151
|
Furber MJW, Roberts JD, Roberts MG. A valid and reliable nutrition knowledge questionnaire for track and field athletes. BMC Nutr 2017; 3:36. [PMID: 32153816 PMCID: PMC7050860 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-017-0156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Establishing an understanding of an athlete’s nutrition knowledge can inform the coach/practitioner and support the development of the athlete. Thus the purpose of the study was to develop a psychometrically valid and reliable tool to assess general and sport nutrition knowledge. Methods An 85 question questionnaire was developed in consultation with a panel of experts. Ninety-eight participants from the UK completed the questionnaire, and again 3 weeks later. The participants were classified into two groups: those with nutrition (NUT, n = 53) training (sport nutritionists and dietitians who were either practicing or undertaking a postgraduate qualification in the field), and those without (NONUT, n = 48) training (professionals and postgraduate students with no exposure to any form of nutrition training). The questionnaire was then administered to a pilot cohort of UK based track and field athletes (n = 59) who were requested to time how long it took to complete the questionnaire. Results Psychometric statistical analysis of the results was completed, resulting in the removal of 23 questions for a total of 62 questions in the final questionnaire. The validated questionnaire was then administered to 58 track and field athletes. Internal consistency was assessed using Chronbach’s alpha (α > 0.7), Pearson’s correlation (p < 0.05) was used to assess reliability. Construct validity was evaluated using a t-test (p < 0.05). A total test retest correlation of 0.95 was achieved (sub-section range: 0.87–0.97). Internal consistency was accepted in each sub-section (α = 0.78–0.92) and the nutrition-trained group scored significantly higher on the overall questionnaire (80.4 vs 49.6%). The overall score for the athletic group was 61.0%. Conclusion The questionnaire satisfied all psychometric measures and provides a new valid and reliable tool to assess general and sport nutrition knowledge of track and field athlete. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40795-017-0156-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew James Walter Furber
- 1Department of Sport, University of Hertfordshire, School of Life & Medical Sciences, Health & Exercise Science, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB UK
| | - Justin Dene Roberts
- 2Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cambridge, CB1 1PT UK
| | - Michael George Roberts
- 1Department of Sport, University of Hertfordshire, School of Life & Medical Sciences, Health & Exercise Science, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB UK
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Che Jusoh MR, Stannard SR, Mündel T. Sago supplementation for recovery from cycling in a warm-humid environment and its influence on subsequent cycling physiology and performance. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 3:444-454. [PMID: 28349084 PMCID: PMC5079217 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1179382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined whether sago porridge ingested immediately after exercise (Exercise 1) in warm-humid conditions (30 ± 1°C, 71 ± 4 % RH; 20 km·h−1 frontal airflow) conferred more rapid recovery, as measured by repeat performance (Exercise 2), compared to a control condition. Eight well-trained, male cyclists/triathletes (34 ± 9 y, VO2peak 70 ± 10 ml·kg−1·min−1, peak aerobic power 413 ± 75 W) completed two 15-min time-trials pre-loaded with 15-min warm-up cycling following >24h standardization of training and diet. Mean power output was not different between trials during Exercise 1 (286 ± 67 vs. 281 ± 59 W), however, was reduced during Exercise 2 for control (274 ± 61 W) but not sago (283 ± 60 W) that led to a significant performance decrement (vs. Exercise 1) of 3.9% for control and an improvement (vs. control) of 3.7% for sago during Exercise 2 (P < 0.05). Sago ingestion was also associated with higher blood glucose concentrations during recovery compared to control. These results indicate that feeding sago during recovery from exercise in a warm-humid environment improves recovery of performance during a subsequent exercise bout when compared to a water-only control. As these effects were larger than the test-retest coefficient of variation for work completed during the 15-min time-trial (2.3%) it can be confidently concluded that the observed effects are real.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen R Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Macronutrient Intakes in 553 Dutch Elite and Sub-Elite Endurance, Team, and Strength Athletes: Does Intake Differ between Sport Disciplines? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020119. [PMID: 28208581 PMCID: PMC5331550 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Web-based 24-h dietary recalls and questionnaires were obtained from 553 Dutch well-trained athletes. The total energy and macronutrient intake was compared between discipline-categories (endurance, team, and strength) within gender, and dietary inadequacy, i.e., too low or high intakes, according to selected recommendations and guidelines, was evaluated by applying a probability approach. On average, 2.83 days per person were reported with a mean energy intake of 2566-2985 kcal and 1997-2457 kcal per day, for men and women, respectively. Between disciplines, small differences in the mean intake of energy and macronutrients were seen for both men and women. Overall, 80% of the athletes met the suggested lower-limit sport nutrition recommendation of 1.2 g·kg-1 of protein per day. The carbohydrate intake of 50%-80% of athletes was between 3 and 5 g·kg-1 bodyweight, irrespective of the category of their discipline. This can be considered as low to moderate, in view of their daily total exercise load (athletes reported on average ~100 minutes per day). In conclusion, only small differences in the mean energy and macronutrient intake between elite endurance, strength, and team sport athletes, were found. The majority of the athletes were able to meet the generally accepted protein recommendation for athletes, of 1.2 g·kg-1. However, for most athletes, the carbohydrate intake was lower than generally recommended in the existing consensus guidelines on sport nutrition. This suggests that athletes could either optimize their carbohydrate intake, or that average carbohydrate requirements merit a re-evaluation.
Collapse
|
154
|
Heydenreich J, Kayser B, Schutz Y, Melzer K. Total Energy Expenditure, Energy Intake, and Body Composition in Endurance Athletes Across the Training Season: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:8. [PMID: 28161872 PMCID: PMC5292109 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance athletes perform periodized training in order to prepare for main competitions and maximize performance. However, the coupling between alterations of total energy expenditure (TEE), energy intake, and body composition during different seasonal training phases is unclear. So far, no systematic review has assessed fluctuations in TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition in endurance athletes across the training season. The purpose of this study was to (1) systematically analyze TEE, energy intake, and body composition in highly trained athletes of various endurance disciplines and of both sexes and (2) analyze fluctuations in these parameters across the training season. METHODS An electronic database search was conducted on the SPORTDiscus and MEDLINE (January 1990-31 January 2015) databases using a combination of relevant keywords. Two independent reviewers identified potentially relevant studies. Where a consensus was not reached, a third reviewer was consulted. Original research articles that examined TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition in 18-40-year-old endurance athletes and reported the seasonal training phases of data assessment were included in the review. Articles were excluded if body composition was assessed by skinfold measurements, TEE was assessed by questionnaires, or data could not be split between the sexes. Two reviewers assessed the quality of studies independently. Data on subject characteristics, TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition were extracted from the included studies. Subjects were categorized according to their sex and endurance discipline and each study allocated a weight within categories based on the number of subjects assessed. Extracted data were used to calculate weighted means and standard deviations for parameters of TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition. RESULTS From 3589 citations, 321 articles were identified as potentially relevant, with 82 meeting all of the inclusion criteria. TEE of endurance athletes was significantly higher during the competition phase than during the preparation phase (p < 0.001) and significantly higher than energy intake in both phases (p < 0.001). During the competition phase, both body mass and fat-free mass were significantly higher compared to other seasonal training phases (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Limitations of the present study included insufficient data being available for all seasonal training phases and thus low explanatory power of single parameters. Additionally, the classification of the different seasonal training phases has to be discussed. Male and female endurance athletes show important training seasonal fluctuations in TEE, energy intake, and body composition. Therefore, dietary intake recommendations should take into consideration other factors including the actual training load, TEE, and body composition goals of the athlete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Heydenreich
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Hauptstrasse 247, 2532, Magglingen, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yves Schutz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Katarina Melzer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Hauptstrasse 247, 2532, Magglingen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Shearer J, Graham TE, Skinner TL. Nutra-ergonomics: influence of nutrition on physical employment standards and the health of workers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 41:S165-74. [PMID: 27277565 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of ergonomics across several scientific domains, including biomechanics, psychology, sociology, and physiology, have been extensively explored. However, the role of other factors that may influence the health and productivity of workers, such as nutrition, is generally overlooked. Nutra-ergonomics describes the interface between workers, their work environment, and performance in relation to their nutritional status. It considers nutrition to be an integral part of a safe and productive workplace that encompasses physical and mental health as well as the long-term wellbeing of workers. This review explores the knowledge, awareness, and common practices of nutrition, hydration, stimulants, and fortified product use employed prior to physical employment standards testing and within the workplace. The influence of these nutra-ergonomic strategies on physical employment standards, worker safety, and performance will be examined. Further, the roles, responsibilities, and implications for the applicant, worker, and the employer will be discussed within the context of nutra-ergonomics, with reference to the provision and sustainability of an environment conducive to optimize worker health and wellbeing. Beyond physical employment standards, workplace productivity, and performance, the influence of extended or chronic desynchronization (irregular or shift work) in the work schedule on metabolism and long-term health, including risk of developing chronic and complex diseases, is discussed. Finally, practical nutra-ergonomic strategies and recommendations for the applicant, worker, and employer alike will be provided to enhance the short- and long-term safety, performance, health, and wellbeing of workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Terry E Graham
- b Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tina L Skinner
- c Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Domínguez R, Cuenca E, Maté-Muñoz JL, García-Fernández P, Serra-Paya N, Estevan MCL, Herreros PV, Garnacho-Castaño MV. Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Athletes. A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010043. [PMID: 28067808 PMCID: PMC5295087 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes use nutritional supplementation to enhance the effects of training and achieve improvements in their athletic performance. Beetroot juice increases levels of nitric oxide (NO), which serves multiple functions related to increased blood flow, gas exchange, mitochondrial biogenesis and efficiency, and strengthening of muscle contraction. These biomarker improvements indicate that supplementation with beetroot juice could have ergogenic effects on cardiorespiratory endurance that would benefit athletic performance. The aim of this literature review was to determine the effects of beetroot juice supplementation and the combination of beetroot juice with other supplements on cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes. A keyword search of DialNet, MedLine, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases covered publications from 2010 to 2016. After excluding reviews/meta-analyses, animal studies, inaccessible full-text, and studies that did not supplement with beetroot juice and adequately assess cardiorespiratory endurance, 23 articles were selected for analysis. The available results suggest that supplementation with beetroot juice can improve cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes by increasing efficiency, which improves performance at various distances, increases time to exhaustion at submaximal intensities, and may improve the cardiorespiratory performance at anaerobic threshold intensities and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). Although the literature shows contradictory data, the findings of other studies lead us to hypothesize that supplementing with beetroot juice could mitigate the ergolytic effects of hypoxia on cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes. It cannot be stated that the combination of beetroot juice with other supplements has a positive or negative effect on cardiorespiratory endurance, but it is possible that the effects of supplementation with beetroot juice can be undermined by interaction with other supplements such as caffeine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Domínguez
- College of Health Sciences, University Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid 29651, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Cuenca
- Tecnocampus, College of Health Sciences, University of Pompeu Fabra, Mataró-Maresme, Barcelona 08302 Spain.
