151
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Sepa-Kishi DM, Ceddia RB. Exercise-Mediated Effects on White and Brown Adipose Tissue Plasticity and Metabolism. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2016; 44:37-44. [PMID: 26509483 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training increases the thermogenic capacity of white adipose tissue (WAT), an effect known as "browning" of the WAT. Here, we discuss how this affects whole-body energy homeostasis. We put forth the hypothesis that browning of the subcutaneous WAT allows the organism to adjust its metabolic rate according to energy availability while coping with increased heat production through exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Sepa-Kishi
- Muscle Health Research Center-School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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152
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Bargut TCL, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Brown adipose tissue: Updates in cellular and molecular biology. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:452-60. [PMID: 27561621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is mainly composed of adipocytes, it is highly vascularized and innervated, and can be activated in adult humans. Brown adipocytes are responsible for performing non-shivering thermogenesis, which is exclusively mediated by uncoupling protein (UCP) -1 (a protein found in the inner mitochondrial membrane), the hallmark of BAT, responsible for the uncoupling of the proton leakage from the ATP production, therefore, generating heat (i.e. thermogenesis). Besides UCP1, other compounds are essential not only to thermogenesis, but also to the proliferation and differentiation of BAT, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, PPARgamma coactivator 1 (PGC1)-alpha, and PRD1-BF-1-RIZ1 homologous domain protein containing protein (PRDM) -16. The sympathetic nervous system centrally regulates thermogenesis through norepinephrine, which acts on the adrenergic receptors of BAT. This bound leads to the initialization of the many pathways that may activate thermogenesis in acute and/or chronic ways. In summary, this mini-review aims to demonstrate the latest advances in the knowledge of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thereza Cristina Lonzetti Bargut
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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153
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Abstract
Ovarian steroids, such as estradiol (E2), control a vastness of physiological processes, such as puberty, reproduction, growth, development and metabolic rate. In fact, physiological, pathological, pharmacological or genetically-induced estrogen deficiency causes increased appetite and reduced energy expenditure, promoting weight gain and ultimately leading to obesity. Remarkably, estrogen replacement reverts those effects. Interestingly, although a wealth of evidence has shown that E2 can directly modulate peripheral tissues to exert their metabolic actions, novel data gathered in recent years have shown that those effects are mainly central and occur in the hypothalamus. Here, we will review what is known about the actions of E2 on energy homeostasis, with particular focus on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine & CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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154
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Bahler L, Deelen JW, Hoekstra JB, Holleman F, Verberne HJ. Seasonal influence on stimulated BAT activity in prospective trials: a retrospective analysis of BAT visualized on 18F-FDG PET-CTs and 123I-mIBG SPECT-CTs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1418-23. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrospective studies have shown that outdoor temperature influences the prevalence of detectable brown adipose tissue (BAT). Prospective studies use acute cold exposure to activate BAT. In prospective studies, BAT might be preconditioned in winter months leading to an increased BAT response to various stimuli. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess whether outdoor temperatures and other weather characteristics modulate the response of BAT to acute cold. To assess metabolic BAT activity and sympathetic outflow to BAT, 64 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) and 56 additional 123I- meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I- mIBG) single-photon emission computed tomography-CT (SPECT-CT) scans, respectively, of subjects participating in previously executed trials were retrospectively included. BAT activity was measured in subjects after an overnight fast, following 2 h of cold exposure (∼17°C). The average daytime outdoor temperatures and other weather characteristics were obtained from the Dutch Royal Weather Institute. Forty-nine subjects were BAT positive. One week prior to the scan, outdoor temperature was significantly lower in the BAT-positive group compared with the BAT-negative group. Higher outdoor temperatures on preceding days resulted in lower stimulated metabolic BAT activity and volume (all P < 0.01). Outdoor temperatures did not correlate with sympathetic outflow to BAT. In conclusion, outdoor temperatures influence metabolic BAT activity and volume, but not sympathetic outflow to BAT, in subjects exposed to acute cold. To improve the consistency of the findings of future BAT studies in humans and to exclude bias introduced by outdoor temperatures, these studies should be planned in periods of similar outdoor temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke Bahler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Jan W. Deelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Joost B. Hoekstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Frits Holleman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Hein J. Verberne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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155
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Ziętak M, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Markiewicz LH, Ståhlman M, Kozak LP, Bäckhed F. Altered Microbiota Contributes to Reduced Diet-Induced Obesity upon Cold Exposure. Cell Metab 2016; 23:1216-1223. [PMID: 27304513 PMCID: PMC4911343 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of body temperature in cold-exposed animals requires induction of thermogenesis and management of fuel. Here, we demonstrated that reducing ambient temperature attenuated diet-induced obesity (DIO), which was associated with increased iBAT thermogenesis and a plasma bile acid profile similar to that of germ-free mice. We observed a marked shift in the microbiome composition at the phylum and family levels within 1 day of acute cold exposure and after 4 weeks at 12°C. Gut microbiota was characterized by increased levels of Adlercreutzia, Mogibacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Desulfovibrio and reduced levels of Bacilli, Erysipelotrichaceae, and the genus rc4-4. These genera have been associated with leanness and obesity, respectively. Germ-free mice fed a high-fat diet at room temperature gained less adiposity and improved glucose tolerance when transplanted with caecal microbiota of mice housed at 12°C compared to mice transplanted with microbiota from 29°C. Thus, a microbiota-liver-BAT axis may mediate protection against obesity at reduced temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Ziętak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lidia H Markiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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156
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Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Chiamolera MI, Pazos-Moura CC, Wondisford FE. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1387-428. [PMID: 27347897 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone (TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the synthesis and secretion of pituitary thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH), which acts at the thyroid to stimulate all steps of TH biosynthesis and secretion. The THs thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) control the secretion of TRH and TSH by negative feedback to maintain physiological levels of the main hormones of the HPT axis. Reduction of circulating TH levels due to primary thyroid failure results in increased TRH and TSH production, whereas the opposite occurs when circulating THs are in excess. Other neural, humoral, and local factors modulate the HPT axis and, in specific situations, determine alterations in the physiological function of the axis. The roles of THs are vital to nervous system development, linear growth, energetic metabolism, and thermogenesis. THs also regulate the hepatic metabolism of nutrients, fluid balance and the cardiovascular system. In cells, TH actions are mediated mainly by nuclear TH receptors (210), which modify gene expression. T3 is the preferred ligand of THR, whereas T4, the serum concentration of which is 100-fold higher than that of T3, undergoes extra-thyroidal conversion to T3. This conversion is catalyzed by 5'-deiodinases (D1 and D2), which are TH-activating enzymes. T4 can also be inactivated by conversion to reverse T3, which has very low affinity for THR, by 5-deiodinase (D3). The regulation of deiodinases, particularly D2, and TH transporters at the cell membrane control T3 availability, which is fundamental for TH action. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1387-1428, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria I Chiamolera
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen C Pazos-Moura
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fredic E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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157
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Ravnskjaer K, Madiraju A, Montminy M. Role of the cAMP Pathway in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 233:29-49. [PMID: 26721678 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
3'-5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP) was first described in 1957 as an intracellular second messenger mediating the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on hepatic glycogenolysis (Berthet et al., J Biol Chem 224(1):463-475, 1957). Since this initial characterization, cAMP has been firmly established as a versatile molecular signal involved in both central and peripheral regulation of energy homeostasis and nutrient partitioning. Many of these effects appear to be mediated at the transcriptional level, in part through the activation of the transcription factor CREB and its coactivators. Here we review current understanding of the mechanisms by which the cAMP signaling pathway triggers metabolic programs in insulin-responsive tissues.
