strong negative correlation with ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity. Moreover, the ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL isolated from APOE-deficient mice was significantly greater than that of HDL from wild-type mice. Our observations demonstrate that the HDL-associated APOE regulates HDL’s ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity. These findings may be clinically relevant because HDL’s APOE content associates with CVD risk and ABCA1 deficiency promotes unregulated cholesterol accumulation in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pamir
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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184
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Shamburek RD, Bakker-Arkema R, Shamburek AM, Freeman LA, Amar MJ, Auerbach B, Krause BR, Homan R, Adelman SJ, Collins HL, Sampson M, Wolska A, Remaley AT. Safety and Tolerability of ACP-501, a Recombinant Human Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase, in a Phase 1 Single-Dose Escalation Study. Circ Res 2015; 118:73-82. [PMID: 26628614 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) may be caused by rate-limiting amounts of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Raising LCAT may be beneficial for CHD, as well as for familial LCAT deficiency, a rare disorder of low HDL-C. OBJECTIVE To determine safety and tolerability of recombinant human LCAT infusion in subjects with stable CHD and low HDL-C and its effect on plasma lipoproteins. METHODS AND RESULTS A phase 1b, open-label, single-dose escalation study was conducted to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human LCAT (ACP-501). Four cohorts with stable CHD and low HDL-C were dosed (0.9, 3.0, 9.0, and 13.5 mg/kg, single 1-hour infusions) and followed up for 28 days. ACP-501 was well tolerated, and there were no serious adverse events. Plasma LCAT concentrations were dose-proportional, increased rapidly, and declined with an apparent terminal half-life of 42 hours. The 0.9-mg/kg dose did not significantly change HDL-C; however, 6 hours after doses of 3.0, 9.0, and 13.5 mg/kg, HDL-C was elevated by 6%, 36%, and 42%, respectively, and remained above baseline ≤4 days. Plasma cholesteryl esters followed a similar time course as HDL-C. ACP-501 infusion rapidly decreased small- and intermediate-sized HDL, whereas large HDL increased. Pre-β-HDL also rapidly decreased and was undetectable ≤12 hours post ACP-501 infusion. CONCLUSIONS ACP-501 has an acceptable safety profile after a single intravenous infusion. Lipid and lipoprotein changes indicate that recombinant human LCAT favorably alters HDL metabolism and support recombinant human LCAT use in future clinical trials in CHD and familial LCAT deficiency patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01554800.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Shamburek
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.).
| | - Rebecca Bakker-Arkema
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Alexandra M Shamburek
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Lita A Freeman
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Bruce Auerbach
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Brian R Krause
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Reynold Homan
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Steve J Adelman
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Heidi L Collins
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Maureen Sampson
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Anna Wolska
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
| | - Alan T Remaley
- From the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.S., A.M.S., L.A.F., M.J.A., A.W., A.T.R.); AlphaCore Pharma LLC., Ann Arbor, MI (R.B.-A., B.A., B.R.K., R.H.); VascularStrategies LLC., Plymouth Meeting, PA (S.J.A., H.L.C.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.S.)
