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Zhao J, Tao C, Chen C, Wang Y, Liu T. Formation of thermogenic adipocytes: What we have learned from pigs. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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152
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Kim S, Reed E, Monti S, Schlezinger JJ. A Data-Driven Transcriptional Taxonomy of Adipogenic Chemicals to Identify White and Brite Adipogens. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:77006. [PMID: 34323617 PMCID: PMC8320370 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemicals in disparate structural classes activate specific subsets of the transcriptional programs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) to generate adipocytes with distinct phenotypes. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to a) establish a novel classification method to predict PPARγ ligands and modifying chemicals; and b) create a taxonomy to group chemicals on the basis of their effects on PPARγ's transcriptome and downstream metabolic functions. We tested the hypothesis that environmental adipogens highly ranked by the taxonomy, but segregated from therapeutic PPARγ ligands, would induce white but not brite adipogenesis. METHODS 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated in the presence of 76 chemicals (negative controls, nuclear receptor ligands known to influence adipocyte biology, potential environmental PPARγ ligands). Differentiation was assessed by measuring lipid accumulation. mRNA expression was determined by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A novel classification model was developed using an amended random forest procedure. A subset of environmental contaminants identified as strong PPARγ agonists were analyzed by their effects on lipid handling, mitochondrial biogenesis, and cellular respiration in 3T3-L1 cells and human preadipocytes. RESULTS We used lipid accumulation and RNA-Seq data to develop a classification system that a) identified PPARγ agonists; and b) sorted chemicals into likely white or brite adipogens. Expression of Cidec was the most efficacious indicator of strong PPARγ activation. 3T3-L1 cells treated with two known environmental PPARγ ligands, tetrabromobisphenol A and triphenyl phosphate, which sorted distinctly from therapeutic ligands, had higher expression of white adipocyte genes but no difference in Pgc1a and Ucp1 expression, and higher fatty acid uptake but not mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, cells treated with two chemicals identified as highly ranked PPARγ agonists, tonalide and quinoxyfen, induced white adipogenesis without the concomitant health-promoting characteristics of brite adipocytes in mouse and human preadipocytes. DISCUSSION A novel classification procedure accurately identified environmental chemicals as PPARγ ligands distinct from known PPARγ-activating therapeutics. CONCLUSION The computational and experimental framework has general applicability to the classification of as-yet uncharacterized chemicals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6886.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kim
- Boston University Superfund Research Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Reed
- Boston University Superfund Research Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston University Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Boston University Superfund Research Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston University Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Schlezinger
- Boston University Superfund Research Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts, USA
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153
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Chauhdary Z, Rehman K, Akash MSH. The composite alliance of FTO locus with obesity-related genetic variants. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:954-965. [PMID: 33735452 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a genuine global pandemic due to lifestyle and environmental modifications, and is associated with chronic lethal comorbidities. Various environmental factors such as lack of physical activity due to modernization and higher intake of energy-rich diets are primary obesogenic factors in pathogenesis of obesity. Genome-wide association study has identified the crucial role of FTO (fat mass and obesity) in human obesity. A bunch of SNPs in the first intron of FTO has been identified and subsequently correlated to body mass index and body composition. Findings of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies have manifested the robust role of FTO in regulation of energy expenditure and food consumption. Numerous studies have highlighted the mechanistic pathways behind the concomitant functions of FTO in adipogenesis and body size. Current investigation has also revealed the link of FTO neighbouring genes i.e., RPGRIP1L, IRX3 and IRX5 and epigenetic factors with obesity phenotypes. The motive behind this review is to cite the consequences of FTO on obesity vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunera Chauhdary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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154
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Li M, Qian M, Kyler K, Xu J. Adipose Tissue-Endothelial Cell Interactions in Obesity-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:681581. [PMID: 34277732 PMCID: PMC8282205 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.681581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has a strong impact on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, which raises enthusiasm to understand how excess adiposity causes vascular injury. Adipose tissue is an essential regulator of cardiovascular system through its endocrine and paracrine bioactive products. Obesity induces endothelial dysfunction, which often precedes and leads to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Connecting adipose tissue-endothelial cell interplay to endothelial dysfunction may help us to better understand obesity-induced cardiovascular disease. This Mini Review discussed (1) the general interactions and obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction, (2) potential targets, and (3) the outstanding questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manna Li
- Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Ming Qian
- Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Kathy Kyler
- Office of Research Administration, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
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155
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Lagarde D, Jeanson Y, Portais JC, Galinier A, Ader I, Casteilla L, Carrière A. Lactate Fluxes and Plasticity of Adipose Tissues: A Redox Perspective. Front Physiol 2021; 12:689747. [PMID: 34276410 PMCID: PMC8278056 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.689747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate, a metabolite produced when the glycolytic flux exceeds mitochondrial oxidative capacities, is now viewed as a critical regulator of metabolism by acting as both a carbon and electron carrier and a signaling molecule between cells and tissues. In recent years, increasing evidence report its key role in white, beige, and brown adipose tissue biology, and highlights new mechanisms by which lactate participates in the maintenance of whole-body energy homeostasis. Lactate displays a wide range of biological effects in adipose cells not only through its binding to the membrane receptor but also through its transport and the subsequent effect on intracellular metabolism notably on redox balance. This study explores how lactate regulates adipocyte metabolism and plasticity by balancing intracellular redox state and by regulating specific signaling pathways. We also emphasized the contribution of adipose tissues to the regulation of systemic lactate metabolism, their roles in redox homeostasis, and related putative physiopathological repercussions associated with their decline in metabolic diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lagarde
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Jeanson
- Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Galinier
- Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Ader
- Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Carrière
- Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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156
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Sveidahl Johansen O, Ma T, Hansen JB, Markussen LK, Schreiber R, Reverte-Salisa L, Dong H, Christensen DP, Sun W, Gnad T, Karavaeva I, Nielsen TS, Kooijman S, Cero C, Dmytriyeva O, Shen Y, Razzoli M, O'Brien SL, Kuipers EN, Nielsen CH, Orchard W, Willemsen N, Jespersen NZ, Lundh M, Sustarsic EG, Hallgren CM, Frost M, McGonigle S, Isidor MS, Broholm C, Pedersen O, Hansen JB, Grarup N, Hansen T, Kjær A, Granneman JG, Babu MM, Calebiro D, Nielsen S, Rydén M, Soccio R, Rensen PCN, Treebak JT, Schwartz TW, Emanuelli B, Bartolomucci A, Pfeifer A, Zechner R, Scheele C, Mandrup S, Gerhart-Hines Z. Lipolysis drives expression of the constitutively active receptor GPR3 to induce adipose thermogenesis. Cell 2021; 184:3502-3518.e33. [PMID: 34048700 PMCID: PMC8238500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenic adipocytes possess a therapeutically appealing, energy-expending capacity, which is canonically cold-induced by ligand-dependent activation of β-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we uncover an alternate paradigm of GPCR-mediated adipose thermogenesis through the constitutively active receptor, GPR3. We show that the N terminus of GPR3 confers intrinsic signaling activity, resulting in continuous Gs-coupling and cAMP production without an exogenous ligand. Thus, transcriptional induction of Gpr3 represents the regulatory parallel to ligand-binding of conventional GPCRs. Consequently, increasing Gpr3 expression in thermogenic adipocytes is alone sufficient to drive energy expenditure and counteract metabolic disease in mice. Gpr3 transcription is cold-stimulated by a lipolytic signal, and dietary fat potentiates GPR3-dependent thermogenesis to amplify the response to caloric excess. Moreover, we find GPR3 to be an essential, adrenergic-independent regulator of human brown adipocytes. Taken together, our findings reveal a noncanonical mechanism of GPCR control and thermogenic activation through the lipolysis-induced expression of constitutively active GPR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sveidahl Johansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Embark Biotech ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Adipocyte Signaling, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tao Ma
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Embark Biotech ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Bondo Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Embark Biotech ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Kruse Markussen
- Center for Adipocyte Signaling, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Functional Genomics and Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laia Reverte-Salisa
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hua Dong
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Gnad
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Iuliia Karavaeva
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Svava Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yachen Shen
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shannon L O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eline N Kuipers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Carsten Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nienke Willemsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naja Zenius Jespersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Lundh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elahu Gosney Sustarsic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Mørch Hallgren
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Frost
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seth McGonigle
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marie Sophie Isidor
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christa Broholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bo Hansen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Department of Structural Biology and Center for Data Driven Discovery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raymond Soccio
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jonas Thue Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue Walter Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Embark Biotech ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brice Emanuelli
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Center for Adipocyte Signaling, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Functional Genomics and Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Embark Biotech ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Adipocyte Signaling, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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157
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Gallardo-Montejano VI, Yang C, Hahner L, McAfee JL, Johnson JA, Holland WL, Fernandez-Valdivia R, Bickel PE. Perilipin 5 links mitochondrial uncoupled respiration in brown fat to healthy white fat remodeling and systemic glucose tolerance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3320. [PMID: 34083525 PMCID: PMC8175597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of mice or humans to cold promotes significant changes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) with respect to histology, lipid content, gene expression, and mitochondrial mass and function. Herein we report that the lipid droplet coat protein Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) increases markedly in BAT during exposure of mice to cold. To understand the functional significance of cold-induced PLIN5, we created and characterized gain- and loss-of-function mouse models. Enforcing PLIN5 expression in mouse BAT mimics the effects of cold with respect to mitochondrial cristae packing and uncoupled substrate-driven respiration. PLIN5 is necessary for the maintenance of mitochondrial cristae structure and respiratory function during cold stress. We further show that promoting PLIN5 function in BAT is associated with healthy remodeling of subcutaneous white adipose tissue and improvements in systemic glucose tolerance and diet-induced hepatic steatosis. These observations will inform future strategies that seek to exploit thermogenic adipose tissue as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Perilipin 5 is a lipid droplet protein that interacts with PGC1α in the nucleus to regulate mitochondrial metabolism. Here the authors use genetically engineered mouse models to determine the physiologic role of Perilipin 5, and show that it regulates mitochondrial adaptations to cold, as well as systemic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta I Gallardo-Montejano
