151
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Abu N, Othman N, Ab Razak NS, Bakarurraini NAAR, Nasir SN, Soh JEC, Mazlan L, Azman ZAM, Jamal R. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Colorectal Cancer Affects CD8 T Cells: An Analysis Based on Body Mass Index. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564648. [PMID: 33324632 PMCID: PMC7726136 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most widely diagnosed cancers worldwide. It has been shown that the body-mass index (BMI) of the patients could influence the tumor microenvironment, treatment response, and overall survival rates. Nevertheless, the mechanism on how BMI affects the tumorigenesis process, particularly the tumor microenvironment is still elusive. Herein, we postulate that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from CRC patients and non-CRC volunteers with different BMI could affect immune cells differently, in CD8 T cells particularly. We isolated the EVs from the archived serum of CRC patients with high and low BMI, as well as healthy controls with similar BMI status. The EVs were further characterized via electron microscopy, western blot and dynamic light scattering. Then, functional analysis was performed on CD8 T cells including apoptosis, cell proliferation, gene expression profiling and cytokine release upon co-incubation with the different EVs. Our results suggest that CRC-derived EVs were able to regulate the CD8 T cells. In some assays, low BMI EVs were functionally different than high BMI EVs. This study highlights the possible difference in the regulatory mechanism of cancer patients-derived EVs, especially on CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norahayu Othman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur' Syahada Ab Razak
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurmi Nasir
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Joanne Ern Chi Soh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Luqman Mazlan
- Department of Surgery, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zairul Azwan Mohd Azman
- Department of Surgery, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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152
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Brar G, Pinheiro LC, Shusterman M, Swed B, Reshetnyak E, Soroka O, Chen F, Yamshon S, Vaughn J, Martin P, Paul D, Hidalgo M, Shah MA. COVID-19 Severity and Outcomes in Patients With Cancer: A Matched Cohort Study. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:3914-3924. [PMID: 32986528 PMCID: PMC7676890 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is a systemic infection. Patients with cancer are immunocompromised and may be vulnerable to COVID-related morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study were to determine if patients with cancer have worse outcomes compared with patients without cancer and to identify demographic and clinical predictors of morbidity and mortality among patients with cancer. METHODS We used data from adult patients who tested positive for COVID-19 and were admitted to two New York-Presbyterian hospitals between March 3 and May 15, 2020. Patients with cancer were matched 1:4 to controls without cancer in terms of age, sex, and number of comorbidities. Using Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test, we compared morbidity (intensive care unit admission and intubation) and mortality outcomes between patients with cancer and controls. Among those with cancer, we identified demographic and clinical predictors of worse outcomes using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS We included 585 patients who were COVID-19 positive, of whom 117 had active malignancy, defined as those receiving cancer-directed therapy or under active surveillance within 6 months of admission. Presenting symptoms and in-hospital complications were similar between the cancer and noncancer groups. Nearly one half of patients with cancer were receiving therapy, and 45% of patients received cytotoxic or immunosuppressive treatment within 90 days of admission. There were no statistically significant differences in morbidity or mortality (P = .894) between patients with and without cancer. CONCLUSION We observed that patients with COVID-19 and cancer had similar outcomes compared with matched patients without cancer. This finding suggests that a diagnosis of active cancer alone and recent anticancer therapy do not predict worse COVID-19 outcomes and therefore, recommendations to limit cancer-directed therapy must be considered carefully in relation to cancer-specific outcomes and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Brar
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Laura C. Pinheiro
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Michael Shusterman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Brandon Swed
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Evgeniya Reshetnyak
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Orysya Soroka
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Frank Chen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Samuel Yamshon
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - John Vaughn
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Peter Martin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Doru Paul
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Manish A. Shah
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York–Presbyterian, New York, NY
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153
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Scheithauer TPM, Rampanelli E, Nieuwdorp M, Vallance BA, Verchere CB, van Raalte DH, Herrema H. Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571731. [PMID: 33178196 PMCID: PMC7596417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been linked to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The underlying mechanisms as to how intestinal microbiota may contribute to T2D are only partly understood. It becomes progressively clear that T2D is characterized by a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, which has been linked to the development of insulin resistance. Here, we review the current evidence that intestinal microbiota, and the metabolites they produce, could drive the development of insulin resistance in obesity and T2D, possibly by initiating an inflammatory response. First, we will summarize major findings about immunological and gut microbial changes in these metabolic diseases. Next, we will give a detailed view on how gut microbial changes have been implicated in low-grade inflammation. Lastly, we will critically discuss clinical studies that focus on the interaction between gut microbiota and the immune system in metabolic disease. Overall, there is strong evidence that the tripartite interaction between gut microbiota, host immune system and metabolism is a critical partaker in the pathophysiology of obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten P M Scheithauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena Rampanelli
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hilde Herrema
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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154
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Chen H, He C, Liu Y, Li X, Zhang C, Qin Q, Pang Q. LncRNA-GAS5 Inhibits Expression of miR 103 and Ameliorates the Articular Cartilage in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Obese Mice. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820942718. [PMID: 33343265 PMCID: PMC7731719 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820942718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored whether long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (LncRNA-GAS5) small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced cartilage destruction in obese mice with adjuvant-induced arthritis. We studied the effects of LncRNA-GAS5 siRNA on the polyarthritis index; hind paw swelling; and the serum levels of certain biochemicals, cytokines, and oxidative stress parameters. We measured the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-13, NF-κB, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, p38, Akt, and PI3K in cartilage via Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Long noncoding RNA-GAS5 siRNA reduced joint swelling; the serum levels of arthritis-associated biochemicals, cytokines, and oxidative stress markers; and cartilage MMP-13, NF-κB, FGF21, p38, Akt, and PI3K levels. Cartilage miR-103 expression was reduced. Histopathologically, LncRNA-GAS5 siRNA ameliorated the pathological changes of cartilage. Long noncoding RNA-GAS5 siRNA prevented cartilage destruction by inhibiting miR-103 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Chen
- The Third Clinical Medical School, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Department of orthopedics, Jingzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Chuan He
- The Third Clinical Medical School, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Department of orthopedics, Jingzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of orthopedics, Jingzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of orthopedics, Jingzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Chaoju Zhang
- Department of orthopedics, Jingzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Qunyan Qin
- Department of orthopedics, Jingzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Qixiong Pang
- Department of orthopedics, Jingzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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155
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Kochumon S, Al Madhoun A, Al-Rashed F, Thomas R, Sindhu S, Al-Ozairi E, Al-Mulla F, Ahmad R. Elevated adipose tissue associated IL-2 expression in obesity correlates with metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16364. [PMID: 33004937 PMCID: PMC7530670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) associated cytokines are involved in the development of chronic low-grade inflammation in obese individuals. IL-2, a pleiotropic cytokine, contributes to immune alterations during inflammation. However, the interaction between AT-IL-2 and other inflammatory biomolecules in obesity remains elusive. We investigated whether AT-IL-2 expression was associated with markers of inflammation and insulin resistance in overweight/obese individuals. Subcutaneous fat tissues were collected from 56 individuals (lean/overweight/obese) for RNA extraction. IL-2 and inflammatory mediators were quantified by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. CRP was measured by ELISA. AT-IL-2 expression was higher in obese compared with lean individuals (P < 0.021) and correlated with BMI. IL-2 correlated with interleukins IL-8 and IL-12A (r = 0.333–0.481; p = 0.0001–0.029); as well as with chemokines and their receptors including CCL5, CCL19, CCR2 and CCR5 (r = 0.538–0.677; p < 0.0001). Moreover, IL-2 correlated with toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR8, TLR10), interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and cluster of differentiation CD11c (r = 0.282–0.357; p < 0.039). Notably, IL-2 was associated positively with fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, TGL and CRP (r ≥ 0.423;P ≤ 0.007). In multiple regression analysis, IL-2 is an independent predictor of IL-8, IL-12A, TLR10, TGL and HbA1c. Overall, our data demonstrate that increased expression of the AT-IL-2, in obesity, may represent a novel biomarker for progression of metabolic inflammation and insulin-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihab Kochumon
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Jasim Mohamad Al Bahar St., P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ashraf Al Madhoun
- Animal and Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait.,Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fatema Al-Rashed
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Jasim Mohamad Al Bahar St., P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait.,Immunology Department, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Reeby Thomas
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Jasim Mohamad Al Bahar St., P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sardar Sindhu
- Animal and Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ebaa Al-Ozairi
- Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Jasim Mohamad Al Bahar St., P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
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156
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Probasco WV, Cefalu C, Lee R, Lee D, Gu A, Dasa V. Prevalence of idiopathically elevated ESR and CRP in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty as a function of body mass index. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11:S722-S728. [PMID: 32999546 PMCID: PMC7503783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are commonly used inflammatory markers utilized to aid in the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection (PJI). Patients with obesity, however, are known to have elevated baseline levels of these inflammatory markers. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to determine the relationship between elevated ESR and CRP and body mass index (BMI) in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In doing so, physicians can better determine whether BMI should be taken into account when evaluating the prognostic value of elevated preoperative ESR and CRP levels for risk of PJI in primary TKA patients. METHODS This is a retrospective case series of 181 patients who had undergone primary TKA at a single institution. Patients undergoing primary unilateral TKA were eligible unless they had undergone previous TKA, contralateral knee symptoms, or elevated white blood cell (WBC) count. A linear regression model was utilized to demonstrate the relationship between proportions of patients with elevated biomarker values and categories of BMI. Analysis of variance and independent two-sample t-tests were utilized to assess differences in mean ESR, CRP, and WBC levels between the "healthy patients" and "patients with comorbidities" subgroups within each BMI category. RESULTS Eligible patients (n = 181) were stratified by BMI category. Elevated ESR was associated significantly with BMI (ESR: r2 = 0.89, P < 0.001) unlike elevated CRP (r2 = 0.82, P = 0.133) and WBC count (r2 = .01; P = .626). No statistically significant differences in ESR values and WBC count between the "healthy patients" versus "patients with comorbidities" were demonstrated within any BMI category. In patients of normal weight (BMI 20-25 kg/m2), "healthy patients" had a statistically significantly higher mean CRP level than "patients with comorbidities" (1.73 mg/L vs. 0.70 mg/L, P < 0.001). There were no other statistically significant differences in mean CRP levels by health status. CONCLUSION Caution is advised when utilizing ESR and CRP to diagnose periprosthetic joint infection without considering BMI given that increasing preoperative levels of ESR and CRP are correlated with higher BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- William V. Probasco