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185
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Hussein O, Izikson L, Bathish Y, Dabur E, Hanna A, Zidan J. Anti-atherogenic properties of high-density lipoproteins in psychiatric patients before and after two months of atypical anti-psychotic therapy. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:1262-70. [PMID: 26253619 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115598320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Some of the medications used for the management of schizophrenia are associated with clinically significant increases in weight and adverse alterations in serum lipid levels. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of short-term (two months) treatment with atypical anti-psychotics on coronary heart disease risk factors, including the functional properties of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), in psychiatric patients. Nineteen patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorder and ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. In the present study blood was drawn at baseline and after two months of atypical anti-psychotic treatment. Wilcoxon non-parametric-test was used to examine differences in the psychotic group before and two months after treatment.Waist circumference and oxidative stress in psychiatric patients were higher compared with the control group. Serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity was lower in psychotic patients compared to controls. Two months of anti-psychotic therapy was associated with increased abdominal obesity, decreased paraoxonase lactonase activity, but with no further change in serum-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Psychotic patients have low serum-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages as a parameter of HDL functionality. Atypical anti-psychotic treatment for two months increased metabolic derangements in these patients but without further decrement in serum-mediated cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah Hussein
- Internal Medicine Department A, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Lidia Izikson
- Department of Psychiatry, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yunis Bathish
- Internal Medicine Department A, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
| | - Enas Dabur
- Internal Medicine Department A, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
| | - Alaa Hanna
- Internal Medicine Department A, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
| | - Jamal Zidan
- Department of Oncology, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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186
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Dysfunctional High-Density Lipoprotein: An Innovative Target for Proteomics and Lipidomics. CHOLESTEROL 2015; 2015:296417. [PMID: 26634153 PMCID: PMC4655037 DOI: 10.1155/2015/296417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) is regarded as an important protective factor against cardiovascular disease, with abundant evidence of an inverse relationship between its serum levels and risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as various antiatherogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, observations of hereditary syndromes featuring scant HDL-C concentration in absence of premature atherosclerotic disease suggest HDL-C levels may not be the best predictor of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, the beneficial effects of HDL may not depend solely on their concentration, but also on their quality. Distinct subfractions of this lipoprotein appear to be constituted by specific protein-lipid conglomerates necessary for different physiologic and pathophysiologic functions. However, in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment, diverse components of the HDL proteome and lipid core suffer alterations, which propel a shift towards a dysfunctional state, where HDL-C becomes proatherogenic, prooxidant, and proinflammatory. This heterogeneity highlights the need for further specialized molecular studies in this aspect, in order to achieve a better understanding of this dysfunctional state; with an emphasis on the potential role for proteomics and lipidomics as valuable methods in the search of novel therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular disease.
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187
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Collins HL, Drazul-Schrader D, Sulpizio AC, Koster PD, Williamson Y, Adelman SJ, Owen K, Sanli T, Bellamine A. L-Carnitine intake and high trimethylamine N-oxide plasma levels correlate with low aortic lesions in ApoE(-/-) transgenic mice expressing CETP. Atherosclerosis 2015; 244:29-37. [PMID: 26584136 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary l-carnitine can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota to trimethylamine, which is absorbed by the gut and further oxidized to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver. TMAO plasma levels have been associated with atherosclerosis development in ApoE(-/-) mice. To better understand the mechanisms behind this association, we conducted in vitro and in vivo studies looking at the effect of TMAO on different steps of atherosclerotic disease progression. METHODS J774 mouse macrophage cells were used to evaluate the effect of TMAO on foam cell formation. Male ApoE(-/-) mice transfected with human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (hCETP) were fed l-carnitine and/or methimazole, a flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) inhibitor that prevents the formation of TMAO. Following 12 week treatment, l-carnitine and TMAO plasma levels, aortic lesion development, and lipid profiles were determined. RESULTS TMAO at concentrations up to 10-fold the Cmax reported in humans did not affect in vitro foam cell formation. In ApoE(-/-)mice expressing hCETP, high doses of l-carnitine resulted in a significant increase in plasma TMAO levels. Surprisingly, and independently from treatment group, TMAO levels inversely correlated with aortic lesion size in both aortic root and thoracic aorta. High TMAO levels were found to significantly correlate with smaller aortic lesion area. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels did not change with treatment nor with TMAO levels, suggesting that the observed effects on lesion area were independent from lipid changes. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TMAO slows aortic lesion formation in this mouse model and may have a protective effect against atherosclerosis development in humans.
