151
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Xu S, Kim S, Chen ISY, Chou T. Modeling large fluctuations of thousands of clones during hematopoiesis: The role of stem cell self-renewal and bursty progenitor dynamics in rhesus macaque. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006489. [PMID: 30335762 PMCID: PMC6218102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In a recent clone-tracking experiment, millions of uniquely tagged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells were autologously transplanted into rhesus macaques and peripheral blood containing thousands of tags were sampled and sequenced over 14 years to quantify the abundance of hundreds to thousands of tags or “clones.” Two major puzzles of the data have been observed: consistent differences and massive temporal fluctuations of clone populations. The large sample-to-sample variability can lead clones to occasionally go “extinct” but “resurrect” themselves in subsequent samples. Although heterogeneity in HSC differentiation rates, potentially due to tagging, and random sampling of the animals’ blood and cellular demographic stochasticity might be invoked to explain these features, we show that random sampling cannot explain the magnitude of the temporal fluctuations. Moreover, we show through simpler neutral mechanistic and statistical models of hematopoiesis of tagged cells that a broad distribution in clone sizes can arise from stochastic HSC self-renewal instead of tag-induced heterogeneity. The very large clone population fluctuations that often lead to extinctions and resurrections can be naturally explained by a generation-limited proliferation constraint on the progenitor cells. This constraint leads to bursty cell population dynamics underlying the large temporal fluctuations. We analyzed experimental clone abundance data using a new statistic that counts clonal disappearances and provided least-squares estimates of two key model parameters in our model, the total HSC differentiation rate and the maximum number of progenitor-cell divisions. Hematopoiesis of virally tagged cells in rhesus macaques is analyzed in the context of a mechanistic and statistical model. We find that the clone size distribution and the temporal variability in the abundance of each clone (viral tag) in peripheral blood are consistent with (i) stochastic HSC self-renewal during bone marrow repair, (ii) clonal aging that restricts the number of generations of progenitor cells, and (iii) infrequent and small-size samples. By fitting data, we infer two key parameters that control the level of fluctuations of clone sizes in our model: the total HSC differentiation rate and the maximum proliferation capacity of progenitor cells. Our analysis provides insight into the mechanisms of hematopoiesis and a framework to guide future multiclone barcoding/lineage tracking measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xu
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Irvin S. Y. Chen
- UCLA AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tom Chou
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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152
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Developmental Analysis of Bone Marrow Neutrophils Reveals Populations Specialized in Expansion, Trafficking, and Effector Functions. Immunity 2018; 48:364-379.e8. [PMID: 29466759 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are specialized innate cells that require constant replenishment from proliferative bone marrow (BM) precursors as a result of their short half-life. Although it is established that neutrophils are derived from the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (GMP), the differentiation pathways from GMP to functional mature neutrophils are poorly defined. Using mass cytometry (CyTOF) and cell-cycle-based analysis, we identified three neutrophil subsets within the BM: a committed proliferative neutrophil precursor (preNeu) which differentiates into non-proliferating immature neutrophils and mature neutrophils. Transcriptomic profiling and functional analysis revealed that preNeu require the C/EBPε transcription factor for their generation from the GMP, and their proliferative program is substituted by a gain of migratory and effector function as they mature. preNeus expand under microbial and tumoral stress, and immature neutrophils are recruited to the periphery of tumor-bearing mice. In summary, our study identifies specialized BM granulocytic populations that ensure supply under homeostasis and stress responses.