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chaofeng Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Hahner
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John L McAfee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joshua A Johnson
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Perry E Bickel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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158
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Wang X, Cai H, Shui S, Lin Y, Wang F, Wang L, Chen J, Liu J. Chrysin Stimulates Subcutaneous Fat Thermogenesis in Mice by Regulating PDGFRα and MicroRNA Expressions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5897-5906. [PMID: 34027663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis provides a new strategy to counter obesity and associated metabolic diseases. Here, a natural flavonoid chrysin is used as the supplement of a high-fat diet (HFD). Dietary chrysin alleviates adiposity and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Meanwhile, dietary chrysin elevates systemic energy expenditure and enhances the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) level in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), which is accompanied by the increased thermogenic program, beige preadipocyte number, and angiogenesis in SAT. Dietary chrysin also induces the expression of SAT platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), which commits adipose progenitor cells to differentiate into beige or white adipocytes in response to various environmental signals. Double immunofluorescent staining for UCP1 and PDGFRα reveals that chrysin elevates the number of UCP1+PDGFRα+ beige progenitors in SAT. Further, chrysin treatment reverses the effects of the specific PDGFRα inhibitor imatinib on browning differentiation of stromal vascular fraction cells from SAT. Finally, chrysin-induced adipocyte browning is correlated with the expressions of microRNAs as PDGFRα inhibitors or thermogenesis suppressors. In conclusion, dietary chrysin promotes subcutaneous adipocyte browning and systematic energy expenditure by regulating PDGFRα and microRNA expressions in HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Hao Cai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Shanshan Shui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Yan Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Fangbin Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioprocess, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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159
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Wu X, Li J, Chang K, Yang F, Jia Z, Sun C, Li Q, Xu Y. Histone H3 methyltransferase Ezh2 promotes white adipocytes but inhibits brown and beige adipocyte differentiation in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158901. [PMID: 33571671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a disease characterized by imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, excessive energy store in white adipocytes, but brown and beige adipocytes consume energy to relieve obesity. In this study, we want to explore the role of the histone H3 methyltransferase Ezh2 in the differentiation of white, brown and beige adipocytes with Ezh2 conditional knockout mice (Ezh2flox/floxPrx1-cre) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The results showed that Ezh2-deficient mice have a leaner phenotype and less white adipose tissues. The morphological changes in the adipose tissue included smaller white adipose tissue depots, white adipocytes with smaller diameter, smaller lipid droplets inside the brown adipocytes and more beige adipocytes in the Ezh2-deficient mice compared with the control. The differentiation markers of white adipocytes in Ezh2 knockout mice decreased; Ucp1 and other browning markers increased in brown and beige adipocytes. The Ezh2 knockout mice could better tolerate cold stimulation, and they can also resist obesity and insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet. The Ezh2 inhibitor GSK126 could inhibit the differentiation of MEFs into white adipocytes but promote their differentiation into brown/beige adipocytes. The H3K27me3 demethylase Jmjd3/UTX inhibitor GSKJ4 inhibited MEFs' differentiation into brown/beige adipocytes. These results showed that Ezh2 promotes the differentiation of white adipocytes and inhibits the differentiation of brown and beige adipocytes in vivo and in vitro through its methylase activity and this may represent new knowledge for obesity therapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Male
- Mice
- Adipocytes, Beige/metabolism
- Adipocytes, Beige/cytology
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, Brown/cytology
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/cytology
- Cell Differentiation
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/metabolism
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/genetics
- Indoles
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/pathology
- Pyridones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Institute of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Medical School, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Cadets of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Kaixuan Chang
- Cadets of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Clinical Medical School, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Cadets of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Cadets of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Yuqiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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Cohen P, Kajimura S. The cellular and functional complexity of thermogenic fat. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:393-409. [PMID: 33758402 PMCID: PMC8159882 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes are mitochondria-enriched cells capable of dissipating energy in the form of heat. These thermogenic fat cells were originally considered to function solely in heat generation through the action of the mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). In recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the ontogeny, bioenergetics and physiological functions of thermogenic fat. Distinct subtypes of thermogenic adipocytes have been identified with unique developmental origins, which have been increasingly dissected in cellular and molecular detail. Moreover, several UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms have been described, expanding the role of these cells in energy homeostasis. Recent studies have also delineated roles for these cells beyond the regulation of thermogenesis, including as dynamic secretory cells and as a metabolic sink. This Review presents our current understanding of thermogenic adipocytes with an emphasis on their development, biological functions and roles in systemic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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161
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Ying T, Golden T, Cheng L, Ishibashi J, Seale P, Simmons RA. Neonatal IL-4 exposure decreases adipogenesis of male rats into adulthood. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E1148-E1157. [PMID: 33870712 PMCID: PMC8285599 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00600.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) can increase beige adipogenesis in adult rodents. However, neonatal animals use a distinct adipocyte precursor compartment for adipogenesis as compared with adults. In this study, we address whether IL-4 can induce persistent effects on adipose tissue when administered subcutaneously in the interscapular region during the neonatal period in Sprague-Dawley rats. We injected IL-4 into neonatal male rats during postnatal days 1-6, followed by analysis of adipose tissue and adipocyte precursors at 2 wk and 10 wk of age. Adipocyte precursors were cultured and subjected to differentiation in vitro. We found that a short and transient IL-4 exposure in neonates upregulated uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) mRNA expression and decreased fat cell size in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT). Adipocyte precursors from mature rats that had been treated with IL-4 as neonates displayed a decrease in adiponectin (Adipoq) but no change in Ucp1 expression, as compared with controls. Thus, neonatal IL-4 induces acute beige adipogenesis and decreases adipogenic differentiation capacity long term. Overall, these findings indicate that the neonatal period is critical for adipocyte development and may influence the later onset of obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used neonatal injections in rat to show that IL-4 decreases adipogenesis and increases browning of white fat. In adulthood, adipocyte precursors show persistently decreased adipogenesis but not increased browning. These studies in the neonate are the first, to our knowledge, to show that IL-4 can have long-lasting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Ying
- The Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thea Golden
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lan Cheng
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeff Ishibashi
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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162
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Zhou Z, Tao Y, Zhao H, Wang Q. Adipose Extracellular Vesicles: Messengers From and to Macrophages in Regulating Immunometabolic Homeostasis or Disorders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666344. [PMID: 34108967 PMCID: PMC8183682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is comprised of heterogenous cell populations that regulate both energy metabolism and immune reactions. Macrophages play critical roles in regulating immunometabolic homeostasis or disorders through cooperation with adipocytes, adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) or other cells in adipose tissue. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recently recognized as efficient messengers for intercellular communication. Emerging evidences have demonstrated that adipose EVs are actively involved in the mutual interactions of macrophages, adipocytes and ADSCs, which produce considerable influences on immunometabolism under healthy or obese conditions. Here, we will elaborate the production and the characteristics of adipose EVs that are related to macrophages under different metabolic demands or stresses, whilst discuss the roles of these EVs in regulating local or systemic immunometabolic homeostasis or disorders in the context of adipocyte-macrophage dialogue and ADSC-macrophage interaction. Particularly, we provide a profile of dynamic adipose microenvironments based on macrophages. Adipose EVs act as the messengers between ADSCs and macrophages to maintain the balance of metabolism and immunity, while drive a vicious cycle between hypertrophic adipocytes and inflammatory macrophages to cause immunometabolic imbalance. This review may provide valuable information about the physio- or pathological roles of adipose EVs and the application of adipose EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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163
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Mulberry leaf activates brown adipose tissue and induces browning of inguinal white adipose tissue in type 2 diabetic rats through regulating AMP-activated protein kinase signalling pathway. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:810-822. [PMID: 33971987 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly affects human health worldwide. Activation of brown adipocytes and browning of white adipocytes are considered as a promising molecular target for T2DM treatment. Mulberry leaf, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated to have multi-biological activities, including anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Our experimental results showed that mulberry leaf significantly alleviated the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism in T2DM rats. In addition, mulberry leaf induced browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) by enhancing the expressions of brown-mark genes as well as beige-specific genes, including uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), PRD1-BF-1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing protein 16 (PRDM16), cell death inducing DFFA-like effector A (Cidea), CD137 and transmembrane protein 26 (TMEM26). Mulberry leaf also activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) by increasing the expressions of brown-mark genes including UCP1, PGC-1α, PPARα, PRDM16 and Cidea. Moreover, mulberry leaf enhanced the expression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) genes that are responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis in IWAT and BAT. Importantly, mulberry leaf also increased the expression of UCP1 and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT-1) proteins in both IWAT and BAT via a mechanism involving AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and PGC-1α pathway. In conclusion, our findings identify the role of mulberry leaf in inducing adipose browning, indicating that mulberry leaf may be used as a candidate browning agent for the treatment of T2DM.
