151
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Guo Q, Zhang X, Shen T, Wang X. Identification of Autophagy- and Ferroptosis-Related lncRNAs Functioned through Immune-Related Pathways in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080835. [PMID: 34440579 PMCID: PMC8399325 DOI: 10.3390/life11080835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between autophagy and ferroptosis has been highlighted as an important event to decide cancer cell fate. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we systematically explored the expression, prognostic value and functional roles of lncRNA in autophagy and ferroptosis. By a set of bioinformatics analyses, we identified 363 autophagy- and ferroptosis-related lncRNAs (AF-lncRNAs) and found 17 of them are dramatically related to the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) patients, named as prognosis-related AF-lncRNAs (PAF-lncRNAs). Based on six key PAF-lncRNAs, a risk score model was developed and used to categorize the TCGA-retrieved HNSC patients into two groups (high-risk vs. low-risk). Functional analysis showed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways and regulated by a PAF-lncRNA-directed ceRNA (competitive endogenous RNA) network. Combined with a variety of immune infiltration analyses, we also found a decreased landscape of immune cell infiltration in high-risk groups. Together, by revealing PAF-lncRNAs with tumor prognostic features functioned through immune-related pathways, our work would contribute to show the pathogenesis of a lncRNA-directed interplay among autophagy, ferroptosis and tumor immunity in HNSC and to develop potential prognostic biomarkers and targets for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.G.); (X.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei 230026, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.G.); (X.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei 230026, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.G.); (X.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei 230026, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (X.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-551-63600080 (T.S. & X.W.)
| | - Xiangting Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.G.); (X.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei 230026, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (X.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-551-63600080 (T.S. & X.W.)
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152
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Sun H, Wei X, Zeng C. Autophagy in Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma: from bench to bedside. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4231-4244. [PMID: 34345999 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma (tRCC) characterized by the rearrangement of the TFE3 is recently identified as a unique subtype of RCC that urgently requires effective prevention and treatment strategies. Therefore, determining suitable therapeutic targets and fully understanding the biological significance of tRCC is essential. The importance of autophagy is increasingly acknowledged because it shows carcinogenic activity or suppressor effect. Autophagy is a physiological cellular process critical to maintaining cell homeostasis, which is involved in the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic organelles and macromolecules via the lysosomal pathway, suggesting that targeting autophagy is a potential therapeutic approach for cancer therapies. However, the underlying mechanism of autophagy in tRCC is still ambiguous. In this review, we summarize the autophagy-related signaling pathways associated with tRCC. Moreover, we examine the roles of autophagy and the immune response in tumorigenesis and investigate how these factors interact to facilitate or prevent tumorigenesis. Besides, we review the findings regarding the treatment of tRCC via induction or inhibition of autophagy. Hopefully, this study will shed some light on the functions and implications of autophagy and emphasize its role as a potential molecular target for therapeutic intervention in tRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, 518110, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, 518110, China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, 518110, China.
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153
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Jiang Y, Ding Y, Liu S, Luo B. The role of Epstein–Barr virus-encoded latent membrane proteins in host immune escape. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a type IV herpesvirus that widely infects the vast majority of adults, and establishes a latent infection pattern in host cells to escape the clearance of immune system. The virus is intimately associated with the occurrence and progression of lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. EBV latent membrane proteins (LMPs) can assist its immune escape by downregulating host immune response. Besides EBV, LMPs have important effects on the functions of exosomes and autophagy, which also help EBV to escape immune surveillance. These escape mechanisms may provide conditions for further development of EBV-associated tumors. In this article, we discussed the potential functions of EBV-encoded LMPs in promoting immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Medical Affairs of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Special Examination, Qingdao Women & Children Hospital, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Medical Affairs of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
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154
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Varier KM, Dhandapani H, Liu W, Song J, Wang C, Hu A, Ben-David Y, Shen X, Li Y, Gajendran B. An immunotherapeutic approach to decipher the role of long non-coding RNAs in cancer progression, resistance and epigenetic regulation of immune cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:242. [PMID: 34303380 PMCID: PMC8305593 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic treatments are gaining attention due to their effective anti-tumor response. Particularly, the revolution of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) produces promising outcomes for various cancer types. However, the usage of immunotherapy is limited due to its low response rate, suggesting that tumor cells escape the immune surveillance. Rapid advances in transcriptomic profiling have led to recognize immune-related long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), as regulators of immune cell-specific gene expression that mediates immune stimulatory as well as suppression of immune response, indicating LncRNAs as targets to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy against tumours. Moreover, the immune-related LncRNAs acting as epigenetic modifiers are also under deep investigation. Thus, herein, is a summarised knowledge of LncRNAs and their regulation in the adaptive and innate immune system, considering their importance in autophagy and predicting putative immunotherapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya M Varier
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hemavathi Dhandapani
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, 600020, India.,Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Wuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialei Song
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Anling Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaacov Ben-David
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanmei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Babu Gajendran
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
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155
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Wang L, Liu Z, Liu L, Guo C, Jiao D, Li L, Zhao J, Han X, Sun Y. CELF2 is a candidate prognostic and immunotherapy biomarker in triple-negative breast cancer and lung squamous cell carcinoma: A pan-cancer analysis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7559-7574. [PMID: 34288370 PMCID: PMC8335674 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CUGBP Elav‐like family member 2(CELF2) plays crucial roles in the development and activation of T cell. However, the impacts of CELF2 on tumour‐infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and clinical outcomes of tumours remain unclear. In this study, we found that elevated CELF2 expression was markedly correlated with prolonged survival in multiple tumours, particularly in breast and lung cancers. Notably, CELF2 only impacted the prognosis of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) with lymph node metastasis. Further investigation showed CELF2 expression was positively correlated with the infiltration abundance of dendritic cells (DCs), CD8+ T cells and neutrophils in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) and DCs in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). CELF2 also had strong correlations with markers of diverse TIICs such as T cells, tumour‐associated macrophages and DCs in BRCA and LUSC. Importantly, CELF2 was significantly associated with plenty of immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) and outperformed five prevalent biomarkers including PD‐1, PD‐L1, CTLA‐4, CD8 and tumour mutation burden in predicting immunotherapeutic responses. Immunohistochemistry also revealed lower protein levels of CELF2 in TNBC and LUSC compared to normal tissues, and patients with high expression showed significantly prolonged prognosis. In conclusion, we demonstrated that increased CELF2 expression was closely related to better prognosis and superior TIIC infiltration and ICM expression, particularly in BRCA and LUSC. CELF2 also performed well in evaluating the immunotherapeutic efficacy, suggesting CELF2 might be a promising biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Basic and Clinical Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunguang Guo
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dechao Jiao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuling Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Basic and Clinical Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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156
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Kocak M, Ezazi Erdi S, Jorba G, Maestro I, Farrés J, Kirkin V, Martinez A, Pless O. Targeting autophagy in disease: established and new strategies. Autophagy 2021; 18:473-495. [PMID: 34241570 PMCID: PMC9037468 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1936359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway responsible for clearing cytosolic aggregated proteins, damaged organelles or invading microorganisms. Dysfunctional autophagy leads to pathological accumulation of the cargo, which has been linked to a range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, infectious and autoimmune diseases and various forms of cancer. Cumulative work in animal models, application of genetic tools and pharmacologically active compounds, has suggested the potential therapeutic value of autophagy modulation in disease, as diverse as Huntington, Salmonella infection, or pancreatic cancer. Autophagy activation versus inhibition strategies are being explored, while the role of autophagy in pathophysiology is being studied in parallel. However, the progress of preclinical and clinical development of autophagy modulators has been greatly hampered by the paucity of selective pharmacological agents and biomarkers to dissect their precise impact on various forms of autophagy and cellular responses. Here, we summarize established and new strategies in autophagy-related drug discovery and indicate a path toward establishing a more efficient discovery of autophagy-selective pharmacological agents. With this knowledge at hand, modern concepts for therapeutic exploitation of autophagy might become more plausible. Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related gene; AUTAC: autophagy-targeting chimera; CNS: central nervous system; CQ: chloroquine; GABARAP: gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; LYTAC: lysosome targeting chimera; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NDD: neurodegenerative disease; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; PROTAC: proteolysis-targeting chimera; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Kocak
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, the Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK
| | | | | | - Inés Maestro
- Centro De Investigaciones Biologicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, the Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro De Investigaciones Biologicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red En Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer ITMP ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany
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157
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The Sex-Related Interplay between TME and Cancer: On the Critical Role of Estrogen, MicroRNAs and Autophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133287. [PMID: 34209162 PMCID: PMC8267629 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) has a fundamental role in tumor progression and response to therapy. The plethora of components constituting the TME, such as stroma, fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells, as well as macromolecules, e.g., hormones and cytokines, and epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs, can modulate the survival or death of cancer cells. Actually, the TME can stimulate the genetically regulated programs that the cell puts in place under stress: apoptosis or, of interest here, autophagy. However, the implication of autophagy in tumor growth appears still undefined. Autophagy mainly represents a cyto-protective mechanism that allows cell survival but, in certain circumstances, also leads to the blocking of cell cycle progression, possibly leading to cell death. Since significant sex/gender differences in the incidence, progression and response to cancer therapy have been widely described in the literature, in this review, we analyzed the roles played by key components of the TME, e.g., estrogen and microRNAs, on autophagy regulation from a sex/gender-based perspective. We focused our attention on four paradigmatic and different forms of cancers-colon cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer-concluding that sex-specific differences may exert a significant impact on TME/cancer interaction and, thus, tumor growth.