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, George Washington University, 2300 M Street NW, Washington DC, 20037, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Charles Cefalu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard University, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ryan Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, George Washington University, 2300 M Street NW, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Danny Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, George Washington University, 2300 M Street NW, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Alex Gu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, George Washington University, 2300 M Street NW, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Vinod Dasa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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157
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Moghbeli M, Khedmatgozar H, Yadegari M, Avan A, Ferns GA, Ghayour Mobarhan M. Cytokines and the immune response in obesity-related disorders. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 101:135-168. [PMID: 33706888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity and the associated morbidity and mortality are important public health problems globally. There is an important relationship between an unhealthy lifestyle and increased serum inflammatory cytokines. Adipocytes secrete several pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the recruitment and activation of macrophages resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation. Increased cytokines in obese individual are related to the progression of several disorders including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and insulin resistance. In present review we have summarized the crucial roles of cytokines and their inflammatory functions in obesity-related immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Khedmatgozar
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Yadegari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee and Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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158
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Soares RDCM, Mattos LR, Raposo LM. Risk Factors for Hospitalization and Mortality due to COVID-19 in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1184-1190. [PMID: 32682453 PMCID: PMC7470570 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil is, at the time of writing, the global epicenter of COVID-19, but information on risk factors for hospitalization and mortality in the country is still limited. Demographic and clinical data of COVID-19 patients until June 11th, 2020 were retrieved from the State Health Secretariat of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Potential risk factors for COVID-19 hospitalization and death were analyzed by univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. A total of 10,713 COVID-19 patients were included in this study; 81.0% were younger than 60 years, 55.2% were female, 89.2% were not hospitalized, 32.9% had at least one comorbidity, and 7.7% died. The most common symptoms on admission were cough (67.7%) and fever (62.6%); 7.1% of the patients were asymptomatic. Cardiovascular diseases (23.7%) and diabetes (10.3%) were the two most common chronic diseases. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified an association of all explanatory variables, except for cough and diarrhea, with hospitalization. Older age (odds ratio [OR] = 3.95, P < 0.001) and shortness of breath (OR = 3.55, P < 0.001) were associated with increase of odds to COVID-19 death in hospitalized patients. Our study provided evidence that older age, male gender, Asian, indigenous or unknown race, comorbidities (smoking, kidney disease, obesity, pulmonary disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease), as well as fever and shortness of breath increased the risk of hospitalization. For death outcome in hospitalized patients, only older age and shortness of breath increased the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Menezes Soares
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Mattos
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Anna Nery Nursing School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Martins Raposo
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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159
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Magdy Beshbishy A, Hetta HF, Hussein DE, Saati AA, C. Uba C, Rivero-Perez N, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Shah MA, Behl T, Batiha GES. Factors Associated with Increased Morbidity and Mortality of Obese and Overweight COVID-19 Patients. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E280. [PMID: 32916925 PMCID: PMC7564335 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are defined as an unnecessary accumulation of fat, which poses a risk to health. It is a well-identified risk factor for increased mortality due to heightened rates of heart disease, certain cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and bacterial, protozoan and viral infections. The increasing prevalence of obesity is of concern, as conventional pathogenesis may indeed be increased in obese hosts rather than healthy hosts, especially during this COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 is a new disease and we do not have the luxury of cumulative data. Obesity activates the development of gene induced hypoxia and adipogenesis in obese animals. Several factors can influence obesity, for example, stress can increase the body weight by allowing people to consume high amounts of food with a higher propensity to consume palatable food. Obesity is a risk factor for the development of immune-mediated and some inflammatory-mediated diseases, including atherosclerosis and psoriasis, leading to a dampened immune response to infectious agents, leading to weaker post-infection impacts. Moreover, the obese host creates a special microenvironment for disease pathogenesis, marked by persistent low-grade inflammation. Therefore, it is advisable to sustain healthy eating habits by increasing the consumption of various plant-based and low-fat foods to protect our bodies and decrease the risk of infectious diseases, especially COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Diaa E. Hussein
- Researcher, Department of Food Hygiene, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute, Port of Alexandria 26514, Egypt;
| | - Abdullah A. Saati
- Department of Community Medicine & Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Christian C. Uba
- Department of Microbiology, Paul University, Awka, Anambra State PMB 6074, Nigeria;
| | - Nallely Rivero-Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo 43600, Hgo, Mexico; (N.R.-P.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo 43600, Hgo, Mexico; (N.R.-P.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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160
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The Relation of Birth Weight and Adiposity Across the Life Course to Semen Quality in Middle Age. Epidemiology 2020; 30 Suppl 2:S17-S27. [PMID: 31569149 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of body mass index and semen quality have reported mixed results, but almost all were cross-sectional and many were conducted in selected populations. Longitudinal studies in population-based cohorts are necessary to identify how timing and duration of excess adiposity may affect semen quality. METHODS In 193 members of the Child Health and Development Studies birth cohort, we examined associations of birth weight and adiposity at six time points spanning early childhood and adulthood with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology at mean age 44 years, as well as with corresponding 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) subfertility reference levels. RESULTS Birth weight for gestational age percentile was positively associated with square-root sperm concentration (regression coefficient B [95% confidence interval] = 0.02 × 103 sperm/ml [0.004, 0.04]). Overweight/obesity in men's 20s was associated with lower percent progressive motility (B =-5.2 [-9.9, -0.63]), higher odds of low motility (odds ratio (OR) = 2.4 [1.3, 4.4]), and higher odds of poor morphology (OR = 1.9 [0.94, 3.8]). Those who were overweight/obese in their 20s were also more likely to meet two or three WHO subfertility criteria (OR = 3.9 [1.6, 9.4]) compared with normal-weight men. Each additional adult decade in which a participant was overweight/obese was associated with higher odds of low motility (OR = 1.3 [0.96, 1.6]) and higher odds of meeting two or three WHO subfertility criteria (OR = 1.5 [1.0, 2.2]). CONCLUSIONS In our data, associations among adiposity and sperm concentration, motility, and morphology varied according to timing and duration of exposure, potentially reflecting different biological mechanisms that influence these semen parameters.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Testis from HFD-Induced Obese Rats ( Rattus norvigicus) Indicated Predisposition for Male Infertility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186493. [PMID: 32899471 PMCID: PMC7554891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide life-threatening metabolic disorder, associated with various chronic diseases, including male infertility. Obesity was induced by high fat diet (HFD), and testis RNA was used for the transcriptome analysis using RNAseq via Illumina NovaSeq 6000 System and NovaSeq 6000 Kit. Gene expression level was estimated as FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads). Differential expressed genes (DEGs) were annotated against gene ontology (GO) and KEGG databases. More than 63.66 million reads per sample were performed with 100 bp cutoff and 6 Gb sequencing depth. Results of this study revealed that 267 GO terms (245 biological processes (BP), 14 cellular components (CC), eight molecular functions (MF)), and 89 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched. Moreover, total numbers of 136 genes were differentially expressed (107 upregulated, 29 downregulated) with |FC| ≥ 2 and bh adjusted <0.05. Interesting DEGs were detected, including obesity and lipid metabolism-related genes, immune response-related genes, cytochrome P450 genes, including aromatase were upregulated, whereas genes related to male fertility and fertilization, cell adhesion, and olfactory receptors were downregulated. The combined expression pattern of the DEGs in obese animals indicated an increase in cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, high aromatase activity enhances the testosterone turnover into estradiol and lowers the testosterone/estradiol (T/E) ratio, which ultimately reduces fertility. In addition, downregulation of cadherens junction components genes leads to the pre-mature release of sperm from Sertoli cells resulting in the reduction of fertility. Moreover, the downregulation of olfactory receptor genes reduces the chemotaxis capacity of sperms in tracking the oocyte for fertilization, which reduces male fertility. Furthermore, various obesity molecular markers were detected in our transcriptome. The results of this study will enhance our understanding of the molecular network of obesity development, development of obesity novel molecular diagnosis markers, molecular bases of obesity-induced infertility, and the development of anti-obesity drugs.
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162
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M Abd El-Kader S, H Al-Jiffri O, A Neamatallah Z, M AlKhateeb A, S AlFawaz S. Weight reduction ameliorates inflammatory cytokines, adipocytokines and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers among Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1329-1336. [PMID: 33402982 PMCID: PMC7751542 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) considered as one of the cardiovascular disorders (CVD) principle risk factor as diabetes is associated with abnormal levels of endothelial function, inflammatory and adipocytokines. Objective The aim of this study was to measure the impact of weight reducing on inflammatory cytokines, adipocytokines and endothelial function biomarkers among obese T2DM patients. Methods One-hundred T2DM patients enrolled in the present study; the age range was 35–55 year. Participants shared in this study were enrolled in group (A) received diet control and aerobic exercise on treadmill, while, group (B) had no intervention for 3 months. Results The mean values of body mass index (BMI), tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, inter-cellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), E-selectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity (PAI-1 activity) were significantly decreased and adiponectin was increased significantly in the training group, however the results of the control group were not significant. Also, there were significant differences between both groups at the end of the study. Conclusion Weight reducing program modulates inflammatory cytokines, adipocytokines and endothelial function biomarkers among obese T2DM patients.