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188
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Rohatgi A, Grundy SM. Cholesterol Efflux Capacity as a Therapeutic Target. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:2211-2213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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189
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Tiniakou I, Kanaki Z, Georgopoulos S, Chroni A, Van Eck M, Fotakis P, Zannis VI, Kardassis D. Natural human apoA-I mutations L141R Pisa and L159R FIN alter HDL structure and functionality and promote atherosclerosis development in mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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190
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Zimetti F, Favari E, Cagliero P, Adorni MP, Ronda N, Bonardi R, Gomaraschi M, Calabresi L, Bernini F, Guardamagna O. Cholesterol trafficking-related serum lipoprotein functions in children with cholesteryl ester storage disease. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:443-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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191
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Sorci-Thomas MG, Pollard RD, Thomas MJ. What does procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer protein 2 have to do with HDL-cholesteryl ester uptake? Or how I learned to stop worrying and love reverse cholesterol transport? Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26. [PMID: 26218419 PMCID: PMC4564020 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to provide an update on the role HDL apolipoprotein A-I plays in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and how it relates to reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). RECENT FINDINGS Despite numerous studies showing that plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations are correlated with a reduced risk of CVD, pharmacologic elevation of HDL has not shown any beneficial effects to date. In contrast, studies correlating the measure of an individual's plasma cholesterol efflux capacity show greater promise as a tool for assessing CVD risk. Although ATP-binding cassette transporter 1-mediated lipidation of apoA-I is considered the principal source of plasma HDL, it represents only one side of the RCT pathway. Equally important is the second half of the RCT pathway in which the liver scavenger receptor class B1 selectively removes HDL cholesteryl esters for excretion. The combined action of the two enzyme systems is reflected in the overall steady-state concentration of plasma HDL cholesterol. For example, reduced ATP-binding cassette transporter 1-mediated production of nascent HDL lowers plasma HDL concentration, just as an increase in cholesteryl ester uptake by scavenger receptor class B1 reduces HDL levels. Thus, the complexity of intravascular HDL metabolism suggests that steady-state plasma HDL concentrations do not provide adequate information regarding an individual's HDL quality or function. Herein, we describe a new player, procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 2, which shows atheroprotective function and influences both sides of RCT by enhancing production and catabolism of HDL cholesteryl esters. SUMMARY The discovery of a new molecule, procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 2, implicated in the regulation of HDL cholesteryl ester concentrations suggests that the extracellular matrix and the proteins that regulate its function represent a new and as yet unexplored realm of HDL cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G. Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ricquita D. Pollard
- formerly of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J. Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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192
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Randomized clinical trials provide strong evidence that pharmacological elevation of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) fails to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in statin-treated humans. It is thus critical to identify new metrics that capture HDL's cardioprotective effects. RECENT FINDINGS We review recent evidence that HDL's cholesterol efflux capacity is a strong inverse predictor of incident and prevalent CVD in humans. In light of those findings, we assess the proposal that impaired macrophage cholesterol efflux to HDL contributes to disease risk. We also discuss recent studies implicating small HDL particles in cholesterol efflux from macrophages. SUMMARY These observations lay the foundation for a new approach to understanding mechanistically how HDL's functional properties help reduce CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Hutchins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Yadav R, Liu Y, Kwok S, Hama S, France M, Eatough R, Pemberton P, Schofield J, Siahmansur TJ, Malik R, Ammori BA, Issa B, Younis N, Donn R, Stevens A, Durrington P, Soran H. Effect of Extended-Release Niacin on High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Functionality, Lipoprotein Metabolism, and Mediators of Vascular Inflammation in Statin-Treated Patients. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e001508. [PMID: 26374297 PMCID: PMC4599486 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explore the influence of extended-release niacin/laropiprant (ERN/LRP) versus placebo on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) antioxidant function, cholesterol efflux, apolipoprotein B100 (apoB)-containing lipoproteins, and mediators of vascular inflammation associated with 15% increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Study patients had persistent dyslipidemia despite receiving high-dose statin treatment. Methods and Results In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, we compared the effect of ERN/LRP with placebo in 27 statin-treated dyslipidemic patients who had not achieved National Cholesterol Education Program-ATP III targets for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We measured fasting lipid profile, apolipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, small dense LDL apoB (sdLDL-apoB), oxidized LDL (oxLDL), glycated apoB (glyc-apoB), lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), lysophosphatidyl choline (lyso-PC), macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP1), serum amyloid A (SAA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). We also examined the capacity of HDL to protect LDL from in vitro oxidation and the percentage cholesterol efflux mediated by apoB depleted serum. ERN/LRP was associated with an 18% increase in HDL-C levels compared to placebo (1.55 versus 1.31 mmol/L, P<0.0001). There were significant reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, total serum apoB, lipoprotein (a), CETP activity, oxLDL, Lp-PLA2, lyso-PC, MCP1, and SAA, but no significant changes in glyc-apoB or sdLDL-apoB concentration. There was a modest increase in cholesterol efflux function of HDL (19.5%, P=0.045), but no change in the antioxidant capacity of HDL in vitro or PON1 activity. Conclusions ERN/LRP reduces LDL-associated mediators of vascular inflammation, but has varied effects on HDL functionality and LDL quality, which may counter its HDL-C-raising effect. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01054508.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.) Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.)