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153
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Bronze-da-Rocha E, Santos-Silva A. Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitors and Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1343-1360. [PMID: 30123081 PMCID: PMC6097478 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD), the last stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is characterized by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Neutrophils are the front line cells that mediate an inflammatory response against microorganisms as they can migrate, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), secrete neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), and release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Serine proteases inhibitors regulate the activity of serine proteases and reduce neutrophil accumulation at inflammatory sites. This review intends to relate the role of neutrophil elastase in CKD and the effects of neutrophil elastase inhibitors in predicting or preventing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Bronze-da-Rocha
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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154
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Smith CK, Trinchieri G. The interplay between neutrophils and microbiota in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:701-715. [PMID: 30044897 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0418-151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the microbiota in many diseases including cancer has gained increasing attention. Paired with this is our expanding appreciation for the heterogeneity of the neutrophil compartment regarding surface marker expression and functionality. In this review, we will discuss the influence of the microbiota on granulopoiesis and consequent activity of neutrophils in cancer. As evidence for this microbiota-neutrophil-cancer axis builds, it exposes new therapeutic targets to improve a cancer patient's outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne K Smith
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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155
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He Z, Allers C, Sugimoto C, Ahmed N, Fujioka H, Kim WK, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Rapid Turnover and High Production Rate of Myeloid Cells in Adult Rhesus Macaques with Compensations during Aging. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:4059-4067. [PMID: 29728510 PMCID: PMC6263173 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils, basophils, and monocytes are continuously produced in bone marrow via myelopoiesis, circulate in blood, and are eventually removed from circulation to maintain homeostasis. To quantitate the kinetics of myeloid cell movement during homeostasis, we applied 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine pulse labeling in healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) followed by hematology and flow cytometry analyses. Results were applied to a mathematical model, and the blood circulating half-life and daily production, respectively, of each cell type from macaques aged 5-10 y old were calculated for neutrophils (1.63 ± 0.16 d, 1.42 × 109 cells/l/d), basophils (1.78 ± 0.30 d, 5.89 × 106 cells/l/d), and CD14+CD16- classical monocytes (1.01 ± 0.15 d, 3.09 × 108 cells/l/d). Classical monocytes were released into the blood circulation as early as 1 d after dividing, whereas neutrophils remained in bone marrow 4-5 d before being released. Among granulocytes, neutrophils and basophils exhibited distinct kinetics in bone marrow maturation time and blood circulation. With increasing chronological age, there was a significant decrease in daily production of neutrophils and basophils, but the half-life of these granulocytes remained unchanged between 3 and 19 y of age. In contrast, daily production of classical monocytes remained stable through 19 y of age but exhibited a significant decline in half-life. These results demonstrated relatively short half-lives and continuous replenishment of neutrophils, basophils, and classical monocytes during homeostasis in adult rhesus macaques with compensations observed during increasing chronological age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan He
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, LA 70433
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Carolina Allers
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Nursarat Ahmed
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Hideki Fujioka
- Center for Computational Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507; and
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, LA 70433;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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156
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Salinas-Muñoz L, Campos-Fernández R, Mercader E, Olivera-Valle I, Fernández-Pacheco C, Matilla L, García-Bordas J, Brazil JC, Parkos CA, Asensio F, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Hidalgo A, Sánchez-Mateos P, Samaniego R, Relloso M. Estrogen Receptor-Alpha (ESR1) Governs the Lower Female Reproductive Tract Vulnerability to Candida albicans. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1033. [PMID: 29881378 PMCID: PMC5976782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Estradiol-based therapies predispose women to vaginal infections. Moreover, it has long been known that neutrophils are absent from the vaginal lumen during the ovulatory phase (high estradiol). However, the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil influx to the vagina remain unknown. We investigated the neutrophil transepithelial migration (TEM) into the vaginal lumen. We revealed that estradiol reduces the CD44 and CD47 epithelial expression in the vaginal ectocervix and fornix, which retain neutrophils at the apical epithelium through the estradiol receptor-alpha. In contrast, luteal progesterone increases epithelial expression of CD44 and CD47 to promote neutrophil migration into the vaginal lumen and Candida albicans destruction. Distinctive to vaginal mucosa, neutrophil infiltration is contingent to sex hormones to prevent sperm from neutrophil attack; although it may compromise immunity during ovulation. Thus, sex hormones orchestrate tolerance and immunity in the vaginal lumen by regulating neutrophil TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salinas-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de InmunoFisiología, Grupo Fisiopatología de la mujer, del embarazo, parto y puerperio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Campos-Fernández
- Laboratorio de InmunoFisiología, Grupo Fisiopatología de la mujer, del embarazo, parto y puerperio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Mercader
- Laboratorio de InmunoFisiología, Grupo Fisiopatología de la mujer, del embarazo, parto y puerperio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Cirugía General, Sección Cirugía Endocrino-Metabólica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera-Valle
- Laboratorio de InmunoFisiología, Grupo Fisiopatología de la mujer, del embarazo, parto y puerperio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Fernández-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de InmunoFisiología, Grupo Fisiopatología de la mujer, del embarazo, parto y puerperio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Animalario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Matilla
- Laboratorio de InmunoFisiología, Grupo Fisiopatología de la mujer, del embarazo, parto y puerperio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio García-Bordas
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer C Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Fernando Asensio
- Animalario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Mateos
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-oncología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Samaniego