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158
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Huang H, He Q, Guo B, Xu X, Wu Y, Li X. Progress in Redirecting Antiparasitic Drugs for Cancer Treatment. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2747-2767. [PMID: 34188451 PMCID: PMC8235938 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s308973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a feasible strategy in developing novel medications. Regarding the cancer field, scientists are continuously making efforts to redirect conventional drugs into cancer treatment. This approach aims at exploring new applications in the existing agents. Antiparasitic medications, including artemisinin derivatives (ARTs), quinine-related compounds, niclosamide, ivermectin, albendazole derivatives, nitazoxanide and pyrimethamine, have been deeply investigated and widely applied in treating various parasitic diseases for a long time. Generally, their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are well understood, while the side effects are roughly acceptable. Scientists noticed that some of these agents have anticancer potentials and explored the underlying mechanisms to achieve drug repurposing. Recent studies show that these agents inhibit cancer progression via multiple interesting ways, inducing ferroptosis induction, autophagy regulation, mitochondrial disturbance, immunoregulation, and metabolic disruption. In this review, we summarize the recent advancement in uncovering antiparasitic drugs' anticancer properties from the perspective of their pharmacological targets. Instead of paying attention to the previously discovered mechanisms, we focus more on newly emerging ones that are worth noticing. While most investigations are focusing on the mechanisms of their antiparasitic effect, more in vivo exploration in clinical trials in the future is necessary. Moreover, we also paid attention to what limits the clinical application of these agents. For some of these agents like ARTs and niclosamide, drug modification, novel delivery system invention, or drug combination are strongly recommended for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Binghua Guo
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinjuan Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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159
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Chang L, Li J, Ding J, Lian Y, Huangfu C, Wang K. Roles of long noncoding RNAs on tumor immune escape by regulating immune cells differentiation and function. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2369-2385. [PMID: 34249405 PMCID: PMC8263655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcript is generally more than 200 nucleotides in length and rarely codes for any protein. Currently, many lncRNAs have been identified among mammalian genomes, and their known functions are associated with various physiological activities or pathological processes. Some lncRNAs are dysregulated in a variety of malignant tumors, while increasing evidence indicates that abnormal expression can contribute to the regulation of immune cells in tumors and to shaping the immune response. More specifically, lncRNAs participate in regulating the differentiation of immune cells, also known as myeloid and lymphoid cells, as well as recruiting various immunosuppressive factors to influence the tumor microenvironment, thereby promoting tumor cell immune escape. However, we still know very little about the specific mechanism of lncRNAs in immune escape of cancer. Nonetheless, although unprecedented achievements have allowed the development of a new generation of anti-tumor immune therapies to be applied in clinical trials, the drug resistance caused by immune escape has become a major clinical challenge. The focus of this review is to describe the relationship among lncRNAs, immune cells, and tumor immune escape, in order to identify novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Chang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaonan Huangfu
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keming Wang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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160
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Giustarini G, Pavesi A, Adriani G. Nanoparticle-Based Therapies for Turning Cold Tumors Hot: How to Treat an Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:689245. [PMID: 34150739 PMCID: PMC8207137 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.689245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnologies are rapidly increasing their role in immuno-oncology in line with the need for novel therapeutic strategies to treat patients unresponsive to chemotherapies and immunotherapies. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has emerged as critical for tumor classification and patient stratification to design better treatments. Notably, the tumor infiltration of effector T cells plays a crucial role in antitumor responses and has been identified as the primary parameter to define hot, immunosuppressed, excluded, and cold tumors. Organic and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have been applied as carriers of new targeted therapies to turn cold or altered (i.e., immunosuppressed or excluded) tumors into more therapeutically responsive hot tumors. This mini-review discusses the significant advances in NP-based approaches to turn immunologically cold tumors into hot ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giustarini
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giulia Adriani
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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161
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Siri M, Dastghaib S, Zamani M, Rahmani-Kukia N, Geraylow KR, Fakher S, Keshvarzi F, Mehrbod P, Ahmadi M, Mokarram P, Coombs KM, Ghavami S. Autophagy, Unfolded Protein Response, and Neuropilin-1 Cross-Talk in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: What Can Be Learned from Other Coronaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5992. [PMID: 34206057 PMCID: PMC8199451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 virus. This severe acute respiratory syndrome is currently a global health emergency and needs much effort to generate an urgent practical treatment to reduce COVID-19 complications and mortality in humans. Viral infection activates various cellular responses in infected cells, including cellular stress responses such as unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy, following the inhibition of mTOR. Both UPR and autophagy mechanisms are involved in cellular and tissue homeostasis, apoptosis, innate immunity modulation, and clearance of pathogens such as viral particles. However, during an evolutionary arms race, viruses gain the ability to subvert autophagy and UPR for their benefit. SARS-CoV-2 can enter host cells through binding to cell surface receptors, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1). ACE2 blockage increases autophagy through mTOR inhibition, leading to gastrointestinal complications during SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. NRP1 is also regulated by the mTOR pathway. An increased NRP1 can enhance the susceptibility of immune system dendritic cells (DCs) to SARS-CoV-2 and induce cytokine storm, which is related to high COVID-19 mortality. Therefore, signaling pathways such as mTOR, UPR, and autophagy may be potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19. Hence, extensive investigations are required to confirm these potentials. Since there is currently no specific treatment for COVID-19 infection, we sought to review and discuss the important roles of autophagy, UPR, and mTOR mechanisms in the regulation of cellular responses to coronavirus infection to help identify new antiviral modalities against SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Siri
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193635899, Iran;
| | - Mozhdeh Zamani
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nasim Rahmani-Kukia
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | | | - Shima Fakher
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | - Fatemeh Keshvarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran;
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
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162
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Ghaznavi H, Shirvaliloo M, Zarebkohan A, Shams Z, Radnia F, Bahmanpour Z, Sargazi S, Saravani R, Shirvalilou S, Shahraki O, Shahraki S, Nazarlou Z, Sheervalilou R. An Updated Review on Implications of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Tumorigenesis: Possible Alterations in Autophagy through Engineered Nanomaterials and Their Importance in Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:119-143. [PMID: 33990406 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most commonly recognized as a catabolic pathway, autophagy is a perplexing mechanism through which a living cell can free itself of excess cytoplasmic components, i.e., organelles, by means of certain membranous vesicles or lysosomes filled with degrading enzymes. Upon exposure to external insult or internal stimuli, the cell might opt to activate such a pathway, through which it can gain control over the maintenance of intracellular components and thus sustain homeostasis by intercepting the formation of unnecessary structures or eliminating the already present dysfunctional or inutile organelles. Despite such appropriateness, autophagy might also be considered a frailty for the cell, as it has been said to have a rather complicated role in tumorigenesis. A merit in the early stages of tumor formation, autophagy appears to be salutary because of its tumor-suppressing effects. In fact, several investigations on tumorigenesis have reported diminished levels of autophagic activity in tumor cells, which might result in transition to malignancy. On the contrary, autophagy has been suggested to be a seemingly favorable mechanism to progressed malignancies, as it contributes to survival of such cells. Based on the recent literature, this mechanism might also be activated upon the entry of engineered nanomaterials inside a cell, supposedly protecting the host from foreign materials. Accordingly, there is a good chance that therapeutic interventions for modulating autophagy in malignant cells using nanoparticles may sensitize cancerous cells to certain treatment modalities, e.g., radiotherapy. In this review, we will discuss the signaling pathways involved in autophagy and the significance of the mechanism itself in apoptosis and tumorigenesis while shedding light on possible alterations in autophagy through engineered nanomaterials and their potential therapeutic applications in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Autophagy has been said to have a complicated role in tumorigenesis. In the early stages of tumor formation, autophagy appears to be salutary because of its tumor-suppressing effects. On the contrary, autophagy has been suggested to be a favorable mechanism to progressed malignancies. This mechanism might be affected upon the entry of nanomaterials inside a cell. Accordingly, therapeutic interventions for modulating autophagy using nanoparticles may sensitize cancerous cells to certain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Ghaznavi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Zinat Shams
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Fatemeh Radnia
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Zahra Bahmanpour
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Sakine Shirvalilou
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Omolbanin Shahraki
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Sheida Shahraki
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Ziba Nazarlou
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Roghayeh Sheervalilou
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
