151
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Holt CB, Hoffmann-Petersen IT, Hansen TK, Parving HH, Thiel S, Hovind P, Tarnow L, Rossing P, Østergaard JA. Association between severe diabetic retinopathy and lectin pathway proteins - an 18-year follow-up study with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes patients. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151939. [PMID: 32381273 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C B Holt
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | - T K Hansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H-H Parving
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P Hovind
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - L Tarnow
- Steno Diabetes Center, Sjaelland, Denmark
| | - P Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J A Østergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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152
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Pedersen H, Jensen RK, Hansen AG, Gadeberg TAF, Thiel S, Laursen NS, Andersen GR. A C3-specific nanobody that blocks all three activation pathways in the human and murine complement system. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8746-8758. [PMID: 32376685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a tightly controlled proteolytic cascade in the innate immune system, which tags intruding pathogens and dying host cells for clearance. An essential protein in this process is complement component C3. Uncontrolled complement activation has been implicated in several human diseases and disorders and has spurred the development of therapeutic approaches that modulate the complement system. Here, using purified proteins and several biochemical assays and surface plasmon resonance, we report that our nanobody, hC3Nb2, inhibits C3 deposition by all complement pathways. We observe that the hC3Nb2 nanobody binds human native C3 and its degradation products with low nanomolar affinity and does not interfere with the endogenous regulation of C3b deposition mediated by Factors H and I. Using negative stain EM analysis and functional assays, we demonstrate that hC3Nb2 inhibits the substrate-convertase interaction by binding to the MG3 and MG4 domains of C3 and C3b. Furthermore, we notice that hC3Nb2 is cross-reactive and inhibits the lectin and alternative pathway in murine serum. We conclude that hC3Nb2 is a potent, general, and versatile inhibitor of the human and murine complement cascades. Its cross-reactivity suggests that this nanobody may be valuable for analysis of complement activation within animal models of both acute and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Trine A F Gadeberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nick S Laursen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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153
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Sharma M, Vignesh P, Tiewsoh K, Rawat A. Revisiting the complement system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:397-408. [PMID: 32228236 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1745063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-system autoimmune disease, characterized by the production of autoantibodies. Numerous mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis and autoimmunity in SLE. One of the most important mechanisms is the defective function of the early complement components that are involved in clearing the immune-complexes and apoptotic debris. Major evidence supporting this hypothesis is the development of severe lupus in individuals with monogenic defects in any one of the early complement components such as C1q, C1 s, C1 r, C2, or C4.Areas covered: In this review, we discuss hereditary defects in classical complement components and their clinical manifestations, acquired defects of complements in lupus, the role of complements in the pathogenesis of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and lupus nephritis, and laboratory assessment of complement components and their functions. Articles from the last 20 years were retrieved from PubMed for this purpose.Expert opinion: Complements have a dual role in the pathogenesis of SLE. On one hand, deficiency of complement components predisposes to lupus, while, on the other, excess complement activation plays a role in the organ damage. Understanding the intricacies of the role of complements in SLE can pave way for the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhubala Sharma
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Karalanglin Tiewsoh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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154
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Viret C, Rozières A, Duclaux-Loras R, Boschetti G, Nancey S, Faure M. Regulation of anti-microbial autophagy by factors of the complement system. MICROBIAL CELL 2020; 7:93-105. [PMID: 32274388 PMCID: PMC7136756 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.04.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a major component of innate immunity that participates in the defense of the host against a myriad of pathogenic microorganisms. Activation of complement allows for both local inflammatory response and physical elimination of microbes through phagocytosis or lysis. The system is highly efficient and is therefore finely regulated. In addition to these well-established properties, recent works have revealed that components of the complement system can be involved in a variety of other functions including in autophagy, the conserved mechanism that allows for the targeting and degradation of cytosolic materials by the lysosomal pathway after confining them into specialized organelles called autophagosomes. Besides impacting cell death, development or metabolism, the complement factors-autophagy connection can greatly modulate the cell autonomous, anti-microbial activity of autophagy: xenophagy. Both surface receptor-ligand interactions and intracellular interactions are involved in the modulation of the autophagic response to intracellular microbes by complement factors. Here, we review works that relate to the recently discovered connections between factors of the complement system and the functioning of autophagy in the context of host-pathogen relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Aurore Rozières
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Rémi Duclaux-Loras
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Boschetti
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Nancey
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
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155