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164
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Kang S, Lee M. Beiging Modulates Inflammatory Adipogenesis in Salt-Treated and MEK6-Transfected Adipocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051106. [PMID: 34064531 PMCID: PMC8147997 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether the beiging process changes the interactive effects of salt and MEK6 gene on inflammatory adipogenesis, the salt treatment (NaCl 50 mM) and MEK6 transfection of Tg(+/+) cells were performed with white adipocytes (WAT) and beige-like-adipocytes (BLA). BLA induced by T3 were confirmed by UCP-1 expression and the MEK6 protein was 3.5 times higher in MEK6 transfected WAT than the control. The adipogenic genes, PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α, were 1.5 times more highly expressed in the salt-treated groups than the non-salt-treated groups, and adipogenesis was greatly increased in Tg(+/+) WAT compared to non-transfected Tg(−/−). The adipogenesis induced by salt treatment and MEK6 transfection was significantly reduced in BLA. The inflammatory adipocytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, were increased in the salt-treated Tg(+/+) WAT, but an anti-inflammation biomarker, the adiponectin/leptin ratio, was reduced in Tg(+/+), to tenth of that in Tg(−/−). However, the production of adipocytokines in WAT was strongly weakened in BLA, although a combination of salt and MEK6 transfection had the most significant effects on inflammation in both WAT and BLA. Oxygen consumption in mitochondria was maximized in salt-treated and MEK6 transfected WAT, but it was decreased by 50% in BLA. In conclusion, beiging controls the synergistic effects of salt and MEK6 on adipogenesis, inflammation, and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjoo Kang
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea;
| | - Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea;
- Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +082-02-920-7211
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165
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Hayashi M, Iwashita M, Nishimura Y, Shinjo T, Sano T, Yamashita A, Fukuda T, Sanui T, Asano T, Nishimura F. Adipose-specific C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 19 overexpression drives the mice to both insulin resistance and weight gain. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e001871. [PMID: 34031140 PMCID: PMC8149363 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enlarged adipose tissue is characterized by infiltration of activated immune cells and increased expression of chemokines recruiting these cells including C-C motif ligand 19 (CCL19), although the role of adipose CCL19 is still inconclusive. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Adipocyte-specific Ccl19 knock-in (KI) mice were generated, and the mice were fed either a normal diet or 40% or 60% fat diet (FD) to investigate the effects of CCL19 on the induction of inflammation and lipid metabolism. RESULTS Ccl19KI mice exhibited increased inflammatory signs in adipose tissue and enlarged subcutaneous white and brown adipose tissue than those of wild-type (WT) mice. The adipose tissue of Ccl19KI mice was characterized by increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and decreased AMP-activated protein kinase α phosphorylation. The protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α and uncoupling protein 1 was significantly reduced in brown adipose tissue of Ccl19KI mice compared with that in WT mice. The most remarkable changes between genotypes were observed in mice fed a 40% FD. CONCLUSION A 40% FD enhanced the effects of CCL19 overexpression, and these mice could be a suitable model to study metabolic disorders in overweight Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hayashi
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Misaki Iwashita
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanori Shinjo
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sano
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamashita
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Terukazu Sanui
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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166
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Verkerke ARP, Kajimura S. Oil does more than light the lamp: The multifaceted role of lipids in thermogenic fat. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1408-1416. [PMID: 34004150 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes, or thermogenic fat, were initially thought to be merely a thermogenic organ. However, emerging evidence suggests its multifaceted roles in the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis that go beyond enhancing thermogenesis. One of the important functions of thermogenic fat is as a "metabolic sink" for glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, which profoundly impacts metabolite clearance and oxidation. Importantly, lipids are not only the predominant fuel source used for thermogenesis but are also essential molecules for development, cellular signaling, and structural components. Here, we review the multifaceted role of lipids in thermogenic adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R P Verkerke
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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167
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Chen X, Xie J, Tan Q, Li H, Lu J, Zhang X. Genistein improves systemic metabolism and enhances cold resistance by promoting adipose tissue beiging. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 558:154-160. [PMID: 33915329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, a naturally occurring phytoestrogen and a member of the large class of compounds known as isoflavones, exerts protective effects in several diseases. Recent studies indicate that genistein plays a critical role in controlling body weight, obesity-associated insulin resistance, and metabolic disorders, but its target organs in reversing obesity and related pathological conditions remain unclear. In this study, we showed that mice supplemented with 0.2% genistein in a high-fat diet for 12 weeks showed enhanced metabolic homeostasis, including reduced obesity, improved glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, and alleviated hepatic steatosis. We also observed a beiging phenomenon in the white adipose tissue and reversal of brown adipose tissue whitening in these mice. These changes led to enhanced resistance to cold stress. Altogether, our data suggest that the improved metabolic profile in mice treated with genistein is likely a result of enhanced adipose tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410010, China.
| | - Juanyu Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410010, China.
| | - Qingqing Tan
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410010, China.
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, China.
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410010, China.
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168
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Allu PKR, Paulo E, Bertholet AM, Situ G, Lee SH, Wu Y, Gleason CE, Saha B, Chawla A, Wang B, Pearce D. Role of mTORC2 in biphasic regulation of brown fat metabolism in response to mild and severe cold. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100632. [PMID: 33865855 PMCID: PMC8121962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonshivering thermogenesis is essential for mammals to maintain body temperature. According to the canonical view, temperature is sensed by cutaneous thermoreceptors and nerve impulses transmitted to the hypothalamus, which generates sympathetic signals to ß-adrenergic receptors in brown adipocytes. The energy for heat generation is primarily provided by the oxidation of fatty acids derived from triglyceride hydrolysis and cellular uptake. Fatty acids also activate the uncoupling protein, UCP1, which creates a proton leak that uncouples mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production, resulting in energy dissipation as heat. Recent evidence supports the idea that in response to mild cold, ß-adrenergic signals stimulate not only lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, but also act through the mTORC2-Akt signaling module to stimulate de novo lipogenesis. This opposing anabolic effect is thought to maintain lipid fuel stores during increased catabolism. We show here, using brown fat-specific Gs-alpha knockout mice and cultured adipocytes that, unlike mild cold, severe cold directly cools brown fat and bypasses ß-adrenergic signaling to inhibit mTORC2. This cell-autonomous effect both inhibits lipogenesis and augments UCP1 expression to enhance thermogenesis. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for overriding ß-adrenergic-stimulated anabolic activities while augmenting catabolic activities to resolve the homeostatic crisis presented by severe cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna K R Allu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Esther Paulo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ambre M Bertholet
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gavin Situ
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yixuan Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Catherine E Gleason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bidisha Saha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Biao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Pearce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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169
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Lima VM, Liu J, Brandão BB, Lino CA, Balbino Silva CS, Ribeiro MAC, Oliveira TE, Real CC, de Paula Faria D, Cederquist C, Huang ZP, Hu X, Barreto-Chaves ML, Ferreira JCB, Festuccia WT, Mori MA, Kahn CR, Wang DZ, Diniz GP. miRNA-22 deletion limits white adipose expansion and activates brown fat to attenuate high-fat diet-induced fat mass accumulation. Metabolism 2021; 117:154723. [PMID: 33549579 PMCID: PMC8935324 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, characterized by excessive expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT), is associated with numerous metabolic complications. Conversely, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige fat are thermogenic tissues that protect mice against obesity and related metabolic disorders. We recently reported that deletion of miR-22 enhances energy expenditure and attenuates WAT expansion in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). However, the molecular mechanisms involved in these effects mediated by miR-22 loss are unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that miR-22 expression is induced during white, beige, and brown adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Deletion of miR-22 reduced white adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Loss of miR-22 prevented HFD-induced expression of adipogenic/lipogenic markers and adipocyte hypertrophy in murine WAT. In addition, deletion of miR-22 protected mice against HFD-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in WAT and BAT. Loss of miR-22 induced WAT browning. Gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that miR-22 did not affect brown adipogenesis in vitro. Interestingly, miR-22 KO mice fed a HFD displayed increased expression of genes involved in thermogenesis and adrenergic signaling in BAT when compared to WT mice fed the same diet. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings suggest that loss of miR-22 attenuates fat accumulation in response to a HFD by reducing white adipocyte differentiation and increasing BAT activity, reinforcing miR-22 as a potential therapeutic target for obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jianming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruna B Brandão
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline A Lino
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila S Balbino Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio A C Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago E Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Real
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Paula Faria
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Zhan-Peng Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela P Diniz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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170
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Natural Bioactive Compounds as Potential Browning Agents in White Adipose Tissue. Pharm Res 2021; 38:549-567. [PMID: 33783666 PMCID: PMC8082541 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of overweight and obesity underlies many common metabolic diseases. Approaches aimed to reduce energy intake and/or stimulate energy expenditure represent potential strategies to control weight gain. Adipose tissue is a major energy balancing organ. It can be classified as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). While WAT stores excess metabolic energy, BAT dissipates it as heat via adaptive thermogenesis. WAT also participates in thermogenesis by providing thermogenic fuels and by directly generating heat after browning. Browned WAT resembles BAT morphologically and metabolically and is classified as beige fat. Like BAT, beige fat can produce heat. Human adults have BAT-like or beige fat. Recruitment and activation of this fat type have the potential to increase energy expenditure, thereby countering against obesity and its metabolic complications. Given this, agents capable of inducing WAT browning have recently attracted broad attention from biomedical, nutritional and pharmaceutical societies. In this review, we summarize natural bioactive compounds that have been shown to promote beige adipocyte recruitment and activation in animals and cultured cells. We also discuss potential molecular mechanisms for each compound to induce adipose browning and metabolic benefits.