- Unidad de Microscopía Confocal, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Relloso
- Laboratorio de InmunoFisiología, Grupo Fisiopatología de la mujer, del embarazo, parto y puerperio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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157
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Kambara H, Liu F, Zhang X, Liu P, Bajrami B, Teng Y, Zhao L, Zhou S, Yu H, Zhou W, Silberstein LE, Cheng T, Han M, Xu Y, Luo HR. Gasdermin D Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects by Promoting Neutrophil Death. Cell Rep 2018; 22:2924-2936. [PMID: 29539421 PMCID: PMC5878047 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is considered a proinflammatory factor that mediates pyroptosis in macrophages to protect hosts from intracellular bacteria. Here, we reveal that GSDMD deficiency paradoxically augmented host responses to extracellular Escherichia coli, mainly by delaying neutrophil death, which established GSDMD as a negative regulator of innate immunity. In contrast to its activation in macrophages, in which activated inflammatory caspases cleave GSDMD to produce an N-terminal fragment (GSDMD-cNT) to trigger pyroptosis, GSDMD cleavage and activation in neutrophils was caspase independent. It was mediated by a neutrophil-specific serine protease, neutrophil elastase (ELANE), released from cytoplasmic granules into the cytosol in aging neutrophils. ELANE-mediated GSDMD cleavage was upstream of the caspase cleavage site and produced a fully active ELANE-derived NT fragment (GSDMD-eNT) that induced lytic cell death as efficiently as GSDMD-cNT. Thus, GSDMD is pleiotropic, exerting both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects that make it a potential target for antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Kambara
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Enders Research Building, Room 814, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Enders Research Building, Room 814, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Peng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Besnik Bajrami
- Center for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yan Teng
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Enders Research Building, Room 814, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Enders Research Building, Room 814, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shiyi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Enders Research Building, Room 814, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hongbo Yu
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Leslie E Silberstein
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Enders Research Building, Room 814, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tao Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Mingzhe Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yuanfu Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Enders Research Building, Room 814, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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158
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159
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Wang X, Chen D. Purinergic Regulation of Neutrophil Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:399. [PMID: 29545806 PMCID: PMC5837999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling, which utilizes nucleotides (particularly ATP) and adenosine as transmitter molecules, plays an essential role in immune system. In the extracellular compartment, ATP predominantly functions as a pro-inflammatory molecule through activation of P2 receptors, whereas adenosine mostly functions as an anti-inflammatory molecule through activation of P1 receptors. Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells in circulation and have emerged as an important component in orchestrating a complex series of events during inflammation. However, because of the destructive nature of neutrophil-derived inflammatory agents, neutrophil activation is fine-tuned, and purinergic signaling is intimately involved in this process. Indeed, shifting the balance between P2 and P1 signaling is critical for neutrophils to appropriately exert their immunologic activity. Here, we review the role of purinergic signaling in regulating neutrophil function, and discuss the potential of targeting purinergic signaling for the treatment of neutrophil-associated infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Deyu Chen
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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160
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161
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Ortmann W, Kolaczkowska E. Age is the work of art? Impact of neutrophil and organism age on neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:473-488. [PMID: 29250748 PMCID: PMC5820386 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps or NETs are released by highly activated neutrophils in response to infectious agents, sterile inflammation, autoimmune stimuli and cancer. In the cells, the nuclear envelop disintegrates and decondensation of chromatin occurs that depends on peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and neutrophil elastase (NE). Subsequently, proteins from neutrophil granules (e.g., NE, lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase) and the nucleus (histones) bind to decondensed DNA and the whole structure is ejected from the cell. The DNA decorated with potent antimicrobials and proteases can act to contain dissemination of infection and in sterile inflammation NETs were shown to degrade cytokines and chemokines via serine proteases. On the other hand, overproduction of NETs, or their inadequate removal and prolonged presence in vasculature or tissues, can lead to bystander damage or even initiation of diseases. Considering the pros and cons of NET formation, it is of relevance if the stage of neutrophil maturation (immature, mature and senescent cells) affects the capacity to produce NETs as the cells of different age-related phenotypes dominate in given (pathological) conditions. Moreover, the immune system of neonates and elderly individuals is weaker than in adulthood. Is the same pattern followed when it comes to NETs? The overall importance of individual and neutrophil age on the capacity to release NETs is reviewed in detail and the significance of these facts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Ortmann
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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162
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Lin A, Loré K. Granulocytes: New Members of the Antigen-Presenting Cell Family. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1781. [PMID: 29321780 PMCID: PMC5732227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes, the most abundant types of leukocytes, are the first line of defense against pathogen invasion. However, the plasticity and diversity of granulocytes have been increasingly revealed, especially with regard to their versatile functions in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. A substantial body of recent evidence demonstrates that granulocytes can acquire the function as antigen-presenting cells under pathological or inflammatory conditions. In addition, they can acquire surface expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules as well as T cell stimulatory behavior when cultured with selected cytokines. The classic view of granulocytes as terminally differentiated, short-lived phagocytes is therefore changing to phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous cells that are engaged in cross-talk with other leukocyte populations and provide an additional link between innate and adaptive immunity. In this brief review, we summarize the current knowledge on the antigen-presenting capacity of granulocyte subsets (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils). Underlying mechanisms, relevant physiological significance and potential controversies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Lin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Solna, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Solna, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