| | - Yifen Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.)
| | - See Kwok
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.)
| | - Salam Hama
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.)
| | - Michael France
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.) Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.) The Institute of Inflammation & Repair at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom (M.F.)
| | - Ruth Eatough
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.)
| | - Phil Pemberton
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (P.P.)
| | - Jonathan Schofield
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.) Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.)
| | - Tarza J Siahmansur
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.)
| | - Rayaz Malik
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.)
| | - Basil A Ammori
- Department of Surgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (B.A.A.)
| | - Basil Issa
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of South Manchester, United Kingdom (B.I., N.Y.)
| | - Naveed Younis
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of South Manchester, United Kingdom (B.I., N.Y.)
| | - Rachelle Donn
- Complex Disease Genetics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Adam Stevens
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom (A.S.)
| | - Paul Durrington
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.)
| | - Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.) Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.)
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Borja MS, Ng KF, Irwin A, Hong J, Wu X, Isquith D, Zhao XQ, Prazen B, Gildengorin V, Oda MN, Vaisar T. HDL-apolipoprotein A-I exchange is independently associated with cholesterol efflux capacity. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2002-9. [PMID: 26254308 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m059865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HDL is the primary mediator of cholesterol mobilization from the periphery to the liver via reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). A critical first step in this process is the uptake of cholesterol from lipid-loaded macrophages by HDL, a function of HDL inversely associated with prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that the dynamic ability of HDL to undergo remodeling and exchange of apoA-I is an important and potentially rate-limiting aspect of RCT. In this study, we investigated the relationship between HDL-apoA-I exchange (HAE) and serum HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) efflux capacity. We compared HAE to the total and ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity of 77 subjects. We found that HAE was highly correlated with both total (r = 0.69, P < 0.0001) and ABCA1-specific (r = 0.47, P < 0.0001) efflux, and this relationship remained significant after adjustment for HDL-C or apoA-I. Multivariate models of sterol efflux capacity indicated that HAE accounted for approximately 25% of the model variance for both total and ABCA1-specific efflux. We conclude that the ability of HDL to exchange apoA-I and remodel, as measured by HAE, is a significant contributor to serum HDL efflux capacity, independent of HDL-C and apoA-I, indicating that HDL dynamics are an important factor in cholesterol efflux capacity and likely RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kit F Ng
- Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Angela Irwin
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jaekyoung Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Xing Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Daniel Isquith
- Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Xue-Qiao Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | | | | | | | - Tomáš Vaisar
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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195
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Newly developed apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Int J Cardiol 2015; 192:82-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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196
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Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJP, van Deventer SJH, Round P, Ford J, Saleheen D, Rader DJ, Brewer HB, Barter PJ. Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibition by TA-8995 in patients with mild dyslipidaemia (TULIP): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet 2015; 386:452-60. [PMID: 26047975 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidaemia remains a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and additional lipid-modifying treatments are warranted to further decrease the cardiovascular disease burden. We assessed the safety, tolerability and efficacy of a novel cholesterol esterase transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor TA-8995 in patients with mild dyslipidaemia. METHODS In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 2 trial, we recruited patients (aged 18-75 years) from 17 sites (hospitals and independent clinical research organisations) in the Netherlands and Denmark with fasting LDL cholesterol levels between 2·5 mmol/L and 4·5 mmol/L, HDL cholesterol levels between 0·8 and 1·8 mmol/L and triglyceride levels below 4·5 mmol/L after washout of lipid-lowering treatments. Patients were randomly allocated (1:1) by a computer-generated randomisation schedule to receive one of the following nine treatments: a once a day dose of 1 mg, 2·5 mg, 5 mg, or 10 mg TA-8995 or matching placebo; 10 mg TA-8995 