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- College of Health Sciences, University Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid 29651, Spain.
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- College of Health Sciences, University Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid 29651, Spain.
| | - Noemí Serra-Paya
- Tecnocampus, College of Health Sciences, University of Pompeu Fabra, Mataró-Maresme, Barcelona 08302 Spain.
| | | | - Pablo Veiga Herreros
- College of Health Sciences, University Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid 29651, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Hardy R, Kliemann N, Evansen T, Brand J. Relationship Between Energy Drink Consumption and Nutrition Knowledge in Student-Athletes. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 49:19-26.e1. [PMID: 27720600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the relationships between energy drink consumption, nutrition knowledge, and socio-demographic characteristics in a convenience sample of student-athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Online survey. PARTICIPANTS A total of 194 student-athletes (112 female and 82 male). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of human nutrition, energy drink consumption habits. ANALYSIS Chi-square tests of independence, independent t tests, and hierarchical regression analyses were applied. RESULTS Most student-athletes in the sample (85.5%) did not consume energy drinks, but those who did tended to be male (P = .004), had lower overall knowledge of nutrition (P = .02), and had a lower grade point average (P < .001) than did nonusers. Also, energy drink consumption was associated with the overall nutrition knowledge score when adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics, with nonusers having greater nutrition knowledge (P = .007) than users. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Student-athletes tend to refrain from energy drink use but those who use it have a tendency to have lower nutrition knowledge than do nonusers. Therefore, nutrition education targeted toward student-athletes should encompass the consumption of energy drinks because limited evidence shows the benefits of collegiate athletes consuming energy drinks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hardy
- Heartland Orthopedic Specialists, Douglas County Hospital, Alexandria, MN.
| | - Nathalie Kliemann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Taylor Evansen
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Morris, Morris, MN
| | - Jefferson Brand
- Heartland Orthopedic Specialists, Douglas County Hospital, Alexandria, MN
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Ndahimana D, Lee SH, Kim YJ, Son HR, Ishikawa-Takata K, Park J, Kim EK. Accuracy of dietary reference intake predictive equation for estimated energy requirements in female tennis athletes and non-athlete college students: comparison with the doubly labeled water method. Nutr Res Pract 2016; 11:51-56. [PMID: 28194265 PMCID: PMC5300947 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of a dietary reference intake (DRI) predictive equation for estimated energy requirements (EER) in female college tennis athletes and non-athlete students using doubly labeled water (DLW) as a reference method. MATERIALS/METHODS Fifteen female college students, including eight tennis athletes and seven non-athlete subjects (aged between 19 to 24 years), were involved in the study. Subjects' total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by the DLW method, and EER were calculated using the DRI predictive equation. The accuracy of this equation was assessed by comparing the EER calculated using the DRI predictive equation (EERDRI) and TEE measured by the DLW method (TEEDLW) based on calculation of percentage difference mean and percentage of accurate prediction. The agreement between the two methods was assessed by the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS The percentage difference mean between the methods was -1.1% in athletes and 1.8% in non-athlete subjects, whereas the percentage of accurate prediction was 37.5% and 85.7%, respectively. In the case of athletic subjects, the DRI predictive equation showed a clear bias negatively proportional to the subjects' TEE. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest that the DRI predictive equation could be used to obtain EER in non-athlete female college students at a group level. However, this equation would be difficult to use in the case of athletes at the group and individual levels. The development of a new and more appropriate equation for the prediction of energy expenditure in athletes is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didace Ndahimana
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea
| | - Hee-Ryoung Son
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea
| | - Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata
- Department of Nutritional Education, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Abstract
A protein consists of amino acids (AA) linked by peptide bonds. Dietary protein is hydrolyzed by proteases and peptidases to generate AA, dipeptides, and tripeptides in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. These digestion products are utilized by bacteria in the small intestine or absorbed into enterocytes. AA that are not degraded by the small intestine enter the portal vein for protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and other tissues. AA are also used for cell-specific production of low-molecular-weight metabolites with enormous physiological importance. Thus, protein undernutrition results in stunting, anemia, physical weakness, edema, vascular dysfunction, and impaired immunity. Based on short-term nitrogen balance studies, the Recommended Dietary Allowance of protein for a healthy adult with minimal physical activity is currently 0.8 g protein per kg body weight (BW) per day. To meet the functional needs such as promoting skeletal-muscle protein accretion and physical strength, dietary intake of 1.0, 1.3, and 1.6 g protein per kg BW per day is recommended for individuals with minimal, moderate, and intense physical activity, respectively. Long-term consumption of protein at 2 g per kg BW per day is safe for healthy adults, and the tolerable upper limit is 3.5 g per kg BW per day for well-adapted subjects. Chronic high protein intake (>2 g per kg BW per day for adults) may result in digestive, renal, and vascular abnormalities and should be avoided. The quantity and quality of protein are the determinants of its nutritional values. Therefore, adequate consumption of high-quality proteins from animal products (e.g., lean meat and milk) is essential for optimal growth, development, and health of humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Departments of Animal Science and Medical Physiology and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Ladd E, Shea KM, Bagley P, Rundell S, Auerbach PS, Pirrotta EA, Wang E, Lipman GS. Hydration Status as a Predictor of High-altitude Mountaineering Performance. Cureus 2016; 8:e918. [PMID: 28083462 PMCID: PMC5218879 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hydration status is a controversial determinant of athletic performance. This relationship has not been examined with mountaineering performance. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of mountaineers who attempted to climb Denali in Alaska. Participants’ urine specific gravity (SG), and ultrasound measurements of the inferior vena cava size and collapsibility index (IVC-CI) were measured at rest prior to ascent. Upon descent, climbers reported maximum elevation gained for determination of summit success. Results: One hundred twenty-one participants enrolled in the study. Data were collected on 111 participants (92% response rate); of those, 105 (87%) had complete hydration data. Fifty-seven percent of study participants were found to be dehydrated by IVC-CI on ultrasound, and 55% by urine SG. No significant association was found with summit success and quantitative measurements of hydration: IVC-CI (50.4% +/- 15.6 vs. 52.9% +/- 15.4, p = 0.91), IVC size (0.96 cm +/- 0.3 vs. 0.99 cm +/- 0.3, p = 0.81), and average SG (1.02 +/- 0.008 vs. 1.02 +/- 0.008, p = 0.87). Categorical measurements of urine SG found 24% more successful summiters were hydrated at 14 Camp, but this was not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.56). Summit success was associated with greater water-carrying capacity on univariate analysis only: 2.3 L, 95% confidence interval (2.1 – 2.5) vs. 2.1 L, 95% confidence interval (2 – 2.2); p < 0.01. Conclusions: Intravascular dehydration was found in approximately half of technical high-altitude mountaineers. Hydration status was not significantly associated with summit success, but increased water-carrying capacity may be an easy and inexpensive educational intervention to improve performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ladd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Katherine M Shea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Patrick Bagley
- University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England
| | - Sean Rundell
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Paul S Auerbach
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | | | - Ewen Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Grant S Lipman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Naderi A, de Oliveira EP, Ziegenfuss TN, Willems MT. Timing, Optimal Dose and Intake Duration of Dietary Supplements with Evidence-Based Use in Sports Nutrition. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:1-12. [PMID: 28150472 PMCID: PMC5545206 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of the present narrative review was to consider the evidence on the timing, optimal dose and intake duration of the main dietary supplements in sports nutrition, i.e. β-alanine, nitrate, caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein. [Methods] This review article focuses on timing, optimal dose and intake duration of main dietary supplements in sports nutrition. [Results] This paper reviewed the evidence to determine the optimal time, efficacy doses and intake duration for sports supplements verified by scientific evidence that report a performance enhancing effect in both situation of laboratory and training settings. [Conclusion] Consumption of the supplements are usually suggested into 5 specific times, such as pre-exercise (nitrate, caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein), during exercise (carbohydrate), post-exercise (creatine, carbohydrate, protein), meal time (β-alanine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, nitrate, carbohydrate and protein), and before sleep (protein). In addition, the recommended dosing protocol for the supplements nitrate and β-alanine are fixed amounts irrespective of body weight, while dosing protocol for sodium bicarbonate, caffeine and creatine supplements are related to corrected body weight (mg/kg bw). Also, intake duration is suggested for creatine and β-alanine, being effective in chronic daily time < 2 weeks while caffeine, sodium bicarbonate are effective in acute daily time (1-3 hours). Plus, ingestion of nitrate supplement is required in both chronic daily time < 28 days and acute daily time (2- 2.5 h) prior exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
| | - Erick P de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | | | - MarkE T Willems