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163
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Liu B, Qi Z. Authors' Reply to: Tocilizumab, Adipokines and Severe Complications of COVID-19. Clin Drug Investig 2020; 40:893-895. [PMID: 32661911 PMCID: PMC7357256 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00948-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Nephrology Department, Wuxi People's Hospital Attached to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi People's Hospital Attached to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China.
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164
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SARS-CoV-2 and cancer: Are they really partners in crime? Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 89:102068. [PMID: 32731090 PMCID: PMC7351667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has overwhelmed health care systems in many countries. The clinical presentation of the SARS-CoV-2 varies between a subclinical or flu-like syndrome to that of severe pneumonia with multi-organ failure and death. Initial reports have suggested that cancer patients may have a higher susceptibility to get infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus but current evidence remains poor as it is biased by important confounders. Patients with ongoing or recent cancer treatment for advanced active disease, metastatic solid tumors and hematological malignancies are at higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 respiratory disease that requires hospitalization and have a poorer disease outcome compared to individuals without cancer. However it is not clear whether these are independent risk factors, or mainly driven by male gender, age, obesity, performance status, uncontrolled diabetes, cardiovascular disease and various other medical conditions. These often have a greater influence on the probability to die due to SARS-CoV-2 then cancer. Delayed diagnosis and suboptimal cancer management due to the pandemic results in disease upstaging and has considerable impact cancer on specific death rates. Surgery during the peak of the pandemic seems to increase mortality, but there is no convincing evidence that adjuvant systemic cancer therapy and radiotherapy are contraindicated, implicating that cancer treatment can be provided safely after individual risk/benefit assessment and some adaptive measures. Underlying immunosuppression, elevated cytokine levels, altered expression of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE-2) and TMPRSS2, and a prothrombotic status may fuel the effects of a SARS-CoV-2 in some cancer patients, but have the potential to be used as biomarkers for severe disease and therapeutic targets. The rapidly expanding literature on COVID-19 should be interpreted with care as it is often hampered by methodological and statistical flaws.
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165
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Patsalos O, Dalton B, Himmerich H. Effects of IL-6 Signaling Pathway Inhibition on Weight and BMI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6290. [PMID: 32878032 PMCID: PMC7504579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the IL-6 signaling pathway, such as tocilizumab, are frequently administered for the treatment of immune diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and multicentric Castleman's disease. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to ascertain the effects of IL-6 pathway inhibitors on weight and body mass index (BMI). Using PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed relevant articles from three databases (PubMed, OVID, EMBASE). A random effects model was used to estimate standardized mean change (SMCC). Ten studies with a total of 1531 patients were included in the meta-analysis for weight and ten studies with a total of 1537 patients were included in the BMI meta-analysis. The most commonly administered IL-6 pathway inhibitor was tocilizumab. IL-6 pathway inhibitors were associated with increases in weight (SMCC = 0.09, p = 0.016, 95% CI [0.03, 0.14]) and BMI (SMCC = 0.10, p = 0.0001, 95% CI [0.05, 0.15]). These findings suggest that the IL-6 pathway is involved in weight regulation. Modulating IL-6 signaling may be a potential future therapeutic avenue used as an adjunct for the treatment of disorders associated with weight changes, such as cancer cachexia and anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Patsalos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Bethan Dalton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (B.D.)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
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166
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Barrón-Cabrera E, González-Becerra K, Rosales-Chávez G, Mora-Jiménez A, Hernández-Cañaveral I, Martínez-López E. Low-grade chronic inflammation is attenuated by exercise training in obese adults through down-regulation of ASC gene in peripheral blood: a pilot study. GENES AND NUTRITION 2020; 15:15. [PMID: 32854610 PMCID: PMC7457251 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-020-00674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation and an excess of adipose tissue. The ASC gene encodes a protein that is part of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a cytosolic multiprotein complex that is associated with inflammation and metabolic alterations. To our knowledge, there is no evidence regarding ASC gene activity in obese adults in response to lifestyle modifications. Purpose To evaluate the effect of hypocaloric diet and moderate-intensity structured exercise intervention on ASC gene expression and inflammatory markers in obese adults. Methods Thirty-seven obese individuals aged 25 to 50 years were randomized to the hypocaloric diet exercise group or hypocaloric diet group. The participants underwent a 4-month follow-up. Electrical bioimpedance was used for body composition analysis. Biochemical data were analyzed by dry chemistry and insulin levels by ELISA. ASC gene expression from peripheral blood was performed using real-time PCR. Dietary data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the Nutritionist Pro™ software. Quantification of cytokines was conducted using Bio-Plex Pro™ Human cytokine. The Astrand-Ryhming test was used to estimate the maximum oxygen volume and design the moderate-intensity structured exercise program ~ 75% heart rate (HR) Results After the intervention, both study groups significantly improved body composition (decreased weight, fat mass, waist circumference and abdominal obesity, p < 0.05). Besides, the diet-exercise group significantly decreased ASC mRNA expression, MCP-1, and MIP-1β inflammatory cytokines compared to the diet group (p < 0.05). While in the diet group, MCP-1 and IL-8 exhibited significantly decreased levels (p < 0.05). In the diet-exercise group, a positive correlation between the atherogenic index and waist circumference was found (r = 0.822, p = 0.011), and a negative correlation was observed between the delta of ASC mRNA expression and IL-10 levels at the end of the intervention (r = − 0.627, p = 0.019). Conclusion Low-grade chronic inflammation was attenuated through individualized exercise prescription and our findings highlight the role of the ASC gene in the inflammation of obese adults. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT04315376. Registered 20 March 2020—retrospectively registered
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barrón-Cabrera
- Institute of Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Karina González-Becerra
- Institute of Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Gustavo Rosales-Chávez
- Respiratory Therapy Unit, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Alondra Mora-Jiménez
- Institute of Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Iván Hernández-Cañaveral
- Microbiology and Pathology Department, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Erika Martínez-López
- Institute of Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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167
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Antunes BM, Rosa-Neto JC, Batatinha HAP, Franchini E, Teixeira AM, Lira FS. Physical fitness status modulates the inflammatory proteins in peripheral blood and circulating monocytes: role of PPAR-gamma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14094. [PMID: 32839476 PMCID: PMC7445279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolic and molecular profile according to physical fitness status (Low or High VO2max) and its impacts on peripheral and cellular inflammatory responses in healthy men. First (Phase I), inflammatory profile (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) was analyzed at baseline and post-acute exercise sessions performed at low (< 60% VO2max) and high (> 90% VO2max) intensities considering the individual endotoxin concentrations. Next (Phase II), monocyte cell cultures were treated with LPS alone or associated with Rosiglitazone (PPAR-γ agonist drug) to analyze cytokine production and gene expression. Monocyte subsets were also evaluated by flow cytometry. A positive relationship was observed between LPS concentrations and oxygen uptake (VO2max) (r = 0.368; p = 0.007); however, in the post-exercise an inverse correlation was found between LPS variation (Δ%) and VO2max (r = -0.385; p = 0.004). With the low-intensity exercise session, there was inverse correlation between LPS and IL-6 concentrations post-exercise (r = -0.505; p = 0.046) and a positive correlation with IL-10 in the recovery (1 h post) (r = 0.567; p = 0.011), whereas with the high-intensity exercise an inverse correlation was observed with IL-6 at pre-exercise (r = -0.621; p = 0.013) and recovery (r = -0.574; p = 0.016). When monocyte cells were treated with LPS, High VO2max individuals showed higher PPAR-γ gene expression whereas Low VO2max individuals displayed higher IL-10 production. Additionally, higher TLR-4, IKK1, and PGC-1α gene expression were observed in the High VO2max group than Low VO2max individuals. In conclusion, even with elevated endotoxemia, individuals with High VO2max exhibited higher IL-6 concentration in peripheral blood post-acute aerobic exercise and lower IL-10 concentration during recovery (1 h post-exercise). The anti-inflammatory effects linked with exercise training and physical fitness status may be explained by a greater gene expression of IKK1, TLR-4, and PGC-1α, displaying an extremely efficient cellular framework for the PPAR-γ responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Moura Antunes
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - José Cesar Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Franchini
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Research center for sport and physical activity, Faculty of sport sciences and physical education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil
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168
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Xu Y, Curtasu MV, Bach Knudsen KE, Hedemann MS, Theil PK, Lærke HN. Dietary fibre and protein do not synergistically influence insulin, metabolic or inflammatory biomarkers in young obese Göttingen minipigs. Br J Nutr 2020; 125:1-13. [PMID: 32778179 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520003141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary fibre (DF) and protein on insulin response, lipidaemia and inflammatory biomarkers were studied in a model experiment with juvenile obese Göttingen minipigs. After 20 weeks feeding on a high-fat fructose-rich low-DF diet, forty-three 30-week-old minipigs (31·3 (sem 4·0) kg body weight) were allocated to low- or high-DF and -protein diets for 8 weeks in a 2 × 2 factorial design. High DF contents decreased (P = 0·006) while high protein increased (P < 0·001) the daily gain. High protein contents increased fasting plasma concentrations of glucose (P = 0·008), NEFA (P = 0·015), ghrelin (P = 0·008) and non-fasting LDL:HDL ratios (P = 0·015). High DF increased ghrelin (P = 0·036) and C-peptide levels (P = 0·011) in the non-fasting state. High protein increased the gene expression of fructose-bisphosphatase 1 in liver tissue (P = 0·043), whereas DF decreased fatty acid synthase expression in adipose tissue (P = 0·035). Interactions between DF and protein level were observed in the expression of leptin receptor in adipose tissue (P = 0·031) and of PPARγ in muscle (P = 0·018) and adipose tissue (P = 0·004). In conclusion, high DF intake reduced weight gain and had potential benefit on β-cell secretory function, but without effect on the lipid profile in this young obese model. High dietary protein by supplementing with whey protein did not improve insulin sensitivity or lipidaemia, and combining high DF with high protein did not alleviate the risk of metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetong Xu
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830Tjele, Denmark
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169