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158
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Egri P, Fekete C, Dénes Á, Reglődi D, Hashimoto H, Fülöp BD, Gereben B. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Regulates the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) Axis via Type 2 Deiodinase in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2356-66. [PMID: 27046436 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic activation of thyroid hormones by type 2 deiodinase (D2), catalyzing the conversion of thyroxine to T3, is critical for the proper function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Regulation of D2 expression in tanycytes alters the activity of the HPT axis. However, signals that regulate D2 expression in tanycytes are poorly understood. The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) increases intracellular cAMP level, a second messenger known to stimulate the DIO2 gene; however, its importance in tanycytes is not completely characterized. Therefore, we tested whether this ubiquitously expressed neuropeptide regulates the HPT axis through stimulation of D2 in tanycytes. PACAP increased the activity of human DIO2 promoter in luciferase reporter assay that was abolished by mutation of cAMP-response element. Furthermore, PAC1R receptor immunoreactivity was identified in hypothalamic tanycytes, suggesting that these D2-expressing cells could be regulated by PACAP. Intracerebroventricular PACAP administration resulted in increased D2 activity in the mediobasal hypothalamus, suppressed Trh expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and decreased Tshb expression in the pituitary demonstrating that PACAP affects the D2-mediated control of the HPT axis. To understand the role of endogenous PACAP in the regulation of HPT axis, the effect of decreased PACAP expression was studied in heterozygous Adcyap1 (PACAP) knockout mice. These animals were hypothyroid that may be the consequence of altered hypothalamic T3 degradation during set-point formation of the HPT axis. In conclusion, PACAP is an endogenous regulator of the HPT axis by affecting T3-mediated negative feedback via cAMP-induced D2 expression of tanycytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Egri
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.E., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.E.), Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Neurobiology (Á.D.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Anatomy (D.R., B.D.F.), University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (H.H.) and iPS Cell-Based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology (H.H.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, and Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development H.H.), United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - C Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.E., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.E.), Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Neurobiology (Á.D.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Anatomy (D.R., B.D.F.), University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (H.H.) and iPS Cell-Based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology (H.H.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, and Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development H.H.), United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Á Dénes
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.E., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.E.), Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Neurobiology (Á.D.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Anatomy (D.R., B.D.F.), University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (H.H.) and iPS Cell-Based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology (H.H.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, and Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development H.H.), United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - D Reglődi
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.E., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.E.), Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Neurobiology (Á.D.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Anatomy (D.R., B.D.F.), University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (H.H.) and iPS Cell-Based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology (H.H.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, and Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development H.H.), United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.E., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.E.), Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Neurobiology (Á.D.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Anatomy (D.R., B.D.F.), University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (H.H.) and iPS Cell-Based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology (H.H.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, and Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development H.H.), United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - B D Fülöp
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.E., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.E.), Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Neurobiology (Á.D.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Anatomy (D.R., B.D.F.), University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (H.H.) and iPS Cell-Based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology (H.H.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, and Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development H.H.), United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (P.E., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences (P.E.), Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Neurobiology (Á.D.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Anatomy (D.R., B.D.F.), University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (H.H.) and iPS Cell-Based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology (H.H.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, and Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development H.H.), United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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159
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Thoonen R, Hindle AG, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Brown adipose tissue: The heat is on the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1592-605. [PMID: 27084389 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00698.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has gained significant scientific interest since the discovery of functional BAT in adult humans. The thermogenic properties of BAT are well recognized; however, data generated in the last decade in both rodents and humans reveal therapeutic potential for BAT against metabolic disorders and obesity. Here we review the current literature in light of a potential role for BAT in beneficially mediating cardiovascular health. We focus mainly on BAT's actions in obesity, vascular tone, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the recently discovered endocrine factors that have a potential beneficial role in cardiovascular health. These BAT-secreted factors may have a favorable effect against cardiovascular risk either through their metabolic role or by directly affecting the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Thoonen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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160
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Tran CM, Mukherjee S, Ye L, Frederick DW, Kissig M, Davis JG, Lamming DW, Seale P, Baur JA. Rapamycin Blocks Induction of the Thermogenic Program in White Adipose Tissue. Diabetes 2016; 65:927-41. [PMID: 26858361 PMCID: PMC4806661 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin extends life span in mice, yet paradoxically causes lipid dysregulation and glucose intolerance through mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. Whole-body energy balance can be influenced by beige/brite adipocytes, which are inducible by cold and other stimuli via β-adrenergic signaling in white adipose depots. Induction of beige adipocytes is considered a promising strategy to combat obesity because of their ability to metabolize glucose and lipids, dissipating the resulting energy as heat through uncoupling protein 1. Here, we report that rapamycin blocks the ability of β-adrenergic signaling to induce beige adipocytes and expression of thermogenic genes in white adipose depots. Rapamycin enhanced transcriptional negative feedback on the β3-adrenergic receptor. However, thermogenic gene expression remained impaired even when the receptor was bypassed with a cell-permeable cAMP analog, revealing the existence of a second inhibitory mechanism. Accordingly, rapamycin-treated mice are cold intolerant, failing to maintain body temperature and weight when shifted to 4°C. Adipocyte-specific deletion of the mTORC1 subunit Raptor recapitulated the block in β-adrenergic signaling. Our findings demonstrate a positive role for mTORC1 in the recruitment of beige adipocytes and suggest that inhibition of β-adrenergic signaling by rapamycin may contribute to its physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M Tran
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarmistha Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - David W Frederick
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Megan Kissig
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James G Davis
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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161
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AHNAK deficiency promotes browning and lipolysis in mice via increased responsiveness to β-adrenergic signalling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23426. [PMID: 26987950 PMCID: PMC4796812 DOI: 10.1038/srep23426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In adipose tissue, agonists of the β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) regulate lipolysis, lipid oxidation, and thermogenesis. The deficiency in the thermogenesis induced by neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK in white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice fed a high-fat diet suggests that AHNAK may stimulate energy expenditure via development of beige fat. Here, we report that AHNAK deficiency promoted browning and thermogenic gene expression in WAT but not in brown adipose tissue of mice stimulated with the ADRB3 agonist CL-316243. Consistent with the increased thermogenesis, Ahnak(-/-) mice exhibited an increase in energy expenditure, accompanied by elevated mitochondrial biogenesis in WAT depots in response to CL-316243. Additionally, AHNAK-deficient WAT contained more eosinophils and higher levels of type 2 cytokines (IL-4/IL-13) to promote browning of WAT in response to CL-316243. This was associated with enhanced sympathetic tone in the WAT via upregulation of adrb3 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in response to β-adrenergic activation. CL-316243 activated PKA signalling and enhanced lipolysis, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and release of free glycerol in Ahnak(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice. Overall, these findings suggest an important role of AHNAK in the regulation of thermogenesis and lipolysis in WAT via β-adrenergic signalling.
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162
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Abstract
The adipose tissue (AT) is multifunctional, acting as an endocrine tissue and participating in the regulation of the organism's homeostasis. Metabolic, endocrine and inflammatory mechanisms are tightly intertwined within the AT, regulating its function. Disruption of the equilibrium among these mechanisms leads to pathologies, the most common being obesity-related insulin resistance. Two types of AT exist, the white and the brown AT. Traditionally the white AT (WAT) was thought to store energy in the form of lipids, while the brown AT (BAT) was known to mediate heat generation. Recently, the 'brite' or 'beige' AT was identified, which is localized predominantly in subcutaneous WAT, but shares functional features with the BAT and is capable of heat production. The major stimulus triggering beige and brown adipogenesis is cold exposure and catecholamine signalling. However, several further signals and mechanisms exist, which can orchestrate and fine-tune beige and brown AT function. Immune cells and inflammation have emerged as regulators of beige and brown AT function. The present review will focus on the recently identified crosstalk between innate immunity and the regulation of beige and brown adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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Zietak M, Kozak LP. Bile acids induce uncoupling protein 1-dependent thermogenesis and stimulate energy expenditure at thermoneutrality in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E346-54. [PMID: 26714852 PMCID: PMC4773649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00485.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that diet-induced obesity at thermoneutrality (TN; 29°C) is reduced by a UCP1-dependent thermogenesis; however, it has not been shown how UCP1-dependent thermogenesis can be activated in the absence of sympathetic activity. A recent study provides such a mechanism by showing that dietary bile acids (BAs) suppress obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) by a mechanism dependent on type 2 deiodinase (DIO2); however, neither a role for UCP1 nor the influence of sympathetic activity was properly assessed. To test whether the effects of BAs on adiposity are independent of Ucp1 and cold-activated thermogenesis, obesity phenotypes were determined in C57BL6/J.(+)/(+) (WT) and C57BL6/J.Ucp1.(-)/(-) mice (Ucp1-KO) housed at TN and fed a HFD with or without 0.5% (wt/wt) cholic acid (CA) for 9 wk. CA in a HFD reduced adiposity and hepatic lipogenesis and improved glucose tolerance in WT but not in Ucp1-KO mice and was accompanied by increases in food intake and energy expenditure (EE). In iBAT, CA increased Ucp1 mRNA and protein levels 1.5- and twofold, respectively, and increased DIO2 and TGR5 protein levels in WT mice. Despite enhanced Dio2 expression in Ucp1-KO and Ucp1-KO-CA treated mice, this did not enhance the ability of BAs to reduce obesity. By comparing the effects of BAs on WT and Ucp1-KO mice at TN, our study showed that BAs suppress diet-induced obesity by increasing EE through a mechanism dependent on Ucp1 expression, which is likely independent of adrenergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Zietak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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164
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Brown adipose tissue transplantation ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2708-13. [PMID: 26903641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523236113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries, is a complex endocrinopathy. Because the cause of PCOS at the molecular level is largely unknown, there is no cure or specific treatment for PCOS. Here, we show that transplantation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) reversed anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries in a dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS rat. BAT transplantation into a PCOS rat significantly stabilized menstrual irregularity and improved systemic insulin sensitivity up to a normal level, which was not shown in a sham-operated or muscle-transplanted PCOS rat. Moreover, BAT transplantation, not sham operation or muscle transplantation, surprisingly improved fertility in PCOS rats. Interestingly, BAT transplantation activated endogenous BAT and thereby increased the circulating level of adiponectin, which plays a prominent role in whole-body energy metabolism and ovarian physiology. Consistent with BAT transplantation, administration of adiponectin protein dramatically rescued DHEA-induced PCOS phenotypes. These results highlight that endogenous BAT activity is closely related to the development of PCOS phenotypes and that BAT activation might be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of PCOS.