plus 20 mg atorvastatin; 10 mg TA-8995 plus 10 mg rosuvastatin or 20 mg atorvastatin or 10 mg rosuvastatin alone. We overencapsulated statins to achieve masking. The primary outcome was percentage change in LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol from baseline at week 12, analysed by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01970215. FINDINGS Between Aug 15, 2013, and Jan 10, 2014, 364 patients were enrolled. At week 12, LDL cholesterol levels were reduced by 27·4% in patients assigned to the 1 mg dose, 32·7% in patients given the 2·5 mg dose, 45·3% in those given the 5 mg dose, and 45·3% in those given the 10 mg dose (p<0·0001). LDL cholesterol levels were reduced by 68·2% in patients given 10 mg TA-8995 plus atorvastatin, and by 63·3% in patients given rosuvastatin plus 10 mg TA-8995 (p<0·0001). A daily dose of 1 mg TA-8995 increased HDL cholesterol levels by 75·8%, 2·5 mg by 124·3%, 5 mg by 157·1%, and 10 mg dose by 179·0% (p<0·0001). In patients receiving 10 mg TA-8995 and 20 mg atorvastatin HDL cholesterol levels increased by 152·1% and in patients receiving 10 mg TA-8995 and 10 mg rosuvastatin by 157·5%. We recorded no serious adverse events or signs of liver or muscle toxic effects. INTERPRETATION TA-8995, a novel CETP inhibitor, is well tolerated and has beneficial effects on lipids and apolipoproteins in patients with mild dyslipidaemia. A cardiovascular disease outcome trial is needed to translate these effects into a reduction of cardiovascular disease events. FUNDING Dezima.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander J H van Deventer
- Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Round
- Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, the Netherlands; Xention, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Ford
- Dezima Pharma BV, Naarden, the Netherlands; Xention, Cambridge, UK
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - H Bryan Brewer
- MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Philip J Barter
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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197
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Dinnes DLM, Nicholls SJ, Jessup W, Kritharides L. HDL heterogeneity and serum efflux capacity. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:350-2. [PMID: 26164729 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32834b1fb1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Lee M Dinnes
- aAtherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW bSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA cDepartment of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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198
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Hafiane A, Bielicki JK, Johansson JO, Genest J. Novel Apo E-Derived ABCA1 Agonist Peptide (CS-6253) Promotes Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Induces Formation of preβ-1 HDL In Vitro. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207756 PMCID: PMC4514675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) mimetic peptides replicate some aspects of HDL function. We have previously reported the effects of compound ATI-5261 on its ability to replicate many functions of native apo A-I in the process of HDL biogenesis. ATI-5261 induced muscle toxicity in wild type C57Bl/6 mice, increased CPK, ALT and AST and increase in triglyceride (Tg) levels. Aromatic phenylalanine residues on the non-polar face of ATI-5261, together with positively charged arginine residues at the lipid-water interface were responsible for these effects. This information was used to create a novel analog (CS-6253) that was non-toxic. We evaluated this peptide designed from the carboxyl terminus of apo E, in its ability to mimic apo A-I functionality. Our data shows that the lipidated particles generated by incubating cells overexpressing ABCA1 with lipid free CS-6253 enhances the rate of ABCA1 lipid efflux with high affinity interactions with native ABCA1 oligomeric forms and plasma membrane micro-domains. Interaction between ABCA1 and lipid free CS-6253 resulted in formation of nascent HDL-CS-6253 particles that are actively remodeled in plasma. Mature HDL-CS-6253 particles deliver cholesterol to liver cells via SR-BI in-vitro. CS-6253 significantly increases cholesterol efflux in murine macrophages and in human THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells expressing ABCA1. Addition of CS-6253 to plasma dose-dependently displaced apo A-I from α-HDL particles and led to de novo formation of preβ-1 HDL that stimulates ABCA1 dependent cholesterol efflux efficiently. When incubated with human plasma CS-6253 was also found to bind with HDL and LDL and promoted the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL predominantly. Our data shows that CS-6253 mimics apo A-I in its ability to promote ABCA1-mediated formation of nascent HDL particles, and enhances formation of preβ-1 HDL with increase in the cycling of apo A-I between the preβ and α-HDL particles in-vitro. These mechanisms are potentially anti-atherogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar Hafiane
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratories Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - John K. Bielicki
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Donner Laboratory, MS1-267, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Jacques Genest
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratories Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada
- * E-mail:
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199