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Al Heialy S, Gaudet M, Ramakrishnan RK, Mogas A, Salameh L, Mahboub B, Hamid Q. Contribution of IL-17 in Steroid Hyporesponsiveness in Obese Asthmatics Through Dysregulation of Glucocorticoid Receptors α and β. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1724. [PMID: 32849611 PMCID: PMC7417474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is on the rise worldwide and is one of the most common comorbidities of asthma. The chronic inflammation seen in obesity is believed to contribute to this process. Asthma and obesity are associated with a poorer prognosis, more frequent exacerbations, and poor asthma control to standard controller medication. Difficult-to-treat asthma is associated with increased levels of Th17 cytokines which have been shown to play a central role in the upregulation of glucocorticoid receptor-beta (GR-β), a dominant-negative inhibitor of the classical GR-α. In this study, we studied the role of IL-17 cytokines in steroid hyporesponsiveness in obese asthmatics. We stimulated lean and obese adipocytes with IL-17A and IL-17F. Adipocytes obtained from obese patients cultured in vitro in the presence of IL-17A for 48 h showed a decrease in GRα/GRβ ratio as compared to adipocytes from lean subjects where GR-α/GR-β ratio was increased following IL-17A and IL-17F stimulation. At protein level, GR-β was increased in obese adipocytes with IL-17A and IL-17F stimulation. IL-8 and IL-6 expression was increased in IL-17-stimulated obese adipocytes. Pre-incubation with Dexamethasone (Dexa) led to a decrease in GR-α/GR-β ratio in obese adipocytes which was further affected by IL-17A whereas Dexa led to an increase in GR-α/GR-β ratio in lean adipocytes which was decreased in response to IL-17A. TGF-β mRNA expression was decreased in obese adipocytes in response to Th17 cytokines. We next sought to validate these findings in obese asthmatic patients. Serum obtained from obese asthmatic subjects showed a decrease in GRα/GRβ protein expression with an increase in IL-17F and IL-13 as compared to serum obtained from non-obese asthmatics. In conclusion, steroid hyporesponsiveness in obese asthmatic patients can be attributed to Th17 cytokines which are responsible for the dysregulation of the GRα/GRβ ratio and the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Al Heialy
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Healthy Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mellissa Gaudet
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Healthy Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rakhee K Ramakrishnan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Andrea Mogas
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Healthy Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laila Salameh
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Pulmonary Medicine Department, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Pulmonary Medicine Department, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Healthy Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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170
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Iron Metabolism in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155529. [PMID: 32752277 PMCID: PMC7432525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an excessive adipose tissue accumulation that may have detrimental effects on health. Particularly, childhood obesity has become one of the main public health problems in the 21st century, since its prevalence has widely increased in recent years. Childhood obesity is intimately related to the development of several comorbidities such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-congenital cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation and anemia, among others. Within this tangled interplay between these comorbidities and associated pathological conditions, obesity has been closely linked to important perturbations in iron metabolism. Iron is the second most abundant metal on Earth, but its bioavailability is hampered by its ability to form highly insoluble oxides, with iron deficiency being the most common nutritional disorder. Although every living organism requires iron, it may also cause toxic oxygen damage by generating oxygen free radicals through the Fenton reaction. Thus, iron homeostasis and metabolism must be tightly regulated in humans at every level (i.e., absorption, storage, transport, recycling). Dysregulation of any step involved in iron metabolism may lead to iron deficiencies and, eventually, to the anemic state related to obesity. In this review article, we summarize the existent evidence on the role of the most recently described components of iron metabolism and their alterations in obesity.
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171
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Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento G, Braz-de-Melo HA, Faria SS, Santos IDO, Kobinger GP, Magalhães KG. Hypercoagulopathy and Adipose Tissue Exacerbated Inflammation May Explain Higher Mortality in COVID-19 Patients With Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:530. [PMID: 32849309 PMCID: PMC7399077 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes and a cytokine storm. Several reports from around the world have identified obesity and severe obesity as one of the strongest risk factors for COVID-19 hospitalization and mechanical ventilation. Moreover, countries with greater obesity prevalence have a higher morbidity and mortality risk of developing serious outcomes from COVID-19. The understanding of how this increased susceptibility of the people with obesity to develop severe forms of the SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs is crucial for implementing appropriate public health and therapeutic strategies to avoid COVID-19 severe symptoms and complications in people living with obesity. We hypothesize here that increased ACE2 expression in adipose tissue displayed by people with obesity may increase SARS-CoV-2 infection and accessibility to this tissue. Individuals with obesity have increased white adipose tissue, which may act as a reservoir for a more extensive viral spread with increased shedding, immune activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine amplification. Here we discuss how obesity is related to a pro-inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation, increased SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry in adipose tissue and induction of hypercoagulopathy, leading people with obesity to develop severe forms of COVID-19 and also death. Taken together, it may be crucial to better explore the role of visceral adipose tissue in the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and investigate the potential therapeutic effect of using specific target anti-inflammatories (canakinumab or anakinra for IL-1β inhibition; anti-IL-6 antibodies for IL-6 inhibition), anticoagulant or anti-diabetic drugs in COVID-19 treatment of people with obesity. Defining the immunopathological changes in COVID-19 patients with obesity can provide prominent targets for drug discovery and clinical management improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Socorro Faria
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Igor de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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172
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Hanson ED, Sakkal S, Que S, Cho E, Spielmann G, Kadife E, Violet JA, Battaglini CL, Stoner L, Bartlett DB, McConell GK, Hayes A. Natural killer cell mobilization and egress following acute exercise in men with prostate cancer. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1524-1539. [PMID: 32715550 DOI: 10.1113/ep088627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What are the characteristics of the NK cell response following acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in prostate cancer survivors and is there a relationship between stress hormones and NK cell mobilization? What is the main finding and its importance? NK cell numbers and proportions changed similarly between prostate cancer survivors and controls following acute exercise. Consecutive training sessions can likely be used without adverse effects on the immune system during prostate cancer treatment. ABSTRACT Prostate cancer treatment affects multiple physiological systems, although the immune response during exercise has been minimally investigated. The objective was to characterize the natural killer (NK) cell response following acute exercise in prostate cancer survivors. Prostate cancer survivors on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and those without (PCa) along with non-cancer controls (CON) completed a moderate intensity cycling bout. NK cells were phenotyped before and 0, 2 and 24 h after acute exercise using flow cytometry. CD56 total NK cell frequency increased by 6.2% at 0 h (P < 0.001) and decreased by 2.5% at 2 h (P < 0.01) with similar findings in CD56dim cells. NK cell counts also exhibited a biphasic response. Independent of exercise, ADT had intracellular interferon γ (IFNγ) expression that was nearly twofold higher than CON (P < 0.01). PCa perforin expression was reduced by 11.4% (P < 0.05), suggesting these cells may be more prone to degranulation. CD57- NK cells demonstrated increased perforin and IFNγ frequencies after exercise with no change within the CD57+ populations. All NK and leukocyte populations returned to baseline by 24 h. NK cell mobilization and egress with acute exercise appear normal, as cell counts and frequencies in prostate cancer survivors change similarly to CON. However, lower perforin proportions (PCa) and higher IFNγ expression (ADT) may alter NK cytotoxicity and require further investigation. The return of NK cell proportions to resting levels overnight suggests that consecutive training sessions can be used without adverse effects on the immune system during prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Hanson
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Samy Sakkal
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Shadney Que
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Eunhan Cho
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Elif Kadife
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - John A Violet
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Claudio L Battaglini
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David B Bartlett
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Glenn K McConell
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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173
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Soares RDCM, Mattos LR, Raposo LM. Risk Factors for Hospitalization and Mortality due to COVID-19 in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020. [PMID: 32682453 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20‐0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil is, at the time of writing, the global epicenter of COVID-19, but information on risk factors for hospitalization and mortality in the country is still limited. Demographic and clinical data of COVID-19 patients until June 11th, 2020 were retrieved from the State Health Secretariat of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Potential risk factors for COVID-19 hospitalization and death were analyzed by univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. A total of 10,713 COVID-19 patients were included in this study; 81.0% were younger than 60 years, 55.2% were female, 89.2% were not hospitalized, 32.9% had at least one comorbidity, and 7.7% died. The most common symptoms on admission were cough (67.7%) and fever (62.6%); 7.1% of the patients were asymptomatic. Cardiovascular diseases (23.7%) and diabetes (10.3%) were the two most common chronic diseases. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified an association of all explanatory variables, except for cough and diarrhea, with hospitalization. Older age (odds ratio [OR] = 3.95, P < 0.001) and shortness of breath (OR = 3.55, P < 0.001) were associated with increase of odds to COVID-19 death in hospitalized patients. Our study provided evidence that older age, male gender, Asian, indigenous or unknown race, comorbidities (smoking, kidney disease, obesity, pulmonary disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease), as well as fever and shortness of breath increased the risk of hospitalization. For death outcome in hospitalized patients, only older age and shortness of breath increased the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Menezes Soares
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Mattos
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Anna Nery Nursing School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Martins Raposo
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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174
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Aly MH, Rahman SS, Ahmed WA, Alghamedi MH, Al Shehri AA, Alkalkami AM, Hassan MH. Indicators of Critical Illness and Predictors of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1995-2000. [PMID: 32617010 PMCID: PMC7326396 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s261159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an emerging disease all over the world and spreading at an unpredicted rate, resulting in significant influences on global economies and public health. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics have been partially described in some observational studies. Not enough systematic reviews on predictors of critical illness and mortality in COVID 19 have been published to date. In this review, we had illustrated the prognostic predictors of COVID-19 by gathering published information on the risk factors related to the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Aly
- Internal Medicine Department, Security Forces Hospital Makkah (SFHM), Makkah al-Mukarrammah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed S Rahman
- Nephrology Department, Internal Medicine Department, Security Forces Hospital Makkah (SFHM), Makkah al-Mukarrammah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed A Ahmed
- Infectious Disease Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Security Forces Hospital Makkah (SFHM), Makkah al-Mukarrammah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour H Alghamedi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Internal Medicine Department, Security Forces Hospital Makkah (SFHM), Makkah al-Mukarrammah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abudlrahman A Al Shehri