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Kang X, Chen Y, Yi B, Yan X, Jiang C, Chen B, Lu L, Sun Y, Shi R. An integrative microenvironment approach for laryngeal carcinoma: the role of immune/methylation/autophagy signatures on disease clinical prognosis and single-cell genotypes. J Cancer 2021; 12:4148-4171. [PMID: 34093817 PMCID: PMC8176413 DOI: 10.7150/jca.58076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of methylation/autophagy-related genes (MARGs) and immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment on the prognosis of laryngeal cancer were comprehensively explored in this study. Survival analysis screened out 126 MARGs and 10 immune cells potentially associated with the prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma. Cox and lasso regression analyses were then used to select 8 MARGs (CAPN10, DAPK2, MBTPS2, ST13, CFLAR, FADD, PEX14 and TSC2) and 2 immune cells (Eosinophil and Mast cell) to obtain the prognostic risk scoring system (pRS). The pRS was used to establish a risk prediction model for the prognosis of laryngeal cancer. The predictive ability of the prediction model was evaluated by GEO datasets and our clinical samples. Further analysis revealed that pRS is highly associated with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), copy number variation (CNV), immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy and tumor microenvironment. Moreover, the screened pRS-related ceRNA network and circ_0002951/miR-548k/HAS2 pathway provide potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers of laryngocarcinoma. Based on the clustering results of pRS-related genes, single cells were then genotyped and revealed by integrated scRNA-seq in laryngeal cancer samples. Fibroblasts were found enriched in high risk cell clusters at the scRNA-seq level. Fibroblast-related ligand-receptor interactions were then exposed and a neural network-based deep learning model based on these pRS-related hub gene signatures was also established with a high accuracy in cell type prediction. In conclusion, the combination of single-cell and transcriptome laryngeal carcinoma landscape analyses can investigate the link between the tumor microenvironmental and prognostic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueran Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Ear Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Ear Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Ear Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyan Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Ear Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Ear Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixing Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Ear Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxing Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Ear Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Runjie Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai ninth people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Ear Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, Shanghai, China
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164
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Zada S, Hwang JS, Ahmed M, Lai TH, Pham TM, Elashkar O, Kim DR. Cross talk between autophagy and oncogenic signaling pathways and implications for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188565. [PMID: 33992723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved metabolic process involved in the degradation of intracellular components including proteins and organelles. Consequently, it plays a critical role in recycling metabolic energy for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in response to various stressors. In cancer, autophagy either suppresses or promotes cancer progression depending on the stage and cancer type. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis are directly mediated by oncogenic signal proteins including SNAI1, SLUG, ZEB1/2, and NOTCH1, which are functionally correlated with autophagy. In this report, we discuss the crosstalk between oncogenic signaling pathways and autophagy followed by possible strategies for cancer treatment via regulation of autophagy. Although autophagy affects EMT and cancer metastasis, the overall signaling pathways connecting cancer progression and autophagy are still illusive. In general, autophagy plays a critical role in cancer cell survival by providing a minimum level of energy via self-digestion. Thus, cancer cells face nutrient limitations and challenges under stress during EMT and metastasis. Conversely, autophagy acts as a potential cancer suppressor by degrading oncogenic proteins, which are essential for cancer progression, and by removing damaged components such as mitochondria to enhance genomic stability. Therefore, autophagy activators or inhibitors represent possible cancer therapeutics. We further discuss the regulation of autophagy-dependent degradation of oncogenic proteins and its functional correlation with oncogenic signaling pathways, with potential applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib Zada
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Huyen Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Minh Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Omar Elashkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea.
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Chen X, Lan H, He D, Wang Z, Xu R, Yuan J, Xiao M, Zhang Y, Gong L, Xiao S, Cao K. Analysis of Autophagy-Related Signatures Identified Two Distinct Subtypes for Evaluating the Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Predicting Prognosis in Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:616133. [PMID: 34041016 PMCID: PMC8141647 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.616133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal gynecologic malignant tumors. The interaction between autophagy and the tumor immune microenvironment has clinical importance. Hence, it is necessary to explore reliable biomarkers associated with autophagy-related genes (ARGs) for risk stratification in OC. Here, we obtained ARGs from the MSigDB database and downloaded the expression profile of OC from TCGA database. The k-means unsupervised clustering method was used for clustering, and two subclasses of OC (cluster A and cluster B) were identified. SsGSEA method was used to quantify the levels of infiltration of 24 subtypes of immune cells. Metascape and GSEA were performed to reveal the differential gene enrichment in signaling pathways and cellular processes of the subtypes. We found that patients in cluster A were significantly associated with higher immune infiltration and immune-associated signaling pathways. Then, we established a risk model by LASSO Cox regression. ROC analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis were applied for evaluating the efficiency of the risk signature, patients with low-risk got better outcomes than those with high-risk in overall survival. Finally, ULK2 and GABARAPL1 expression was further validated in clinical samples. In conclusion, Our study constructed an autophagy-related prognostic indicator, and identified two promising targets in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Lan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dong He
- The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhanwang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Runshi Xu
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengqing Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lian Gong
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songshu Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Xuan Y, Chen W, Liu K, Gao Y, Zuo S, Wang B, Ma X, Zhang X. A Risk Signature with Autophagy-Related Long Noncoding RNAs for Predicting the Prognosis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Based on the TCGA Database and Bioinformatics. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:8849977. [PMID: 34040677 PMCID: PMC8121606 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8849977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of autophagic processes have been reported to affect the survival outcome of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients. The purpose of our study was to identify and validate the candidate prognostic long noncoding RNA signature of autophagy. METHODS Transcriptome profiles were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The autophagy gene list was obtained from the Human Autophagy Database. Based on coexpression analysis, we obtained a list of autophagy-related lncRNAs (ARlncRNAs). GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were conducted to explore the functional annotation of these ARlncRNAs. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to elucidate the correlation between overall survival and the expression level of each ARlncRNAs. We then established a prognostic signature that was a linear combination of the regression coefficients from the multivariate Cox regression model (β) multiplied by the expression levels of the respective ARlncRNAs in the training cohort. The predictive performance was tested in the validation cohort. Additionally, the independence of the risk signature was assessed, and the relationship between the risk signature and conventional clinicopathological features was explored. RESULTS Seven autophagy-related lncRNAs with prognostic value (SNHG3, SNHG17, MELTF-AS1, HOTAIRM1, EPB41L4A-DT, AP003352.1, and AC145423.2) were identified and integrated into a risk signature, dividing patients into low-risk and high-risk groups. The risk signature was independent of conventional clinical characteristics as a prognostic indicator of ccRCC (HR, 1.074, 95% confidence interval: 1.036-1.113, p < 0.001) and was valuable in the prediction of ccRCC progression. CONCLUSION Our risk signature has potential prognostic value in ccRCC, and these ARlncRNAs may play a significant role in ccRCC tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundong Xuan
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Weihao Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kan Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shidong Zuo
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Duan J, Lei Y, Lv G, Liu Y, Zhao W, Yang Q, Su X, Song Z, Lu L, Shi Y. Identification of a novel autophagy signature for predicting survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11074. [PMID: 33976960 PMCID: PMC8067911 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most commonhistological lung cancer subtype, with an overall five-year survivalrate of only 17%. In this study, we aimed to identify autophagy-related genes (ARGs) and develop an LUAD prognostic signature. Methods In this study, we obtained ARGs from three databases and downloaded gene expression profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We used TCGA-LUAD (n = 490) for a training and testing dataset, and GSE50081 (n = 127) as the external validation dataset.The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox and multivariate Cox regression models were used to generate an autophagy-related signature. We performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immune cell analysis between the high- and low-risk groups. A nomogram was built to guide the individual treatment for LUAD patients. Results We identified a total of 83 differentially expressed ARGs (DEARGs) from the TCGA-LUAD dataset, including 33 upregulated DEARGs and 50 downregulated DEARGs, both with thresholds of adjusted P < 0.05 and |Fold change| > 1.5. Using LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses, we identified 10 ARGs that we used to build a prognostic signature with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.705, 0.715, and 0.778 at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Using the risk score formula, the LUAD patients were divided into low- or high-risk groups. Our GSEA results suggested that the low-risk group were enriched in metabolism and immune-related pathways, while the high-risk group was involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression pathways. Immune cell analysis revealed that, when compared to the high-risk group, the low-risk group had a lower cell fraction of M0- and M1- macrophages, and higher CD4 and PD-L1 expression levels. Conclusion Our identified robust signature may provide novel insight into underlying autophagy mechanisms as well as therapeutic strategies for LUAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Duan
- Department of Geriatric Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Youming Lei
- Department of Geriatric Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Guoli Lv
- Department of Geriatric Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yinqiang Liu
- Department of Geriatric Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Qingmei Yang
- Department of Geriatric Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaona Su
- Department of Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Leilei Lu
- Origimed Co. Ltd., Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Shi
- Department of Geriatric Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
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LC3A positive "stone like structures" are differentially associated with survival outcomes and CD68 macrophage infiltration in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2021; 156:129-135. [PMID: 33962766 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to analyse the prognostic and predictive value of LC3A positive' 'Stone Like Structures'' (SLSs) in a large cohort of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and to check its relationship with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and PD-L1 expression. METHODS Tissue microarrays from 1015 patients diagnosed at the Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland, were stained for LC3A, PD-L1, CD3 and CD68 using automated tissue stainer Ventana Benchmark Ultra (Roche). TILs were assessed in matched haematoxylin and eosin stained slides. RESULTS LC3A positive SLSs, were significantly associated with worse overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) outcomes in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) (HR = 2.4, 95 %CI(.994-1.008, p = 0.029) and HR = 3.9, 95 %CI (1.002-1.014), p = 0.002 respectively), whilst it was associated with better OS and DFS in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), with marginal significance (HR = .99, 95 %CI(.975-1.011),p = 0.042 and HR = .99, 95 %CI (.975-1.008), p = 0.026). Multivariate analysis showed that LC3A SLSs are independent poor prognostic factor only in patients with LADC. In addition, LC3A SLSs, were negatively associated with CD68 count in LADC, whilst there was a positive correlation in LSCC. CONCLUSIONS LC3A SLSs are differentially associated with the survival outcomes and CD68 count in LADC and LSCC. Further studies are justified for the understanding the underlying biological mechanisms of this phenomenon.