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165
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Selenium and Metabolic Disorders: An Emphasis on Type 2 Diabetes Risk. Nutrients 2016; 8:80. [PMID: 26861388 PMCID: PMC4772044 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient that maintains biological functions through the action of Se containing proteins known as selenoproteins. Due to the known antioxidant effects of Se, supplements containing Se have been on the rise. While Se supplementation may be beneficial for Se deficient populations, few are at risk for Se deficiency due to the transportation of food from Se-rich regions and the rise of Se-enriched foods. Alarmingly, Se supplementation may have adverse effects in people who already receive an adequate Se supply. Specifically, an increased risk of type 2 diabetes has been reported in individuals with high baseline Se levels. However, this effect was restricted to males, suggesting the relationship between Se and glucose homeostasis may be sexually dimorphic. This review will discuss the current understanding of the interaction between Se and glucose homeostasis, including any sex differences that have been described.
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166
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Bocco BM, Fernandes GW, Lorena FB, Cysneiros RM, Christoffolete MA, Grecco SS, Lancellotti CL, Romoff P, Lago JHG, Bianco AC, Ribeiro MO. Combined treatment with caffeic and ferulic acid from Baccharis uncinella C. DC. (Asteraceae) protects against metabolic syndrome in mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49:S0100-879X2016000300604. [PMID: 26840707 PMCID: PMC4763817 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20155003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractionation of the EtOH extract from aerial parts of Baccharis
uncinella C. DC. (Asteraceae) led to isolation of caffeic and ferulic
acids, which were identified from spectroscopic and spectrometric evidence. These
compounds exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and have been shown to
be effective in the prevention/treatment of metabolic syndrome. This study
investigated whether the combined treatment of caffeic and ferulic acids exhibits a
more significant beneficial effect in a mouse model with metabolic syndrome. The
combination treatment with caffeic and ferulic acids was tested for 60 days in C57
mice kept on a high-fat (40%) diet. The data obtained indicated that treatment with
caffeic and ferulic acids prevented gain in body weight induced by the high-fat diet
and improved hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The
expression of a number of metabolically relevant genes was affected in the liver of
these animals, showing that caffeic and ferulic acid treatment results in increased
cholesterol uptake and reduced hepatic triglyceride synthesis in the liver, which is
a likely explanation for the prevention of hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, the
combined treatment of caffeic and ferulic acids displayed major positive effects
towards prevention of multiple aspects of the metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis
in an obese mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Bocco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - G W Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F B Lorena
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R M Cysneiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M A Christoffolete
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal de ABC, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - S S Grecco
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal de ABC, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C L Lancellotti
- Departmento de Ciências Patológicas da Escola de Ciências Médicas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - P Romoff
- Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J H G Lago
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A C Bianco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University and Medical Center, IL, USA
| | - M O Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Solmonson A, Mills EM. Uncoupling Proteins and the Molecular Mechanisms of Thyroid Thermogenesis. Endocrinology 2016; 157:455-62. [PMID: 26636187 PMCID: PMC4733119 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Solmonson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.S., E.M.M.), College of Natural Sciences and Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.M.M.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - E M Mills
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.S., E.M.M.), College of Natural Sciences and Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.M.M.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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169
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Broeders EPM, Vijgen GHEJ, Havekes B, Bouvy ND, Mottaghy FM, Kars M, Schaper NC, Schrauwen P, Brans B, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Thyroid Hormone Activates Brown Adipose Tissue and Increases Non-Shivering Thermogenesis--A Cohort Study in a Group of Thyroid Carcinoma Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145049. [PMID: 26784028 PMCID: PMC4718641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Thyroid hormone receptors are present on brown adipose tissue (BAT), indicating a role for thyroid hormone in the regulation of BAT activation. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of thyroid hormone withdrawal followed by thyroid hormone in TSH-suppressive dosages, on energy expenditure and brown adipose tissue activity. Subjects/Methods This study was a longitudinal study in an academic center, with a follow-up period of 6 months. Ten patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma eligible for surgical treatment and subsequent radioactive iodine ablation therapy were studied in a hypothyroid state after thyroidectomy and in a subclinical hyperthyroid state (TSH-suppression according to treatment protocol). Paired two-tailed t-tests and linear regression analyses were used. Results Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was significantly higher after treatment with synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine) than in the hypothyroid state (BMR 3.8 ± 0.5 kJ/min versus 4.4 ± 0.6 kJ/min, P = 0.012), and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) significantly increased from 15 ± 10% to 25 ± 6% (P = 0.009). Mean BAT activity was significantly higher in the subclinical hyperthyroid state than in the hypothyroid state (BAT standard uptake value (SUVMean) 4.0 ± 2.9 versus 2.4 ± 1.8, P = 0.039). Conclusions Our study shows that higher levels of thyroid hormone are associated with a higher level of cold-activated BAT. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02499471
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie P. M. Broeders
- MUMC+, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- MUMC+, Department of General Surgery, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy H. E. J. Vijgen
- MUMC+, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- St. Franciscus Gasthuis, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- MUMC+, Department of General Surgery, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- MUMC+, Department of Endocrinology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole D. Bouvy
- MUMC+, Department of General Surgery, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Felix M. Mottaghy
- MUMC+, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marleen Kars
- MUMC+, Department of Endocrinology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Boudewijn Brans
- MUMC+, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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170
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Krott LM, Piscitelli F, Heine M, Borrino S, Scheja L, Silvestri C, Heeren J, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoid regulation in white and brown adipose tissue following thermogenic activation. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:464-73. [PMID: 26768656 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m065227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoids and their main receptor, cannabinoid type-1 (CB1), suppress intracellular cyclic AMP levels and have emerged as key players in the control of energy metabolism. CB1 agonists and blockers have been reported to influence the thermogenic function of white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT), affecting body weight through the inhibition and stimulation of energy expenditure, respectively. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the regulation of the endocannabinoid system in WAT and BAT following exposure to either cold or specific agonism of β3-adrenoceptors using CL316,243 (CL), conditions known to cause BAT activation and WAT browning. To address this question, we performed quantitative PCR-based mRNA profiling of genes important for endocannabinoid synthesis, degradation, and signaling, and determined endocannabinoid levels by LC-MS in WAT and BAT of control, cold-exposed, and CL-treated wild-type mice as well as primary brown adipocytes. Treatment with CL and exposure to cold caused an upregulation of endocannabinoid levels and biosynthetic enzymes in WAT. Acute β3-adrenoceptor activation increased endocannabinoids and a subset of genes of biosynthesis in BAT and primary brown adipocytes. We suggest that the cold-mediated increase in endocannabinoid tone is part of autocrine negative feed-back mechanisms controlling β3-adrenoceptor-induced BAT activation and WAT browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Krott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simona Borrino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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171
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Schmoelzl S, Cowley F. The case for pre-parturient selenium and iodine supplementation of ewes for improving lamb survival. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lamb survival is an issue of high relevance to the Australian sheep industry, as lamb-survival rates have direct bearing on overall reproductive performance of the sheep, and also constitute a main concern from an animal welfare perspective (Mellor and Stafford 2004). Both genetic and management factors play an important role in this complex issue (Hinch and Brien 2014). Ewe nutrition is of particular relevance as the intrauterine growth conditions prepare the lamb for the crucial transition to life outside the uterus. Effects of body condition of the ewe during various stages of the pregnancy have been investigated in detail, yet much less is known about the critical role of micronutrient provision to the ewe. Although several risk factors for selenium (Se) and iodine (I) subclinical deficiencies exist for sheep on pasture in Australia, determining micronutrient status in sheep or pasture is not straightforward. Several studies have separately found effects of Se and I supplementation on lamb survival. Studies investigating the interaction of Se and I supplementation have been few but results have demonstrated an interaction between Se and I. With increased twinning rates as a result of increased selection of numbers of lambs weaned, nutritional demands during pregnancy across flocks are increasing, and effects of micronutrients on lamb health and survival have greater impact. New opportunities in nutritional research are encouraging new studies into the effects of Se and I supplementation on lamb survival.