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171
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Finlin BS, Memetimin H, Zhu B, Confides AL, Vekaria HJ, El Khouli RH, Johnson ZR, Westgate PM, Chen J, Morris AJ, Sullivan PG, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Kern PA. Pioglitazone does not synergize with mirabegron to increase beige fat or further improve glucose metabolism. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143650. [PMID: 33571166 PMCID: PMC8026187 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beige and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are associated with improved metabolic homeostasis. We recently reported that the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron induced beige adipose tissue in obese insulin-resistant subjects, and this was accompanied by improved glucose metabolism. Here we evaluated pioglitazone treatment with a combination pioglitazone and mirabegron treatment and compared these with previously published data evaluating mirabegron treatment alone. Both drugs were used at FDA-approved dosages. METHODS We measured BAT by PET CT scans, measured beige adipose tissue by immunohistochemistry, and comprehensively characterized glucose and lipid homeostasis and insulin sensitivity by euglycemic clamp and oral glucose tolerance tests. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue, muscle fiber type composition and capillary density, lipotoxicity, and systemic inflammation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, gene expression profiling, mass spectroscopy, and ELISAs. RESULTS Treatment with pioglitazone or the combination of pioglitazone and mirabegron increased beige adipose tissue protein marker expression and improved insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, but neither treatment induced BAT in these obese subjects. When the magnitude of the responses to the treatments was evaluated, mirabegron was found to be the most effective at inducing beige adipose tissue. Although monotherapy with either mirabegron or pioglitazone induced adipose beiging, combination treatment resulted in less beiging than either alone. The 3 treatments also had different effects on muscle fiber type switching and capillary density. CONCLUSION The addition of pioglitazone to mirabegron treatment does not enhance beiging or increase BAT in obese insulin-resistant research participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02919176. FUNDING NIH DK112282 and P20GM103527 and Clinical and Translational Science Awards grant UL1TR001998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Finlin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center
| | - Hasiyet Memetimin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center
| | - Amy L Confides
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences
| | | | | | - Zachary R Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine
| | | | - Jianzhong Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | | | - Philip A Kern
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center
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172
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Chen L, Liu R, He X, Pei S, Li D. Effects of brown seaweed polyphenols, a class of phlorotannins, on metabolic disorders via regulation of fat function. Food Funct 2021; 12:2378-2388. [PMID: 33645609 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02886j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that fat dysfunction is the main driver of development of metabolic disorders. Changes in diet and lifestyle are particularly important to reverse the current global rise in obesity-related metabolic disorders. Seaweed has been consumed for thousands of years, and it is rich in bioactive compounds, especially unique polyphenols. The aim of the present review is to summarize the effects of different seaweed polyphenols on fat function in metabolic disorders and the related mechanisms. Seaweed polyphenols activate white adipose tissue to "brown" or "beige" adipose tissue to enhance energy consumption. In addition, the amelioration of fat factor imbalance and inflammatory response is also considered as an important reason for the regulation of lipid function with seaweed polyphenols. The present review provides an important basis for using seaweed polyphenols as potential dietary supplements to prevent metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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173
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Zhou E, Li Z, Nakashima H, Choukoud A, Kooijman S, Berbée JFP, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Beneficial effects of brown fat activation on top of PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab on dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis development in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105524. [PMID: 33667684 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition, by increasing hepatic low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) levels, has emerged as a strategy to reduce atherosclerosis by lowering circulating very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol. We hypothesized that the therapeutic effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibition can be increased by accelerating the generation of VLDL remnants, which typically have a high affinity for the LDLR. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether accelerating lipolytic processing of VLDL by brown fat activation can further lower (V)LDL and reduce atherosclerosis on top of PCSK9 inhibition. APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet and treated with the anti-PCSK9 antibody alirocumab or saline. After 2 weeks, both groups of mice were randomized to receive either the selective β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist CL316,243 to activate brown fat or saline for 3 additional weeks to evaluate VLDL clearance or 12 additional weeks to analyze atherosclerosis development. β3-AR agonism and alirocumab combined decreased (V)LDL-cholesterol compared to alirocumab alone, which was explained by an accelerated plasma clearance of VLDL-cholesteryl esters that were mainly taken up by the liver. In addition, the combination promoted the transfer of VLDL-phospholipids to HDL to a higher extent than alirocumab alone, accompanied by higher plasma HDL-cholesterol levels and increased cholesterol efflux capacity. Consequently, combination treatment largely reduced atherosclerotic lesion area compared to vehicle. Together, β3-AR agonism enhances the lipoprotein-modulating effects of alirocumab to further improve dyslipidemia and non-significantly further attenuate atherosclerosis development. Our findings demonstrate that brown fat activation may enhance the therapeutic effects of PCSK9 inhibition in dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ahlam Choukoud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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174
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Bhat BV, Bethou A. Fat in infants - Facts & implications. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154:410-412. [PMID: 35345067 PMCID: PMC9131787 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_75_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. Vishnu Bhat
- Director Medical Research, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College, Puducherry 607 402, India
| | - Adhisivam Bethou
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry 605 006, India
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175
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Xepapadaki E, Nikdima I, Zvintzou E, Karavia EA, Kypreos KE. Tissue-specific functional interaction between apolipoproteins A1 and E in cold-induced adipose organ mitochondrial energy metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158859. [PMID: 33309975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
White (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue, the two main types of adipose organ, are responsible for lipid storage and non-shivering thermogenesis, respectively. Thermogenesis is a process mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) which uncouples oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production, leading to the conversion of free fatty acids to heat. This process can be triggered by exposure to low ambient temperatures, caloric excess, and the immune system. Recently mitochondrial thermogenesis has also been associated with plasma lipoprotein transport system. Specifically, apolipoprotein (APO) E3 is shown to have a bimodal effect on WAT thermogenesis that is highly dependent on its site of expression. Similarly, APOE2 and APOE4 differentially affect BAT and WAT mitochondrial metabolic activity in processes highly modulated by APOA1. Furthermore, the absence of classical APOA1 containing HDL (APOA1-HDL), is associated with no measurable non-shivering thermogenesis in WAT of mice fed high fat diet. Based on these previous observations which indicate important regulatory roles for both APOA1 and APOE in adipose tissue mitochondrial metabolic activity, here we sought to investigate the potential roles of these apolipoproteins in BAT and WAT metabolic activation in mice, following stimulation by cold exposure (7 °C). Our data indicate that APOA1-HDL promotes metabolic activation of BAT only in the presence of very low levels (virtually undetectable) of APOE3-containing HDL (APOE3-HDL), which acts as an inhibitor in this process. In contrast, induction of WAT thermogenesis is subjected to a more complicated regulation which requires the combined presence of both APOA1-HDL and APOE3-HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Xepapadaki
- University of Patras School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Pharmacology Laboratory, Panepistimioupolis, Rio, Greece
| | - Ioanna Nikdima
- University of Patras School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Pharmacology Laboratory, Panepistimioupolis, Rio, Greece
| | - Evangelia Zvintzou
- University of Patras School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Pharmacology Laboratory, Panepistimioupolis, Rio, Greece
| | - Eleni A Karavia
- University of Patras School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Pharmacology Laboratory, Panepistimioupolis, Rio, Greece
| | - Kyriakos E Kypreos
- University of Patras School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Pharmacology Laboratory, Panepistimioupolis, Rio, Greece; European University Cyprus, School of Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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176
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Antony A, Lian Z, Perrard XD, Perrard J, Liu H, Cox AR, Saha P, Hennighausen L, Hartig SM, Ballantyne CM, Wu H. Deficiency of Stat1 in CD11c + Cells Alters Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Improves Metabolic Dysfunctions in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Diabetes 2021; 70:720-732. [PMID: 33323395 PMCID: PMC7897343 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD11c+ macrophages/dendritic cells (MDCs) are increased and display the classically activated M1-like phenotype in obese adipose tissue (AT) and may contribute to AT inflammation and insulin resistance. Stat1 is a key transcription factor for MDC polarization into the M1-like phenotype. Here, we examined the role of Stat1 in obesity-induced AT MDC polarization and inflammation and insulin resistance using mice with specific knockout of Stat1 in MDCs (cKO). Stat1 was upregulated and phosphorylated, indicating activation, early and persistently in AT and AT MDCs of wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Compared with littermate controls, cKO mice fed an HFD (16 weeks) had reductions in MDC (mainly CD11c+ macrophage) M1-like polarization and interferon-γ-expressing T-helper type 1 (Th1) cells but increases in interleukin 5-expressing Th2 cells and eosinophils in perigonadal and inguinal AT, and enhanced inguinal AT browning, with increased energy expenditure. cKO mice compared with controls also had significant reductions in triglyceride content in the liver and skeletal muscle and exhibited improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Stat1 in MDCs plays an important role in obesity-induced MDC M1-like polarization and AT inflammation and contributes to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antu Antony
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Zeqin Lian
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Jerry Perrard