- Rheumatology Department, Internal Medicine Department, Security Forces Hospital Makkah (SFHM), Makkah al-Mukarrammah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amna M Alkalkami
- Nephrology Department, Internal Medicine Department, Security Forces Hospital Makkah (SFHM), Makkah al-Mukarrammah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Hassan
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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175
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Abildgaard J, Tingstedt J, Zhao Y, Hartling HJ, Pedersen AT, Lindegaard B, Dam Nielsen S. Increased systemic inflammation and altered distribution of T-cell subsets in postmenopausal women. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235174. [PMID: 32574226 PMCID: PMC7310708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate markers of systemic inflammation in pre- and postmenopausal women and identify possible predictors of systemic inflammation with menopause. Methods Cross-sectional study of 69 healthy women between 45- and 60 years. Blood samples were collected to assess leukocyte subsets and plasma cytokines. MRI and DXA scans were performed to assess body composition. Through uni- and multivariate analyses, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), visceral fat mass and age were evaluated as predictors of systemic inflammation in relation to menopause. Results Postmenopausal women tended to have higher leukocyte counts (5.4 x109 vs. 4.9 x109 cells/l, p = 0.05) reflected in increased total lymphocytes (1.8 x109 vs. 1.6 x109 cells/l, p = 0.01) and monocytes (0.5 x109 vs. 0.4 x109 cells/l, p = 0.02), compared to premenopausal women. Increased visceral fat mass was a strong predictor of high leukocyte subsets. Postmenopausal women had higher plasma TNF-α (2.24 vs. 1.91 pg/ml, p = 0.01) and IL-6 (0.45 vs. 0.33 pg/ml, p = 0.004) compared to premenopausal women and high FSH was a significant predictor of increased plasma TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Menopause was further associated with increased T-cells (1,336 vs. 1,128 cells/μl, p = 0.04) reflected in significantly higher counts of exhausted-, senescent-, and memory CD4+ T-cell subsets. Conclusions Menopause is associated with increased systemic inflammation as well as exhausted- and senescent T-cells. We suggest, that both increased visceral fat mass and declining sex hormone levels might contribute to postmenopausal systemic inflammation and calls for further large-scale studies to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Abildgaard
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København Ø, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeanette Tingstedt
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of infectious diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København Ø, Denmark
- Virus Research and Development, Department of Virology and Special Microbial Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of infectious diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Hans Jakob Hartling
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of infectious diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Anette Tønnes Pedersen
- Department of Gynaecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Lindegaard
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København Ø, Denmark
- Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of infectious diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København Ø, Denmark
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176
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Ambele MA, Dhanraj P, Giles R, Pepper MS. Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4283. [PMID: 32560163 PMCID: PMC7349855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of adipocytes during embryogenesis has been largely understudied. However, preadipocytes appear to originate from multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells which migrate from the mesoderm to their anatomical localization. Most studies on adipocyte formation (adipogenesis) have used preadipocytes derived from adult stem/stromal cells. Adipogenesis consists of two phases, namely commitment and terminal differentiation. This review discusses the role of signalling pathways, epigenetic modifiers, and transcription factors in preadipocyte commitment and differentiation into mature adipocytes, as well as limitations in our understanding of these processes. To date, a limited number of transcription factors, genes and signalling pathways have been described to regulate preadipocyte commitment. One reason could be that most studies on adipogenesis have used preadipocytes already committed to the adipogenic lineage, which are therefore not suitable for studying preadipocyte commitment. Conversely, over a dozen molecular players including transcription factors, genes, signalling pathways, epigenetic regulators, and microRNAs have been described to be involved in the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes; however, only peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma has proven to be clinically relevant. A detailed understanding of how the molecular players underpinning adipogenesis relate to adipose tissue function could provide new therapeutic approaches for addressing obesity without compromising adipose tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin A. Ambele
- Department of Immunology, and SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.A.A.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Priyanka Dhanraj
- Department of Immunology, and SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.A.A.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Rachel Giles
- Department of Immunology, and SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.A.A.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Michael S. Pepper
- Department of Immunology, and SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.A.A.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
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177
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Duque AP, Rodrigues Junior LF, Mediano MFF, Tibiriça E, De Lorenzo A. Emerging concepts in metabolically healthy obesity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 2020; 10:48-61. [PMID: 32685263 PMCID: PMC7364278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases that is responsible for more than 70% of early deaths in the world. In the 1980's decade, some studies started to describe a "benign" obesity phenotype, named "metabolically healthy obesity" (MHO), which represents obesity without comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia or metabolic syndrome. However, it is still unclear if this "benign" obesity phenotype is really favorable or just a transition status to unhealthy obesity and if these subjects presented subclinical levels of cardiovascular risk that are not commonly detected. To further elucidate these issues, the investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms that can increase cardiovascular risk in MHO individuals, such as hormones and cytokines, may offer some responses. In parallel, the evaluation of subclinical cardiovascular derangement, using the systemic microcirculation as a proxy, may be an alternative to anticipate overt cardiovascular disease. Overall, further studies are needed to better understand the pathophysiology of MHO as well as to identify high-risk individuals who deserve more intensive management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P Duque
- Department of Research and Education, National Institute of CardiologyRio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Rodrigues Junior
- Department of Research and Education, National Institute of CardiologyRio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of The State of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mauro F F Mediano
- Department of Research and Education, National Institute of CardiologyRio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Disease, Oswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tibiriça
- Department of Research and Education, National Institute of CardiologyRio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea De Lorenzo
- Department of Research and Education, National Institute of CardiologyRio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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178
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Labban RSM, Alfawaz H, Almnaizel AT, Hassan WM, Bhat RS, Moubayed NM, Bjørklund G, El-Ansary A. High-fat diet-induced obesity and impairment of brain neurotransmitter pool. Transl Neurosci 2020; 11:147-160. [PMID: 33312720 PMCID: PMC7705990 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the brain are linked since the brain can control the weight of the body through its neurotransmitters. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity on brain functioning through the measurement of brain glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin metabolic pools. In the present study, two groups of rats served as subjects. Group 1 was fed a normal diet and named as the lean group. Group 2 was fed an HFD for 4 weeks and named as the obese group. Markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, glutathione, glutathione-s-transferase, and vitamin C), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6 and IL-12), and leptin along with a lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels) were measured in the serum. Neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate were measured in brain tissue. Fecal samples were collected for observing changes in gut flora. In brain tissue, significantly high levels of dopamine and glutamate as well as significantly low levels of serotonin were found in the obese group compared to those in the lean group (P > 0.001) and were discussed in relation to the biochemical profile in the serum. It was also noted that the HFD affected bacterial gut composition in comparison to the control group with gram-positive cocci dominance in the control group compared to obese. The results of the present study confirm that obesity is linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemic processes, and altered brain neurotransmitter levels that can cause obesity-related neuropsychiatric complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranyah Shaker M Labban
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of Health, General Administration of Nutrition, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed T Almnaizel
- Prince Naif for Health Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wail M Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadine Ms Moubayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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179
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Almerie MQ, Kerrigan DD. The association between obesity and poor outcome after COVID-19 indicates a potential therapeutic role for montelukast. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:109883. [PMID: 32492562 PMCID: PMC7255216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is widely believed that infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus triggers a disproportionate immune response which causes a devastating systemic injury, particularly in individuals with obesity, itself a chronic, multi-organ inflammatory disease. Immune cells accumulate in visceral adipose tissue and together with paracrine adipocytes release a wide range of biologically active cytokines (including IL-1β, IL5, IL6 and IL8) that can result in both local, pulmonary and systemic inflammation. A more intense ‘cytokine storm’ is postulated as the mechanism behind the extreme immune response seen in severe COVID-19. It is striking how dangerous the combination of obesity and COVID-19 is, resulting in a greater risk of ICU admission and a higher mortality. Furthermore, patients from a BAME background appear to have increased mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection; they also have a higher prevalence of central obesity and its metabolic complications. In the absence of an effective vaccine, the therapeutic potential of immune-modulating drugs is a priority, but the development of new drugs is expensive and time-consuming. A more pragmatic solution would be to seek to repurpose existing drugs, particularly those that might suppress the heightened cytokine activity seen in obesity, the major risk factor for a poor prognosis in COVID-19. Montelukast is a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist licensed to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis. It has been shown to diminish pulmonary response to antigen, tissue eosinophilia and IL-5 expression in inflammatory cells. It has also been shown to decrease elevated levels of IL-1β and IL8 in humans with viral upper respiratory tract infections compared with placebo-treated patients. In addition, in silico studies have demonstrated a high binding affinity of the montelukast molecule to the terminal site of the virus’s main protease enzyme which is needed for virus RNA synthesis and replication. Montelukast, which is cheap, safe and widely available would appear to have the potential to be an ideal candidate drug for clinical trials, particularly in early stage disease before irreparable tissue damage has already occurred. Hypothesis Through a direct anti-viral effect, or by suppression of heightened cytokine release in response to SARS-CoV-2, montelukast will reduce the severity of immune-mediated multiorgan damage resulting from COVID-19, particularly in patients with central obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Daniel Kerrigan
- President British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society, Visiting Professor University of Chester, CEO Phoenix Health, United Kingdom.