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169
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Carvajal L, Gutiérrez J, Morselli E, Leiva A. Autophagy Process in Trophoblast Cells Invasion and Differentiation: Similitude and Differences With Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:637594. [PMID: 33937039 PMCID: PMC8082112 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.637594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early human placental development begins with blastocyst implantation, then the trophoblast differentiates and originates the cells required for a proper fetal nutrition and placental implantation. Among them, extravillous trophoblast corresponds to a non-proliferating trophoblast highly invasive that allows the vascular remodeling which is essential for appropriate placental perfusion and to maintain the adequate fetal growth. This process involves different placental cell types as well as molecules that allow cell growth, cellular adhesion, tissular remodeling, and immune tolerance. Remarkably, some of the cellular processes required for proper placentation are common between placental and cancer cells to finally support tumor growth. Indeed, as in placentation trophoblasts invade and migrate, cancer cells invade and migrate to promote tumor metastasis. However, while these processes respond to a controlled program in trophoblasts, in cancer cells this regulation is lost. Interestingly, it has been shown that autophagy, a process responsible for the degradation of damaged proteins and organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis, is required for invasion of trophoblast cells and for vascular remodeling during placentation. In cancer cells, autophagy has a dual role, as it has been shown both as tumor promoter and inhibitor, depending on the stage and tumor considered. In this review, we summarized the similarities and differences between trophoblast cell invasion and cancer cell metastasis specifically evaluating the role of autophagy in both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Carvajal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez
- School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
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170
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Yuan CS, Deng ZW, Qin D, Mu YZ, Chen XG, Liu Y. Hypoxia-modulatory nanomaterials to relieve tumor hypoxic microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy: Where do we stand? Acta Biomater 2021; 125:1-28. [PMID: 33639310 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past several years have witnessed the blooming of emerging immunotherapy, as well as their therapeutic potential in remodeling the immune system. Nevertheless, with the development of biological mechanisms in oncology, it has been demonstrated that hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) seriously impairs the therapeutic outcomes of immunotherapy. Hypoxia, caused by Warburg effect and insufficient oxygen delivery, has been considered as a primary construction element of TME and drawn tremendous attention in cancer therapy. Multiple hypoxia-modulatory theranostic agents have been facing many obstacles and challenges while offering initial therapeutic effect. Inspired by versatile nanomaterials, great efforts have been devoted to design hypoxia-based nanoplatforms to preserve drug activity, reduce systemic toxicity, provide adequate oxygenation, and eventually ameliorate hypoxic-tumor management. Besides these, recently, some curative and innovative hypoxia-related nanoplatforms have been applied in synergistic immunotherapy, especially in combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), immunomodulatory therapeutics, cancer vaccine therapy and immunogenic cell death (ICD) effect. Herein, the paramount impact of hypoxia on tumor immune escape was initially described and discussed, followed by a comprehensive overview on the design tactics of multimodal nanoplatforms based on hypoxia-enabled theranostic agents. A variety of nanocarriers for relieving tumor hypoxic microenvironment were also summarized. On this basis, we presented the latest progress in the use of hypoxia-modulatory nanomaterials for synergistic immunotherapy and highlighted current challenges and plausible promises in this area in the near future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer immunotherapy, emerging as a novel treatment to eradicate malignant tumors, has achieved a measure of success in clinical popularity and transition. However, over the last decades, hypoxia-induced tumor immune escape has attracted enormous attention in cancer treatment. Limitations of free targeting agents have paved the path for the development of multiple nanomaterials with the hope of boosting immunotherapy. In this review, the innovative design tactics and multifunctional nanocarriers for hypoxia alleviation are summarized, and the smart nanomaterial-assisted hypoxia-modulatory therapeutics for synergistic immunotherapy and versatile biomedical applications are especially highlighted. In addition, the challenges and prospects of clinical transformation are further discussed.
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Cao S, Tang J, Huang Y, Li G, Li Z, Cai W, Yuan Y, Liu J, Huang X, Zhang H. The Road of Solid Tumor Survival: From Drug-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to Drug Resistance. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:620514. [PMID: 33928116 PMCID: PMC8076597 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.620514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which refers to a series of adaptive responses to the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, occurs when cells are treated by drugs or undergo microenvironmental changes that cause the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins. ERS is one of the key responses during the drug treatment of solid tumors. Drugs induce ERS by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and Ca2+ overload. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is one of ERS. Studies have indicated that the mechanism of ERS-mediated drug resistance is primarily associated with UPR, which has three main sensors (PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6). ERS-mediated drug resistance in solid tumor cells is both intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic ERS in the solid tumor cells, the signal pathway of UPR-mediated drug resistance, includes apoptosis inhibition signal pathway, protective autophagy signal pathway, ABC transporter signal pathway, Wnt/β-Catenin signal pathway, and noncoding RNA. Among them, apoptosis inhibition is one of the major causes of drug resistance. Drugs activate ERS and its downstream antiapoptotic proteins, which leads to drug resistance. Protective autophagy promotes the survival of solid tumor cells by devouring the damaged organelles and other materials and providing new energy for the cells. ERS induces protective autophagy by promoting the expression of autophagy-related genes, such as Beclin-1 and ATG5–ATG12. ABC transporters pump drugs out of the cell, which reduces the drug-induced apoptosis effect and leads to drug resistance. In addition, the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway is also involved in the drug resistance of solid tumor cells. Furthermore, noncoding RNA regulates the ERS-mediated survival and death of solid tumor cells. Extrinsic ERS in the solid tumor cells, such as ERS in immune cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME), also plays a crucial role in drug resistance by triggering immunosuppression. In immune system cells, ERS in dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) influences the antitumor function of normal T cells, which results in immunosuppression. Meanwhile, ERS in T cells can also cause impaired functioning and apoptosis, leading to immunosuppression. In this review, we highlight the core molecular mechanism of drug-induced ERS involved in drug resistance, thereby providing a new strategy for solid tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulong Cao
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Tang
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yichun Huang
- Clinical Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Gaofeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhuoya Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Cai
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yuning Yuan
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Junlong Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuqun Huang
- Edong Healthcare Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Riera Romo M. Cell death as part of innate immunity: Cause or consequence? Immunology 2021; 163:399-415. [PMID: 33682112 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated or programmed cell death plays a critical role in the development and tissue organization and function. In addition, it is intrinsically connected with immunity and host defence. An increasing cellular and molecular findings cause a change in the concept of cell death, revealing an expanding network of regulated cell death modalities and their biochemical programmes. Likewise, recent evidences demonstrate the interconnection between cell death pathways and how they are involved in different immune mechanisms. This work provides an overview of the main cell death programmes and their implication in innate immunity not only as an immunogenic/inflammatory process, but also as an active defence strategy during immune response and at the same time as a regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Riera Romo
- Radiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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173
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Dong Z, Yi H. An integrated genetic-epigenetic analysis shed light on the mechanisms linking coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:349-353. [PMID: 33636047 PMCID: PMC8014256 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Dong
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and TherapeuticsBritish Columbia Children's Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaV5Z 4H4Canada
- Genome Science and Technology Graduate ProgramUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaV5Z 4S6Canada
| | - Huiguang Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602USA
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Jiang T, Chen X, Ren X, Yang JM, Cheng Y. Emerging role of autophagy in anti-tumor immunity: Implications for the modulation of immunotherapy resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 56:100752. [PMID: 33765484 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies such as CAR-T cell transfer and antibody-targeted therapy have produced promising clinical outcomes in patients with advanced and metastatic cancer that are resistant to conventional therapies. However, with increasing use of cancer immunotherapy in clinical treatment, multiple therapy-resistance mechanisms have gradually emerged. The tumor microenvironment (TME), an integral component of cancer, can significantly influence the therapeutic response. Thus, it is worth exploring the potential of TME in modulating therapy resistance, in the hope to devise novel strategies to reinforcing anti-cancer treatments such as immunotherapy. As a crucial recycling process in the complex TME, the role of autophagy in tumor immunity has been increasingly appreciated. Firstly, autophagy in tumor cells can affect their immune response through modulating MHC-I-antigen complexes, thus modulating immunogenic tumor cell death, changing functions of immune cells via secretory autophagy, reducing the NK- and CTL-mediated cell lysis and degradation of immune checkpoint proteins. Secondly, autophagy is critical for the differentiation, maturation and survival of immune cells in the TME and can significantly affect the immune function of these cells, thereby regulating the anti-tumor immune response. Thirdly, alteration of autophagic activity in stromal cells, especially in fibroblasts, can reconstruct the three-dimensional stromal environment and metabolic reprogramming in the TME. A number of studies have demonstrated that optimal induction or inhibition of autophagy may lead to effective therapeutic regimens when combined with immunotherapy. This review discusses the important roles of autophagy in tumor cells, immune cells and stromal cells in the context of tumor immunity, and the potential of combining the autophagy-based therapy with immunotherapy as novel therapeutic approaches against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xisha Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xingcong Ren
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacology, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacology, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Henderson JM, Weber C, Santovito D. Beyond Self-Recycling: Cell-Specific Role of Autophagy in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030625. [PMID: 33799835 PMCID: PMC7998923 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall and underlies the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. As such, atherosclerosis stands as the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and intensive scientific efforts are made to investigate its complex pathophysiology, which involves the deregulation of crucial intracellular pathways and intricate interactions between diverse cell types. A growing body of evidence, including in vitro and in vivo studies involving cell-specific deletion of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), has unveiled the mechanistic relevance of cell-specific (endothelial, smooth-muscle, and myeloid cells) defective autophagy in the processes of atherogenesis. In this review, we underscore the recent insights on autophagy's cell-type-dependent role in atherosclerosis development and progression, featuring the relevance of canonical catabolic functions and emerging noncanonical mechanisms, and highlighting the potential therapeutic implications for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Henderson
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Donato Santovito
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, UoS of Milan, National Research Council, I-09042 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (D.S.)