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172
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Mediobasal hypothalamic overexpression of DEPTOR protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity. Mol Metab 2015; 5:102-112. [PMID: 26909318 PMCID: PMC4735664 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine–threonine kinase that functions into distinct protein complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) that regulate energy homeostasis. DEP-domain containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) is part of these complexes and is known to dampen mTORC1 function, consequently reducing mTORC1 negative feedbacks and promoting insulin signaling and Akt/PKB activation in several models. Recently, we observed that DEPTOR is expressed in several structures of the brain including the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), a region that regulates energy balance. Whether DEPTOR in the MBH plays a functional role in regulating energy balance and hypothalamic insulin signaling has never been tested. Methods We have generated a novel conditional transgenic mouse model based on the Cre-LoxP system allowing targeted overexpression of DEPTOR. Mice overexpressing DEPTOR in the MBH were subjected to a metabolic phenotyping and MBH insulin signaling was evaluated. Results We first report that systemic (brain and periphery) overexpression of DEPTOR prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity, improves glucose metabolism and protects against hepatic steatosis. These phenotypes were associated with a reduction in food intake and feed efficiency and an elevation in oxygen consumption. Strikingly, specific overexpression of DEPTOR in the MBH completely recapitulated these phenotypes. DEPTOR overexpression was associated with an increase in hypothalamic insulin signaling, as illustrated by elevated Akt/PKB activation. Conclusion Altogether, these results support a role for MBH DEPTOR in the regulation of energy balance and metabolism. Systemic (brain and peripheral) overexpression of DEPTOR promotes activity and improves glucose homeostasis. Systemic (brain and peripheral) overexpression of DEPTOR protects againts high-fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic alterations. Deptor is widely expressed in the mouse brain, with a high expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), a key region of the brain that regulates energy balance. MBH-specific DEPTOR overexpression improves glucose metabolism and protects mice against obesity. MBH-specific DEPTOR overexpression promotes hypothalamic Akt/PKB signaling.
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173
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Maurer SF, Fromme T, Grossman LI, Hüttemann M, Klingenspor M. The brown and brite adipocyte marker Cox7a1 is not required for non-shivering thermogenesis in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17704. [PMID: 26635001 PMCID: PMC4669493 DOI: 10.1038/srep17704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome c oxidase subunit isoform Cox7a1 is highly abundant in skeletal muscle and heart and influences enzyme activity in these tissues characterised by high oxidative capacity. We identified Cox7a1, well-known as brown adipocyte marker gene, as a cold-responsive protein of brown adipose tissue. We hypothesised a mechanistic relationship between cytochrome c oxidase activity and Cox7a1 protein levels affecting the oxidative capacity of brown adipose tissue and thus non-shivering thermogenesis. We subjected wildtype and Cox7a1 knockout mice to different temperature regimens and tested characteristics of brown adipose tissue activation. Cytochrome c oxidase activity, uncoupling protein 1 expression and maximal norepinephrine-induced heat production were gradually increased during cold-acclimation, but unaffected by Cox7a1 knockout. Moreover, the abundance of uncoupling protein 1 competent brite cells in white adipose tissue was not influenced by presence or absence of Cox7a1. Skin temperature in the interscapular region of neonates was lower in uncoupling protein 1 knockout pups employed as a positive control, but not in Cox7a1 knockout pups. Body mass gain and glucose tolerance did not differ between wildtype and Cox7a1 knockout mice fed with high fat or control diet. We conclude that brown adipose tissue function in mice does not require the presence of Cox7a1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie F Maurer
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine &ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine &ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Lawrence I Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine &ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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174
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McAninch EA, Miller BT, Ueta CB, Jo S, Kim BW. Thyroid Hormone at Near Physiologic Concentrations Acutely Increases Oxygen Consumption and Extracellular Acidification in LH86 Hepatoma Cells. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4325-35. [PMID: 26287403 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) has been known to regulate the basal metabolic rate for more than a century, but mechanistic understanding is lacking both at the level of the intact organism and in terms of how T3 alters energy expenditure in individual tissues. The current studies investigate the question of which metabolically relevant genes respond acutely as T3 concentrations increase through the physiologic range in liver cells. Because this has been technically unfeasible historically, we developed a modified protocol for extracellular flux analysis using a 96-well Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Seahorse Bioscience). Using a modified extracellular flux protocol and LH86 human hepatoma cells, we established an experimental system where small but significant changes in O2 consumption could be reproducibly quantified as hypothyroid cells were exposed to near-physiologic final concentrations of T3 approximately 2 orders of magnitude lower than most studies (0.04 nM free T3), in only 6-7 hours. Taking advantage of the nondestructive nature of 96-well Extracellular Flux Analyzer measurements, the acute, direct, transcriptional changes that occur were measured in the exact same cells demonstrating increased O2 consumption. An unbiased, genome-wide microarray analysis identified potential candidate genes related to fatty acid oxidation, angiogenesis, nucleotide metabolism, immune signaling, mitochondrial respiration, and cell proliferation. The identified transcriptome is likely enriched in the genes most important for mediating the energetic effects of T3 in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (E.A.M., S.J., B.W.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (B.T.M.), Tampa, Florida 33612; and Institute of Biomedical Science (C.B.U.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Bradford T Miller
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (E.A.M., S.J., B.W.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (B.T.M.), Tampa, Florida 33612; and Institute of Biomedical Science (C.B.U.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cintia B Ueta
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (E.A.M., S.J., B.W.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (B.T.M.), Tampa, Florida 33612; and Institute of Biomedical Science (C.B.U.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sungro Jo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (E.A.M., S.J., B.W.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (B.T.M.), Tampa, Florida 33612; and Institute of Biomedical Science (C.B.U.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Brian W Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (E.A.M., S.J., B.W.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (B.T.M.), Tampa, Florida 33612; and Institute of Biomedical Science (C.B.U.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil
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175
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Mice lacking GPR3 receptors display late-onset obese phenotype due to impaired thermogenic function in brown adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14953. [PMID: 26455425 PMCID: PMC4601089 DOI: 10.1038/srep14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an unexpected link between aging, thermogenesis and weight gain via the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR3. Mice lacking GPR3 and maintained on normal chow had similar body weights during their first 5 months of life, but gained considerably more weight thereafter and displayed reduced total energy expenditure and lower core body temperature. By the age of 5 months GPR3 KO mice already had lower thermogenic gene expression and uncoupling protein 1 protein level and showed impaired glucose uptake into interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) relative to WT littermates. These molecular deviations in iBAT of GPR3 KO mice preceded measurable differences in body weight and core body temperature at ambient conditions, but were coupled to a failure to maintain thermal homeostasis during acute cold challenge. At the same time, the same cold challenge caused a 17-fold increase in Gpr3 expression in iBAT of WT mice. Thus, GPR3 appears to have a key role in the thermogenic response of iBAT and may represent a new therapeutic target in age-related obesity.