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180
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Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, Rajagopalan H, O'Donnell L, Chernyak Y, Tobin KA, Cerfolio RJ, Francois F, Horwitz LI. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020; 369:m1966. [PMID: 32444366 PMCID: PMC7243801 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1759] [Impact Index Per Article: 439.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe outcomes of people admitted to hospital with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in the United States, and the clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with severity of illness. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Single academic medical center in New York City and Long Island. PARTICIPANTS 5279 patients with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection between 1 March 2020 and 8 April 2020. The final date of follow up was 5 May 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes were admission to hospital, critical illness (intensive care, mechanical ventilation, discharge to hospice care, or death), and discharge to hospice care or death. Predictors included patient characteristics, medical history, vital signs, and laboratory results. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify risk factors for adverse outcomes, and competing risk survival analysis for mortality. RESULTS Of 11 544 people tested for SARS-Cov-2, 5566 (48.2%) were positive. After exclusions, 5279 were included. 2741 of these 5279 (51.9%) were admitted to hospital, of whom 1904 (69.5%) were discharged alive without hospice care and 665 (24.3%) were discharged to hospice care or died. Of 647 (23.6%) patients requiring mechanical ventilation, 391 (60.4%) died and 170 (26.2%) were extubated or discharged. The strongest risk for hospital admission was associated with age, with an odds ratio of >2 for all age groups older than 44 years and 37.9 (95% confidence interval 26.1 to 56.0) for ages 75 years and older. Other risks were heart failure (4.4, 2.6 to 8.0), male sex (2.8, 2.4 to 3.2), chronic kidney disease (2.6, 1.9 to 3.6), and any increase in body mass index (BMI) (eg, for BMI >40: 2.5, 1.8 to 3.4). The strongest risks for critical illness besides age were associated with heart failure (1.9, 1.4 to 2.5), BMI >40 (1.5, 1.0 to 2.2), and male sex (1.5, 1.3 to 1.8). Admission oxygen saturation of <88% (3.7, 2.8 to 4.8), troponin level >1 (4.8, 2.1 to 10.9), C reactive protein level >200 (5.1, 2.8 to 9.2), and D-dimer level >2500 (3.9, 2.6 to 6.0) were, however, more strongly associated with critical illness than age or comorbidities. Risk of critical illness decreased significantly over the study period. Similar associations were found for mortality alone. CONCLUSIONS Age and comorbidities were found to be strong predictors of hospital admission and to a lesser extent of critical illness and mortality in people with covid-19; however, impairment of oxygen on admission and markers of inflammation were most strongly associated with critical illness and mortality. Outcomes seem to be improving over time, potentially suggesting improvements in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Petrilli
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Innovation, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon A Jones
- Division of Healthcare Delivery Science, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street #633, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Center for Healthcare Innovation and Delivery Science, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Center for Healthcare Innovation and Delivery Science, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Luke O'Donnell
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Innovation, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Robert J Cerfolio
- NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fritz Francois
- NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leora I Horwitz
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Innovation, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Healthcare Delivery Science, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street #633, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Center for Healthcare Innovation and Delivery Science, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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181
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Increasing the Duration of Light Physical Activity Ameliorates Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051189. [PMID: 32403230 PMCID: PMC7290973 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a well-known risk factor for insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). Nevertheless, limited data are available regarding the effects of physical activity (PA) intensity on the ability to modulate IRS. The study aim was to investigate the beneficial effects of the longer duration of light PA vs. a single bout of the acute moderate or vigorous PA for improvement in IRS indicators. Sixty metabolically healthy obese (MHO) participants, 30 males and 30 females, with body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 were enrolled in this study. PA levels were measured using an accelerometer, and the expression of monocytic surface markers was analyzed using flow cytometry. Plasma cytokines’ secretion was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Univariate regression analysis evaluated the actigraphy-assessed PA measures, inflammatory cytokines, and insulin resistance. The longer duration of PA was found to be associated with the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), a lower lipid profile, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines by monocytes. Even though, higher intensities of PA were found to be associated with lower body fat percentage, only the light intensity PA was found to be beneficial as it associated with the improved insulin sensitivity and lower expression of inflammatory markers. In conclusion, maintaining the longer duration of low-intensity PA throughout the day could be more beneficial for reducing inflammation and improving insulin resistance. This study supports a more feasible approach model to gain beneficial lifestyle changes for the prevention of IRS in metabolically healthy adults with obesity.
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182
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Colditz J, Picke AK, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. Contributions of Dickkopf-1 to Obesity-Induced Bone Loss and Marrow Adiposity. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10364. [PMID: 32537550 PMCID: PMC7285751 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low bone strength in overweight individuals is a significant medical problem. One important determinant of mesenchymal stem cell fate into osteoblasts or adipocytes is the Wnt signaling pathway. We recently showed that Dickkopf‐1 (DKK1), a potent Wnt inhibitor, is upregulated in obese mice. In this study, we investigated the role of DKK1 in the pathogenesis of obesity‐induced bone loss using global and tissue‐specific KO mice. Obesity was induced in 8‐week‐old male mice with an inducible global (Rosa26‐CreERT2) or osteoprogenitor‐ (Osx–Cre‐) specific deletion of Dkk1 with a high‐fat diet (HFD) containing 60% fat. After 12 weeks, body weight, bone volume, bone fat mass, and bone turnover were assessed. Dkk1fl/fl;Rosa26‐CreERT2 mice experienced a similar increase in body weight and white fat pads as control mice. A HFD significantly reduced trabecular bone mass and the bone formation rate in Cre‐ mice and Dkk1fl/fl;Rosa26‐CreERT2 mice. Interestingly, Dkk1fl/fl;Rosa26‐CreERT2 mice were protected from HFD‐induced cortical bone loss. Furthermore, a HFD was associated with increased bone marrow fat in the femur, which was less pronounced in Dkk1fl/fl;Rosa26‐CreERT2 mice. Mice with an osteoprogenitor‐specific Dkk1 deletion showed similar results as the global knockout, showing a protection against HFD‐induced cortical bone loss and an accumulation of bone marrow fat, but a similar decrease in trabecular bone volume. In summary, DKK1 appears to contribute distinctly to cortical, but not trabecular bone loss in obesity. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Colditz
- Department of Medicine III, Center for Healthy Aging Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Picke
- Department of Medicine III, Center for Healthy Aging Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III, Center for Healthy Aging Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Center for Healthy Aging Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
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Dalton B, Leppanen J, Campbell IC, Chung R, Breen G, Schmidt U, Himmerich H. A longitudinal analysis of cytokines in anorexia nervosa. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 85:88-95. [PMID: 31077775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation has been proposed to have a pathophysiological role in anorexia nervosa (AN) and to contribute to the maintenance of the disorder. Longitudinal cytokine research in AN has focused on only a few pro-inflammatory cytokines. We assessed a broad range of cytokines over time in people undergoing specialised treatment for AN. METHOD We measured serum concentrations of 27 cytokines in people with AN (n = 23). Body mass index (BMI), eating disorder (ED) symptoms and general psychopathology were assessed and blood samples were collected within four weeks of the commencement of specialised ED treatment (baseline) and at 12- and 24-week follow-ups. RESULTS Both BMI and ED symptoms improved over the assessment period. Linear mixed models showed that log IL-6 decreased between baseline and week 12 assessments. By week 12, log IL-6 values were comparable to levels in healthy individuals. Log IL-7 increased from week 12 to week 24. DISCUSSION Initially elevated IL-6 serum concentrations appear to 'normalize' during the first 3-months of specialised treatment for AN and this co-occurs with improvements in ED symptoms. Therefore, IL-6 has the potential to be a state biomarker for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Dalton
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Jenni Leppanen
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Raymond Chung
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK
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184
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Living with Yourself: Innate Lymphoid Cell Immunometabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020334. [PMID: 32024050 PMCID: PMC7072664 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident sentinels of the immune system that function to protect local tissue microenvironments against pathogens and maintain homeostasis. However, because ILCs are sensitively tuned to perturbations within tissues, they can also contribute to host pathology when critical activating signals become dysregulated. Recent work has demonstrated that the crosstalk between ILCs and their environment has a significant impact on host metabolism in health and disease. In this review, we summarize studies that support evidence for the ability of ILCs to influence tissue and systemic metabolism, as well as how ILCs can be regulated by environmental changes in systemic host metabolism. We also highlight studies demonstrating how ILC- intrinsic metabolism influences their activation, proliferation, and homeostasis. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and open questions in the rapidly expanding field of ILCs and immunometabolism.
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185
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Williams A, Greene N, Kimbro K. Increased circulating cytokine levels in African American women with obesity and elevated HbA1c. Cytokine 2020; 128:154989. [PMID: 32004791 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.154989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity has emerged as one of the biggest health crisis and is the leading cause of death and disabilities around the world. BMI trends suggest that majority of the increase in T2D is resulting from the increased prevalence of obesity. In fact, 85.2% of people with T2D are overweight or obese. The highest prevalence for obesity is seen in non-Hispanic, African American women (56.6%). T2D is classified as an inflammatory disease because of elevated, circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase inflammatory proteins. This study was designed to determine how high HbA1c and serum glucose correlate with circulatory cytokine levels in obese, African American women. METHODS We investigated cytokine/chemokine serum levels using a multiplex assay. Then we used Pairwise Pearson Correlation Test to determine the relationship between clinical metabolic parameters and cytokine/chemokine serum levels. RESULTS The results indicated that participants with elevated HbA1c exhibited an up regulation of IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, TNF-α, IFN-α2 and CX3CL1 serum levels compared to participants with normal HbA1c. These cytokines were also correlated with several clinical metabolic parameters. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, TNF-α, IFN-α2 and CX3CL1 serum levels may contribute to the development and onset of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Williams
- Julius l. Chambers Biomedical/ Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Natasha Greene
- Julius l. Chambers Biomedical/ Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - K Kimbro
- Julius l. Chambers Biomedical/ Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, USA; Department of Biomedical and Biologically Sciences, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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186
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Metabolically Healthy Obesity-Heterogeneity in Definitions and Unconventional Factors. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020048. [PMID: 32012784 PMCID: PMC7074352 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of heterogeneity among obese individuals in their risk for developing metabolic dysfunction and associated complications has been recognized for decades. At the origin of the heterogeneity idea is the acknowledgement that individuals with central obesity are more prone to developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease than those with peripheral obesity. There have been attempts to categorize subjects according to their metabolic health and degree of obesity giving rise to different obese and non-obese phenotypes that include metabolically unhealthy normal-weight (MUHNW), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). Individuals belonging to the MHO phenotype are obese according to their body mass index although exhibiting fewer or none metabolic anomalies such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and/or unfavorable inflammatory and fribinolytic profiles. However, some authors claim that MHO is only transient in nature. Additionally, the phenotype categorization is controversial as it lacks standardized definitions possibly blurring the distinction between obesity phenotypes and confounding the associations with health outcomes. To add to the discussion, the factors underlying the origin or protection from metabolic deterioration and cardiometabolic risk for these subclasses are being intensely investigated and several hypotheses have been put forward. In the present review, we compare the different definitions of obesity phenotypes and present several possible factors underlying them (adipose tissue distribution and cellularity, contaminant accumulation on the adipose tissue, dysbiosis and metabolic endotoxemia imposing on to the endocannabinoid tone and inflammasome, and nutrient intake and dietary patterns) having inflammatory activation at the center.