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Pradip Saha
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Center for Cardiometabolic Disease Prevention, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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177
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Cho YK, Son Y, Saha A, Kim D, Choi C, Kim M, Park JH, Im H, Han J, Kim K, Jung YS, Yun J, Bae EJ, Seong JK, Lee MO, Lee S, Granneman JG, Lee YH. STK3/STK4 signalling in adipocytes regulates mitophagy and energy expenditure. Nat Metab 2021; 3:428-441. [PMID: 33758424 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity reduces adipocyte mitochondrial function, and expanding adipocyte oxidative capacity is an emerging strategy to improve systemic metabolism. Here, we report that serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (STK3) and STK4 are key physiological suppressors of mitochondrial capacity in brown, beige and white adipose tissues. Levels of STK3 and STK4, kinases in the Hippo signalling pathway, are greater in white than brown adipose tissues, and levels in brown adipose tissue are suppressed by cold exposure and greatly elevated by surgical denervation. Genetic inactivation of Stk3 and Stk4 increases mitochondrial mass and function, stabilizes uncoupling protein 1 in beige adipose tissue and confers resistance to metabolic dysfunction induced by high-fat diet feeding. Mechanistically, STK3 and STK4 increase adipocyte mitophagy in part by regulating the phosphorylation and dimerization status of the mitophagy receptor BNIP3. STK3 and STK4 expression levels are elevated in human obesity, and pharmacological inhibition improves metabolic profiles in a mouse model of obesity, suggesting STK3 and STK4 as potential targets for treating obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Keun Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho Son
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhirup Saha
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doeun Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheoljun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeong Im
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeong Han
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeanho Yun
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Plus Program for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yun-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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178
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In vivo emergence of beige-like fat in chickens as physiological adaptation to cold environments. Amino Acids 2021; 53:381-393. [PMID: 33598768 PMCID: PMC7979618 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While it has been hypothesized that brown adipocytes responsible for mammalian thermogenesis are absent in birds, the existence of beige fat has yet to be studied directly. The present study tests the hypothesis that beige fat emerges in birds as a mechanism of physiological adaptation to cold environments. Subcutaneous neck adipose tissue from cold-acclimated or triiodothyronine (T3)-treated chickens exhibited increases in the expression of avian uncoupling protein (avUCP, an ortholog of mammalian UCP2 and UCP3) gene and some known mammalian beige adipocyte-specific markers. Morphological characteristics of white adipose tissues of treated chickens showed increased numbers of both small and larger clusters of multilocular fat cells within the tissues. Increases in protein levels of avUCP and mitochondrial marker protein, voltage-dependent anion channel, and immunohistochemical analysis for subcutaneous neck fat revealed the presence of potentially thermogenic mitochondria-rich cells. This is the first evidence that the capacity for thermogenesis may be acquired by differentiating adipose tissue into beige-like fat for maintaining temperature homeostasis in the subcutaneous fat 'neck warmer' in chickens exposed to a cold environment.
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179
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Brown Adipose Tissue and Its Role in Insulin and Glucose Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041530. [PMID: 33546400 PMCID: PMC7913527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased worldwide prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, and their related metabolic complications have prompted the scientific world to search for new possibilities to combat obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), due to its unique protein uncoupling protein 1 (UPC1) in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, has been acknowledged as a promising approach to increase energy expenditure. Activated brown adipocytes dissipate energy, resulting in heat production. In other words, BAT burns fat and increases the metabolic rate, promoting a negative energy balance. Moreover, BAT alleviates metabolic complications like dyslipidemia, impaired insulin secretion, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to explore the role of BAT in total energy expenditure, as well as lipid and glucose homeostasis, and to discuss new possible activators of brown adipose tissue in humans to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
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180
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Pernes G, Morgan PK, Huynh K, Mellett NA, Meikle PJ, Murphy AJ, Henstridge DC, Lancaster GI. Characterization of the circulating and tissue-specific alterations to the lipidome in response to moderate and major cold stress in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R95-R104. [PMID: 33175588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00112.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of 24 h of cold stress (22°C or 5°C vs. mice maintained at 30 °C) on the plasma, brown adipose tissue (BAT), subcutaneous (SubQ) and epididymal (Epi) white adipose tissue (WAT), liver, and skeletal muscle lipidome of mice. Using mass spectrometry-lipidomics, 624 lipid species were detected, of which 239 were significantly altered in plasma, 134 in BAT, and 51 in the liver. In plasma, acylcarnitines and free fatty acids were markedly increased at 5°C. Plasma triacylglycerols (TGs) were reduced at 22°C and 5°C. We also identified ether lipids as a novel, cold-induced lipid class. In BAT, TGs were the principal lipid class affected by cold stress, being significantly reduced at both 22°C and 5°C. Interestingly, although BAT TG species were uniformly affected at 5°C, at 22°C we observed species-dependent effects, with TGs containing longer and more unsaturated fatty acids particularly sensitive to the effects of cold. In the liver, TGs were the most markedly affected lipid class, increasing in abundance at 5 °C. TGs containing longer and more unsaturated fatty acids accumulated to a greater degree. Our work demonstrates the following: 1) acute exposure to moderate (22°C) cold stress alters the plasma and BAT lipidome; although this effect is markedly less pronounced than at 5°C. 2) Cold stress at 5°C dramatically alters the plasma lipidome, with ether lipids identified as a novel lipid class altered by cold exposure. 3) Cold-induced alterations in liver and BAT TG levels are not uniform, with changes being influenced by acyl chain composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Pernes
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pooranee K Morgan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darren C Henstridge
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Graeme I Lancaster
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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181
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Bilak JM, Gulsin GS, McCann GP. Cardiovascular and systemic determinants of exercise capacity in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2021; 12:2042018820980235. [PMID: 33552463 PMCID: PMC7844448 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820980235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of heart failure (HF) is on the rise owing to an increasing incidence of lifestyle related diseases, predominantly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Diabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and up to 75% of those with T2D develop HF in their lifetime. T2D leads to pathological alterations within the cardiovascular system, which can progress insidiously and asymptomatically in the absence of conventional risk factors. Reduced exercise tolerance is consistently reported, even in otherwise asymptomatic individuals with T2D, and is the first sign of a failing heart. Because aggressive modification of cardiovascular risk factors does not eliminate the risk of HF in T2D, it is likely that other factors play a role in the pathogenesis of HF. Early identification of individuals at risk of HF is advantageous, as it allows for modification of the reversible risk factors and early initiation of treatment with the aim of improving clinical outcomes. In this review, cardiac and extra-cardiac contributors to reduced exercise tolerance in people with T2D are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Bilak
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Gaurav S. Gulsin
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Gerry P. McCann
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE39QP, UK
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182
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Yang H, Chen L, Sun Q, Yao F, Muhammad S, Sun C. The role of HDAC11 in obesity-related metabolic disorders: A critical review. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5582-5591. [PMID: 33481312 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
At present, metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, have become the world's top health threats. These diseases are closely related to the abnormal development and function of adipocytes and metabolic inflammation associated with obesity. Histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11), with a relatively unique structure and function in the HDAC family, plays a vital role in regulating cell growth, migration, and cell death. Currently, research on new key regulatory functions of HDAC11 in metabolic homeostasis is receiving more and more attention, and HDAC11 has also become a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Here, we summarized the latest literature on the role of HDAC11 in regulating the progress of obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangyao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Saeed Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Chao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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183
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Distinct Shades of Adipocytes Control the Metabolic Roles of Adipose Tissues: From Their Origins to Their Relevance for Medical Applications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010040. [PMID: 33466493 PMCID: PMC7824911 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue resides in specific depots scattered in peripheral or deeper locations all over the body and it enwraps most of the organs. This tissue is always in a dynamic evolution as it must adapt to the metabolic demand and constraints. It exhibits also endocrine functions important to regulate energy homeostasis. This complex organ is composed of depots able to produce opposite functions to monitor energy: the so called white adipose tissue acts to store energy as triglycerides preventing ectopic fat deposition while the brown adipose depots dissipate it. It is composed of many cell types. Different types of adipocytes constitute the mature cells specialized to store or burn energy. Immature adipose progenitors (AP) presenting stem cells properties contribute not only to the maintenance but also to the expansion of this tissue as observed in overweight or obese individuals. They display a high regeneration potential offering a great interest for cell therapy. In this review, we will depict the attributes of the distinct types of adipocytes and their contribution to the function and metabolic features of adipose tissue. We will examine the specific role and properties of distinct depots according to their location. We will consider their cellular heterogeneity to present an updated picture of this sophisticated tissue. We will also introduce new trends pointing out a rational targeting of adipose tissue for medical applications.