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163
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Corey SJ, Oyarbide U. New monogenic disorders identify more pathways to neutropenia: from the clinic to next-generation sequencing. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2017; 2017:172-180. [PMID: 29222253 PMCID: PMC5912212 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most common type of leukocyte in human circulating blood and constitute one of the chief mediators for innate immunity. Defined as a reduction from a normal distribution of values, neutropenia results from a number of congenital and acquired conditions. Neutropenia may be insignificant, temporary, or associated with a chronic condition with or without a vulnerability to life-threatening infections. As an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, neutropenia may be associated with transformation to myeloid malignancy. Recognition of an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome may be delayed into adulthood. The list of monogenic neutropenia disorders is growing, heterogeneous, and bewildering. Furthermore, greater knowledge of immune-mediated and drug-related causes makes the diagnosis and management of neutropenia challenging. Recognition of syndromic presentations and especially the introduction of next-generation sequencing are improving the accuracy and expediency of diagnosis as well as their clinical management. Furthermore, identification of monogenic neutropenia disorders is shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of granulopoiesis and myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Corey
- Department of Pediatrics, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Usua Oyarbide
- Department of Pediatrics, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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164
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca Asquith
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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165
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Lok LSC, Farahi N, Juss JK, Loutsios C, Solanki CK, Peters AM, Donaldson F, Porter-Brown B, Chilvers ER. Effects of tocilizumab on neutrophil function and kinetics. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:736-745. [PMID: 28796316 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreases in circulating neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leucocytes, PMNs) have been reported in patients treated with the anti-interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antibody tocilizumab (TCZ); the mechanism for this is unclear. We hypothesize that TCZ reduces circulating neutrophils by affecting margination and/or bone marrow trafficking without affecting neutrophil function or apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen healthy subjects were randomized to single intravenous dose of TCZ 8 mg/kg (n = 12) or placebo (n = 6) on day 0. On day 4, each subject had autologous indium-111-labelled neutrophils re-injected, and their kinetics quantified with longitudinal profiling in a whole body gamma-counter. TCZ-treated subjects were divided into two groups according to the extent of reduction in neutrophil count. RESULTS Mean day 4 neutrophil counts, as % baseline, were 101·9%, 68·3% and 44·2% in the placebo, TCZ-PMN-'high' and TCZ-PMN-'low' groups, respectively (P < 0·001). Following TCZ, neutrophil function, activation and apoptosis ex vivo were all unaffected. In vivo, there were no differences in early blood recovery or margination to liver/spleen and bone marrow; however, later neutrophil re-distribution to bone marrow was markedly reduced in the TCZ-PMN-low group (peak pelvic count as % day 4 count on: day 5, 188% placebo vs. 127% TCZ-PMN-low, P < 0·001; day 10, 180% placebo vs. 132% TCZ-PMN-low, P < 0·01), with a trend towards higher liver/spleen neutrophil retention. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time in humans that IL-6R blockade affects neutrophil trafficking to the bone marrow without influencing neutrophil functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neda Farahi
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jatinder K Juss
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Chandra K Solanki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adrien M Peters
- Division of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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166
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Sarker JM, Pearce SM, Nelson RP, Kinzer-Ursem TL, Umulis DM, Rundell AE. An Integrative multi-lineage model of variation in leukopoiesis and acute myelogenous leukemia. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:78. [PMID: 28841879 PMCID: PMC5574150 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) progresses uniquely in each patient. However, patients are typically treated with the same types of chemotherapy, despite biological differences that lead to differential responses to treatment. Results Here we present a multi-lineage multi-compartment model of the hematopoietic system that captures patient-to-patient variation in both the concentration and rates of change of hematopoietic cell populations. By constraining the model against clinical hematopoietic cell recovery data derived from patients who have received induction chemotherapy, we identified trends for parameters that must be met by the model; for example, the mitosis rates and the probability of self-renewal of progenitor cells are inversely related. Within the data-consistent models, we found 22,796 parameter sets that meet chemotherapy response criteria. Simulations of these parameter sets display diverse dynamics in the cell populations. To identify large trends in these model outputs, we clustered the simulated cell population dynamics using k-means clustering and identified thirteen ‘representative patient’ dynamics. In each of these patient clusters, we simulated AML and found that clusters with the greatest mitotic capacity experience clinical cancer outcomes more likely to lead to shorter survival times. Conversely, other parameters, including lower death rates or mobilization rates, did not correlate with survival times. Conclusions Using the multi-lineage model of hematopoiesis, we have identified several key features that determine leukocyte homeostasis, including self-renewal probabilities and mitosis rates, but not mobilization rates. Other influential parameters that regulate AML model behavior are responses to cytokines/growth factors produced in peripheral blood that target the probability of self-renewal of neutrophil progenitors. Finally, our model predicts that the mitosis rate of cancer is the most predictive parameter for survival time, followed closely by parameters that affect the self-renewal of cancer stem cells; most current therapies target mitosis rate, but based on our results, we propose that additional therapeutic targeting of self-renewal of cancer stem cells will lead to even higher survival rates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0469-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyatee M Sarker
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, 47906, IN, USA
| | - Serena M Pearce
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, 47906, IN, USA
| | - Robert P Nelson
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 535 Barnhill Dr., Ste. 473, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Tamara L Kinzer-Ursem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, 47906, IN, USA
| | - David M Umulis
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, 47906, IN, USA. .,Ag. and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, 47906, IN, USA.