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Clark A, Mach N. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:43. [PMID: 27924137 PMCID: PMC5121944 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue, mood disturbances, under performance and gastrointestinal distress are common among athletes during training and competition. The psychosocial and physical demands during intense exercise can initiate a stress response activating the sympathetic-adrenomedullary and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes, resulting in the release of stress and catabolic hormones, inflammatory cytokines and microbial molecules. The gut is home to trillions of microorganisms that have fundamental roles in many aspects of human biology, including metabolism, endocrine, neuronal and immune function. The gut microbiome and its influence on host behavior, intestinal barrier and immune function are believed to be a critical aspect of the brain-gut axis. Recent evidence in murine models shows that there is a high correlation between physical and emotional stress during exercise and changes in gastrointestinal microbiota composition. For instance, induced exercise-stress decreased cecal levels of Turicibacter spp and increased Ruminococcus gnavus, which have well defined roles in intestinal mucus degradation and immune function. Diet is known to dramatically modulate the composition of the gut microbiota. Due to the considerable complexity of stress responses in elite athletes (from leaky gut to increased catabolism and depression), defining standard diet regimes is difficult. However, some preliminary experimental data obtained from studies using probiotics and prebiotics studies show some interesting results, indicating that the microbiota acts like an endocrine organ (e.g. secreting serotonin, dopamine or other neurotransmitters) and may control the HPA axis in athletes. What is troubling is that dietary recommendations for elite athletes are primarily based on a low consumption of plant polysaccharides, which is associated with reduced microbiota diversity and functionality (e.g. less synthesis of byproducts such as short chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters). As more elite athletes suffer from psychological and gastrointestinal conditions that can be linked to the gut, targeting the microbiota therapeutically may need to be incorporated in athletes’ diets that take into consideration dietary fiber as well as microbial taxa not currently present in athlete’s gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clark
- Health Science Department, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Mach
- Health Science Department, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain ; Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology unit (GABI), INRA, AgroParis Tech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Che Jusoh MR, Stannard SR, Mündel T. Physiologic and performance effects of sago supplementation before and during cycling in a warm-humid environment. Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3:318-327. [PMID: 27857961 PMCID: PMC4964999 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1159772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined whether 0.8g/kg bodyweight sago ingested before (Pre-Sago) or during (Dur-Sago) exercise under warm-humid conditions (30 ± 2°C, 78 ± 3 % RH; 20 km·h−1 frontal airflow) conferred a performance and/or physiological benefit compared to a control (Control) condition. Eight trained, male cyclists/triathletes (45 ± 4 y, VO2peak: 65 ± 10 ml·kg−1·min−1, peak aerobic power: 397 ± 71 W) completed 3 15-min time-trials (∼75% VO2peak) pre-loaded with 45 min of steady-state (∼55% VO2peak) cycling following > 24 h standardization of training and diet. Measures of work completed, rectal and mean skin temperatures, heart rate, expiratory gases and venous blood samples were taken. Compared to Control, Pre-Sago resulted in a smaller rise in rectal temperature (0.3 ± 0.5°C) while heart rate increased to a greater extent (6 ± 13 beats·min−1) during exercise (both P < 0.05), however, compared to Control time-trial performance remained unaffected (Pre-Sago: −0.5 ± 4.0%, P > 0.05). During exercise, plasma glucose concentrations were maintained higher for Dur-Sago than Control (P < 0.05), however substrate oxidation rates remained similar (P > 0.05). Dur-Sago also resulted in a higher plasma sodium concentration (2 ± 2 mmol·l1) and lower whole-body sweat loss (544 ± 636 g) and, therefore, reduced plasma volume contraction (all P < 0.05). Heart rate increased to a greater extent (5 ± 13 beats·min−1) during Dur-Sago, yet compared to Control time-trial performance remained unaffected (+0.9 ± 2.3%, P > 0.05). Uniquely, these results indicate that during exercise heat stress feeding sago can result in some ‘beneficial’ physiological responses, however these do not translate to changes in exercise performance when performed in a post-prandial state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen R Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
McAnulty S, McAnulty L, Collier S, Souza-Junior TP, McBride J. Tai Chi and Kung-Fu practice maintains physical performance but not vascular health in young versus old participants. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:184-9. [PMID: 26919093 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1158623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Kung-Fu and Tai Chi along with other martial arts are gaining popularity but studies examining the benefits of martial arts on physical fitness, vascular health, nutrition, and psychological wellness are limited. Aging is associated with declines in these health components. The objectives of this study were to examine whether Tai Chi and Kung-Fu training would maintain physical fitness, vascular health, and psychological wellness components on older versus younger practitioners. METHODS Seventeen subjects were recruited and divided into Young (age <40 years, n=9) and Old (age 40 years and above, n=8). Participants reported twice for health screens, vascular and nutrition assessment, and fitness tests. Mean differences were compared between groups for all tests using Student's t-tests. RESULTS Age, months of practice, systolic blood pressure, and cardiovascular augmentation index were significantly greater in Old versus Young (p=0.001, p=0.007, p=0.049, and p=0.011, respectively). Psychologically, old practitioners experienced greater sleep interference (p=0.035) and overall pain (p=0.036). No other differences existed for any variable. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that the practice of Tai Chi and Kung-Fu maintains physical fitness in older compared to younger practitioners. However, age associated changes in cardiovascular stiffness, systolic blood pressure, and pain were not prevented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven McAnulty
- a Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC , USA
| | - Lisa McAnulty
- b Department of Nutrition and Health Care Management , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC , USA
| | - Scott Collier
- a Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC , USA
| | - Tacito P Souza-Junior
- a Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC , USA.,c Department of Physical Education , Federal University of Parana , Curitiba , PR , Brazil (CNPq Fellowship-Brazil)
| | - Jeffrey McBride
- a Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science , Appalachian State University , Boone , NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Kemmler W, Teschler M, Weissenfels A, Bebenek M, von Stengel S, Kohl M, Freiberger E, Goisser S, Jakob F, Sieber C, Engelke K. Whole-body electromyostimulation to fight sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older women at risk. Resultsof the randomized controlled FORMOsA-sarcopenic obesity study. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:3261-3270. [PMID: 27289534 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The effect of whole body-electromyostimulation in community-dwelling women ≥70 with sarcopenic obesity was heterogeneous, with high effects on muscle mass, moderate effects on functional parameters, and minor effects on fat mass. Further, we failed to determine a supportive effect of additional protein-enriched dietary supplementation in this albeit predominately well-nourished group. INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to determine the effect of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on sarcopenic obesity (SO) in community-dwelling women more than 70 years with sarcopenic obesity. METHODS Seventy-five community-dwelling women ≥70 years with SO were randomly allocated to either a WB-EMS-application with (WB-EMS &P; 24.9 ± 1.9 kg/m2) or without (WB-EMS; 25.2 ± 1.8 kg/m2) dietary supplementation (150 kcal/day, 56 % protein) or a non-training control group (CG; 24.7 ± 1.4 kg/m2). WB-EMS consisted of one weekly session of 20 min (85 Hz, 350 μs, 4 s of strain-4 s of rest) performed with moderate to high intensity. Primary study endpoint was the Sarcopenia Z-Score constituted by skeletal muscle mass index (SMI, as assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), grip strength, and gait speed, and secondary study endpoint was body fat (%). RESULTS Sarcopenia Z-score comparably increases in the WB-EMS and the WB-EMS&P-group (p ≤ .046). Both groups differ significantly (p ≤ .001) from the CG which deteriorated significantly (p = .006). Although body fat changes were most pronounced in the WB-EMS (-0.9 ± 2.1; p = .125) and WB-EMS&P (-1.4 ± 2.5; p = .028), reductions did not statistically differ (p = .746) from the CG (-0.8 ± 2.7; p = .179). Looking behind the covariates, the most prominent changes were determined for SMI, with a significant increase in both EMS-groups (2.0-2.5 %; p ≤ .003) and a decrease in the CG (-1.2 ± 3.1 %; p = .050) with significant between-group differences (p = .001). CONCLUSION WB-EMS is a safe and attractive method for increasing muscle mass and functional capacity in this cohort of women 70+ with SO; however, the effect on body fat is minor. Protein-enriched supplements did not increase effects of WB-EMS alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - M Teschler
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Weissenfels
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Bebenek
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kohl
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - E Freiberger
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, FAU Erlangen Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - S Goisser
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, FAU Erlangen Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - F Jakob
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Sieber
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, FAU Erlangen Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - K Engelke
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
HAMMOND KELLYM, IMPEY SAMUELG, CURRELL KEVIN, MITCHELL NIGEL, SHEPHERD SAMO, JEROMSON STEWART, HAWLEY JOHNA, CLOSE GRAEMEL, HAMILTON LEED, SHARPLES ADAMP, MORTON JAMESP. Postexercise High-Fat Feeding Suppresses p70S6K1 Activity in Human Skeletal Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:2108-2117. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
167
|
Sports Nutrition Knowledge among Mid-Major Division I University Student-Athletes. J Nutr Metab 2016; 2016:3172460. [PMID: 27872757 PMCID: PMC5107837 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3172460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive athletes have goals to optimize performance and to maintain healthy body composition. Sports nutrition is a component of training programs often overlooked by student-athletes and their coaches. The purpose of this study was to examine student-athletes' sports nutrition knowledge across sex, class level, team, and completion of prior nutrition coursework. Participants included 123 mid-major Division I university student-athletes (47 females and 76 males) from baseball, softball, men's soccer, track and field, and tennis. The student-athletes completed a survey questionnaire to determine adequate sports nutrition knowledge (mean ≥ 75%). The overall mean sports nutrition knowledge score for the student-athletes was 56.9% which was considered inadequate sports nutrition knowledge (mean < 75%). Only 12 student-athletes achieved adequate sports nutrition knowledge score of 75% or higher. There were no differences by sex, class level, team, and completion of prior nutrition coursework. Student-athletes' inadequate sports nutrition knowledge may place them at nutrition risk, lead to impaired performance, and affect their lean body mass and energy levels. Athletics personnel should not assume student-athletes have adequate sports nutrition knowledge. Athletic departments may make available a board certified Sports Dietitian or Registered Dietitian and offer classroom or online courses facilitating student-athletes to optimize nutrition knowledge and behaviors.