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Lucero D, Sviridov D, Freeman L, López GI, Fassio E, Remaley AT, Schreier L. Increased cholesterol efflux capacity in metabolic syndrome: Relation with qualitative alterations in HDL and LCAT. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:236-42. [PMID: 26232163 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with changes in HDL levels, composition and sub-fraction profile. Whether these alterations affect HDL anti-atherogenic function, specifically measured as its capacity to perform cholesterol efflux, is not yet clearly known. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relation between serum cholesterol efflux capacity and the changes in HDL composition and sub-fraction profile in MetS. METHODS In 35 non-treated MetS patients and 15 healthy controls, HDL mediated cholesterol efflux was measured as the ability of apoB-depleted serum to accept cholesterol from cholesterol-loaded BHK cells expressing either ABCA1 or ABCG1. Additionally we determined: lipid profile, HDL sub-fractions (NMR) and LCAT mass (ELISA). Isolated HDL (δ:1.063-1.210 g/mL) was chemically characterized. Pre-β1-HDL was determined by 2D-electrophoresis in a sub-group of MetS and controls (n = 6 each). RESULTS Surprisingly, MetS patients presented higher ABCA1 mediated cholesterol efflux (10.4 ± 1.8 vs. 8.7 ± 0.3%; p = 0.0001), without differences in ABCG1 efflux. In MetS, HDL showed reduction in particle size and number (p < 0.02) and lower large/small HDL ratio (p = 0.05), as well as triglyceride enrichment (p = 0.0001). Pre-β1-HDL was increased in MetS (p = 0.048) and correlated with ABCA1-cholesterol efflux (r = 0.64; p = 0.042). LCAT mass showed a tendency to reduction in MetS (p = 0.08), and inversely correlated with ABCA1-cholesterol efflux (r = -0.51; p = 0.001), independently of obesity and insulin-resistance (β = -0.40, p = 0.034). CONCLUSION This is the first description of ABCA1 mediated cholesterol efflux in MetS. Regardless the reduced HDL-cholesterol, in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity by ABCA1 was enhanced, linked to increased pre-β1-HDL and slightly reduced in LCAT mass that would probably reflect a delay in reverse cholesterol transport occurring in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lucero
- Laboratory of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | - Lita Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Graciela I López
- Laboratory of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Fassio
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital "Prof. A. Posadas", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Schreier
- Laboratory of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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200
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Thacker SG, Rousset X, Esmail S, Zarzour A, Jin X, Collins HL, Sampson M, Stonik J, Demosky S, Malide DA, Freeman L, Vaisman BL, Kruth HS, Adelman SJ, Remaley AT. Increased plasma cholesterol esterification by LCAT reduces diet-induced atherosclerosis in SR-BI knockout mice. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1282-95. [PMID: 25964513 PMCID: PMC4479333 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m048629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
LCAT, a plasma enzyme that esterifies cholesterol, has been proposed to play an antiatherogenic role, but animal and epidemiologic studies have yielded conflicting results. To gain insight into LCAT and the role of free cholesterol (FC) in atherosclerosis, we examined the effect of LCAT over- and underexpression in diet-induced atherosclerosis in scavenger receptor class B member I-deficient [Scarab(-/-)] mice, which have a secondary defect in cholesterol esterification. Scarab(-/-)×LCAT-null [Lcat(-/-)] mice had a decrease in HDL-cholesterol and a high plasma ratio of FC/total cholesterol (TC) (0.88 ± 0.033) and a marked increase in VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C) on a high-fat diet. Scarab(-/-)×LCAT-transgenic (Tg) mice had lower levels of VLDL-C and a normal plasma FC/TC ratio (0.28 ± 0.005). Plasma from Scarab(-/-)×LCAT-Tg mice also showed an increase in cholesterol esterification during in vitro cholesterol efflux, but increased esterification did not appear to affect the overall rate of cholesterol efflux or hepatic uptake of cholesterol. Scarab(-/-)×LCAT-Tg mice also displayed a 51% decrease in aortic sinus atherosclerosis compared with Scarab(-/-) mice (P < 0.05). In summary, we demonstrate that increased cholesterol esterification by LCAT is atheroprotective, most likely through its ability to increase HDL levels and decrease pro-atherogenic apoB-containing lipoprotein particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth G. Thacker
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xavier Rousset
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Safiya Esmail
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Abdalrahman Zarzour
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xueting Jin
- Experimental Atherosclerosis Section, Center for Molecular, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Maureen Sampson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John Stonik
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen Demosky
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniela A. Malide
- Light Microscopy Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lita Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Boris L. Vaisman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Howard S. Kruth
- Experimental Atherosclerosis Section, Center for Molecular, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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