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187
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Seyedi SHS, Mottaghi A, Mirmiran P, Hedayati M, Azizi F. The relationship between dietary patterns and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 levels in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 25:3. [PMID: 32055243 PMCID: PMC7003539 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_256_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) may be indicated by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), serving as an inflammatory biomarker. However, the general dietary predictors of Lp-PLA2 have not been investigated so far. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the serum levels of Lp-PLA2 and dietary patterns in adults with cardiovascular risk factors. Materials and Methods: Dietary patterns extracted using factor analysis and serum levels of Lp-PAL2 in 470 adults aged 40–70 years who participated in the 5th phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2011–2014) were determined. Associations between the dietary patterns and serum levels of Lp-PAL2 considering some confounder factors were evaluated. Results: The results showed that Western and semi-Mediterranean dietary patterns had significant effects on changes in Lp-PLA2 levels in univariate analyses. In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for age, sex, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index and physical activity, energy intake, hormone therapy for women, and taking blood lipid-lowering drugs as potential confounders, the Western dietary pattern remained a significant factor influencing the Lp-PLA2 level (β value: 1.65, 95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.89; P < 0.05). Moreover, after adjustment for the mentioned confounder factors, the effect of the semi-Mediterranean dietary pattern on Lp-PLA2 disappeared. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the Western dietary pattern is associated with higher Lp-PLA2 levels. We recommend that adults eat less carbonated drinks, fast foods, salty snacks, mayonnaise, and organ meat to counteract increased serum Lp-PLA2 levels, which are directly associated with vascular inflammation and CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hashem Sezavar Seyedi
- Research Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Mottaghi
- Research Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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188
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Schmidt FM, Mergl R, Minkwitz J, Holdt LM, Teupser D, Hegerl U, Himmerich H, Sander C. Is There an Association or Not?-Investigating the Association of Depressiveness, Physical Activity, Body Composition and Sleep With Mediators of Inflammation. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:563. [PMID: 32670105 PMCID: PMC7330708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines are mediators of inflammation that contribute to a low-grade inflammation in different disorders like major depression and obesity. It still remains unclear which psychological and medical factors interact with cytokine regulation. In the current investigation, the association between levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines and anthropometrics, mood state (depressiveness), physical activity and sleep were investigated in a sample of community-dwelled adults. METHODS Forty-nine subjects met the inclusion criteria for analyses and were assessed at two time-points (baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2), average T1-T2-interval = 215 days). Serum cytokine measures included the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α, the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 and the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); anthropometrics were assessed via physical examination, depressiveness was assessed via Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)2, parameters of physical activity (steps, METs) and sleep (night/total sleep duration) were measured via a 1-week actigraphy. RESULTS Correlation analyses showed low-to moderate significant relationships between the majority of cytokines and the BDI2 at T1, positive correlation with weight and BMI at T1 and T2, and negative correlations with the number of steps and METs at T2 and T2. Regression analyses for T1 revealed that the BDI2 score was the best positive predictor for the concentrations of all nine cytokines, followed by the number of steps and the nightsleep duration as negative predictors. At T2, the amount of steps was found to be negatively associated with IL-4, IL5, IL-10, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, whereas the BMI could significantly predict IL-12 and IL-13. The BDI2-score was not significantly associated with any of the cytokines. No associations could be found between dynamics in cytokines from T1 and T2 and changes in any of the variables. DISCUSSION The present results indicate an influence of physical activity, subjective well-being and body composition on inflammatory mediators. Since there was no standardized intervention targeting the independent variables between T1 and T2, no assumptions on causality can be drawn from the association results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bundeswehr University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Minkwitz
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (MPI), Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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189
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Chernis N, Masschelin P, Cox AR, Hartig SM. Bisphenol AF promotes inflammation in human white adipocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C63-C72. [PMID: 31596606 PMCID: PMC6985838 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00175.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals interact with transcription factors essential for adipocyte differentiation. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals corresponds with elevated risks of obesity, but the effects of these compounds on human cells remain largely undefined. Widespread use of bisphenol AF (BPAF) as a bisphenol A (BPA) alternative in the plastics industry presents unknown health risks. To this end, we discovered that BPAF interferes with the metabolic function of mature human adipocytes. Although 4-day exposures to BPAF accelerated adipocyte differentiation, we observed no effect on mature fat cell marker genes. Additional gene and protein expression analysis showed that BPAF treatment during human adipocyte differentiation failed to suppress the proinflammatory transcription factor STAT1. Microscopy and respirometry experiments demonstrated that BPAF impaired mitochondrial function and structure. To test the hypothesis that BPAF fosters vulnerabilities to STAT1 activation, we treated mature adipocytes previously exposed to BPAF with interferon-γ (IFNγ). BPAF increased IFNγ activation of STAT1 and exposed mitochondrial vulnerabilities that disrupt adipocyte lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Collectively, our data establish that BPAF activates inflammatory signaling pathways that degrade metabolic activity in human adipocytes. These findings suggest how the BPA alternative BPAF contributes to metabolic changes that correspond with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Chernis
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter Masschelin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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190
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Park J, Youn DH, Kang J, Ahn KS, Kwak HJ, Um JY. Taeumjowi-tang, a Traditional Korean Sasang Remedy, Improves Obesity-Atopic Dermatitis Comorbidity by Regulating Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Alpha. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1458. [PMID: 31920651 PMCID: PMC6933016 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory disease of the skin, resulting from an immune dysfunction, that often occurs as a comorbidity of obesity. This investigation evaluated the capacity of Taeumjowi-tang (TJT), a Korean herbal formulation from the Sasang medical tradition to influence prognostic features of AD and obesity in a mouse model. Here, obesity and AD were induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). Following an 8-week HFD regimen and 4 weeks of DNFB administration, the comorbid (CO) group manifested increased body weight and AD-like lesions, as compared to normal control (NC) mice, while TJT administration diminished these symptoms of obesity and AD. Specifically, TJT treatment reduced epidermal thickness and eosinophil/mast cell infiltration, along with reduction in immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). It was additionally demonstrated that TJT suppresses HFD/DNFB-associated increase of the inflammation-related nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinase. Moreover, significantly increased levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) protein was observed in CO group versus controls, an increase significantly down-regulated by TJT-treatment. These outcomes suggest that TJT may prove useful in clinical management of obesity-AD comorbidity treatment, an effect that may be due to regulation of HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Youn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - JongWook Kang
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kwak
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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191
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Interplay between the Adaptive Immune System and Insulin Resistance in Weight Loss Induced by Bariatric Surgery. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3940739. [PMID: 31885787 PMCID: PMC6925764 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3940739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role among other pathophysiological mechanisms involved in obesity. Innate and adaptive immune cells undergo systemic proinflammatory polarization that gives rise to an increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, which in turn leads to insulin resistance. Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for obesity, as it brings on significant weight loss, glucose metabolism improvement, and a decrease in systemic inflammation biomarkers. After bariatric surgery, several changes have been reported to occur in adaptive immunity, including reduction in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, a decrease in the Th1/Th2 ratio, an increase in B regulatory cells, and reduction in proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Overall, there seems to be a major shift in several lymphocyte populations from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, increased antioxidant activity and reduced lipid and DNA oxidation products have been reported after bariatric surgery in circulating mononuclear cells. This paper highlights the shift in the adaptive immune system in response to weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity, as well as the interplay between immunological and metabolic adaptations as a result of bariatric surgery. Finally, based on data from research, we propose several mechanisms such as changes in adaptive immune cell phenotypes and their by-products, recruitment in adipose tissue, reduced oxidative stress, and modification in metabolic substrate availability as drivers to reduce low-grade chronic inflammation after bariatric surgery in severe obesity.
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192
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Salivary Cytokine Biomarker Concentrations in Relation to Obesity and Periodontitis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122152. [PMID: 31817464 PMCID: PMC6947340 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic low-grade inflammation is associated with obesity. Our aim was to examine the association between obesity and salivary biomarkers of periodontitis. Salivary interleukin (IL)-1-receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations were measured from 287 non-diabetic obese (body mass index (BMI) of >35 kg/m2) individuals and 293 normal-weight (BMI of 18.5–25 kg/m2) controls. Periodontal status was defined according to a diagnostic cumulative risk score (CRS) to calculate the risk of having periodontitis (CRS I, low risk; CRS II, medium risk; CRS III, high risk). In the whole population, and especially in smokers, higher IL-8 and lower IL-10 concentrations were detected in the obese group compared to the control group, while in non-smoking participants, the obese and control groups did not differ. IL-1Ra and IL-8 concentrations were higher in those with medium or high risk (CRS II and CRS III, p < 0.001) of periodontitis, whereas IL-10 and TNF-α concentrations were lower when compared to those with low risk (CRS I). In multivariate models adjusted for periodontal status, obesity did not associate with any salivary cytokine concentration. In conclusion, salivary cytokine biomarkers are not independently associated with obesity and concentrations are dependent on periodontal status.