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El Seedy GM, El-Shafey ES, Elsherbiny ES. Fortification of biscuit with sidr leaf and flaxseed mitigates immunosuppression and nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine A. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13655. [PMID: 33616983 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The focus of consumers in healthy food turned to the possible health benefits of particular foods and food ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the newly fortified biscuits supplemented with sidr leaves and flaxseed and to highlight their nutritional quality and health benefits against cyclosporine A-induced dexterous effects. Sidr leaves (SL), and flaxseed (FS) were used in the preparation of fortified biscuits. Proximate analysis and sensory evaluation were carried out on the biscuits. In in vivo study, 15 male albino mice were used for each group. Groups were divided into control, CsA, SL, FS, and SL+FS-treated groups. Hematological analysis, kidney function tests, oxidative stress, and anti-oxidant status were estimated. Flow cytometry was utilized to detect apoptosis and autophagy levels. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detection of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) levels. The composition of biscuits complemented by SL and FS demonstrated significant improvement in the nutritional value represented by the increase in overall protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrate contents. Treatment with SL and FS restored the disturbance in hematological, kidney function, oxidative, and antioxidant biomarkers. CsA-induced apoptotic and autophagic renal cell death was suppressed. Cytokines and pro-inflammatory markers were ameliorated. The use of SL and FS in dietary products can be recommended as a functional food. Moreover, they showed renal-protective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-enhancing activities. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Sidr leaves (SL) and flaxseed (FS) were used in the preparation of fortified biscuits. The composition of biscuits complemented by SL and FS demonstrated a significant improvement in the nutritional values represented by the increase in overall protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrate contents. SL and FS showed a potential therapeutic activity in reversing CsA-induced dexterous side effects by acting as an antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antiautophagic, anti-inflammatory, renal-protective, and immune-enhancing agents. The use of sidr leaves and flaxseed in dietary products can be recommended as a functional food. Supplementation of SL and/or FS to the diet is recommended to ensure a good health. Moreover, introducing awareness for the patients utilizing CsA to use SL and FS in their diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Mosad El Seedy
- Home Economics Department, Faculty of Specific Education, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Eman Salah El-Shafey
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
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177
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Luo X, Qiu Y, Dinesh P, Gong W, Jiang L, Feng X, Li J, Jiang Y, Lei YL, Chen Q. The functions of autophagy at the tumour-immune interface. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2333-2341. [PMID: 33605033 PMCID: PMC7933948 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is frequently induced in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment. Accumulating evidence reveals important functions of autophagy at the tumour-immune interface. Herein, we propose an update on the roles of autophagy in modulating tumour immunity. Autophagy promotes adaptive resistance of established tumours to the cytotoxic effects of natural killer cells (NKs), macrophages and effector T cells. Increased autophagic flux in tumours dampen their immunogenicity and inhibits the expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by suppressing the activation of STING type I interferon signalling (IFN-I) innate immune sensing pathway. Autophagy in suppressive tumour-infiltrating immune subsets maintains their survival through metabolic remodelling. On the other hand, autophagy is involved in the antigen processing and presentation process, which is essential for anti-tumour immune responses. Genetic deletion of autophagy induces spontaneous tumours in some models. Thus, the role of autophagy is context-dependent. In summary, our review has revealed the dichotomous roles of autophagy in modulating tumour immunity. Broad targeting of autophagy may not yield maximal benefits. The characterization of specific genes regulating tumour immunogenicity and innovation in targeted delivery of autophagy inhibitors into certain tumours are among the most urgent tasks to sensitize cold cancers to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Palani Dinesh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu L Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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178
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Tam C, Rao S, Waye MMY, Ng TB, Wang CC. Autophagy signals orchestrate chemoresistance of gynecological cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188525. [PMID: 33600824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gynecological cancers are characterized by a high mortality rate when chemoresistance develops. Autophagy collaborates with apoptosis and participates in homeostasis of chemoresistance. Recent findings supported that crosstalk of necrotic, apoptotic and autophagic factors, and chemotherapy-driven hypoxia, oxidative stress and ER stress play critical roles in chemoresistance in gynecological cancers. Meanwhile, current studies have shown that autophagy could be regulated by and cooperate with metabolic regulator, survival factors, stemness factors and specific post-translation modification in chemoresistant tumor cells. Meanwhile, non-coding RNA and autophagy crosstalk also contribute to the chemoresistance. Until now, analysis of individual autophagy factors towards the clinical significance and chemoresistance in gynecological cancer is still lacking. We suggest comprehensive integrated analysis of cellular homeostasis and tumor microenvironment to clarify the role of autophagy and the associated factors in cancer progression and chemoresistance. Panel screening of pan-autophagic factors will pioneer the development of risk models for predicting efficacy of chemotherapy and guidelines for systematic treatment and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chit Tam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shitao Rao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Mary Miu Yee Waye
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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179
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Wang L, Ning S. TRIMming Type I Interferon-Mediated Innate Immune Response in Antiviral and Antitumor Defense. Viruses 2021; 13:279. [PMID: 33670221 PMCID: PMC7916971 DOI: 10.3390/v13020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) family comprises at least 80 members in humans, with most having ubiquitin or SUMO E3 ligase activity conferred by their N-terminal RING domain. TRIMs regulate a wide range of processes in ubiquitination- or sumoylation-dependent manners in most cases, and fewer as adaptors. Their roles in the regulation of viral infections, autophagy, cell cycle progression, DNA damage and other stress responses, and carcinogenesis are being increasingly appreciated, and their E3 ligase activities are attractive targets for developing specific immunotherapeutic strategies for immune diseases and cancers. Given their importance in antiviral immune response, viruses have evolved sophisticated immune escape strategies to subvert TRIM-mediated mechanisms. In this review, we focus on their regulation of IFN-I-mediated innate immune response, which plays key roles in antiviral and antitumor defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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180
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Spirina LV, Avgustinovich AV, Afanas'ev SG, Cheremisina OV, Volkov MY, Choynzonov EL, Gorbunov AK, Usynin EA. Molecular Mechanism of Resistance to Chemotherapy in Gastric Cancers, the Role of Autophagy. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:713-721. [PMID: 31775598 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666191127113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is biologically and genetically heterogeneous with complex carcinogenesis at the molecular level. Despite the application of multiple approaches in the GC treatment, its 5-year survival is poor. A major limitation of anti-cancer drugs application is intrinsic or acquired resistance, especially to chemotherapeutical agents. It is known that the effectiveness of chemotherapy remains debatable and varies according to the molecular type of GC. Chemotherapy has an established role in the management of GC. Perioperative chemotherapy or postoperative chemotherapy is applied for localized ones. Most of the advanced GC patients have a poor response to treatment and unfavorable outcomes with standard therapies. Resistance substantially limits the depth and duration of clinical responses to targeted anticancer therapies. Through the use of complementary experimental approaches, investigators have revealed that cancer cells can achieve resistance through adaptation or selection driven by specific genetic, epigenetic, or microenvironmental alterations. Ultimately, these diverse alterations often lead to the activation of MAPK, AKT/mTOR, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways that, when co-opted, enable cancer cells to survive drug treatments. We have summarized the mechanisms of resistance development to cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and multidrug resistance in the GC management. The complexity of molecular targets and components of signaling cascades altered in the resistance development results in the absence of significant benefits in GC treatment, and its efficacy remains low. The universal process responsible for the failure in the multimodal approach in GC treatment is autophagy. Its dual role in oncogenesis is the most unexplored issue. We have discussed the possible mechanism of autophagy regulation upon the action of endogenous factors and drugs. The experimental data obtained in the cultured GC cells need further verification. To overcome the cancer resistance and to prevent autophagy as the main reason of ineffective treatment, it is suggested the concept of the direct influence of autophagy molecular markers followed by the standard chemotherapy. Dozen of studies have focused on finding the rationale for the benefits of such complex therapy. The perspectives in the molecular-based management of GC are associated with the development of molecular markers predicting the protective autophagy initiation and search for novel targets of effective anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila V Spirina
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Koopertivny street, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moskovsky trakt, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra V Avgustinovich
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Koopertivny street, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey G Afanas'ev
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Koopertivny street, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Cheremisina
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Koopertivny street, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim Yu Volkov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Koopertivny street, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny L Choynzonov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Koopertivny street, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moskovsky trakt, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey K Gorbunov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Koopertivny street, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny A Usynin