Collapse
|
168
|
Hull MV, Jagim AR, Oliver JM, Greenwood M, Busteed DR, Jones MT. Gender differences and access to a sports dietitian influence dietary habits of collegiate athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:38. [PMID: 27777542 PMCID: PMC5070225 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited research exists on the effect of a sports dietitian (SD) on athletes’ dietary habits and nutrient periodization, which is the deliberate manipulation of macronutrient intake to match training goals. Further, the difference in dietary habits between men and women collegiate athletes has been understudied. A survey questionnaire examining dietary habits and practices was administered to athletes at two universities that employed a full time SD. Not all athletes used the SD as their primary source for nutritional guidance. The purposes were to examine the effect of a SD as a primary source of nutrition information, and the effect of gender on dietary habits in collegiate athletes. Methods Three hundred eighty-three women (n = 240) and men (n = 143) student-athletes (mean ± SD: age = 19.7 ± 1.4 years) from 10 collegiate sports took a 15-min survey consisting of questions on dietary habits and practices. Topics queried included eating habits, breakfast habits, hydration habits, nutritional supplementation use, pre-workout nutrition, post-workout nutrition, nutrition during team trips, and nutrient timing. Data were sorted by the athlete’s source of nutritional information (i.e., sport dietitian, other). Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and 2-way Pearson X2 analyses (p ≤ 0.10). Results When a SD was indicated as the primary nutrition information source, athletes appeared to have a greater understanding of nutrient periodization (47.12 % vs. 32.85 %), were more likely to have school-provided boxed meals while on team trips (21.29 % vs. 6.77 %), and also less likely to consume fast food while on team trips (9.90 % vs. 19.55 %). Men athletes consumed fast food or restaurant meals more frequently, had higher weekly and more frequent alcohol intake during the competitive season. Women athletes were more likely to prepare meals, eat breakfast 7 days a week, and have school-provided boxed meals. Conclusions Positive effects on dietary habits were observed when a SD was the primary nutrition information source. Practitioners should be aware of the gender differences in alcohol intake, fast food consumption, and knowledge of nutrient periodization. Collegiate athletes and athletic staff members could benefit from SD access to safeguard against dietary habits detrimental to performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Hull
- Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA USA
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, La Crosse, WI USA
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Deanna R Busteed
- Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA USA
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA USA ; Division of Health & Human Performance, George Mason University, 10890 George Mason Circle, MS 4E5, Manassas, VA 20110-2203 USA
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Trachsel DS, Giraudet A, Maso D, Hervé G, Hauri DD, Barrey E, Robert C. Relationships between body dimensions, body weight, age, gender, breed and echocardiographic dimensions in young endurance horses. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:226. [PMID: 27724944 PMCID: PMC5057441 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heart's physiological adaptation to aerobic training leads to an increase in heart chamber size, and is referred to as the Athlete's heart. However, heart dimensions are also related to body weight (BWT), body size, growth and (in some species) breed. There are few published data on the relationships between heart dimensions and growth or aerobic training in Arabian and Arabian-related endurance horses. Therefore the objective of the present study was to describe the influence of body dimensions (body length (BL), thoracic circumference (TC), withers height (WH)), BWT, age, gender, breed (purebred Arabians, part-bred Arabians, Anglo-Arabians, and Others) and the initiation of endurance training on echocardiographic measurements in competition-fit endurance horses aged 4 to 6 years. RESULTS Most left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) dimensions increased with age, whereas LA and LV functional indices did not. Although there was no gender difference for LV dimensions, females had larger LA dimensions. In terms of breed, Anglo-Arabians had the largest LV dimensions. Regression models indicated that the included explanatory factors had a weak influence on heart dimensions. Age, body dimensions, breed and gender showed the most consistent influence on LA dimensions, whereas BWT, breed and kilometres covered in competition showed the most consistent influence on LV dimensions. CONCLUSION The increase in echocardiographic dimensions with age indicates on-going growth in our population of 4 to 6 year-old horses. We also observed small changes associated with the initiation of endurance training. Morphometric dimensions had a greater influence on LA dimensions, whereas LV dimensions were also influenced (albeit weakly) by parameters associated with exercise intensity. These results may therefore reflect early adaptations linked to the initiation of endurance training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Trachsel
- CIRALE-Hippolia, Médecine Sportive, RD 674, F-14430, Goustranville, France. .,Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94704, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - A Giraudet
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - D Maso
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Hervé
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - D D Hauri
- Office Fédéral de la Statistique, Espace de l'Europe 10, CH-2010, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - E Barrey
- INRA, GABI-UMR1313, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Robert
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94704, Maisons-Alfort, France.,INRA, GABI-UMR1313, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Calleja-González J, Terrados N, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Delextrat A, Jukic I, Vaquera A, Torres L, Schelling X, Stojanovic M, Ostojic SM. Evidence-based post-exercise recovery strategies in basketball. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:74-8. [PMID: 26512912 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Basketball can be described as a moderate-to-long duration exercise including repeated bouts of high-intensity activity interspersed with periods of low to moderate active recovery or passive rest. A match is characterized by repeated explosive activities, such as sprints, jumps, shuffles and rapid changes in direction. In top-level modern basketball, players are frequently required to play consecutive matches with limited time to recover. To ensure adequate recovery after any basketball activity (i.e., match or training), it is necessary to know the type of fatigue induced and, if possible, its underlying mechanisms. Despite limited scientific evidence to support their effectiveness in facilitating optimal recovery, certain recovery strategies are commonly utilized in basketball. It is particularly important to optimize recovery because players spend a much greater proportion of their time recovering than they do in training. Therefore, the main aim of this report is to facilitate useful information that may lead to practical application, based on the scientific evidence and applied knowledge specifically in basketball.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Calleja-González
- a Laboratory of Analysis of Sport Performance, Sport and Physical Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Nicolás Terrados
- b Regional Unit of Sport Medicine-Avilés City-Council Foundation, Functional Biology Department , University of Oviedo , Asturias , Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- c ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF) , Technical University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,d Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad Isabel I , www.ui1.es , España
| | - Anne Delextrat
- e Department of Sport and Health Sciences , Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
| | - Igor Jukic
- f Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Alejandro Vaquera
- g Sport and Physical Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Leon , León , Spain
| | - Lorena Torres
- h Complex Systems in Sports Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida , Lleida , Spain
| | - Xavier Schelling
- h Complex Systems in Sports Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida , Lleida , Spain
| | - Marko Stojanovic
- i Exercise Physiology Laboratory , Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- i Exercise Physiology Laboratory , Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences , Belgrade , Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Trakman GL, Forsyth A, Devlin BL, Belski R. A Systematic Review of Athletes' and Coaches' Nutrition Knowledge and Reflections on the Quality of Current Nutrition Knowledge Measures. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090570. [PMID: 27649242 PMCID: PMC5037555 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: Nutrition knowledge can influence dietary choices and impact on athletic performance. Valid and reliable measures are needed to assess the nutrition knowledge of athletes and coaches. Objectives: (1) To systematically review the published literature on nutrition knowledge of adult athletes and coaches and (2) to assess the quality of measures used to assess nutrition knowledge. Data Sources: MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscuss, Web of Science, and SCOPUS. Study Selection: 36 studies that provided a quantitative measure of nutrition knowledge and described the measurement tool that was used were included. Data extraction: Participant description, questionnaire description, results (mean correct and responses to individual items), study quality, and questionnaire quality. Data synthesis: All studies were of neutral quality. Tools used to measure knowledge did not consider health literacy, were outdated with regards to consensus recommendations, and lacked appropriate and adequate validation. The current status of nutrition knowledge in athletes and coaches is difficult to ascertain. Gaps in knowledge also remain unclear, but it is likely that energy density, the need for supplementation, and the role of protein are frequently misunderstood. Conclusions: Previous reports of nutrition knowledge need to be interpreted with caution. A new, universal, up-to-date, validated measure of general and sports nutrition knowledge is required to allow for assessment of nutrition knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina L Trakman
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
| | - Adrienne Forsyth
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
| | - Brooke L Devlin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| | - Regina Belski
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Moreno IL, Vanderlei LCM, Vanderlei FM, Pastre CM, Abreu LCD, Ferreira C. Effects of water ingestion throughout exercise and recovery on cardiac autonomic modulation during and after exercise. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201600030008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
173