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184
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Pervin S, Reddy ST, Singh R. Novel Roles of Follistatin/Myostatin in Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Adipose Browning: Potential for Therapeutic Intervention in Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:653179. [PMID: 33897620 PMCID: PMC8062757 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.653179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health problem and a major risk factor for several metabolic conditions including dyslipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity develops from chronic imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Stimulation of cellular energy burning process has the potential to dissipate excess calories in the form of heat via the activation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in white and brown adipose tissues. Recent studies have shown that activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway significantly contributes to the development of obesity, and blockade or inhibition is reported to protect from obesity by promoting white adipose browning and increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. Identification of novel compounds that activate beige/brown adipose characteristics to burn surplus calories and reduce excess storage of fat are actively sought in the fight against obesity. In this review, we present recent developments in our understanding of key modulators of TGF-β signaling pathways including follistatin (FST) and myostatin (MST) in regulating adipose browning and brown adipose mass and activity. While MST is a key ligand for TGF-β family, FST can bind and regulate biological activity of several TGF-β superfamily members including activins, bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) and inhibins. Here, we review the literature supporting the critical roles for FST, MST and other proteins in modulating TGF-β signaling to influence beige and brown adipose characteristics. We further review the potential therapeutic utility of FST for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Pervin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Endocrinology, Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rajan Singh,
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185
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Lagarde D, Jeanson Y, Barreau C, Moro C, Peyriga L, Cahoreau E, Guissard C, Arnaud E, Galinier A, Bouzier-Sore AK, Pellerin L, Chouchani ET, Pénicaud L, Ader I, Portais JC, Casteilla L, Carrière A. Lactate fluxes mediated by the monocarboxylate transporter-1 are key determinants of the metabolic activity of beige adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100137. [PMID: 33268383 PMCID: PMC7949083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of energy-dissipating brown/beige adipocytes represents an attractive therapeutic strategy against metabolic disorders. While lactate is known to induce beiging through the regulation of Ucp1 gene expression, the role of lactate transporters on beige adipocytes' ongoing metabolic activity remains poorly understood. To explore the function of the lactate-transporting monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), we used a combination of primary cell culture studies, 13C isotopic tracing, laser microdissection experiments, and in situ immunofluorescence of murine adipose fat pads. Dissecting white adipose tissue heterogeneity revealed that the MCT1 is expressed in inducible beige adipocytes as the emergence of uncoupling protein 1 after cold exposure was restricted to a subpopulation of MCT1-expressing adipocytes suggesting MCT1 as a marker of inducible beige adipocytes. We also observed that MCT1 mediates bidirectional and simultaneous inward and outward lactate fluxes, which were required for efficient utilization of glucose by beige adipocytes activated by the canonical β3-adrenergic signaling pathway. Finally, we demonstrated that significant lactate import through MCT1 occurs even when glucose is not limiting, which feeds the oxidative metabolism of beige adipocytes. These data highlight the key role of lactate fluxes in finely tuning the metabolic activity of beige adipocytes according to extracellular metabolic conditions and reinforce the emerging role of lactate metabolism in the control of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lagarde
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Jeanson
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Barreau
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Moro
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Lindsay Peyriga
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute TBI - INSA de Toulouse INSA/CNRS 5504 - UMR INSA/INRA 7924, Toulouse, France; MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Edern Cahoreau
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute TBI - INSA de Toulouse INSA/CNRS 5504 - UMR INSA/INRA 7924, Toulouse, France; MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guissard
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuelle Arnaud
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Galinier
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Luc Pellerin
- INSERM U1082, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Edward T Chouchani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Ader
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Toulouse Biotechnology Institute TBI - INSA de Toulouse INSA/CNRS 5504 - UMR INSA/INRA 7924, Toulouse, France; MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Carrière
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Institut RESTORE, UMR 1301 INSERM, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Lin W, Zhang T, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Lin Z. Advances in Biological Functions and Clinical Studies of FGF21. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3281-3290. [PMID: 34295169 PMCID: PMC8291585 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s317096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) regulates many crucial biological processes in human and mammals, particularly metabolic modulation and protective effect after injury. Therefore, determining complex regulatory mechanisms and elucidating the signaling pathway may greatly promote the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of related injury and metabolic diseases. This review focused on the metabolic modulation and protective effect of FGF21 and summarized the molecular mechanisms and clinical research developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianlei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyang Zhou
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Zheng
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhenlang Lin Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China Email
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187
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Pilkington AC, Paz HA, Wankhade UD. Beige Adipose Tissue Identification and Marker Specificity-Overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:599134. [PMID: 33776911 PMCID: PMC7996049 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.599134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is classified based on its location, physiological and functional characteristics. Although there is a clear demarcation of anatomical and molecular features specific to white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), the factors that uniquely differentiate beige AT (BeAT) remain to be fully elaborated. The ubiquitous presence of different types of AT and the inability to differentiate brown and beige adipocytes because of similar appearance present a challenge when classifying them one way or another. Here we will provide an overview of the latest advances in BeAT, BAT, and WAT identification based on transcript markers described in the literature. The review paper will highlight some of the difficulties these markers pose and will offer new perspectives on possible transcript-specific identification of BeAT. We hope that this will advance the understanding of the biology of different ATs. In addition, concrete strategies to distinguish different types of AT may be relevant to track the efficacy and mechanisms around interventions aimed to improve metabolic health and thwart excessive weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Claire Pilkington
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Henry A. Paz
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Umesh D. Wankhade
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Umesh D. Wankhade,
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188
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Yuan Y, Wang H, He J, Sun H, Zhu D, Bi Y. Peripheral Administration of NMU Promotes White Adipose Tissue Beiging and Improves Glucose Tolerance. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:6142096. [PMID: 34422045 PMCID: PMC8373479 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6142096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeting white adipose tissue (WAT) beiging has been proposed as an effective way to increase thermogenesis and improve glucose metabolism. Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide that could increase energy expenditure, while its effects on WAT beiging and glucose homeostasis remain to be investigated. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity and hyperglycemia and then treated with chronic subcutaneous injection of NMU. Body weight and food intake were recorded daily. After 14 days of injection, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG micro-PET/CT) scans were conducted. Subcutaneous WAT (sWAT) and interscapular brown adipose tissue were collected for the evaluation of adipocyte size, expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), and other thermogenic-related genes. Stromal vascular fraction of subcutaneous WAT was extracted for the measurement of type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) proportions. RESULTS Glucose tolerance was markedly improved by peripherally administered NMU. Micro-PET/CT suggested that NMU promoted WAT beiging, which was further confirmed by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry. In diet-induced-obese (DIO) mice, NMU activated thermogenic-related genes in WAT. In addition, NMU stimulated ILC2s in the stromal vascular fraction of WAT. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study indicates that peripheral administration of NMU is a potential therapeutic strategy for the promotion of WAT beiging and the improvement of impaired glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jielei He
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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189