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193
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Loo LWM, Nishibun K, Welsh L, Makolo T, Chong CD, Pagano I, Yu H, Bantum EO. Using a cultural dance program to increase sustainable physical activity for breast cancer survivors-A pilot study. Complement Ther Med 2019; 47:102197. [PMID: 31780003 PMCID: PMC6905195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that physical activity can reduce the risk of mortality for female breast cancer patients and improve quality of life, reduce weight, and alter circulating biomarker levels. We conducted a pilot trial to determine the feasibility of increasing physical activity through a cultural dance intervention to achieve similar benefits. METHODS Conducted a pilot trial implementing a cultural dance intervention to increase and sustain physical activity for breast cancer survivors, which consisted of a six-month group-based intervention of Hula Dance. Anthropometric measures, fasting blood draws, and self-reported questionnaires to assess physical activity, mood, and quality of life, were completed at baseline, at the end of the 6-month intervention (time point month-6), and at two additional post-intervention time points (month-12 and month-24) to assess sustainability. RESULTS A total of 11 women with a median age of 63 years were enrolled in the intervention trial. Eight of the 11 (73%) completed the trial to month-12 and demonstrated an overall significant increase in weekly moderate exercise. There were no significant changes in intra-individual body mass index (BMI). However, there was a sustained post-intervention reduction in waist circumference and significant changes in circulating biomarker levels. For the self-reported measures, there was a significant increase in vigor/activity (p < 0.001; Profile of Mood States-Short Form). CONCLUSION Our intervention pilot trial demonstrated that a cultural dance program could achieve a sustainable increase in physical activity for breast cancer survivors, with potential to improve quality of life, increase vigor, and decrease levels of circulating cytokines associated with obesity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenora W M Loo
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, United States.
| | - Kryslin Nishibun
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, United States
| | - Leslie Welsh
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, United States
| | - TeMoana Makolo
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, United States
| | - Clayton D Chong
- The Queen's Medical Center, Queen's Cancer Center, 1301 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, United States
| | - Ian Pagano
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, United States
| | - Herbert Yu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, United States
| | - Erin O Bantum
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To gather data from studies evaluating the pro-inflammatory profile of individuals with resistant hypertension (RH), and bring a clinical update of new and potential complementary therapies to treat inflammation in RH. RECENT FINDINGS Increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines are related to elevated blood pressure and target organ damage in RH patients. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that some biological therapies, especially TNF-α inhibitors, regulated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with improvements in clinical outcomes, although they are not yet reported in RH. New emerging therapies to treat inflammation in RH, although promising, are still hypotheses that have not been scientifically confirmed in clinical trials. For this reason, inflammation-target treatments, such as the TNF-α and IL-6 inhibitors, should be encouraged for testing as complementary therapies in RH in order to elucidate their potential benefits.
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195
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Kopper JJ, Travers JL, Schott HC, Cook VL. Effect of body condition on intestinal permeability in horses. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:792-798. [PMID: 31339765 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.8.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of body condition on permeability of intestinal mucosa in horses. ANIMALS 13 horses (7 obese and 6 lean) from 8 to 15 years of age. PROCEDURES Body condition score was assessed, and an oral sugar test (OST) was performed to evaluate glucose and insulin dynamics. Horses were allowed a 2-week diet acclimation period and were then euthanized. Tissue samples were collected from the jejunum, ileum, cecum, pelvic flexure, right dorsal colon, and rectum. Mucosal permeability was assessed by measuring transepithelial resistance and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) flux across tissue samples mounted in Ussing chambers. RESULTS 5 obese horses and 1 lean horse had evidence of insulin dysregulation, whereas 1 obese and 5 lean horses had no abnormalities in results of the OST. Results for the OST were not available for 1 obese horse. Mucosal transepithelial resistance did not differ in any intestinal segment between obese and lean horses. Obese horses had a significantly higher LPS flux across jejunal mucosa, compared with results for lean horses, but there were no significant differences between obese and lean horses for other intestinal segments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Obese horses may have had greater paracellular mucosal permeability of jejunal mucosa to LPS, compared with that for lean horses. This finding was consistent with data for the gastrointestinal mucosa of humans and mice and supported the hypothesis that obese horses may be at higher risk from chronic exposure to increased amounts of LPS, compared with the risk for lean horses.
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Acosta‐Manzano P, Acosta FM, Femia P, Coll‐Risco I, Segura‐Jiménez V, Díaz‐Castro J, Ochoa‐Herrera JJ, Van Poppel MNM, Aparicio VA. Association of sedentary time and physical activity levels with immunometabolic markers in early pregnancy: The GESTAFIT project. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:148-158. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Acosta‐Manzano
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sport Sciences PA‐HELP “Physical Activity for Health Promotion CTS‐1018” Research group University of Granada Granada Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (IMUDS) University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Francisco M. Acosta
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (IMUDS) University of Granada Granada Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sport Sciences PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity” research group University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Pedro Femia
- Unit of Biostatistics Department of Statistics and OR Faculty of Medicine University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Irene Coll‐Risco
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (IMUDS) University of Granada Granada Spain
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Víctor Segura‐Jiménez
- Department of Physical Education Faculty of Education Sciences University of Cádiz Cádiz Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cádiz Cádiz Spain
| | - Javier Díaz‐Castro
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Julio J. Ochoa‐Herrera
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology University of Granada Granada Spain
| | | | - Virginia A. Aparicio
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (IMUDS) University of Granada Granada Spain
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology University of Granada Granada Spain
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Effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in SEPS1 and SEPP1 on expression in the protein level in metabolic syndrome in subjects with cardiovascular disease. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5685-5693. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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198
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Mitochondrial Uncoupling: A Key Controller of Biological Processes in Physiology and Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080795. [PMID: 31366145 PMCID: PMC6721602 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling can be defined as a dissociation between mitochondrial membrane potential generation and its use for mitochondria-dependent ATP synthesis. Although this process was originally considered a mitochondrial dysfunction, the identification of UCP-1 as an endogenous physiological uncoupling protein suggests that the process could be involved in many other biological processes. In this review, we first compare the mitochondrial uncoupling agents available in term of mechanistic and non-specific effects. Proteins regulating mitochondrial uncoupling, as well as chemical compounds with uncoupling properties are discussed. Second, we summarize the most recent findings linking mitochondrial uncoupling and other cellular or biological processes, such as bulk and specific autophagy, reactive oxygen species production, protein secretion, cell death, physical exercise, metabolic adaptations in adipose tissue, and cell signaling. Finally, we show how mitochondrial uncoupling could be used to treat several human diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, or neurological disorders.
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199
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Shimizu K, Funamoto M, Sunagawa Y, Shimizu S, Katanasaka Y, Miyazaki Y, Wada H, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T. Anti-inflammatory Action of Curcumin and Its Use in the Treatment of Lifestyle-related Diseases. Eur Cardiol 2019; 14:117-122. [PMID: 31360234 PMCID: PMC6659038 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2019.17.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a significant role in lifestyle-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and obesity/impaired glucose tolerance. Curcumin is a natural extract that possesses numerous physiological properties, as indicated by its anti-inflammatory action. The mechanisms underlying these effects include the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB and Toll-like receptor 4-dependent signalling pathways and the activation of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma pathway. However, the bioavailability of curcumin is very low in humans. To resolve this issue, several drug delivery systems have been developed and a number of clinical trials have reported beneficial effects of curcumin in the management of inflammation-related diseases. It is expected that evidence regarding the clinical application of curcumin in lifestyle-related diseases associated with chronic inflammation will accumulate over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Funamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto, Japan
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200
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Ilesanmi-Oyelere BL, Schollum L, Kuhn-Sherlock B, McConnell M, Mros S, Coad J, Roy NC, Kruger MC. Inflammatory markers and bone health in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional overview. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 31333751 PMCID: PMC6621960 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-019-0155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytokines, chemokines, C-reactive proteins (CRP) and ferritin are known inflammatory markers. However, cytokines such as interleukin (IL-1β), (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) have been reported to interfere with both the bone resorption and bone formation processes. Similarly, immune cell cytokines are known to contribute to inflammation of the adipose tissue especially with obesity. IL-10 but not IL-33 has been linked to lower ferritin levels and anemia. In this study, we hypothesized that specific cytokine levels in the plasma of women with low bone mineral density (BMD) would be higher than those in the plasma of healthy women due to the actions of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inducing osteoclast formation and differentiation during senescence. Results Levels of cytokines (IFNα2, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-33) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly higher in the plasma of the osteoporotic group compared to the osteopenic and/or healthy groups. Meanwhile CRP levels were significantly lower in women with osteoporosis (P = 0.040) than the osteopenic and healthy groups. Hip BMD values were significantly lower in women with high/detectable values of IL-1β (P = 0.020) and IL-6 (P = 0.030) compared to women where these were not detected. Similarly, women with high/detectable values of IL-1β had significantly lower spine BMD than those where IL-1β was not detected (P = 0.030). Participants’ CRP levels were significantly positively correlated with BMI, fat mass and fat percentage (P < 0.001). In addition, ferritin levels of women with high/detectable values of anti-osteoclastogenic IL-10 (P = 0.012) and IL-33 (P = 0.017) were significantly lower than those where these were not detected. There was no statistically significant association between TNF-α and BMD of the hip and lumbar spine. Conclusions High levels of cytokines (IFNα2, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-33) and MCP-1 in apparently healthy postmenopausal women are associated with bone health issues. In addition, an increase in levels of IL-10 and IL-33 may be associated with low ferritin levels in this age group. Trial registration ANZCTR, ACTRN12617000802303. Registered May 31st, 2017, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=373020
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolaji Lilian Ilesanmi-Oyelere
- 1Department of Nutritional Science, School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,2Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,3Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Linda Schollum
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, 4472 New Zealand
| | | | - Michelle McConnell
- 6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Sonya Mros
- 6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Jane Coad
- 1Department of Nutritional Science, School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- 2Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,3Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marlena Cathorina Kruger
- 1Department of Nutritional Science, School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,2Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,8School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
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