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176
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Selenoproteins employ selenium to supplement the chemistry available through the common 20 amino acids. These powerful enzymes are affiliated with redox biology, often in connection with the detection, management, and signaling of oxidative stress. Among them, membrane-bound selenoproteins play prominent roles in signaling pathways, Ca(2+) regulation, membrane complexes integrity, and biosynthesis of lipophilic molecules. RECENT ADVANCES The number of selenoproteins whose physiological roles, protein partners, expression, evolution, and biosynthesis are characterized is steadily increasing, thus offering a more nuanced view of this specialized family. This review focuses on human membrane selenoproteins, particularly the five least characterized ones: selenoproteins I, K, N, S, and T. CRITICAL ISSUES Membrane-bound selenoproteins are the least understood, as it is challenging to provide the membrane-like environment required for their biochemical and biophysical characterization. Hence, their studies rely mostly on biological rather than structural and biochemical assays. Another aspect that has not received much attention is the particular role that their membrane association plays in their physiological function. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Findings cited in this review show that it is possible to infer the structure and the membrane-binding mode of these lesser-studied selenoproteins and design experiments to examine the role of the rare amino acid selenocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
| | - Sharon Rozovsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
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177
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Brown adipose tissue: a potential target in the fight against obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:933-49. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BAT (brown adipose tissue) is the main site of thermogenesis in mammals. It is essential to ensure thermoregulation in newborns. It is also found in (some) adult humans. Its capacity to oxidize fatty acids and glucose without ATP production contributes to energy expenditure and glucose homoeostasis. Brown fat activation has thus emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In the present review, we integrate the recent advances on the metabolic role of BAT and its relation with other tissues as well as its potential contribution to fighting obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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178
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Non-sympathetic control of brown adipose tissue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2015; 5:S40-4. [PMID: 27152175 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the organism is tightly regulated through different processes, from short-term induction of uncoupling protein-1-mediated mitochondrial proton conductance to complex processes of BAT recruitment, and appearance of the beige/brite adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT), the so-called browning process. The sympathetic nervous system is classically recognized as the main mediator of BAT activation. However, novel factors capable of activating BAT through non-sympathetic mechanisms have been recently identified. Among them are members of the bone morphogenetic protein family, with likely autocrine actions, and activators of nuclear hormone receptors, especially vitamin A derivatives. Multiple endocrine factors released by peripheral tissues that act on BAT have also been identified. Some are natriuretic peptides of cardiac origin, whereas others include irisin, originating in skeletal muscle, and fibroblast growth factor-21, mainly produced in the liver. These factors have cell-autonomous effects in brown adipocytes, but indirect effects in vivo that modulate sympathetic activity toward BAT cannot be excluded. Moreover, these factors can affect to different extents such as the activation of existing BAT, the induction of browning in WAT or both. The identification of non-sympathetic controllers of BAT activity is of special biomedical interest as a prerequisite for developing pharmacological tools that influence BAT activity without the side effects of sympathomimetics.
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Hirata Y, Fukuoka H, Iguchi G, Iwahashi Y, Fujita Y, Hari Y, Iga M, Nakajima S, Nishimoto Y, Mukai M, Hirota Y, Sakaguchi K, Ogawa W, Takahashi Y. Median-lower normal levels of serum thyroxine are associated with low triiodothyronine levels and body temperature in patients with central hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:247-56. [PMID: 25994949 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although it has been recommended that serum free thyroxine (FT4) levels should be targeted to middle-upper normal levels during levothyroxine (l-T4) replacement therapy in patients with central hypothyroidism (CeH), the rationale has not been clarified. METHODS A retrospective single-center study enrolled 116 patients with hypothyroidism (CeH, n=32; total thyroidectomy (Tx), n=22; primary hypothyroidism (PH), n=33; and control benign thyroid nodule (C), n=29). The patients had received L-T4 therapy at the Kobe University Hospital between 2003 and 2013. They were stratified according to serum FT4 level (≥ 1.10 or <1.10 ng/dl), and body temperature (BT), serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels, FT3/FT4 ratio, and lipid profiles were compared. The effect of GH replacement therapy on thyroid function was also analyzed. RESULTS FT3 levels and FT3/FT4 ratios were significantly lower in patients with CeH than in patients with PH (P<0.05) or C (P<0.05). In patients with FT4 <1.10 ng/dl, BT was significantly lower in patients with CeH (P=0.002) and Tx (P=0.005) than in patients with PH, whereas no differences were found in patients with FT4 ≥ 1.10 ng/dl. In patients with CeH, FT3 levels were higher in those with GH replacement therapy (P=0.018). CONCLUSION In CeH, patients with median-lower normal levels of serum FT4 exhibited lower serum FT3 levels and lower BT. These results support the target levels of serum FT4 as middle-upper normal levels during l-T4 replacement therapy in patients with CeH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hirata
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Genzo Iguchi
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Iwahashi
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fujita
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hari
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Makiko Iga
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakajima
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishimoto
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Miki Mukai
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yushi Hirota
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sakaguchi
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, JapanDivision of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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180
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Alawi KM, Aubdool AA, Liang L, Wilde E, Vepa A, Psefteli MP, Brain SD, Keeble JE. The sympathetic nervous system is controlled by transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in the regulation of body temperature. FASEB J 2015; 29:4285-98. [PMID: 26136480 PMCID: PMC4650996 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-272526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is involved in sensory nerve nociceptive signaling. Recently, it has been discovered that TRPV1 receptors also regulate basal body temperature in multiple species from mice to humans. In the present study, we investigated whether TRPV1 modulates basal sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. C57BL6/J wild-type (WT) mice and TRPV1 knockout (KO) mice were implanted with radiotelemetry probes for measurement of core body temperature. AMG9810 (50 mg/kg) or vehicle (2% DMSO/5% Tween 80/10 ml/kg saline) was injected intraperitoneally. Adrenoceptor antagonists or vehicle (5 ml/kg saline) was injected subcutaneously. In WT mice, the TRPV1 antagonist, AMG9810, caused significant hyperthermia, associated with increased noradrenaline concentrations in brown adipose tissue. The hyperthermia was significantly attenuated by the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, the mixed α-/β-adrenoceptor antagonist labetalol, and the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. TRPV1 KO mice have a normal basal body temperature, indicative of developmental compensation. d-Amphetamine (potent sympathomimetic) caused hyperthermia in WT mice, which was reduced in TRPV1 KO mice, suggesting a decreased sympathetic drive in KOs. This study provides new evidence that TRPV1 controls thermoregulation upstream of the SNS, providing a potential therapeutic target for sympathetic hyperactivity thermoregulatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija M Alawi
- *Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisah A Aubdool
- *Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lihuan Liang
- *Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Wilde
- *Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abhinav Vepa
- *Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Paraskevi Psefteli
- *Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan D Brain
- *Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie E Keeble
- *Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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181
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Betz MJ, Enerbäck S. Human Brown Adipose Tissue: What We Have Learned So Far. Diabetes 2015; 64:2352-60. [PMID: 26050667 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a unique tissue that is able to convert chemical energy directly into heat when activated by the sympathetic nervous system. While initially believed to be of relevance only in human newborns and infants, research during recent years provided unequivocal evidence of active BAT in human adults. Moreover, it has become clear that BAT plays an important role in insulin sensitivity in rodents and humans. This has opened the possibility for exciting new therapies for obesity and diabetes. This review summarizes the current state of research with a special focus on recent advances regarding BAT and insulin resistance in human adults. Additionally, we provide an outlook on possible future therapeutic uses of BAT in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Betz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Enerbäck
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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182
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Calzà L, Fernández M, Giardino L. Role of the Thyroid System in Myelination and Neural Connectivity. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1405-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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183
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Celi FS, Le TN, Ni B. Physiology and relevance of human adaptive thermogenesis response. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:238-47. [PMID: 25869212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In homoeothermic organisms, the preservation of core temperature represents a primal function, and its costs in terms of energy expenditure can be considerable. In modern humans, the endogenous thermoregulation mechanisms have been replaced by clothing and environmental control, and the maintenance of thermoneutrality has been successfully achieved by manipulation of the micro- and macroenvironment. The rediscovery of the presence and activity of brown adipose tissue in adult humans has renewed the interest on adaptive thermogenesis (AT) as a means to facilitate weight loss and improve carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of this review is to describe the recent advancements in the study of this function, and to assess the potential and limitations of exploiting AT for environmental/behavioral, and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco S Celi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Trang N Le