| | - Ann E Rundell
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, 47906, IN, USA
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167
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Teng Y, Luo HR, Kambara H. Heterogeneity of neutrophil spontaneous death. Am J Hematol 2017; 92:E156-E159. [PMID: 28437875 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Teng
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Lab Medicine; Children's Hospital Boston; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Hongbo R. Luo
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Lab Medicine; Children's Hospital Boston; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Hiroto Kambara
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Lab Medicine; Children's Hospital Boston; Boston Massachusetts
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168
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169
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Buxbaum NP, Farthing DE, Maglakelidze N, Lizak M, Merkle H, Carpenter AC, Oliver BU, Kapoor V, Castro E, Swan GA, Dos Santos LM, Bouladoux NJ, Bare CV, Flomerfelt FA, Eckhaus MA, Telford WG, Belkaid Y, Bosselut RJ, Gress RE. In vivo kinetics and nonradioactive imaging of rapidly proliferating cells in graft-versus-host disease. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92851. [PMID: 28614804 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers a cure for cancers that are refractory to chemotherapy and radiation. Most HSCT recipients develop chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), a systemic alloimmune attack on host organs. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, as biopsies are risky. T cells are central to the biology of cGVHD. We found that a low Treg/CD4+ T effector memory (Tem) ratio in circulation, lymphoid, and target organs identified early and established mouse cGVHD. Using deuterated water labeling to measure multicompartment in vivo kinetics of these subsets, we show robust Tem and Treg proliferation in lymphoid and target organs, while Tregs undergo apoptosis in target organs. Since deuterium enrichment into DNA serves as a proxy for cell proliferation, we developed a whole-body clinically relevant deuterium MRI approach to nonradioactively detect cGVHD and potentially allow imaging of other diseases characterized by rapidly proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya P Buxbaum
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Donald E Farthing
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | | | - Martin Lizak
- In Vivo NMR Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Hellmut Merkle
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | | | - Brittany U Oliver
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Ehydel Castro
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Gregory A Swan
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Liliane M Dos Santos
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Nicolas J Bouladoux
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Catherine V Bare
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | | | - Michael A Eckhaus
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William G Telford
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Remy J Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
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170
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Caster DJ, Powell DW, Miralda I, Ward RA, McLeish KR. Re-Examining Neutrophil Participation in GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2275-2289. [PMID: 28620081 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016121271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in understanding the pathogenesis of GN have occurred in recent decades. Among those advances is the finding that both innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to the development of GN. Neutrophils were recognized as key contributors in early animal models of GN, at a time when the prevailing view considered neutrophils to function as nonspecific effector cells that die quickly after performing antimicrobial functions. However, advances over the past two decades have shown that neutrophil functions are more complex and sophisticated. Specifically, research has revealed that neutrophil survival is regulated by the inflammatory milieu and that neutrophils demonstrate plasticity, mediate microbial killing through previously unrecognized mechanisms, demonstrate transcriptional activity leading to the release of cytokines and chemokines, interact with and regulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and contribute to the resolution of inflammation. Therefore, neutrophil participation in glomerular diseases deserves re-evaluation. In this review, we describe advances in understanding classic neutrophil functions, review the expanded roles of neutrophils in innate and adaptive immune responses, and summarize current knowledge of neutrophil contributions to GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn J Caster
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, .,Nephrology Section, Medicine Service, Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, and
| | - David W Powell
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Irina Miralda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Richard A Ward
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kenneth R McLeish
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Nephrology Section, Medicine Service, Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, and
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171