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Koopertivny street, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moskovsky trakt, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
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181
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Abstract
Autophagy is deregulated in many cancers and represents an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. However, the precise contributions of autophagy to metastatic progression, the principle cause of cancer-related mortality, is only now being uncovered. While autophagy promotes primary tumor growth, metabolic adaptation and resistance to therapy, recent studies have unexpectedly revealed that autophagy suppresses the proliferative outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells into overt and lethal macrometastases. These studies suggest autophagy plays unexpected and complex roles in the initiation and progression of metastases, which will undoubtedly impact therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. Here, we discuss the intricacies of autophagy in metastatic progression, highlighting and integrating the pleiotropic roles of autophagy on diverse cell biological processes involved in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Marsh
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Bhairavi Tolani
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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182
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Xu W, Zhang M, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang K, Chen Q, Zhang R, Song W, Huang Q, Zhao W, Wu J. YAP manipulates proliferation via PTEN/AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy in lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:30. [PMID: 33413409 PMCID: PMC7791871 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a double-edged sword during the initiation and progression of multiple tumors. The Hippo pathway effector YAP has been proved to be involved in autophagy processes. The present study aimed to investigate how YAP regulates cell proliferation via autophagy in lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD). Methods Data of LUAD chip GSE43458 was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). RT-qPCR and Western blot were performed to assess YAP expression in LUAD cell lines. CCK-8 assay, xenograft tumor model, immunochemistry and GFP-mRFP-LC3 fusion proteins were utilized to evaluate the effect of YAP on autophagy of LUAD cells in vitro and in vivo. Autophagy inhibitor treatment and rescue experiments were carried out to elucidate the mechanism by which YAP manipulates autophagy in LUAD cells. Results YAP was significantly overexpressed in samples of LUAD patients and its expression level is related to 5-year survival. YAP manipulated the proliferation and autophagy in A549 and H1299 LUAD cells. YAP could induce activation of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway via suppressing PTEN in a Hippo-pathway-dependent manner. 3-Methyladenine impeded autophagy flux and promoted the proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Hippo pathway critical transcriptional coactivators YAP manipulates the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma, which is regulated by PTEN/AKT/mTOR autophagic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjiong Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Runjie Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Song
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiqing Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianqing Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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183
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Guo Q, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Li X, Li C, Zhang Y, Chen H, Liu P, Chu Y, Sun T, Jiang C. Click-Nucleic-Acid-Containing Codelivery System Inducing Collapse of Cellular Homeostasis for Tumor Therapy through Bidirectional Regulation of Autophagy and Glycolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:57757-57767. [PMID: 33319976 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a rapid proliferating tissue, tumor cells have to optimize nutrient utilization to withstand harsh conditions. Several approaches have been explored to inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor by disrupting the reprogrammed tumor metabolism. However, nutrient limitations within solid tumors may induce the metabolic flexibility of malignant cells to sustain growth and survival using one nutrient to fill metabolite pools normally supplied by the other. To overcome this predicament, a promising click-nucleic-acid-containing platform for codelivery of rapamycin, anti-PFKFB4 siRNA, and targeting ligand aptamer AS1411 was applied. PFKFB4 could act as a promising target for tumor therapy for being a molecular fulcrum that could couple glycolysis to autophagy by promoting aggressive metastatic tumors. The downregulation of PFKFB4 can help inhibit the SRC3/Akt/mTOR pathway, leading autophagy to the direction of promoting apoptosis of tumor cells, which is induced by the collapse of tumor cellular homeostasis, while low dosages of rapamycin could decrease surgery-induced immune dysfunction. Enhanced tumor autophagy, favorable in vivo antitumor efficacy, and effective systematic immune activation are observed after treatment, suggesting that autophagy and glycolysis can serve as an integrated target for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qinjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenxi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongchao Chu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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Jin KT, Tao XH, Fan YB, Wang SB. Crosstalk between oncolytic viruses and autophagy in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:110932. [PMID: 33370632 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have attracted attention as a promising strategy in cancer therapy owing to their ability to selectively infect and kill tumor cells, without affecting healthy cells. They also exert their anti-tumor effects by releasing immunostimulatory molecules from dying cancer cells. Several regulatory mechanisms, such as autophagy, contribute to the anti-tumor properties of oncolytic viruses. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process in responses to various stresses, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and infection that produces energy by lysosomal degradation of intracellular contents. Autophagy can support infectivity and replication of the oncolytic virus and enhance their anti-tumor effects via mediating oncolysis, autophagic cell death, and immunogenic cell death. On the other hand, autophagy can reduce the cytotoxicity of oncolytic viruses by providing survival nutrients for tumor cells. In his review, we summarize various types of oncolytic viruses in clinical trials, their mechanism of action, and autophagy machinery. Furthermore, we precisely discuss the interaction between oncolytic viruses and autophagy in cancer therapy and their combinational effects on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hua Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yi-Bin Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Shi-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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185
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Transferrin-Bound Doxorubicin Enhances Apoptosis and DNA Damage through the Generation of Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Leukemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249390. [PMID: 33321722 PMCID: PMC7764702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antineoplastic drug against many solid tumors and hematological malignancies. However, the clinical use of DOX is limited, because of its unspecific mode of action. Since leukemia cells overexpress transferrin (Tf) receptors on their surface, we proposed doxorubicin–transferrin (DOX–Tf) conjugate as a new vehicle to increase drug concentration directly in cancer cells. The data obtained after experiments performed on K562 and CCRF-CEM human leukemia cell lines clearly indicate severe cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of the conjugate drug. On the other hand, normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were more resistant to DOX–Tf than to DOX. In comparison to free drug, we observed that Tf-bound DOX induced apoptosis in a TRAIL-dependent manner and caused DNA damage typical of programmed cell death. These fatal hallmarks of cell death were confirmed upon morphological observation of cells incubated with DOX or DOX–Tf. Studies of expression of TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-6 at the mRNA and protein levels revealed that the pro-inflammatory response plays an important role in the toxicity of the conjugate. Altogether, the results demonstrated here describe a mechanism of the antitumor activity of the DOX–Tf conjugate.
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186
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Bland JS. The Long Haul of COVID-19 Recovery: Immune Rejuvenation versus Immune Support. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2020; 19:18-22. [PMID: 33488306 PMCID: PMC7819497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic still affecting communities all over the world and "Long Haul" chronic health issues emerging, it is time for us to look back at past multi-symptom health conditions that required a different approach to their treatment, beyond just managing symptoms. It is important for us to consider how to apply what we have learned about immune rejuvenation and its impact on conditions associated with chronic immune dysfunction. We know more than we ever have before about how to reduce chronic inflammation at its source through the support of selective immune cell autophagy/mitophagy and improved immune cell mitochondrial activity, followed by remodeling of the immune epigenome, and-ultimately-a reset of immune function.
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187
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Triangular Relationship between p53, Autophagy, and Chemotherapy Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238991. [PMID: 33256191 PMCID: PMC7730978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and radiation often induce a number of cellular responses, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence. One of the major regulators of these processes is p53, an essential tumor suppressor that is often mutated or lost in many cancer types and implicated in early tumorigenesis. Gain of function (GOF) p53 mutations have been implicated in increased susceptibility to drug resistance, by compromising wildtype anti-tumor functions of p53 or modulating key p53 processes that confer chemotherapy resistance, such as autophagy. Autophagy, a cellular survival mechanism, is initially induced in response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and its cytoprotective nature became the spearhead of a number of clinical trials aimed to sensitize patients to chemotherapy. However, increased pre-clinical studies have exemplified the multifunctional role of autophagy. Additionally, compartmental localization of p53 can modulate induction or inhibition of autophagy and may play a role in autophagic function. The duality in p53 function and its effects on autophagic function are generally not considered in clinical trial design or clinical therapeutics; however, ample pre-clinical studies suggest they play a role in tumor responses to therapy and drug resistance. Further inquiry into the interconnection between autophagy and p53, and its effects on chemotherapeutic responses may provide beneficial insights on multidrug resistance and novel treatment regimens for chemosensitization.