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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184
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Wang GX, Zhao XY, Lin JD. The brown fat secretome: metabolic functions beyond thermogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:231-7. [PMID: 25843910 PMCID: PMC4417028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown fat is highly active in fuel oxidation and dissipates chemical energy through uncoupling protein (UCP)1-mediated heat production. Activation of brown fat leads to increased energy expenditure, reduced adiposity, and lower plasma glucose and lipid levels, thus contributing to better homeostasis. Uncoupled respiration and thermogenesis have been considered to be responsible for the metabolic benefits of brown adipose tissue. Recent studies have demonstrated that brown adipocytes also secrete factors that act locally and systemically to influence fuel and energy metabolism. This review discusses the evidence supporting a thermogenesis-independent role of brown fat, particularly through its release of secreted factors, and their implications in physiology and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiao Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xu-Yun Zhao
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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185
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Romu T, Elander L, Leinhard OD, Lidell ME, Betz MJ, Persson A, Enerbäck S, Borga M. Characterization of brown adipose tissue by water-fat separated magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 42:1639-45. [PMID: 25914213 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the possibility of quantifying brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume and fat concentration with a high resolution, long echo time, dual-echo Dixon imaging protocol. METHODS A 0.42 mm isotropic resolution water-fat separated MRI protocol was implemented by using the second opposite-phase echo and third in-phase echo. Fat images were calibrated with regard to the intensity of nearby white adipose tissue (WAT) to form relative fat content (RFC) images. To evaluate the ability to measure BAT volume and RFC contrast dynamics, rats were divided into two groups that were kept at 4° or 22°C for 5 days. The rats were then scanned in a 70 cm bore 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner and a human dual energy CT. Interscapular, paraaortal, and perirenal BAT (i/pa/pr-BAT) depots as well as WAT and muscle were segmented in the MRI and CT images. Biopsies were collected from the identified BAT depots. RESULTS The biopsies confirmed that the three depots identified with the RFC images consisted of BAT. There was a significant linear correlation (P < 0.001) between the measured RFC and the Hounsfield units from DECT. Significantly lower iBAT RFC (P = 0.0064) and significantly larger iBAT and prBAT volumes (P = 0.0017) were observed in the cold stimulated rats. CONCLUSION The calibrated Dixon images with RFC scaling can depict BAT and be used to measure differences in volume, and fat concentration, induced by cold stimulation. The high correlation between RFC and HU suggests that the fat concentration is the main RFC image contrast mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thobias Romu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Louise Elander
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Linköping University, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Olof Dahlqvist Leinhard
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin E Lidell
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthias J Betz
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Anders Persson
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Physics and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sven Enerbäck
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Borga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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186
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Solinas G, Borén J, Dulloo AG. De novo lipogenesis in metabolic homeostasis: More friend than foe? Mol Metab 2015; 4:367-77. [PMID: 25973385 PMCID: PMC4421107 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An acute surplus of carbohydrates, and other substrates, can be converted and safely stored as lipids in adipocytes via de novo lipogenesis (DNL). However, in obesity, a condition characterized by chronic positive energy balance, DNL in non-adipose tissues may lead to ectopic lipid accumulation leading to lipotoxicity and metabolic stress. Indeed, DNL is dynamically recruited in liver during the development of fatty liver disease, where DNL is an important source of lipids. Nonetheless, a number of evidences indicates that DNL is an inefficient road for calorie to lipid conversion and that DNL may play an important role in sustaining metabolic homeostasis. Scope of review In this manuscript, we discuss the role of DNL as source of lipids during obesity, the energetic efficiency of this pathway in converting extra calories to lipids, and the function of DNL as a pathway supporting metabolic homeostasis. Major conclusion We conclude that inhibition of DNL in obese subjects, unless coupled with a correction of the chronic positive energy balance, may further promote lipotoxicity and metabolic stress. On the contrary, strategies aimed at specifically activating DNL in adipose tissue could support metabolic homeostasis in obese subjects by a number of mechanisms, which are discussed in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Solinas
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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187
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Contreras C, Gonzalez F, Fernø J, Diéguez C, Rahmouni K, Nogueiras R, López M. The brain and brown fat. Ann Med 2015; 47:150-68. [PMID: 24915455 PMCID: PMC4438385 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.919727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized organ responsible for thermogenesis, a process required for maintaining body temperature. BAT is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which activates lipolysis and mitochondrial uncoupling in brown adipocytes. For many years, BAT was considered to be important only in small mammals and newborn humans, but recent data have shown that BAT is also functional in adult humans. On the basis of this evidence, extensive research has been focused on BAT function, where new molecules, such as irisin and bone morphogenetic proteins, particularly BMP7 and BMP8B, as well as novel central factors and new regulatory mechanisms, such as orexins and the canonical ventomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK)-SNS-BAT axis, have been discovered and emerged as potential drug targets to combat obesity. In this review we provide an overview of the complex central regulation of BAT and how different neuronal cell populations co-ordinately work to maintain energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria , Santiago de Compostela, 15782 , Spain
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188
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Abstract
Obesity is the result of disequilibrium between energy intake and energy expenditure (EE). Successful long-term weight loss is difficult to achieve with current strategies for the correction of this caloric imbalance. Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a possible therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic diseases. In recent years, more knowledge about the function and stimulation of bat has been obtained. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is currently seen as the main effector for brown fat function. Also, interplay between the thyroid axis and SNS plays an important role in BAT thermogenesis. Almost daily new pathways for the induction of BAT thermogenesis and 'browning' of white adipose tissue (WAT) are identified. Especially the activation of BAT via endogenous pathways has received strong scientific attention. Here we will discuss the relevance of several pathways in activating BAT and their implications for the treatment of obesity. In this review we will focus on the discussion of the most promising endocrine and paracrine pathways to stimulate BAT, by factors and pathways that naturally occur in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie Broeders
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , the Netherlands
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189
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Lear PV, González-Touceda D, Porteiro Couto B, Viaño P, Guymer V, Remzova E, Tunn R, Chalasani A, García-Caballero T, Hargreaves IP, Tynan PW, Christian HC, Nogueiras R, Parrington J, Diéguez C. Absence of intracellular ion channels TPC1 and TPC2 leads to mature-onset obesity in male mice, due to impaired lipid availability for thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Endocrinology 2015; 156:975-86. [PMID: 25545384 PMCID: PMC4330317 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium-permeable channels have been implicated in thermogenic function of murine brown and brite/beige adipocytes, respectively transient receptor potential melastin-8 and transient receptor potential vanilloid-4. Because the endo-lysosomal two-pore channels (TPCs) have also been ascribed with metabolic functionality, we studied the effect of simultaneously knocking out TPC1 and TPC2 on body composition and energy balance in male mice fed a chow diet. Compared with wild-type mice, TPC1 and TPC2 double knockout (Tpcn1/2(-/-)) animals had a higher respiratory quotient and became obese between 6 and 9 months of age. Although food intake was unaltered, interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) maximal temperature and lean-mass adjusted oxygen consumption were lower in Tpcn1/2(-/-) than in wild type mice. Phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase expression, lipid density and expression of β-adrenergic receptors were also lower in Tpcn1/2(-/-) BAT, whereas mitochondrial respiratory chain function and uncoupling protein-1 expression remained intact. We conclude that Tpcn1/2(-/-) mice show mature-onset obesity due to reduced lipid availability and use, and a defect in β-adrenergic receptor signaling, leading to impaired thermogenic activity, in BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V. Lear
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Patricia Viaño
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Guymer
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Remzova
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Tunn
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Annapurna Chalasani
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Iain P. Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia W. Tynan
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C. Christian
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the site of sympathetically activated adaptive thermogenesis during cold exposure and after hyperphagia, thereby controlling whole-body energy expenditure (EE) and body fat. BAT thermogenesis is primarily dependent on the energy-dissipating activity of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). There are two types of UCP1-expressing adipocyte, classical brown and beige/brite adipocytes. Recent radionuclide studies have demonstrated the existence of metabolically active BAT composed of mainly beige/brite adipocytes in adult humans. Human BAT is activated by acute cold exposure, being positively correlated to cold-induced increases in EE. The inverse relationship between the BAT activity and body fatness suggests that BAT, because of its energy-dissipating activity, is protective against body fat accumulation. In fact, either repeated cold exposure or daily ingestion of some food ingredients acting on transient receptor potential channels recruited BAT in association with increased EE and decreased body fat. Moreover, possible contribution of BAT to glucose tolerance has been suggested. In addition to the sympathetic nervous system, some endocrine factors also have potential for activation/recruitment of BAT. Thus, BAT is a promising therapeutic target for combating human obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoneshiro
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
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191
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Ikegami K, Atsumi Y, Yorinaga E, Ono H, Murayama I, Nakane Y, Ota W, Arai N, Tega A, Iigo M, Darras VM, Tsutsui K, Hayashi Y, Yoshida S, Yoshimura T. Low temperature-induced circulating triiodothyronine accelerates seasonal testicular regression. Endocrinology 2015; 156:647-59. [PMID: 25406020 PMCID: PMC4298317 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In temperate zones, animals restrict breeding to specific seasons to maximize the survival of their offspring. Birds have evolved highly sophisticated mechanisms of seasonal regulation, and their testicular mass can change 100-fold within a few weeks. Recent studies on Japanese quail revealed that seasonal gonadal development is regulated by central thyroid hormone activation within the hypothalamus, depending on the photoperiodic changes. By contrast, the mechanisms underlying seasonal testicular regression remain unclear. Here we show the effects of short day and low temperature on testicular regression in quail. Low temperature stimulus accelerated short day-induced testicular regression by shutting down the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and inducing meiotic arrest and germ cell apoptosis. Induction of T3 coincided with the climax of testicular regression. Temporal gene expression analysis over the course of apoptosis revealed the suppression of LH response genes and activation of T3 response genes involved in amphibian metamorphosis within the testis. Daily ip administration of T3 mimicked the effects of low temperature stimulus on germ cell apoptosis and testicular mass. Although type 2 deiodinase, a thyroid hormone-activating enzyme, in the brown adipose tissue generates circulating T3 under low-temperature conditions in mammals, there is no distinct brown adipose tissue in birds. In birds, type 2 deiodinase is induced by low temperature exclusively in the liver, which appears to be caused by increased food consumption. We conclude that birds use low temperature-induced circulating T3 not only for adaptive thermoregulation but also to trigger apoptosis to accelerate seasonal testicular regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ikegami
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology (K.I., Y.A., E.Y., H.O., I.M., Y.N., W.O., T.Y.), Avian Bioscience Research Center (Y.A., T.Y.), Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Department of Genetics (Y.H.), Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Institute of Transformative Bio-molecules (T.Y.), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Applied Biochemistry (N.A., A.T., M.I.), Faculty of Agriculture, Center for Bioscience Research and Education (M.I.), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan; Utsunomiya University Center for Optical Research and Education (M.I.), Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan; Department of Biology and Center for Medical Life Science (K.T.), Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Division of Germ Cell Biology (S.Y.), National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Division of Seasonal Biology (T.Y.), National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; and Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section (V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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192
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Luongo C, Martin C, Vella K, Marsili A, Ambrosio R, Dentice M, Harney JW, Salvatore D, Zavacki AM, Larsen PR. The selective loss of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in mouse thyrotrophs increases basal TSH but blunts the thyrotropin response to hypothyroidism. Endocrinology 2015; 156:745-54. [PMID: 25456070 PMCID: PMC4298316 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) is essential for feedback regulation of TSH by T4. We genetically inactivated in vivo D2 in thyrotrophs using a mouse model of Cga-driven cre recombinase. Pituitary D2 activity was reduced 90% in the Cga-cre D2 knockout (KO) mice compared with control Dio2(fl/fl) mice. There was no growth or reproductive phenotype. Basal TSH levels were increased 1.5- to 1.8-fold, but serum T4 and T3 were not different from the controls in adult mice. In hypothyroid adult mice, suppression of TSH by T4, but not T3, was impaired. Despite mild basal TSH elevation, the TSH increase in response to hypothyroidism was 4-fold reduced in the Cga-cre D2KO compared with control mice despite an identical level of pituitary TSH α- and β-subunit mRNAs. In neonatal Cga-cre D2KO mice, TSH was also 2-fold higher than in the controls, but serum T4 was elevated. Despite a constant TSH, serum T4 increased 2-3-fold between postnatal day (P) 5 and P15 in both genotypes. The pituitary, but not cerebrocortical, D2 activity was markedly elevated in P5 mice decreasing towards adult levels by P17. In conclusion, a congenital severe reduction of thyrotroph D2 causes a major impairment of the TSH response to hypothyroidism. This would be deleterious to the compensatory adaptation of the thyroid gland to iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Luongo
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.L., C.M., A.M., J.W.H., A.M.Z., P.R.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (K.V.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Studio di Diagnostica Nucleare "SDN" (R.A.), 80142 Naples, Italy; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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193
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Poher AL, Altirriba J, Veyrat-Durebex C, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F. Brown adipose tissue activity as a target for the treatment of obesity/insulin resistance. Front Physiol 2015; 6:4. [PMID: 25688211 PMCID: PMC4311629 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT), characterized by the expression of the thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), has recently been described in adult humans. UCP1 is expressed in classical brown adipocytes, as well as in “beige cells” in white adipose tissue (WAT). The thermogenic activity of BAT is mainly controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. Endocrine factors, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and bone morphogenic protein factor-9 (BMP-9), predominantly produced in the liver, were shown to lead to activation of BAT thermogenesis, as well as to “browning” of WAT. This was also observed in response to irisin, a hormone secreted by skeletal muscles. Different approaches were used to delineate the impact of UCP1 on insulin sensitivity. When studied under thermoneutral conditions, UCP1 knockout mice exhibited markedly increased metabolic efficiency due to impaired thermogenesis. The impact of UCP1 deletion on insulin sensitivity in these mice was not reported. Conversely, several studies in both rodents and humans have shown that BAT activation (by cold exposure, β3-agonist treatment, transplantation and others) improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, similar results were obtained by adipose tissue-specific overexpression of PR-domain-containing 16 (PRDM16) or BMP4 in mice. The mediators of such beneficial effects seem to include FGF21, interleukin-6, BMP8B and prostaglandin D2 synthase. Interestingly, some of these molecules can be secreted by BAT itself, indicating the occurrence of autocrine effects. Stimulation of BAT activity and/or recruitment of UCP1-positive cells are therefore relevant targets for the treatment of obesity/type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Poher
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Altirriba
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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194
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Obesity is associated with a decrease in expression but not with the hypermethylation of thermogenesis-related genes in adipose tissues. J Transl Med 2015; 13:31. [PMID: 25622596 PMCID: PMC4314800 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired thermogenesis can promote obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the expression of thermogenesis-related genes is altered in adipose tissues of obese individuals and whether excessive methylation of their promoters is involved in this phenomenon. Methods The expression of genes encoding β adrenergic receptors (ADRBs), thyroid hormone receptors (THRs), 5’-iodothyronine deiodinases (DIOs), and uncoupling proteins (UCPs) was measured by real-time PCR in visceral and in subcutaneous adipose tissues of 58 obese (BMI >40 kg/m2) and 50 slim (BMI 20-24.9 kg/m2) individuals. The methylation status of these genes was studied by the methylation-sensitive digestion/real-time PCR method. Results The expression of ADRB2, ADRB3, THRA, THRB, DIO2, UCP2 was significantly lower in the adipose tissues of obese patients than in tissues of normal-weight individuals (P < 0.00001). In the obese, the expression of ADRB2, ADRB3, DIO2 was lower in visceral adipose tissue than in subcutaneous adipose tissue (P = 0.008, P = 0.002, P = 0.001, respectively). However, the mean methylation of CpG islands of these genes was similar in tissues with their high and low expression, and there was no correlation between the level of expression and the level of methylation. Conclusions Decreased expression of thermogenesis-related genes in adipose tissues of obese patients might result in the reduced reactivity to both hormonal and adrenergic stimuli and therefore in a lower potential to activate thermogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0395-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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195
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Lau P, Tuong ZK, Wang SC, Fitzsimmons RL, Goode JM, Thomas GP, Cowin GJ, Pearen MA, Mardon K, Stow JL, Muscat GEO. Rorα deficiency and decreased adiposity are associated with induction of thermogenic gene expression in subcutaneous white adipose and brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E159-71. [PMID: 25424999 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00056.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Rar-related orphan receptor-α (Rorα) is a nuclear receptor that regulates adiposity and is a potential regulator of energy homeostasis. We have demonstrated that the Rorα-deficient staggerer (sg/sg) mice display a lean and obesity-resistant phenotype. Adaptive Ucp1-dependent thermogenesis in beige/brite and brown adipose tissue serves as a mechanism to increase energy expenditure and resist obesity. DEXA and MRI analysis demonstrated significantly decreased total fat mass and fat/lean mass tissue ratio in male chow-fed sg/sg mice relative to wt mice. In addition, we observed increased Ucp1 expression in brown adipose and subcutaneous white adipose tissue but not in visceral adipose tissue from Rorα-deficient mice. Moreover, this was associated with significant increases in the expression of the mRNAs encoding the thermogenic genes (i.e., markers of brown and beige adipose) Pparα, Errα, Dio2, Acot11/Bfit, Cpt1β, and Cidea in the subcutaneous adipose in the sg/sg relative to WT mice. These changes in thermogenic gene expression involved the significantly increased expression of the (cell-fate controlling) histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 1 (Ehmt1), which stabilizes the Prdm16 transcriptional complex. Moreover, primary brown adipocytes from sg/sg mice displayed a higher metabolic rate, and further analysis was consistent with increased uncoupling. Finally, core body temperature analysis and infrared thermography demonstrated that the sg/sg mice maintained greater thermal control and cold tolerance relative to the WT littermates. We suggest that enhanced Ucp1 and thermogenic gene expression/activity may be an important contributor to the lean, obesity-resistant phenotype in Rorα-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lau