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the nutrition behaviors, perceptions, and beliefs of marathoners. METHODS A survey-based study was conducted with 422 recent marathon finishers (199 men, 223 women). Participants reported their running background, demographics, diets followed, supplements used, and food/fluid intake during their most recent marathon (median 7 days prior), as well as beliefs about hydration, fueling, and sources of nutrition information. RESULTS Median finishing times were 3:53 (3:26-4:35) and 4:25 (3:50-4:59) h:min for men and women during their most recent marathon. Most participants (66.1%) reported typically following a moderate-carbohydrate, moderate-fat diet, while 66.4% carbohydrate-loaded prior to their most recent marathon. Among 139 participants following a specific diet over the past year, the most common were vegetarian/vegan/pescatarian (n = 39), Paleolithic (n = 16), gluten-free (n = 15), and low-carbohydrate (n = 12). Roughly 35% of participants took a supplement intended to improve running performance over the past month. Women were more likely to follow specific diets (39.0% vs. 26.1%), while men were more likely to recently use performance-enhancing supplements (40.2% vs. 30.0%). Most participants (68.3%) indicated they were likely or very likely to rely on a structured plan to determine fluid intake, and 75% were confident in their ability to hydrate. At least 35.6% of participants thought they could improve marathon performance by 8% or more with nutrition interventions. Scientific journals ranked as the most reliable source of nutrition information, while running coaches ranked as the most likely source to be utilized. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this investigation, such as diets and supplements utilized by marathoners, can be used by practitioners and researchers alike to improve the dissemination of scientifically-based information on nutrition and marathon running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Wilson
- a Human Movement Sciences , Old Dominion University , Norfolk , VA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Parnell JA, Wiens KP, Erdman KA. Dietary Intakes and Supplement Use in Pre-Adolescent and Adolescent Canadian Athletes. Nutrients 2016; 8:E526. [PMID: 27571101 PMCID: PMC5037513 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Young athletes experience numerous dietary challenges including growth, training/competition, unhealthy food environments, and travel. The objective was to determine nutrient intakes and supplement use in pre-adolescent and adolescent Canadian athletes. Athletes (n = 187) aged 11-18 years completed an on-line 24-h food recall and dietary supplement questionnaire. Median energy intake (interquartile range) varied from 2159 kcal/day (1717-2437) in 11-13 years old females to 2905 kcal/day (2291-3483) in 14-18 years old males. Carbohydrate and protein intakes were 8.1 (6.1-10.5); 2.4 (1.6-3.4) in males 11-13 years, 5.7 (4.5-7.9); 2.0 (1.4-2.6) in females 11-13 years, 5.3 (4.3-7.4); 2.0 (1.5-2.4) in males 14-18 y and 4.9 (4.4-6.2); 1.7 (1.3-2.0) in females 14-18 years g/kg of body weight respectively. Median vitamin D intakes were below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and potassium was below the adequate intake (AI) for all athlete groups. Females 14-18 years had intakes below the RDA for iron 91% (72-112), folate 89% (61-114) and calcium 84% (48-106). Multivitamin-multiminerals, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin-enriched water, protein powder, sport foods, fatty acids, probiotics, and plant extracts were popular supplements. Canadian pre-adolescent and adolescent athletes could improve their dietary intakes by focusing on food sources of calcium, vitamin D, potassium, iron, and folate. With the exceptions of vitamin D and carbohydrates during long exercise sessions, supplementation is generally unnecessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Parnell
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada.
| | - Kristin P Wiens
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, 026 North College Avenue, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Kelly A Erdman
- Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Khodaee M, Olewinski L, Shadgan B, Kiningham RR. Rapid Weight Loss in Sports with Weight Classes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2016; 14:435-41. [PMID: 26561763 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Weight-sensitive sports are popular among elite and nonelite athletes. Rapid weight loss (RWL) practice has been an essential part of many of these sports for many decades. Due to the limited epidemiological studies on the prevalence of RWL, its true prevalence is unknown. It is estimated that more than half of athletes in weight-class sports have practiced RWL during the competitive periods. As RWL can have significant physical, physiological, and psychological negative effects on athletes, its practice has been discouraged for many years. It seems that appropriate rule changes have had the biggest impact on the practice of RWL in sports like wrestling. An individualized and well-planned gradual and safe weight loss program under the supervision of a team of coaching staff, athletic trainers, sports nutritionists, and sports physicians is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Khodaee
- 1Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; 2United World Wrestling Medical Committee, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and 3Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Perkins-Veazie P, Henson DA, Meaney MP, Knab AM, Cialdell-Kam L. Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080518. [PMID: 27556488 PMCID: PMC4997430 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Consuming carbohydrate- and antioxidant-rich fruits during exercise as a means of supporting and enhancing both performance and health is of interest to endurance athletes. Watermelon (WM) contains carbohydrate, lycopene, l-citrulline, and l-arginine. WM may support exercise performance, augment antioxidant capacity, and act as a countermeasure to exercise-induced inflammation and innate immune changes. Trained cyclists (n = 20, 48 ± 2 years) participated in a randomized, placebo controlled, crossover study. Subjects completed two 75 km cycling time trials after either 2 weeks ingestion of 980 mL/day WM puree or no treatment. Subjects drank either WM puree containing 0.2 gm/kg carbohydrate or a 6% carbohydrate beverage every 15 min during the time trials. Blood samples were taken pre-study and pre-, post-, 1 h post-exercise. WM ingestion versus no treatment for 2-weeks increased plasma l-citrulline and l-arginine concentrations (p < 0.0125). Exercise performance did not differ between WM puree or carbohydrate beverage trials (p > 0.05), however, the rating of perceived exertion was greater during the WM trial (p > 0.05). WM puree versus carbohydrate beverage resulted in a similar pattern of increase in blood glucose, and greater increases in post-exercise plasma antioxidant capacity, l-citrulline, l-arginine, and total nitrate (all p < 0.05), but without differences in systemic markers of inflammation or innate immune function. Daily WM puree consumption fully supported the energy demands of exercise, and increased post-exercise blood levels of WM nutritional components (l-citrulline and l-arginine), antioxidant capacity, and total nitrate, but without an influence on post-exercise inflammation and changes in innate immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew Shanely
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Penelope Perkins-Veazie
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Department of Horticulture Science, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Dru A Henson
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Mary P Meaney
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Amy M Knab
- Kinesiology Department, Queens University of Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28274, USA.
| | - Lynn Cialdell-Kam
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
|
178
|
Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Nygaard H. 10 weeks of heavy strength training improves performance-related measurements in elite cyclists. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1435-1441. [PMID: 27486014 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1215499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Elite cyclists have often a limited period of time available during their short preparation phase to focus on development of maximal strength; therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 10-week heavy strength training on lean lower-body mass, leg strength, determinants of cycling performance and cycling performance in elite cyclists. Twelve cyclists performed heavy strength training and normal endurance training (E&S) while 8 other cyclists performed normal endurance training only (E). Following the intervention period E&S had a larger increase in maximal isometric half squat, mean power output during a 30-s Wingate sprint (P < 0.05) and a tendency towards larger improvement in power output at 4 mmol ∙ L-1 [la-] than E (P = 0.068). There were no significant difference between E&S and E in changes in 40-min all-out trial (4 ± 6% vs. -1 ± 6%, respectively, P = 0.13). These beneficial effects may encourage elite cyclists to perform heavy strength training and the short period of only 10 weeks should make it executable even in the compressed training and competition schedule of elite cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bent R Rønnestad
- a Section for Sport Science , Lillehammer University College , Lillehammer , Norway
| | - Joar Hansen
- a Section for Sport Science , Lillehammer University College , Lillehammer , Norway
| | - Håvard Nygaard
- a Section for Sport Science , Lillehammer University College , Lillehammer , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
DANIEL NVS, JÜRGENSEN LP, PADOVANI RDC, JUZWIAK CR. Impact of an Interdisciplinary Food, Nutrition and Health Education Program for adolescent Brazilian volleyball players. REV NUTR 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-98652016000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the impact of an Interdisciplinary Food, Nutrition and Health Education Program on nutrition knowledge, intention to change eating behavior, and body dissatisfaction of adolescent volleyball players. Methods: The sample consisted of 10 female volleyball players from the juvenile category of the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil, who participated in a program with eight monthly meetings (one discussion group followed by six educational activities and one final discussion group for evaluation). Results: Nutrition knowledge, body perception, intention to change eating behavior, eating attitudes and practices were investigated using questionnaires and discussion groups before and after the athletes' participation in ludic activities designed to address nutrition strategies for athletic performance and healthy eating, and how to deal with pressure for results and self-image. Nutrition knowledge improved from 57.0%±9.9 to 63.0%±11.8 (p=0.03) of correct answers. The mean body distortion score did not change (70.0±14.9 versus 76.5±22.4, p=0.235). Six athletes advanced in their intention to change eating behavior. Positive food practices were reported during the program and the identified discourses indicated the intention of changing the daily eating habits in the future. Conclusion: The program had a positive impact on nutrition knowledge and intention of changing eating behavior; however, for other issues, especially involving emotional aspects, further interventions should be planned.