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188
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Bustos SO, Antunes F, Rangel MC, Chammas R. Emerging Autophagy Functions Shape the Tumor Microenvironment and Play a Role in Cancer Progression - Implications for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:606436. [PMID: 33324568 PMCID: PMC7724038 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.606436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment where cancer cells reside and interact with different types of cells, secreted factors, and the extracellular matrix. Additionally, TME is shaped by several processes, such as autophagy. Autophagy has emerged as a conserved intracellular degradation pathway for clearance of damaged organelles or aberrant proteins. With its central role, autophagy maintains the cellular homeostasis and orchestrates stress responses, playing opposite roles in tumorigenesis. During tumor development, autophagy also mediates autophagy-independent functions associated with several hallmarks of cancer, and therefore exerting several effects on tumor suppression and/or tumor promotion mechanisms. Beyond the concept of degradation, new different forms of autophagy have been described as modulators of cancer progression, such as secretory autophagy enabling intercellular communication in the TME by cargo release. In this context, the synthesis of senescence-associated secretory proteins by autophagy lead to a senescent phenotype. Besides disturbing tumor treatment responses, autophagy also participates in innate and adaptive immune signaling. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated intricate crosstalk between autophagy and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), by which cancer cells obtain an invasive phenotype and metastatic potential. Thus, autophagy in the cancer context is far broader and complex than just a cell energy sensing mechanism. In this scenario, we will discuss the key roles of autophagy in the TME and surrounding cells, contributing to cancer development and progression/EMT. Finally, the potential intervention in autophagy processes as a strategy for cancer therapy will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Odete Bustos
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
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189
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Jogalekar MP, Veerabathini A, Gangadaran P. Recent developments in autophagy-targeted therapies in cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:207-212. [PMID: 33167689 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220966545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a crucial role in cellular development and differentiation as well as in the maintenance of homeostasis in healthy cells. Autophagy is well documented in neurodegenerative disorders, aging, and infectious diseases. However, recognizing its significance in cancer has always been challenging due to its tumor-promoting and suppressive attributes. Various modulators targeting key components of autophagy machinery directly or indirectly have been developed over the years, and have shown promising results in preclinical models. Some of these compounds are even being tested in clinical trials for safety and efficacy. A detailed review of strategies used to target autophagy in cancer is presented including our opinion on developing better therapies and outstanding issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi P Jogalekar
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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190
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Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhao R, An L, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Wang H. An integrated autophagy-related gene signature predicts prognosis in human endometrial Cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1030. [PMID: 33109128 PMCID: PMC7590615 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, endometrial cancer is the fourth most common malignant tumor in women and the number of women being diagnosed is increasing. Tumor progression is strongly related to the cell survival-promoting functions of autophagy. We explored the relationship between endometrial cancer prognoses and the expression of autophagy genes using human autophagy databases. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas was used to identify autophagy related genes (ARGs) that were differentially expressed in endometrial cancer tissue compared to healthy endometrial tissue. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were referenced to identify important biological functions and signaling pathways related to these differentially expressed ARGs. A prognostic model for endometrial cancer was constructed using univariate and multivariate Cox, and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression analysis. Endometrial cancer patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups according to risk scores. Survival and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for these patients to assess the accuracy of the prognostic model. Using immunohistochemistry the protein levels of the genes associated with risk were assessed. Results We determined 37 ARGs were differentially expressed between endometrial cancer and healthy tissues. These genes were enriched in the biological processes and signaling pathways related to autophagy. Four ARGs (CDKN2A, PTK6, ERBB2 and BIRC5) were selected to establish a prognostic model of endometrial cancer. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis suggested that high-risk groups have significantly shorter survival times than low-risk groups. The area under the ROC curve indicated that the prognostic model for survival prediction was relatively accurate. Immunohistochemistry suggested that among the four ARGs the protein levels of CDKN2A, PTK6, ERBB2, and BIRC5 were higher in endometrial cancer than healthy endometrial tissue. Conclusions Our prognostic model assessing four ARGs (CDKN2A, PTK6, ERBB2, and BIRC5) suggested their potential as independent predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for endometrial cancer. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12885-020-07535-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lanfen An
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingchao Zhao
- Department of Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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191
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Liu PF, Farooqi AA, Peng SY, Yu TJ, Dahms HU, Lee CH, Tang JY, Wang SC, Shu CW, Chang HW. Regulatory effects of noncoding RNAs on the interplay of oxidative stress and autophagy in cancer malignancy and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:269-282. [PMID: 33127466 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulation of various diseases including cancer has been extensively studied. Reactive oxidative species (ROS) elevated by oxidative stress are associated with cancer progression and drug resistance, while autophagy serves as an ROS scavenger in cancer cells. However, the regulatory effects of ncRNAs on autophagy and ROS in various cancer cells remains complex. Here, we explore how currently investigated ncRNAs, mainly miRNAs and lncRNAs, are involved in ROS production through modulating antioxidant genes. The regulatory effects of miRNAs and lncRNAs on autophagy-related (ATG) proteins to control autophagy activity in cancer cells are discussed. Moreover, differential expression of ncRNAs in tumor and normal tissues of cancer patients are further analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. This review hypothesizes links between ATG genes- or antioxidant genes-modulated ncRNAs and ROS production, which might result in tumorigenesis, malignancy, and cancer recurrence. A better understanding of the regulation of ROS and autophagy by ncRNAs might advance the use of ncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sheng-Yao Peng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Jung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Yang Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Chieh Wang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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192
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Alvarez-Meythaler JG, Garcia-Mayea Y, Mir C, Kondoh H, LLeonart ME. Autophagy Takes Center Stage as a Possible Cancer Hallmark. Front Oncol 2020; 10:586069. [PMID: 33194736 PMCID: PMC7643020 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.586069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, despite significant advances in cancer research and improvements in anticancer therapies. One of the major obstacles to curing cancer is the difficulty of achieving the complete annihilation of resistant cancer cells. The resistance of cancer cells may not only be due to intrinsic factors or factors acquired during the evolution of the tumor but may also be caused by chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Conversely, autophagy is a conserved cellular process in which intracellular components, such as damaged organelles, aggregated or misfolded proteins and macromolecules, are degraded or recycled to maintain cellular homeostasis. Importantly, autophagy is an essential mechanism that plays a key role in tumor initiation and progression. Depending on the cellular context and microenvironmental conditions, autophagy acts as a double-edged sword, playing a role in inducing apoptosis or promoting cell survival. In this review, we propose several scenarios in which autophagy could contribute to cell survival or cell death. Moreover, a special focus on novel promising targets and therapeutic strategies based on autophagic resistant cells is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose G. Alvarez-Meythaler
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoelsis Garcia-Mayea
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mir
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Geriatric Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Matilde E. LLeonart
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Center in Oncology, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
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193
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Hannan MA, Rahman MA, Rahman MS, Sohag AAM, Dash R, Hossain KS, Farjana M, Uddin MJ. Intermittent fasting, a possible priming tool for host defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection: Crosstalk among calorie restriction, autophagy and immune response. Immunol Lett 2020; 226:38-45. [PMID: 32659267 PMCID: PMC7351063 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of deadly Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which emerged as a major threat to public health across the world. Although there is no clear gender or socioeconomic discrimination in the incidence of COVID-19, individuals who are older adults and/or with comorbidities and compromised immunity have a relatively higher risk of contracting this disease. Since no specific drug has yet been discovered, strengthening immunity along with maintaining a healthy living is the best way to survive this disease. As a healthy practice, calorie restriction in the form of intermittent fasting (IF) in several clinical settings has been reported to promote several health benefits, including priming of the immune response. This dietary restriction also activates autophagy, a cell surveillance system that boosts up immunity. With these prevailing significance in priming host defense, IF could be a potential strategy amid this outbreak to fighting off SARS-CoV-2 infection. Currently, no review so far available proposing IF as an encouraging strategy in the prevention of COVID-19. A comprehensive review has therefore been planned to highlight the beneficial role of fasting in immunity and autophagy, that underlie the possible defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The COVID-19 pathogenesis and its impact on host immune response have also been briefly outlined. This review aimed at revisiting the immunomodulatory potential of IF that may constitute a promising preventive approach against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Hannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh,ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh,Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Md. Ataur Rahman
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh,Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea,Global Biotechnology & Biomedical Research Network (GBBRN), Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh,Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Khandkar Shaharina Hossain
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh,Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Mithila Farjana
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh,Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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194
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Li L, Yu R, Cai T, Chen Z, Lan M, Zou T, Wang B, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Cai Y. Effects of immune cells and cytokines on inflammation and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106939. [PMID: 33182039 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and immune responses are two core element that characterize the tumor microenvironment. A large number of immune/inflammatory cells (including tumor associated macrophages, neutrophils and myeloid derived suppressor cells) as well as cytokines (such as IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β) are present in the tumor microenvironment, which results in both a chronic inflammatory state and immunosuppression. As a consequence tumor cell migration, invasion, metastasis and anticancer drug sensitivity are modulated. On the one hand, secreted cytokines change the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells, thereby inhibiting tumor specific immune responses and consequently inducing a special immunosuppressive microenvironment for tumor cells. On the other hand, tumor cells change the differentiation and function of immune/inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment especially via the NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways. This may promote proliferation of tumor cells. Here we review these double edged effects of immune/inflammatory cells and cytokines on tumor cells, and explored their interactions with inflammation, hypoxia, and immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. The tumor inflammatory or immunosuppressive reactions mediated by the high activity of NF-κB or STAT3 can occur alone or simultaneously, and there is a certain connection between them. Inhibiting the NF-κB or STAT3 signaling pathway is likely to curb the growth of tumor cells, reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, and enhance the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China
| | - Tiange Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Integrative Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meng Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tengteng Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bingyue Wang
- Guangzhou Jiayuan Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou Jiayuan Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yiye Zhao
- Integrated Hospital of Traditonal Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China.