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zewen K Tuong
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shu-Ching Wang
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Fitzsimmons
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joel M Goode
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gethin P Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Gary J Cowin
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael A Pearen
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - George E O Muscat
- Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia;
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Wan Y, Xue R, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Huang S, Wu W, Ye H, Zhang Z, Li Y. The effect of neuropeptide Y on brown-like adipocyte's differentiation and activation. Peptides 2015; 63:126-33. [PMID: 25451330 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite its wide distribution in the central nervous system, the presence of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in peripheral tissues has been detected. White adipose tissue (WAT) is a new site of NPY synthesis and secretion. The development of brown-like adipocytes in WAT is controlled by hypothalamic NPY neurons through interaction with sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, whether peripheral NPY has a direct effect on induction of the Uncoupling protein1 (UCP1)-positive adipocytes is unknown. We have used adipocytes derived from C3H10T1/2 stem cells as a model of brown-like adipocyte, and investigated the role of NPY in their differentiation and activation. In general, NPY had no effect on brown adipogenesis of C3H10T1/2 stem cell, but suppressed db-cAMP activation of brown-like adipocytes, which was due to blunting brown fat-relevant gene expression and mitochondrial function. NPY showed suppression in a receptor-dependent manner, inhibition of endogenous cAMP production and cAMP-PKA-dependent pathways p38 MAPK and CREB phosphorylation were involved in the downstream mechanisms. A novel role of NPY in the peripheral is presented, which may help decrease energy expenditure in WAT of obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qiongyue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hongying Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhaoyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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197
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Jeanson Y, Carrière A, Casteilla L. A New Role for Browning as a Redox and Stress Adaptive Mechanism? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:158. [PMID: 26500607 PMCID: PMC4598589 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide epidemic of obesity and metabolic disorders is focusing the attention of the scientific community on white adipose tissue (WAT) and its biology. This tissue is characterized not only by its capability to change in size and shape but also by its heterogeneity and versatility. WAT can be converted into brown fat-like tissue according to different physiological and pathophysiological situations. The expression of uncoupling protein-1 in brown-like adipocytes changes their function from energy storage to energy dissipation. This plasticity, named browning, was recently rediscovered and convergent recent accounts, including in humans, have revived the idea of using these oxidative cells to fight against metabolic diseases. Furthermore, recent reports suggest that, beside the increased energy dissipation and thermogenesis that may have adverse effects in situations such as cancer-associated cachexia and massive burns, browning could be also considered as an adaptive stress response to high redox pressure and to major stress that could help to maintain tissue homeostasis and integrity. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge concerning brown adipocytes and the browning process and also to explore unexpected putative role(s) for these cells. While it is important to find new browning inducers to limit energy stores and metabolic diseases, it also appears crucial to develop new browning inhibitors to limit adverse energy dissipation in wasting-associated syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Jeanson
- UMR STROMALab, CNRS 5273, INSERM U1031, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Carrière
- UMR STROMALab, CNRS 5273, INSERM U1031, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- UMR STROMALab, CNRS 5273, INSERM U1031, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Louis Casteilla,
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198
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Louzada RA, Santos MCS, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JPA, Rangel IF, Ferreira ACF, Galina A, Werneck-de-Castro JPS, Carvalho DP. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is upregulated in rat slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscle during cold exposure. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E1020-9. [PMID: 25294216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00637.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During cold acclimation, shivering is progressively replaced by nonshivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle are relevant for nonshivering thermogenesis, which depends largely on thyroid hormone. Since the skeletal muscle fibers progressively adapt to cold exposure through poorly defined mechanisms, our intent was to determine whether skeletal muscle type 2 deiodinase (D2) induction could be implicated in the long-term skeletal muscle cold acclimation. We demonstrate that in the red oxidative soleus muscle, D2 activity increased 2.3-fold after 3 days at 4°C together with the brown adipose tissue D2 activity, which increased 10-fold. Soleus muscle and BAT D2 activities returned to the control levels after 10 days of cold exposure, when an increase of 2.8-fold in D2 activity was detected in white glycolytic gastrocnemius but not in red oxidative gastrocnemius fibers. Propranolol did not prevent muscle D2 induction, but it impaired the decrease of D2 in BAT and soleus after 10 days at 4°C. Cold exposure is accompanied by increased oxygen consumption, UCP3, and PGC-1α genes expression in skeletal muscles, which were partialy prevented by propranolol in soleus and gastrocnemius. Serum total and free T3 is increased during cold exposure in rats, even after 10 days, when BAT D2 is already normalized, suggesting that skeletal muscle D2 activity contributes significantly to circulating T3 under this adaptive condition. In conclusion, cold exposure is accompanied by concerted changes in the metabolism of BAT and oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles that are paralleled by type 2 deiodinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy A Louzada
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Maria C S Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Paulo A Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laboratório de Fisiologia Mitocondrial e Bioenergética, Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor F Rangel
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Andrea C F Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Mitocondrial e Bioenergética, Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joao Pedro S Werneck-de-Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
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199
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Pitts MW, Byrns CN, Ogawa-Wong AN, Kremer P, Berry MJ. Selenoproteins in nervous system development and function. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 161:231-45. [PMID: 24974905 PMCID: PMC4222985 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Selenoproteins are a distinct class of proteins that are characterized by the co-translational incorporation of selenium (Se) in the form of the 21st amino acid selenocysteine. Selenoproteins provide a key defense against oxidative stress, as many of these proteins participate in oxidation-reduction reactions neutralizing reactive oxygen species, where selenocysteine residues act as catalytic sites. Many selenoproteins are highly expressed in the brain, and mouse knockout studies have determined that several are required for normal brain development. In parallel with these laboratory studies, recent reports of rare human cases with mutations in genes involved in selenoprotein biosynthesis have described individuals with an assortment of neurological problems that mirror those detailed in knockout mice. These deficits include impairments in cognition and motor function, seizures, hearing loss, and altered thyroid metabolism. Additionally, due to the fact that oxidative stress is a key feature of neurodegenerative disease, there is considerable interest in the therapeutic potential of selenium supplementation for human neurological disorders. Studies performed in cell culture and rodent models have demonstrated that selenium administration attenuates oxidative stress, prevents neurodegeneration, and counters cell signaling mechanisms known to be dysregulated in certain disease states. However, there is currently no definitive evidence in support of selenium supplementation to prevent and/or treat common neurological conditions in the general population. It appears likely that, in humans, supplementation with selenium may only benefit certain subpopulations, such as those that are either selenium-deficient or possess genetic variants that affect selenium metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Pitts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA,
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200
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Jun HJ, Joshi Y, Patil Y, Noland RC, Chang JS. NT-PGC-1α activation attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity by enhancing brown fat thermogenesis and adipose tissue oxidative metabolism. Diabetes 2014; 63:3615-25. [PMID: 24848065 PMCID: PMC4207386 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and its splice variant N terminal (NT)-PGC-1α regulate adaptive thermogenesis by transcriptional induction of thermogenic and mitochondrial genes involved in energy metabolism. We previously reported that full-length PGC-1α (FL-PGC-1α) is dispensable for cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis in FL-PGC-1α(-/-) mice, since a slightly shorter but functionally equivalent form of NT-PGC-1α (NT-PGC-1α(254)) fully compensates for the loss of FL-PGC-1α in brown and white adipose tissue. In the current study, we challenged FL-PGC-1α(-/-) mice with a high-fat diet (HFD) to investigate the effects of diet-induced thermogenesis on HFD-induced obesity. Despite a large decrease in locomotor activity, FL-PGC-1α(-/-) mice exhibited the surprising ability to attenuate HFD-induced obesity. Reduced fat mass in FL-PGC-1α(-/-) mice was closely associated with an increase in body temperature, energy expenditure, and whole-body fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Mechanistically, FL-PGC-1α(-/-) brown adipose tissue had an increased capacity to oxidize fatty acids and dissipate energy as heat, in accordance with upregulation of thermogenic genes UCP1 and DIO2. Furthermore, augmented expression of FAO and lipolytic genes in FL-PGC-1α(-/-) white adipose tissue was highly correlated with decreased fat storage in adipose tissue. Collectively, our data highlight a protective effect of NT-PGC-1α on diet-induced obesity by enhancing diet-induced thermogenesis and FAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Jun
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Yagini Joshi
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Robert C Noland
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Ji Suk Chang
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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