Collapse
|
180
|
MARGOLIS LEEM, MURPHY NANCYE, MARTINI SVEIN, GUNDERSEN YNGVAR, CASTELLANI JOHNW, KARL JPHILIP, CARRIGAN CHRISTOPHERT, TEIEN HILDEKRISTIN, MADSLIEN ELISABETHHENIE, MONTAIN SCOTTJ, PASIAKOS STEFANM. Effects of Supplemental Energy on Protein Balance during 4-d Arctic Military Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1604-12. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
181
|
Andreato LV, Pastório EJ, de Moraes SMF, Del Conti Esteves JV, Panissa VLG, Julio UF, Franchini E. Hydroelectrolytic balance of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a simulated competition. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
182
|
Khodaee M, Edelman GT, Spittler J, Wilber R, Krabak BJ, Solomon D, Riewald S, Kendig A, Borgelt LM, Riederer M, Puzovic V, Rodeo S. Medical Care for Swimmers. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2016; 2:27. [PMID: 27512647 PMCID: PMC4960281 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Swimming is one of the most popular sports worldwide. Competitive swimming is one of the most watched sports during the Olympic Games. Swimming has unique medical challenges as a result of a variety of environmental and chemical exposures. Musculoskeletal overuse injuries, overtraining, respiratory problems, and dermatologic conditions are among the most common problems swimmers encounter. Although not unique to swimming, overtraining is a serious condition which can have significant negative impact on swimmers' health and performance. This review article is an attempt to discuss various issues that a medical team should consider when caring for swimmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Khodaee
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO USA
| | - George T Edelman
- Edelman Spine & Orthopaedic Physical Therapy, Dover, DE USA ; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA
| | - Jack Spittler
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO USA
| | - Randall Wilber
- United State Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO USA
| | - Brian J Krabak
- Rehabilitation, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Sports Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Scott Riewald
- Winter Sports, United States Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO USA
| | - Alicia Kendig
- United State Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO USA
| | - Laura M Borgelt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Family Medicine, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Mark Riederer
- Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Vladimir Puzovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Scott Rodeo
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Orthopaedic Surgery, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA ; Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Che Jusoh MR, Stannard SR, Mündel T. Sago supplementation for exercise performed in a thermally stressful environment: Rationale, efficacy and opportunity. Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3:384-393. [PMID: 28349080 PMCID: PMC5079226 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1211072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sago (Metroxylin sagu), a carbohydrate (CHO) based dietary staple of Southeast Asia is easily digestible and quickly absorbed, and thus has potential to be prescribed as an affordable pre-and post-exercise food in this part of the world. Compared to other CHO staples, research into the physiological response to sago ingestion is sparse, and only a few recent studies have investigated its value before, during, and after exercise. The purpose of this review is to describe the published literature pertaining to sago, particularly as a supplement in the peri-exercise period, and suggest further avenues of research, principally in an environment/climate which would be experienced in Southeast Asia i.e. hot/humid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen R. Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Joy JM, Vogel RM, Moon JR, Falcone PH, Mosman MM, Pietrzkowski Z, Reyes T, Kim MP. Ancient peat and apple extracts supplementation may improve strength and power adaptations in resistance trained men. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:224. [PMID: 27430755 PMCID: PMC4950767 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Increased cellular ATP levels have the potential to enhance athletic performance. A proprietary blend of ancient peat and apple extracts has been supposed to increase ATP production. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of this supplement on athletic performance when used during 12 weeks of supervised, periodized resistance training. Methods Twenty-five healthy, resistance-trained, male subjects completed this study. Subjects supplemented once daily with either 1 serving (150 mg) of a proprietary blend of ancient peat and apple extract (TRT) or an equal-volume, visually-identical placebo (PLA) daily. Supervised resistance training consisted of 8 weeks of daily undulating periodized training followed by a 2 week overreach and a 2 week taper phase. Strength was determined using 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) testing in the barbell back squat, bench press (BP), and deadlift exercises. Peak power and peak velocity were determined during BP at 30 % 1RM and vertical jump tests as well as a 30s Wingate test, which also provided relative power (watt:mass) Results A group x time interaction was present for squat 1RM, deadlift 1RM, and vertical jump peak power and peak velocity. Squat and deadlift 1RM increased in TRT versus PLA from pre to post. Vertical jump peak velocity increased in TRT versus PLA from pre to week 10 as did vertical jump peak power, which also increased from pre to post. Wingate peak power and watt:mass tended to favor TRT. Conclusions Supplementing with ancient peat and apple extract while participating in periodized resistance training may enhance performance adaptations. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration ID: NCT02819219, retrospectively registered on 6/29/2016
Collapse
|
185
|
Pöchmüller M, Schwingshackl L, Colombani PC, Hoffmann G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of carbohydrate benefits associated with randomized controlled competition-based performance trials. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:27. [PMID: 27408608 PMCID: PMC4940907 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbohydrate supplements are widely used by athletes as an ergogenic aid before and during sports events. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at synthesizing all available data from randomized controlled trials performed under real-life conditions. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched systematically up to February 2015. Study groups were categorized according to test mode and type of performance measurement. Subgroup analyses were done with reference to exercise duration and range of carbohydrate concentration. Random effects and fixed effect meta-analyses were performed using the Software package by the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5.3. Results Twenty-four randomized controlled trials met the objectives and were included in the present systematic review, 16 of which provided data for meta-analyses. Carbohydrate supplementations were associated with a significantly shorter exercise time in groups performing submaximal exercise followed by a time trial [mean difference −0.9 min (95 % confidence interval −1.7, −0.2), p = 0.02] as compared to controls. Subgroup analysis showed that improvements were specific for studies administering a concentration of carbohydrates between 6 and 8 % [mean difference −1.0 min (95 % confidence interval −1.9, −0.0), p = 0.04]. Concerning groups with submaximal exercise followed by a time trial measuring power accomplished within a fixed time or distance, mean power output was significantly higher following carbohydrate load (mean difference 20.2 W (95 % confidence interval 9.0, 31.5), p = 0.0004]. Likewise, mean power output was significantly increased following carbohydrate intervention in groups with time trial measuring power within a fixed time or distance (mean difference 8.1 W (95 % confidence interval 0.5, 15.7) p = 0.04]. Conclusion Due to the limitations of this systematic review, results can only be applied to a subset of athletes (trained male cyclists). For those, we could observe a potential ergogenic benefit of carbohydrate supplementation especially in a concentration range between 6 and 8 % when exercising longer than 90 min. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0139-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pöchmüller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZAII), A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Schwingshackl
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Paolo C Colombani
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), CH-2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Georg Hoffmann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZAII), A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Grams L, Garrido G, Villacieros J, Ferro A. Marginal Micronutrient Intake in High-Performance Male Wheelchair Basketball Players: A Dietary Evaluation and the Effects of Nutritional Advice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157931. [PMID: 27383836 PMCID: PMC4934691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheelchair basketball has evolved into a high-performance sport over several years, and small variations in player performance can determine the difference between winning and losing. Therefore, adequate micronutrient intake may influence this difference if performance-promoting macronutrient intake and physical fitness are equal between teams. Seventeen elite male wheelchair basketball players belonging to the Spanish National Team participated in this study. Macro- and micronutrient intake were determined using a food-weighing diary over three consecutive days during three training camps in two consecutive years. Current Dietary Reference Intake levels were used to determine the adequacy of intake of seventeen micronutrients of particular interest for athletes. After categorizing the consumed foods into fourteen food groups according to the National Nutrient Database for Standard References (USDA) these groups were used to identify the best predictors of the adequacy of intake for each micronutrient. Total energy intake correlated positively with the adequacy of all micronutrient intake levels, except for vitamins A and E. Five B vitamins and phosphorus, selenium, and iron showed 100% adequacy. All other micronutrient intake levels were found to be inadequate, e.g., vitamin E (51% adequacy) and calcium (73%). The fruit, fish and cereal food groups were found to be predictors of adequate intake of most micronutrients. Together with energy intake (p = .009, η2 = 0.49), the intake of the fruit (p = .032, η2 = 0.39) and egg (p = .036, Kendall's W = 0.42) food groups increased significantly over time, along with improved iodine (p = .008, W = 0.61) and magnesium (p = .030, W = 0.44) adequacy levels. Because the adequacy of micronutrient intake correlates positively with energy intake (R = 0.64, p < .001), a varied diet that includes cereals, fish and fruits is especially important for players with low levels of energy intake. Supplements may be a possible solution if adequate micronutrient intake cannot be achieved through regular dietary intake alone. However, dietary analyses should be conducted on a regular basis throughout the year to improve the nutritional knowledge of the athletes and assure adequate micronutrient intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Grams
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Garrido
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Villacieros
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amelia Ferro