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Jia XW, Fang DL, Shi XY, Lu T, Yang C, Gao Y. Inducible beige adipocytes improve impaired glucose metabolism in interscapular BAT-removal mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158871. [PMID: 33346159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inducible beige adipocytes are emerging as an interesting issue in obesity and metabolism research. There is a neglected possibility that brown adipocytes are equally activated when external stimuli induce the formation of beige adipocytes. Thus, the question is whether beige adipocytes have the same functions as brown adipocytes when brown adipose tissue (BAT) is lacking. This question has not been well studied. Therefore we determine the beneficial effects of beige adipocytes upon cold challenge or CL316243 treatments in animal models of interscapular BAT (iBAT) ablation by surgical denervation. We found that denervated iBAT were activated by cold exposure and CL316243 treatments. The data show that beige adipocytes partly contribute to the improvement of impaired glucose metabolism resulting from denervated iBAT. Thus, we further used iBAT-removal animal models to abolish iBAT functions completely. We found that beige adipocytes upon cold exposure or CL316243 treatments improved impaired glucose metabolism and enhanced glucose uptake in iBAT-removal mice. The insulin signaling was activated in iBAT-removal mice upon cold exposure. Both the activation of insulin signaling and up-regulation of glucose transporter expression were observed in iBAT-removal mice with CL316243 treatments. The data show that inducible beige adipocytes may have different mechanisms to improve impaired glucose metabolism. Inducible beige adipocytes can also enhance energy expenditure and lipolytic activity of white adipose tissues when iBAT is lacking. We provide direct evidences for the beneficial effect of inducible beige adipocytes in glucose metabolism and energy expenditure in the absence of iBAT in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dong-Liang Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin-Yi Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Colson C, Batrow PL, Gautier N, Rochet N, Ailhaud G, Peiretti F, Amri EZ. The Rosmarinus Bioactive Compound Carnosic Acid Is a Novel PPAR Antagonist That Inhibits the Browning of White Adipocytes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112433. [PMID: 33171828 PMCID: PMC7695189 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermogenic brown and brite adipocytes convert chemical energy from nutrients into heat. Therapeutics that regulate brown adipocyte recruitment and activity represent interesting strategies to control fat mass such as in obesity or cachexia. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family plays key roles in the maintenance of adipose tissue and in the regulation of thermogenic activity. Activation of these receptors induce browning of white adipocyte. The purpose of this work was to characterize the role of carnosic acid (CA), a compound used in traditional medicine, in the control of brown/brite adipocyte formation and function. We used human multipotent adipose-derived stem (hMADS) cells differentiated into white or brite adipocytes. The expression of key marker genes was determined using RT-qPCR and western blotting. We show here that CA inhibits the browning of white adipocytes and favors decreased gene expression of thermogenic markers. CA treatment does not affect β-adrenergic response. Importantly, the effects of CA are fully reversible. We used transactivation assays to show that CA has a PPARα/γ antagonistic action. Our data pinpoint CA as a drug able to control PPAR activity through an antagonistic effect. These observations shed some light on the development of natural PPAR antagonists and their potential effects on thermogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Colson
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06103 Nice, France; (C.C.); (P.-L.B.); (N.G.); (N.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Pierre-Louis Batrow
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06103 Nice, France; (C.C.); (P.-L.B.); (N.G.); (N.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Nadine Gautier
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06103 Nice, France; (C.C.); (P.-L.B.); (N.G.); (N.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Nathalie Rochet
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06103 Nice, France; (C.C.); (P.-L.B.); (N.G.); (N.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Gérard Ailhaud
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06103 Nice, France; (C.C.); (P.-L.B.); (N.G.); (N.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Franck Peiretti
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, 13007 Marseille, France;
| | - Ez-Zoubir Amri
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06103 Nice, France; (C.C.); (P.-L.B.); (N.G.); (N.R.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-493-37-70-82; Fax: +33-493-81-70-58
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Morón-Ros S, Uriarte I, Berasain C, Avila MA, Sabater-Masdeu M, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Fernández-Real JM, Giralt M, Villarroya F, Gavaldà-Navarro A. FGF15/19 is required for adipose tissue plasticity in response to thermogenic adaptations. Mol Metab 2020; 43:101113. [PMID: 33171307 PMCID: PMC7691747 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the role of enterokine FGF15/19 in adipose tissue thermogenic adaptations. Methods Circulating FGF19 and gene expression (qRT-PCR) levels were assessed in subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese human patients. Effects of experimentally increased FGF15 and FGF19 levels in vivo were determined in mice using adenoviral and adeno-associated vectors. Adipose tissues were characterized in FGF15-null mice under distinct cold-related thermogenic challenges. The analyses spanned metabolic profiling, tissue characterization, histology, gene expression, and immunoblot assays. Results In humans, FGF19 levels are directly associated with UCP1 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Experimental increases in FGF15 or FGF19 induced white fat browning in mice as demonstrated by the appearance of multilocular beige cells and markers indicative of a beige phenotype, including increased UCP1 protein levels. Mice lacking FGF15 showed markedly impaired white adipose tissue browning and a mild reduction in parameters indicative of BAT activity in response to cold-induced environmental thermogenic challenges. This was concomitant with signs of altered systemic metabolism, such as reduced glucose tolerance and impaired cold-induced insulin sensitization. Conclusions Enterokine FGF15/19 is a key factor required for adipose tissue plasticity in response to thermogenic adaptations. Circulating FGF19 levels correlate positively with signs of fat browning in humans. Adaptive adipose tissue browning in response to cold is impaired in mice lacking FGF15. Experimentally induced increase in FGF15 or FGF19 promotes fat browning in mice. FGF15/19 signaling is required for thermogenic challenge-induced plasticity of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Morón-Ros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEROBN, Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBEREHD, Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBEREHD, Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
| | - Matías A Avila
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBEREHD, Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
| | - Mònica Sabater-Masdeu
- CIBEROBN, Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, de Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - José María Moreno-Navarrete
- CIBEROBN, Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, de Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- CIBEROBN, Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, de Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEROBN, Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEROBN, Carlos III Health Institute, Spain.
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEROBN, Carlos III Health Institute, Spain.
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192
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Qiu J, Zhang Z, Wang S, Chen Y, Liu C, Xu S, Wang D, Su J, Ni M, Yu J, Cui X, Ma L, Hu T, Hu Y, Gu X, Ma X, Wang J, Xu L. Transferrin Receptor Functionally Marks Thermogenic Adipocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:572459. [PMID: 33251209 PMCID: PMC7676909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.572459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thermogenic adipocytes, including beige and brown adipocytes, are critical for thermogenesis and energy homeostasis. Identification of functional cell surface markers of thermogenic adipocytes is of significance for potential application in biological and clinical practices. Methods With a combination of RNA-sequencing of in vivo and in vitro models, we identified transferrin receptor (Tfr1), a receptor specialized for cellular iron uptake, as a previously unappreciated cell surface molecule for thermogenic adipocytes compared to white adipocytes. The alternation of Tfr1 levels under physiological and pathological stimuli was assessed, and the mitochondria functionality, browning capacity, and iron metabolism of mature adipocytes were examined with Tfr1 knockdown. Results Tfr1 was expressed predominantly in thermogenic adipocytes versus white adipocyte, and its expression levels were tightly correlated with the activation or inhibition status of thermogenic adipocytes under external stimuli. Besides, Tfr1 gene deficiency in thermogenic adipocytes led to reduced thermogenic gene programs and mitochondrial integrity. Conclusion Tfr1 functionally marks thermogenic adipocytes and could serve as a potential thermogenic adipocyte surface marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sainan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caizhi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sainan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junlei Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengshan Ni
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdi Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhui Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yepeng Hu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuejiang Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinran Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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193
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Desentis-Desentis MF, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Sánchez-Enríquez S. Protective role of osteocalcin in diabetes pathogenesis. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:765-771. [PMID: 32725267 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In diabetes, metabolic, inflammatory, and stress-associated alterations conduce to ß-cell failure and tissue damage. Osteocalcin is a bone protein with several endocrine functions in different tissues. In this review, we gathered scientific evidence of how osteocalcin could modulate functional disorders that are altered in diabetes in an integrative way. We include adipose tissue, pancreatic function, and oxidative stress aspects. In the first section, we focus on the role of inflammatory mediators and adiponectin in energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. In the following section, we discuss the effect of osteocalcin in metabolic and pancreatic function and its association in insulin signaling and in ß-cell proliferation. Finally, we focus on osteocalcin action in oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and in antioxidant regulation, since ß-cells are well known by its vulnerability to stress damage. These evidences support the notion that osteocalcin could have an important role in diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Desentis-Desentis
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Transplant, Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University de Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada St., Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- cGMP Cell Processing Facility, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada St., Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge David Rivas-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Transplant, Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University de Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada St., Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- cGMP Cell Processing Facility, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada St., Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Enríquez
- Department of Clinics, University Center of Los Altos, University of Guadalajara, 1200 Rafael Casillas Ave, ZC47620, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico.