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Patel AA, Zhang Y, Fullerton JN, Boelen L, Rongvaux A, Maini AA, Bigley V, Flavell RA, Gilroy DW, Asquith B, Macallan D, Yona S. The fate and lifespan of human monocyte subsets in steady state and systemic inflammation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1913-1923. [PMID: 28606987 PMCID: PMC5502436 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using stable isotope labeling, Patel et al. establish the lifespan of all three human monocyte subsets that circulate in dynamic equilibrium; in steady state, classical monocytes are short-lived precursors with the potential to become intermediate and nonclassical monocytes. They highlight that systemic inflammation induces an emergency release of classical monocytes into the circulation. In humans, the monocyte pool comprises three subsets (classical, intermediate, and nonclassical) that circulate in dynamic equilibrium. The kinetics underlying their generation, differentiation, and disappearance are critical to understanding both steady-state homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Here, using human in vivo deuterium labeling, we demonstrate that classical monocytes emerge first from marrow, after a postmitotic interval of 1.6 d, and circulate for a day. Subsequent labeling of intermediate and nonclassical monocytes is consistent with a model of sequential transition. Intermediate and nonclassical monocytes have longer circulating lifespans (∼4 and ∼7 d, respectively). In a human experimental endotoxemia model, a transient but profound monocytopenia was observed; restoration of circulating monocytes was achieved by the early release of classical monocytes from bone marrow. The sequence of repopulation recapitulated the order of maturation in healthy homeostasis. This developmental relationship between monocyte subsets was verified by fate mapping grafted human classical monocytes into humanized mice, which were able to differentiate sequentially into intermediate and nonclassical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Patel
- Division of Medicine, University College London, University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, England, UK
| | - James N Fullerton
- Division of Medicine, University College London, University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Lies Boelen
- Theoretical Immunology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, UK
| | | | - Alexander A Maini
- Division of Medicine, University College London, University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Venetia Bigley
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, UK
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Derek W Gilroy
- Division of Medicine, University College London, University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Becca Asquith
- Theoretical Immunology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, UK
| | - Derek Macallan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, England, UK.,St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Simon Yona
- Division of Medicine, University College London, University of London, London, England, UK
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172
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Zhao H, Gulesserian S, Malinao MC, Ganesan SK, Song J, Chang MS, Williams MM, Zeng Z, Mattie M, Mendelsohn BA, Stover DR, Doñate F. A Potential Mechanism for ADC-Induced Neutropenia: Role of Neutrophils in Their Own Demise. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1866-1876. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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173
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Craig M. Towards Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Models of Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2017; 6:293-304. [PMID: 28418603 PMCID: PMC5445232 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutropenia is a serious toxic complication of chemotherapeutic treatment. For years, mathematical models have been developed to better predict hematological outcomes during chemotherapy in both the traditional pharmaceutical sciences and mathematical biology disciplines. An increasing number of quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models that combine systems approaches, physiology, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics have been successfully developed. Here, I detail the shift towards QSP efforts, emphasizing the importance of incorporating systems-level physiological considerations in pharmacometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Craig
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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174
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Lahoz-Beneytez J, Schaller S, Macallan D, Eissing T, Niederalt C, Asquith B. Physiologically Based Simulations of Deuterated Glucose for Quantifying Cell Turnover in Humans. Front Immunol 2017; 8:474. [PMID: 28487698 PMCID: PMC5403812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo [6,6-2H2]-glucose labeling is a state-of-the-art technique for quantifying cell proliferation and cell disappearance in humans. However, there are discrepancies between estimates of T cell proliferation reported in short (1-day) versus long (7-day) 2H2-glucose studies and very-long (9-week) 2H2O studies. It has been suggested that these discrepancies arise from underestimation of true glucose exposure from intermittent blood sampling in the 1-day study. Label availability in glucose studies is normally approximated by a “square pulse” (Sq pulse). Since the body glucose pool is small and turns over rapidly, the availability of labeled glucose can be subject to large fluctuations and the Sq pulse approximation may be very inaccurate. Here, we model the pharmacokinetics of exogenous labeled glucose using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to assess the impact of a more complete description of label availability as a function of time on estimates of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and disappearance. The model enabled us to predict the exposure to labeled glucose during the fasting and de-labeling phases, to capture the fluctuations of labeled glucose availability caused by the intake of food or high-glucose beverages, and to recalculate the proliferation and death rates of immune cells. The PBPK model was used to reanalyze experimental data from three previously published studies using different labeling protocols. Although using the PBPK enrichment profile decreased the 1-day proliferation estimates by about 4 and 7% for CD4 and CD8+ T cells, respectively, differences with the 7-day and 9-week studies remained significant. We conclude that the approximations underlying the “square pulse” approach—recently suggested as the most plausible hypothesis—only explain a component of the discrepancy in published T cell proliferation rate estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Lahoz-Beneytez