| | - Yu Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Cancer Research Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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195
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Xu T, Xu X, Yang L, Chen X, Ju S. Noninvasive Visualization of Obesity-Boosted Inflammation in Orthotopic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using an Octapod Iron Oxide Nanoparticle. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6408-6418. [PMID: 35021772 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and promote the progression of tumors, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Obesity is a metabolic disease and a significant factor that affects tumor immunity and immunotherapy, contributing to a poorer tumor prognosis. However, TAMs as the link between obesity and poorer tumor prognosis has been less addressed and remains unclear. The current study aimed to noninvasively determine the effect of obesity on TAMs in orthotopic PDAC animal models, leptin-deficient transgenic obese (ob/ob) mice. Iron oxide nanoparticles, Octapod-30, with ultra high r2 values, were utilized for in vivo consecutive T2-weighted MR imaging. After Octapod-30 injection, the T2-weighted signal intensity of the tumor area of both lean wild-type (WT) and ob/ob mice decreased rapidly, and the signal intensity significantly decreased as early as 0.5 h after injection compared with preinjection. The signal intensity continually decreased until 2 h and sustained for 4 h. In addition, the quantified signal intensity in obese ob/ob mice bearing PDAC significantly decreased compared with that in lean WT mice. Further histopathological analysis demonstrated that CD68-marked TAMs were highly colocalized with Prussian blue-stained Octapod-30, which were significantly more infiltrated in the tumor tissue of ob/ob mice than in the WT group, in parallel with larger size of tumor, higher levels of Ki67-marked proliferation and CD31-marked angiogenesis. Our results suggested that obesity increased TAMs infiltration and Octopad-30 can rapidly noninvasively detect TAMs in vivo in orthotopic PDAC with high spatial resolution and temporal resolution. Furthermore, the application of ultra high r2 octagonal iron oxide nanoparticles with powerful clinical conversion potential could allow noninvasive and efficient quantitative analysis of TAMs in PDAC with or without obesity, providing a promising inspection approach for early detection, treatment management, and efficacy evaluation of tumors for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lijiao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Ye X, Xie G, Liu Z, Tang J, Cui M, Wang C, Guo C, Tang J. TNNC1 Reduced Gemcitabine Sensitivity of Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer by Increasing Autophagy. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922703. [PMID: 32946432 PMCID: PMC7523424 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As we know, chemotherapy resistance is a critical factor leading to recurrence and metastasis of nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To clarify the key target and potential mechanism of resistance to gemcitabine (GEM) in NSCLC, we selected Gene Expression Omnibus Data Set and statistically analyzed a parent cell group and a GEM-resistant cell group. Results showed that the expression of troponin C1, slow skeletal and cardiac type (TNNC1) in GEM-resistant cells was higher than in parent cells, which implies that TNNC1 was associated with GEM resistance in lung cancer cells. Material/Methods TNNC1 expression level was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction or western blot in GEM-resistant patient serum and cell lines. It could reduce or increase autophagy response and GEM resistance accordingly by inhibition of the short interfering ribonucleic acid or by forced overexpression of TNNC1 viruses in A549 cell line and GEM-resistant cell line (A549/GemR) respectively. Blocking autophagy with 3-methyladenine increased the sensitivity of chemotherapy confirmed by flow cytometry and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B – light chain 3 punctate assay. What’s more, in a loss-of-function model, silencing of forkhead box 03 (FOXO3) in A549/GemR cells could rescue the autophagy weakened by TNNC1. Results TNNC1 promoted GEM chemoresistance of NSCLC by activating cytoprotective autophagy, regulated negatively by FOXO3. This research may provide a completely new strategy for NSCLC treatment. Conclusions Targeting the TNNC1/FOXO3 signaling pathway in NSCLC may be a novel strategy to combat GEM resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Guanghui Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Mingyuan Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Chenbin Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Chi Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Jianfeng Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, China (mainland)
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197
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Yeo SK, Wang C, Guan JL. Role of FIP200 in inflammatory processes beyond its canonical autophagy function. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1599-1607. [PMID: 32662824 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
FIP200 (RB1CC1) is a critical regulator of canonical macroautophagy and has also emerged as a crucial regulator of selective autophagy as well as inflammatory processes. The illumination of FIP200's role in autophagy at the molecular level has been accompanied by studies demonstrating the importance of its autophagy function in physiological processes in mammals and pathological contexts such as cancer. However, there is an increasing appreciation that most, if not all of the autophagy genes, also play a role in other processes such as LC3-associated phagocytosis, vesicle trafficking and protein secretion. Consequently, this has led to efforts in generating specific mutants of autophagy genes that are more amenable to dissecting their autophagy versus non-autophagy functions. In this aspect, we have generated a FIP200 knock-in mouse allele that is defective for canonical macroautophagy. This has revealed a canonical-autophagy-independent function of FIP200 that is responsible for limiting pro-inflammatory signaling. In this review, we will discuss FIP200's role in this process, the implications with regards to cancer immunotherapy and highlight key prospective avenues to specifically dissect the distinct functions of FIP200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syn Kok Yeo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
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198
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Hao TT, Liao R, Lei DL, Hu GL, Luo F. Inhibition of B7-H4 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis and autophagy through the PI3K signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106889. [PMID: 32805693 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B7-H4 and autophagy can regulate or be induced by the PI3K signaling pathway. However, the association between B7-H4 and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)remains unclear. The aim of this work was to investigate whether B7-H4 regulates autophagy via the PI3K signaling pathway in HCC cells. Here, western blotting was used to measure the expression of the related proteins involved in changes in of autophagy and apoptosis, such as LC3, P62, cleaved caspase 3, cleaved PARP, BCL-2, and BAX in Huh7 and Hep3B cells. Additionally, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway proteins were measured. Cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry were used to analyze the effects of B7-H4 siRNA interference on cell proliferation with the interference of B7-H4 siRNA. We found that B7-H4 siRNA increased HCC cell apoptosis and autophagy, and reduced cell proliferation. Moreover, the apoptosis-related proteins cleaved caspase 3, cleaved PARP and BAX were increased and Bcl-2 was decreased after B7-H4 siRNA interference. The expression level of the autophagy-related protein LC3Ⅱ was upregulated, while expression of the autophagy adaptor P62 expression was decreased in B7-H4 siRNA-pretreated cells. Furthermore, our data revealed that B7-H4 regulated apoptosis and autophagy through the PI3K signaling pathway in HCC cells. Therefore, these results suggested that B7-H4 plays an important role in HCC progression by affecting cell apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Tuan Hao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Rui Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Deng-Liang Lei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Gang-Li Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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199
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Patel NH, Sohal SS, Manjili MH, Harrell JC, Gewirtz DA. The Roles of Autophagy and Senescence in the Tumor Cell Response to Radiation. Radiat Res 2020; 194:103-115. [PMID: 32845995 PMCID: PMC7482104 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiation is a critical pillar in cancer therapeutics, exerting its anti-tumor DNA-damaging effects through various direct and indirect mechanisms. Radiation has served as an effective mode of treatment for a number of cancer types, providing both curative and palliative treatment; however, resistance to therapy persists as a fundamental limitation. While cancer cell death is the ideal outcome of any anti-tumor treatment, radiation induces several responses, including apoptotic cell death, mitotic catastrophe, autophagy and senescence, where autophagy and senescence may promote cell survival. In most cases, autophagy, a conventionally cytoprotective mechanism, is a "first" responder to damage incurred from chemotherapy and radiation treatment. The paradigm developed on the premise that autophagy is cytoprotective in nature has provided the rationale for current clinical trials designed with the goal of radiosensitizing cancer cells through the use of autophagy inhibitors; however, these have failed to produce consistent results. Delving further into pre-clinical studies, autophagy has actually been shown to take diverse, sometimes opposing, forms, such as acting in a cytotoxic or nonprotective fashion, which may be partially responsible for the inconsistency of clinical outcomes. Furthermore, autophagy can have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects, while also having an important immune modulatory function. Senescence often occurs in tandem with autophagy, which is also the case with radiation. Radiation-induced senescence is frequently followed by a phase of proliferative recovery in a subset of cells and has been proposed as a tumor dormancy model, which can contribute to resistance to therapy and possibly also disease recurrence. Senescence induction is often accompanied by a unique secretory phenotype that can either promote or suppress immune functions, depending on the expression profile of cytokines and chemokines. Novel therapeutics selectively cytotoxic to senescent cells (senolytics) may prove to prolong remission by delaying disease recurrence in patients. Accurate assessment of primary responses to radiation may provide potential targets that can be manipulated for therapeutic benefit to sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy, while sparing normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipa H. Patel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Sahib S. Sohal
- Departments of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - J. Chuck Harrell
- Departments of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, Virginia 23298
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200
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Gong J, Yan Z, Liu Q. Progress in experimental research on SPRED protein family. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520929170. [PMID: 32851895 PMCID: PMC7457668 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520929170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sprouty-related Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology-1 (EVH-1) domain (SPRED) family of proteins was discovered in 2001. These Sprouty-related tyrosine kinase-binding proteins negatively regulate a variety of growth factor-induced Ras/ERK signaling pathways. In recent years, SPRED proteins have been found to regulate vital activities such as cell development, movement, and proliferation, and to participate in pathophysiological processes such as tumor metastasis, hematopoietic regulation, and allergic reactions. The findings of these studies have important implications regarding the involvement of SPRED proteins in disease. Early studies of SPRED proteins focused mainly on various tumors, cardiovascular diseases, and organ development. However, in recent years, great progress has been made in elucidating the role of SPRED proteins in neuropsychiatric, inflammatory, endocrine, and ophthalmic diseases. This article provides a review of the experimental studies performed in recent years on the SPRED proteins and their role in the pathogenesis of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhangren Yan
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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