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194
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Zhang L, Avery J, Yin A, Singh AM, Cliff TS, Yin H, Dalton S. Generation of Functional Brown Adipocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells via Progression through a Paraxial Mesoderm State. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:784-797.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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195
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Hao M, Guan Z, Gao Y, Xing J, Zhou X, Wang C, Xu J, Li W. Huang-Qi San ameliorates hyperlipidemia with obesity rats via activating brown adipocytes and converting white adipocytes into brown-like adipocytes. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:153292. [PMID: 32777487 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is a promising therapeutic target to treat hyperlipidemia with obesity. Huang-Qi San (HQS), an traditional Chinese medicine, can ameliorate hyperlipidemia with obesity, but its mechanism of action (MOA) is not understood. PURPOSE To articulate the MOA for HQS with animal models. METHODS The main chemical constituents of HQS were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based assay. Hyperlipidemia with obesity rat models induced by high-fat diet were employed in the study. The levels of the fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured to evaluate the ability of HQS to ameliorate hyperlipidemia with obesity. Pathological analyses of organs were conducted with Oil Red O staining, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of mRNAs related to thermogenic genes, fatty acid oxidation-related genes and mitochondria biogenic genes were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expressions of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) were investigated by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Simultaneously, the protein expression of PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5A) was detected by western blot. RESULTS HQS ameliorates metabolic disorder, lipid ectopic deposition, obesity and maintained glucose homeostasis in hyperlipidemia with obesity rats. HQS can significantly increase the number of mitochondria and reduced the size of the intracellular lipid droplets in BAT, and increase the expression of BAT activation-related genes (UCP1, PGC1α, PGC1β, Prdm16, CD137, TBX1, CPT1a, PPARα, Tfam, NRF1 and NRF2) in vivo. Furthermore, UCP1, PRDM16 and ATP5A proteins of BAT were increased. CONCLUSION HQS can activate BAT and browning of S-WAT (subcutaneous white adipose tissue) through activating the PRDM16/PGC1α/UCP1 pathway, augmenting mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation to increase thermogenesis and energy expenditure, resulting in a significant amelioration of hyperlipidemia with obesity. Therefore, HQS is an effective therapeutic medicine for the treatment of hyperlipidemia with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Hao
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhuoji Guan
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, P.R. China
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Juling Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Chunyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Weimin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
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196
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Turchi R, Faraonio R, Lettieri-Barbato D, Aquilano K. An Overview of the Ferroptosis Hallmarks in Friedreich's Ataxia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1489. [PMID: 33126466 PMCID: PMC7693407 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by early mortality due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. FRDA is caused by reduced levels of frataxin (FXN), a mitochondrial protein involved in the synthesis of iron-sulphur clusters, leading to iron accumulation at the mitochondrial level, uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. These features are also common to ferroptosis, an iron-mediated type of cell death triggered by accumulation of lipoperoxides with distinct morphological and molecular characteristics with respect to other known cell deaths. SCOPE OF REVIEW Even though ferroptosis has been associated with various neurodegenerative diseases including FRDA, the mechanisms leading to disease onset/progression have not been demonstrated yet. We describe the molecular alterations occurring in FRDA that overlap with those characterizing ferroptosis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The study of ferroptotic pathways is necessary for the understanding of FRDA pathogenesis, and anti-ferroptotic drugs could be envisaged as therapeutic strategies to cure FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Turchi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Raffaella Faraonio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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197
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Choi M, Mukherjee S, Yun JW. Trigonelline induces browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1113-1124. [PMID: 33015893 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trigonelline, a major alkaloid component of fenugreek, has been demonstrated to have several biological activities, including antidiabetic and anticancer effects. This study aimed to examine the possible application of trigonelline as an anti-obesity compound based on an investigation of its enhancement of lipid catabolism and induction of browning in white adipocytes. Trigonelline induces browning of 3T3-L1 white adipocytes by enhancing the expressions of brown-fat signature proteins and genes as well as beige-specific genes, including Cd137, Cited1, Tbx1, and Tmem26. Trigonelline also improves lipid metabolism in white adipocytes by decreasing adipogenesis and lipogenesis as well as promotes lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, trigonelline increases the expression of Cox4, Nrf1, and Tfam genes that are responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis. Mechanistic studies revealed that the browning effect of trigonelline in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes is mediated by activating β3-AR and inhibiting PDE4, thereby stimulating the p38 MAPK/ATF-2 signaling pathway. Considering its high bioavailability in humans and the results of this study, trigonelline may have potential as an anti-obesity compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sulagna Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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198
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Vyas V, Hunter RJ, Longhi MP, Finlay MC. Inflammation and adiposity: new frontiers in atrial fibrillation. Europace 2020; 22:1609-1618. [PMID: 33006596 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aetiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) remains poorly understood, despite its growing prevalence and associated morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Obesity is implicated in myriad different disease processes and is now recognized a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of AF. Moreover, the role of distinct adipose tissue depots is a matter of intense scientific interest with the depot directly surrounding the heart—epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) appearing to have the greatest correlation with AF presence and severity. Similarly, inflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of AF with EAT thought to act as a local depot of inflammatory mediators. These can easily diffuse into atrial tissue with the potential to alter its structural and electrical properties. Various meta-analyses have indicated that EAT size is an independent risk factor for AF with adipose tissue expansion being inevitably associated with a local inflammatory process. Here, we first briefly review adipose tissue anatomy and physiology then move on to the epidemiological data correlating EAT, inflammation, and AF. We focus particularly on discussing the mechanistic basis of how EAT inflammation may precipitate and maintain AF. Finally, we review how EAT can be utilized to help in the clinical management of AF patients and discuss future avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Vyas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
| | - Ross J Hunter
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
| | - M Paula Longhi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Malcolm C Finlay
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
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199
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Ruan HB. Developmental and functional heterogeneity of thermogenic adipose tissue. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:775-784. [PMID: 32569352 PMCID: PMC7816678 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic continues to rise as a global health challenge. Thermogenic brown and beige adipocytes dissipate chemical energy as heat, providing an opportunity for developing new therapeutics for obesity and related metabolic diseases. Anatomically, brown adipose tissue is distributed as discrete depots, while beige adipocytes exist within certain depots of white adipose tissue. Developmentally, brown and beige adipocytes arise from multiple embryonic progenitor populations that are distinct and overlapping. Functionally, they respond to a plethora of stimuli to engage uncoupling protein 1-dependent and independent thermogenic programs, thus improving systemic glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and the clearance of branched-chain amino acids. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to the developmental and functional heterogeneity of thermogenic adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bin Ruan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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200
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Li Y, Schwalie PC, Bast-Habersbrunner A, Mocek S, Russeil J, Fromme T, Deplancke B, Klingenspor M. Systems-Genetics-Based Inference of a Core Regulatory Network Underlying White Fat Browning. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4099-4113.e5. [PMID: 31851936 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of brite/beige cells, known as browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), is an efficient way to turn an energy-storing organ into an energy-dissipating one and may therefore be of therapeutic value in combating obesity. However, a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms mediating WAT browning is still lacking. Here, we exploit the large natural variation in WAT browning propensity between inbred mouse strains to gain an inclusive view of the core regulatory network coordinating this cellular process. Combining comparative transcriptomics, perturbation-based validations, and gene network analyses, we present a comprehensive gene regulatory network of inguinal WAT browning, revealing up to four distinct regulatory modules with key roles for uncovered transcriptional factors, while also providing deep insights into the genetic architecture of brite adipogenesis. The presented findings therefore greatly increase our understanding of the molecular drivers mediating the intriguing cellular heterogeneity and plasticity of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguo Li
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; EKFZ-Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Petra C Schwalie
- Institute of Bio-engineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bast-Habersbrunner
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; EKFZ-Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sabine Mocek
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; EKFZ-Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Julie Russeil
- Institute of Bio-engineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; EKFZ-Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bart Deplancke
- Institute of Bio-engineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; EKFZ-Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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