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Seven days of high carbohydrate ingestion does not attenuate post-exercise IL-6 and hepcidin levels. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1715-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
188
|
Gibson ME, Schultz J, Glover D. To Supplement or Not. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2016; 113:305-309. [PMID: 30228483 PMCID: PMC6139924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Gibson
- Margaret E Gibson, MD, CAQSM, MSMA member since 2010, is Assistant Professor at University of Missouri - Kansas City, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Truman Medical Center-Lakewood
| | - Jon Schultz
- Jon Schultz, MD, CAQSM, MSMA member since 2014, is Assistant Professor at University of Missouri - Kansas City, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Truman Medical Center-Lakewood
| | - Drew Glover
- Drew Glover, MD, CAQSM, is Assistant Professor at University of Missouri - Kansas City, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Truman Medical Center-Lakewood
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
König D, Zdzieblik D, Holz A, Theis S, Gollhofer A. Substrate Utilization and Cycling Performance Following Palatinose™ Ingestion: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070390. [PMID: 27347996 PMCID: PMC4963866 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: To compare the effects of isomaltulose (Palatinose™, PSE) vs. maltodextrin (MDX) ingestion on substrate utilization during endurance exercise and subsequent time trial performance; (2) Methods: 20 male athletes performed two experimental trials with ingestion of either 75 g PSE or MDX 45 min before the start of exercise. The exercise protocol consisted of 90 min cycling (60% VO2max) followed by a time trial; (3) Results: Time trial finishing time (−2.7%, 90% CI: ±3.0%, 89% likely beneficial; p = 0.147) and power output during the final 5 min (+4.6%, 90% CI: ±4.0%, 93% likely beneficial; p = 0.053) were improved with PSE compared with MDX. The blood glucose profile differed between trials (p = 0.013) with PSE resulting in lower glycemia during rest (95%–99% likelihood) and higher blood glucose concentrations during exercise (63%–86% likelihood). In comparison to MDX, fat oxidation was higher (88%–99% likelihood; p = 0.005) and carbohydrate oxidation was lower following PSE intake (85%–96% likelihood; p = 0.002). (4) Conclusion: PSE maintained a more stable blood glucose profile and higher fat oxidation during exercise which resulted in improved cycling performance compared with MDX. These results could be explained by the slower availability and the low-glycemic properties of Palatinose™ allowing a greater reliance on fat oxidation and sparing of glycogen during the initial endurance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel König
- Section for Nutrition and Sports, Department of Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstrasse 175, Freiburg 79117, Germany.
| | - Denise Zdzieblik
- Section for Nutrition and Sports, Department of Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstrasse 175, Freiburg 79117, Germany.
| | - Anja Holz
- BENEO-Institute, Wormserstrasse 11, Obrigheim 67283, Germany.
| | - Stephan Theis
- BENEO-Institute, Wormserstrasse 11, Obrigheim 67283, Germany.
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Section for Nutrition and Sports, Department of Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstrasse 175, Freiburg 79117, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Viveiros L, Moreira A, Zourdos MC, Aoki MS, Capitani CD. Pattern of Weight Loss of Young Female and Male Wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:3149-55. [PMID: 25932982 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the magnitude of rapid weight loss (RWL) of female and male young wrestlers at the Brazilian high-school games. High-school wrestlers (females: n = 16, 13 ± 2 years; males: n = 15, 13 ± 2 years) participated in this study. The official weigh-in was conducted 24 hours before competition. Immediately after the official weigh-in, wrestlers completed a hydration habits and a standardized weight loss questionnaires. Twenty-four hours later, wrestlers took part in an unofficial prematch weigh-in. Sodium, potassium, chloride, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were measured immediately before the first competitive match by iSTAT Blood Gas Analyzer. A significant body mass increase was observed from the official weigh-in to the prematch weigh-in (females: 2.7 ± 1.4 kg and males: 1.5 ± 0.9 kg; p ≤ 0.05) with significantly greater body mass increase in females (6.3%) vs. males (3.1%) (p ≤ 0.05). Rapid weight loss practices were exercised by 42.0% of the wrestlers. Furthermore, 46.2% of those who performed RWL practices reported side effects, which they perceived negatively altered past performance. Despite RWL and subsequent body mass increase, all biomarkers (sodium, potassium, chloride, hematocrit, and hemoglobin) were in the normal range at the prematch weigh-in. The majority (82.0%) of the athletes agreed that hydration habits are important to health and performance. It seems that although wrestlers acknowledge negative performance effects due to RWL, the practice is still exercised among both female and male wrestlers. Therefore, educational programs should be implemented in high-school athletes to discourage RWL and provide information for exercise and nutritional strategies to maintain a healthy body mass and avoid chronic health issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Viveiros
- 1Postgraduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 3Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA; 4School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and 5School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Joy JM, Vogel RM, Moon JR, Falcone PH, Mosman MM, Kim MP. Twelve weeks supplementation with an extended-release caffeine and ATP-enhancing supplement may improve body composition without affecting hematology in resistance-trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:25. [PMID: 27293386 PMCID: PMC4901467 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased ATP levels may enhance training-induced muscle accretion and fat loss, and caffeine is a known ergogenic aid. A novel supplement containing ancient peat and apple extracts has reported enhanced mitochondrial ATP production and it has been coupled with an extended-release caffeine. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of this supplement on body composition when used in conjunction with 12 weeks of resistance training. Methods Twenty-one resistance-trained subjects (27.2 ± 5.6y; 173.5 ± 5.7 cm; 82.8 ± 12.0 kg) completed this study. Subjects supplemented daily with either 1 serving of the supplement (TRT), which consisted of 150 mg ancient peat and apple extracts, 180 mg blend of caffeine anhydrous and pterostilbene-bound caffeine, and 38 mg B vitamins, or an equal-volume, visually-identical placebo (PLA) 45 min prior to training or at the same time of day on rest days. Supervised resistance training consisted of 8 weeks of daily undulating periodized training followed by a 2-week overreach and a 2-week taper phase. Body composition was assessed using DEXA and ultrasound at weeks 0, 4, 8, 10, and 12. Vital signs and blood markers were assessed at weeks 0, 8, and 12. Results Significant group x time (p < 0.05) interactions were present for cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris, which increased in TRT (+1.07 cm2) versus PLA (−0.08 cm2), as well as muscle thickness (TRT: +0.49 cm; PLA: +0.04 cm). A significant group x time (p < 0.05) interaction existed for creatinine (TRT: +0.00 mg/dL; PLA: +0.15 mg/dL) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (TRT: −0.70 mL/min/1.73; PLA: −14.6 mL/min/1.73), which remained within clinical ranges, but no other significant observations were observed. Conclusions Supplementation with a combination of extended-release caffeine and ancient peat and apple extracts may enhance resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy without adversely affecting blood chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Joy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, 401 AME Drive #7101, Denton, TX 76207 USA
| | - Roxanne M Vogel
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, 401 AME Drive #7101, Denton, TX 76207 USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- American Public University System, School of Health Sciences, Charles Town, WV USA
| | - Paul H Falcone
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO USA
| | | | - Michael P Kim
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Knechtle B, Valeri F, Nikolaidis PT, Zingg MA, Rosemann T, Rüst CA. Do women reduce the gap to men in ultra-marathon running? SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:672. [PMID: 27350909 PMCID: PMC4899381 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine sex differences across years in performance of runners in ultra-marathons lasting from 6 h to 10 days (i.e. 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 144, and 240 h). Data of 32,187 finishers competing between 1975 and 2013 with 93,109 finishes were analysed using multiple linear regression analyses. With increasing age, the sex gap for all race durations increased. Across calendar years, the gap between women and men decreased in 6, 72, 144 and 240 h, but increased in 24 and 48 h. The men-to-women ratio differed among age groups, where a higher ratio was observed in the older age groups, and this relationship varied by distance. In all durations of ultra-marathon, the participation of women and men varied by age (p < 0.001), indicating a relatively low participation of women in the older age groups. In summary, between 1975 and 2013, women were able to reduce the gap to men for most of timed ultra-marathons and for those age groups where they had relatively high participation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland ; Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Valeri
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical and Cultural Education, Hellenic Army Academy, Athens, Greece
| | - Matthias A Zingg
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A Rüst
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Silveira SL, LaVoy EC, Johnston CA. Assisting the Novice in Lifestyle Change. Am J Lifestyle Med 2016; 10:178-180. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827616629913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The beginning of a lifestyle intervention is a sensitive time, as doing “too much too quickly” may stress the immune system, resulting in an increase in upper respiratory symptoms and, consequently, attrition. However, “too little too slowly” may not align with patients’ motivation to change and may also result in attrition. There is also evidence that early weight loss is predictive of long-term maintenance of goal weight. Health care providers are frequently presented with contradictory information on the best model to promote enduring lifestyle change. Best practice dictates that health care provider acknowledge their patients’ motivation to change and incorporate each individual’s goals in designing the lifestyle change intervention. Additional support and advice may be warranted at the beginning of an intervention to promote the patient’s health and avoid attrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Craig A. Johnston
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Verschuren O, Peterson MD. Nutrition and physical activity in people with cerebral palsy: opposite sides of the same coin. Dev Med Child Neurol 2016; 58:426. [PMID: 26946523 PMCID: PMC5501403 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Verschuren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark D Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Scudese E, Simão R, Senna G, Vingren JL, Willardson JM, Baffi M, Miranda H. Long Rest Interval Promotes Durable Testosterone Responses in High-Intensity Bench Press. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1275-86. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