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.,Theoretical Immunology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Derek Macallan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK.,St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Eissing
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | - Becca Asquith
- Theoretical Immunology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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175
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Erythrocyte sialoglycoproteins engage Siglec-9 on neutrophils to suppress activation. Blood 2017; 129:3100-3110. [PMID: 28416510 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-751636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy blood neutrophils are functionally quiescent in the bloodstream, have a short lifespan, and exit the circulation to carry out innate immune functions, or undergo rapid apoptosis and macrophage-mediated clearance to mitigate host tissue damage. Limitation of unnecessary intravascular neutrophil activation is also important to prevent serious inflammatory pathologies. Because neutrophils become easily activated after purification, we carried out ex vivo comparisons with neutrophils maintained in whole blood. We found a difference in activation state, with purified neutrophils showing signs of increased reactivity: shedding of l-selectin, CD11b upregulation, increased oxidative burst, and faster progression to apoptosis. We discovered that erythrocytes suppressed neutrophil activation ex vivo and in vitro, including reduced l-selectin shedding, oxidative burst, chemotaxis, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, bacterial killing, and induction of apoptosis. Selective and specific modification of sialic acid side chains on erythrocyte surfaces with mild sodium metaperiodate oxidation followed by aldehyde quenching with 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide reduced neutrophil binding to erythrocytes and restored neutrophil activation. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence, we found that glycophorin A, the most abundant sialoglycoprotein on erythrocytes, engaged neutrophil Siglec-9, a sialic acid-recognizing receptor known to dampen innate immune cell activation. These studies demonstrate a previously unsuspected role for erythrocytes in suppressing neutrophils ex vivo and in vitro and help explain why neutrophils become easily activated after separation from whole blood. We propose that a sialic acid-based "self-associated molecular pattern" on erythrocytes also helps maintain neutrophil quiescence in the bloodstream. Our findings may be relevant to some prior experimental and clinical studies of neutrophils.
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176
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Role of granule proteases in the life and death of neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:473-481. [PMID: 28212734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute a crucial component of the innate immune defenses against microbes. Produced in the bone marrow and patrolling in blood vessels, neutrophils are recruited to injured tissues and are immediately active to contain pathogen invasion. Neutrophils undergo programmed cell death by multiple, context-specific pathways, which have consequences on immunopathology and disease outcome. Studies in the last decade indicate additional functions for neutrophils - or a subset of neutrophils - in modulating adaptive responses and tumor progression. Neutrophil granules contain abundant amounts of various proteases, which are directly implicated in protective and pathogenic functions of neutrophils. It now emerges that neutral serine proteases such as cathepsin G and proteinase-3 also contribute to the neutrophil life cycle, but do so via different pathways than that of the aspartate protease cathepsin D and that of mutants of the serine protease elastase. The aim of this review is to appraise the present knowledge of the function of neutrophil granule proteases and their inhibitors in neutrophil cell death, and to integrate these findings in the current understandings of neutrophil life cycle and programmed cell death pathways.
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177
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Neutrophils acquire the capacity for antigen presentation to memory CD4 + T cells in vitro and ex vivo. Blood 2017; 129:1991-2001. [PMID: 28143882 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-744441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are critical cells of the innate immune system and rapidly respond to tissue injury and infection. Increasing evidence also indicates that neutrophils have versatile functions in contributing to adaptive immunity by internalizing and transporting antigen and influencing antigen-specific responses. Here, we demonstrate that freshly isolated human neutrophils can function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to memory CD4+ T cells. Neutrophils pulsed with the cognate antigens cytomegalovirus pp65 or influenza hemagglutinin were able to present the antigens to autologous antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II; HLA-DR)-dependent manner. Although myeloid dendritic cells and monocytes showed superior presenting ability, neutrophils consistently displayed antigen presentation capability. Upregulation of HLA-DR on neutrophils required the presence of the antigen-specific or activated T cells whereas exposure to innate stimuli such as Toll-like receptor ligands was not sufficient. Neutrophils sorted from vaccine-draining lymph nodes from rhesus macaques also showed expression of HLA-DR and were capable of presenting vaccine antigen to autologous antigen-specific memory CD4+ T cells ex vivo. Altogether, the data demonstrate that neutrophils can adapt a function as APCs and, in combination with their abundance in the immune system, may have a significant role in regulating antigen-specific T-cell responses.