196
|
Wirnitzer K, Seyfart T, Leitzmann C, Keller M, Wirnitzer G, Lechleitner C, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Prevalence in running events and running performance of endurance runners following a vegetarian or vegan diet compared to non-vegetarian endurance runners: the NURMI Study. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:458. [PMID: 27119062 PMCID: PMC4831958 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Beneficial and detrimental effects of various vegetarian and vegan diets on the health status are well known. Considering the growing background numbers of vegetarians and vegans, the number of vegetarian and vegan runners is likely to rise, too. Therefore, the Nutrition and Running High Mileage (NURMI) Study was designed as a comparative study to investigate the prevalence of omnivores, vegetarians, and vegans in running events and to detect potential differences in running performance comparing these three subgroups. Methods/design The NURMI Study will be conducted in three steps following a cross-sectional design. Step 1 will determine epidemiological aspects of endurance runners (any distance) using a short standardized questionnaire. Step 2 will investigate dietary habits and running history from eligible participants (capable of running a half-marathon at least) using an extended standardized questionnaire. Step 3 will collect data after a running event on finishing time and final ranking as well as a post-race rating of perceived exertion, mood status, nutrient and fluid intake during the race. Discussion Our study will provide a major contribution to overcome the lack of data on the prevalence and running performance of vegetarian and vegan runners in endurance running events. We estimate the prevalence of vegetarians and vegans participating in a running event to be less compared to the respective proportion of vegetarians and vegans to the general population. Furthermore we will validate the subject’s self-assessment of their respective diet. This comparative study may identify possible effects of dietary behavior on running performance und may detect possible differences between the respective subgroups: omnivorous, vegetarian and vegan runners. Trial registration Current controlled trials, ISRCTN73074080
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Seyfart
- Medical Department, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, Fleischmannstraße 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claus Leitzmann
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Giessen, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Keller
- Institut für alternative und nachhaltige Ernährung, Am Lohacker 2, 35444 Biebertal/Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Facharzt FMH für Allgemeinmedizin, Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
O'Reilly J, Cheng HL, Poon ETC. New insights in professional horse racing; "in-race" heart rate data, elevated fracture risk, hydration, nutritional and lifestyle analysis of elite professional jockeys. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:441-448. [PMID: 27070776 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1171890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Weight-making practices have been shown to impair musculoskeletal and physiological function of jockeys. This study investigated the "in-race" heart rate (HR) responses and hydration status during competitive racing, as well as selected physiological and lifestyle parameters of professional jockeys based in Hong Kong. "In-race" HR responses and early morning hydration status of 20 male jockeys were examined in hot and moderate climactic occasions. Additionally, bone mineral density (BMD), dietary intake and lifestyle choices were assessed. Osteopenia was observed in the calcanei of jockeys (left: 0.51 ± 0.06; right: 0.46 ± 0.12 g · cm-2). Energy and protein intake were significantly lower on a race day compared to a non-race day (P < 0.05). "In-race" HRmax values were similar to those from VO2max laboratory tests (186 ± 14 vs. 185 ± 8 bpm). Hypohydration was observed on both racing days. (USG: 1.0247 ± 0.006 and 1.0256 ± 0.0258 mg · L-1 for hot and moderate conditions, respectively). Sauna usage (25.5%) and food restriction (20.4%) were the most common weight-making practices. Current lifestyle choices of jockeys result in suboptimal bone health, hydration status and nutritional intake, which can significantly enhance the fracture risk. Further research should develop exercise and nutrition guidelines for optimising their skeletal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John O'Reilly
- a Department of Sports Science and Physical Education , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Lun Cheng
- b Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- a Department of Sports Science and Physical Education , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Hansen M, Bangsbo J, Jensen J, Krause-Jensen M, Bibby BM, Sollie O, Hall UA, Madsen K. Protein intake during training sessions has no effect on performance and recovery during a strenuous training camp for elite cyclists. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:9. [PMID: 26949378 PMCID: PMC4779585 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Training camps for top-class endurance athletes place high physiological demands on the body. Focus on optimizing recovery between training sessions is necessary to minimize the risk of injuries and improve adaptations to the training stimuli. Carbohydrate supplementation during sessions is generally accepted as being beneficial to aid performance and recovery, whereas the effect of protein supplementation and timing is less well understood. We studied the effects of protein ingestion during training sessions on performance and recovery of elite cyclists during a strenuous training camp. Methods In a randomized, double-blinded study, 18 elite cyclists consumed either a whey protein hydrolysate-carbohydrate beverage (PRO-CHO, 14 g protein/h and 69 g CHO/h) or an isocaloric carbohydrate beverage (CHO, 84 g/h) during each training session for six days (25–29 h cycling in total). Diet and training were standardized and supervised. The diet was energy balanced and contained 1.7 g protein/kg/day. A 10-s peak power test and a 5-min all-out performance test were conducted before and after the first training session and repeated at day 6 of the camp. Blood and saliva samples were collected in the morning after overnight fasting during the week and analyzed for biochemical markers of muscle damage, stress, and immune function. Results In both groups, 5-min all-out performance was reduced after the first training session and at day 6 compared to before the first training session, with no difference between groups. Peak power in the sprint test did not change significantly between tests or between groups. In addition, changes in markers for muscle damage, stress, and immune function were not significantly influenced by treatment. Conclusions Intake of protein combined with carbohydrate during cycling at a training camp for top cyclists did not result in marked performance benefits compared to intake of carbohydrates when a recovery drink containing adequate protein and carbohydrate was ingested immediately after each training session in both groups. These findings suggest that the addition of protein to a carbohydrate supplement consumed during exercise does not improve recovery or performance in elite cyclists despite high demands of daily exhaustive sessions during a one-week training camp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Hansen
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matilde Krause-Jensen
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo Martin Bibby
- Section for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ove Sollie
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrika Andersson Hall
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klavs Madsen
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark ; Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Matias CN, Júdice PB, Santos DA, Magalhães JP, Minderico CS, Fields DA, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Suitability of Bioelectrical Based Methods to Assess Water Compartments in Recreational and Elite Athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35:413-21. [PMID: 26934568 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1058198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
200
|
Spendlove J, Mitchell L, Gifford J, Hackett D, Slater G, Cobley S, O'Connor H. Dietary Intake of Competitive Bodybuilders. Sports Med 2016; 45:1041-63. [PMID: 25926019 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Competitive bodybuilders are well known for extreme physique traits and extremes in diet and training manipulation to optimize lean mass and achieve a low body fat. Although many of the dietary dogmas in bodybuilding lack scientific scrutiny, a number, including timing and dosing of high biological value proteins across the day, have more recently been confirmed as effective by empirical research studies. A more comprehensive understanding of the dietary intakes of bodybuilders has the potential to uncover other dietary approaches, deserving of scientific investigation, with application to the wider sporting, and potential health contexts, where manipulation of physique traits is desired. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of dietary intake practices of competitive bodybuilders, evaluate the quality and currency of the existing literature, and identify research gaps to inform future studies. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted from the earliest record until March 2014. The search combined permutations of the terms 'bodybuilding', 'dietary intake', and 'dietary supplement'. Included studies needed to report quantitative data (energy and macronutrients at a minimum) on habitual dietary intake of competitive bodybuilders. RESULTS The 18 manuscripts meeting eligibility criteria reported on 385 participants (n = 62 women). Most studies were published in the 1980-1990s, with three published in the past 5 years. Study methodological quality was evaluated as poor. Energy intake ranged from 10 to 24 MJ/day for men and from 4 to 14 MJ/day for women. Protein intake ranged from 1.9 to 4.3 g/kg for men and from 0.8 to 2.8 g/kg for women. Intake of carbohydrate and fat was <6 g/kg/day and below 30% of energy, respectively. Carbohydrate intakes were below, and protein (in men) intakes were higher than, the current recommendations for strength athletes, with no consideration for exploration of macronutrient quality or distribution over the day. Energy intakes varied over different phases of preparation, typically being highest in the non-competition (>6 months from competition) or immediate post-competition period and lowest during competition preparation (≤6 months from competition) or competition week. The most commonly reported dietary supplements were protein powders/liquids and amino acids. The studies failed to provide details on rationale for different dietary intakes. The contribution of diet supplements was also often not reported. When supplements were reported, intakes of some micronutrients were excessive (~1000% of US Recommended Dietary Allowance) and above the tolerable upper limit. CONCLUSION This review demonstrates that literature describing the dietary intake practices of competitive bodybuilders is dated and often of poor quality. Intake reporting required better specificity and details of the rationale underpinning the use. The review suggests that high-quality contemporary research is needed in this area, with the potential to uncover dietary strategies worthy of scientific exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Spendlove
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East St, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|