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178
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Quantitative stability of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell clonal output in rhesus macaques receiving transplants. Blood 2017; 129:1448-1457. [PMID: 28087539 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-728691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous transplantation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells lentivirally labeled with unique oligonucleotide barcodes flanked by sequencing primer targets enables quantitative assessment of the self-renewal and differentiation patterns of these cells in a myeloablative rhesus macaque model. Compared with other approaches to clonal tracking, this approach is highly quantitative and reproducible. We documented stable multipotent long-term hematopoietic clonal output of monocytes, granulocytes, B cells, and T cells from a polyclonal pool of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in 4 macaques observed for up to 49 months posttransplantation. A broad range of clonal behaviors characterized by contribution level and biases toward certain cell types were extremely stable over time. Correlations between granulocyte and monocyte clonalities were greatest, followed by correlations between these cell types and B cells. We also detected quantitative expansion of T cell-biased clones consistent with an adaptive immune response. In contrast to recent data from a nonquantitative murine model, there was little evidence for clonal succession after initial hematopoietic reconstitution. These findings have important implications for human hematopoiesis, given the similarities between macaque and human physiologies.
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179
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A late-lineage murine neutrophil precursor population exhibits dynamic changes during demand-adapted granulopoiesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39804. [PMID: 28059162 PMCID: PMC5216372 DOI: 10.1038/srep39804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis of neutrophils—the blood cells that respond first to infection and tissue injury—is critical for the regulation of immune responses and regulated through granulopoiesis, a multi-stage process by which neutrophils differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells. Granulopoiesis is a highly dynamic process and altered in certain clinical conditions, such as pathologic and iatrogenic neutropenia, described as demand-adapted granulopoiesis. The regulation of granulopoiesis under stress is not completely understood because studies of granulopoiesis dynamics have been hampered by technical limitations in defining neutrophil precursors. Here, we define a population of neutrophil precursor cells in the bone marrow with unprecedented purity, characterized by the lineage−CD11b+Ly6GloLy6BintCD115−, which we call NeuPs (Neutrophil Precursors). We demonstrated that NeuPs differentiate into mature and functional neutrophils both in vitro and in vivo. By analyzing the gene expression profiles of NeuPs, we also identified NeuP stage-specific genes and characterized patterns of gene regulation throughout granulopoiesis. Importantly, we found that NeuPs have the potential to proliferate, but the proliferation decreased in multiple different hematopoietic stress settings, indicating that proliferating NeuPs are poised at a critical step to regulate granulopoiesis. Our findings will facilitate understanding how the hematopoietic system maintains homeostasis and copes with the demands of granulopoiesis.
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180
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Hoodless LJ, Lucas CD, Duffin R, Denvir MA, Haslett C, Tucker CS, Rossi AG. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of CDK9 drives neutrophil apoptosis to resolve inflammation in zebrafish in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 5:36980. [PMID: 27833165 PMCID: PMC5105078 DOI: 10.1038/srep36980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilic inflammation is tightly regulated and subsequently resolves to limit tissue damage and promote repair. When the timely resolution of inflammation is dysregulated, tissue damage and disease results. One key control mechanism is neutrophil apoptosis, followed by apoptotic cell clearance by phagocytes such as macrophages. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor drugs induce neutrophil apoptosis in vitro and promote resolution of inflammation in rodent models. Here we present the first in vivo evidence, using pharmacological and genetic approaches, that CDK9 is involved in the resolution of neutrophil-dependent inflammation. Using live cell imaging in zebrafish with labelled neutrophils and macrophages, we show that pharmacological inhibition, morpholino-mediated knockdown and CRISPR/cas9-mediated knockout of CDK9 enhances inflammation resolution by reducing neutrophil numbers via induction of apoptosis after tailfin injury. Importantly, knockdown of the negative regulator La-related protein 7 (LaRP7) increased neutrophilic inflammation. Our data show that CDK9 is a possible target for controlling resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Hoodless
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D. Lucas
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rodger Duffin
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Denvir
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Haslett
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Carl S. Tucker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G. Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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181
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Craig M, Humphries AR, Mackey MC. An upper bound for the half-removal time of neutrophils from circulation. Blood 2016; 128:1989-1991. [PMID: 27578816 PMCID: PMC5064720 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-730325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Craig
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; Centre for Applied Mathematics in Bioscience and Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antony R Humphries
- Centre for Applied Mathematics in Bioscience and Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and
| | - Michael C Mackey
- Centre for Applied Mathematics in Bioscience and Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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182
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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183
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