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A Factor I-Like Activity Associated with Chikungunya Virus Contributes to Its Resistance to the Human Complement System. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02062-19. [PMID: 31941783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02062-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging pathogen capable of causing explosive outbreaks. Prior studies showed that exacerbation in arthritogenic alphavirus-induced pathogenesis is attributed to its interaction with multiple immune components, including the complement system. Viremia concomitant to CHIKV infection makes exposure of the virus to complement unavoidable, yet very little is known about CHIKV-complement interactions. Here, we show that CHIKV activated serum complement to modest levels in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, but the virus effectively resisted complement-mediated neutralization. Heat-inactivated serum from seropositive donors could actively neutralize CHIKV due to the presence of potent anti-CHIKV antibodies. Deposition of key complement components C3 and C4 did not alter the resistance of CHIKV to complement. Further, we identified a factor I-like activity in CHIKV that limited complement by inactivating C3b into inactive C3b (iC3b), the complement component known to significantly contribute to disease severity in vivo, but this activity had no effect on C4b. Inactivation of C3b by CHIKV was largely dependent on the concentration of the soluble host cofactor factor H and the virus concentration. A factor I function-blocking antibody had only a negligible effect on the factor I-like activity associated with CHIKV, suggesting that this activity is independent of host factor I and could be of viral origin. Thus, our findings suggest a complement modulatory action of CHIKV which not only helps the virus to evade human complement but may also have implications in alphavirus-induced arthritogenic symptoms.IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus is a vector-borne pathogen of global significance. The morbidity associated with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, neurovirulence and adaptability to Aedes albopictus, necessitates a deeper understanding of the interaction of CHIKV with the host immune system. Here, we demonstrate that CHIKV is resistant to neutralization by one of the potent barriers of the innate immune arm, the complement system. Chikungunya virus showed marked resistance to complement despite activation and deposition of complement proteins. Interestingly the C3 component associated with the virion was found to be inactive C3b (iC3b), a key factor implicated in the pathogenesis and disease severity in the mouse model of Ross River virus infection. CHIKV also had an associated unique factor I-like activity that mediated the inactivation of C3b into iC3b. We have unraveled a smart strategy adopted by CHIKV to limit complement which has serious implications in viral dissemination, pathogenesis, and disease.
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156
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Lo MW, Woodruff TM. Complement: Bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems in sterile inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:339-351. [PMID: 32182389 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0220-270r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a collection of soluble and membrane-bound proteins that together act as a powerful amplifier of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Although its role in infection is well established, complement is becoming increasingly recognized as a key contributor to sterile inflammation, a chronic inflammatory process often associated with noncommunicable diseases. In this context, damaged tissues release danger signals and trigger complement, which acts on a range of leukocytes to augment and bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. Given the detrimental effect of chronic inflammation, the complement system is therefore well placed as an anti-inflammatory drug target. In this review, we provide a general outline of the sterile activators, effectors, and targets of the complement system and a series of examples (i.e., hypertension, cancer, allograft transplant rejection, and neuroinflammation) that highlight complement's ability to bridge the 2 arms of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Lo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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157
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Carlisi M, Mancuso S, Caimi G, Siragusa S. Thrombotic risk in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria-like (PNH-like) phenotype. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 79:491-503. [PMID: 32116238 DOI: 10.3233/ch-190735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an essential component of the innate immune defence that, if overly activated, may damage organs and tissues. For this reason, there is a fine complement regulatory system. The complement modulation system includes two proteins with important regulatory activity, CD55 or decay accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59 or membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL).The paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal and non-neoplastic disease characterized by intravascular haemolysis, occurrence of thrombosis and bone marrow failure.In clinical practice, in opposition to PNH, a variety of pathological conditions have been observed with an acquired and non-genetic deficiency of the regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59. This abnormal, non-clonal, reduced expression of complement regulatory proteins configures what we may define as PNH-like phenotype.Similarly to PNH, even in the PNH-like phenotype diseases there has been a greater exposure to the mediated complement cellular lysis and, a likely increased risk of thromboembolic events.Therefore, the knowledge of the potential roles of the complement system becomes necessary for a deeper understanding of several pathological conditions and for an improved clinical management of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Carlisi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatrice Mancuso
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gregorio Caimi
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Siragusa
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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158
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Magdalon J, Mansur F, Teles E Silva AL, de Goes VA, Reiner O, Sertié AL. Complement System in Brain Architecture and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:23. [PMID: 32116493 PMCID: PMC7015047 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that certain immune molecules such as components of the complement system are directly involved in neurobiological processes related to brain development, including neurogenesis, neuronal migration, synaptic remodeling, and response to prenatal or early postnatal brain insults. Consequently, complement system dysfunction has been increasingly implicated in disorders of neurodevelopmental origin, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Rett syndrome. However, the mechanistic evidence for a causal relationship between impaired complement regulation and these disorders varies depending on the disease involved. Also, it is still unclear to what extent altered complement expression plays a role in these disorders through inflammation-independent or -dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, pathogenic mutations in specific complement components have been implicated in the etiology of 3MC syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive developmental disorder. The aims of this review are to discuss the current knowledge on the roles of the complement system in sculpting brain architecture and function during normal development as well as after specific inflammatory insults, such as maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy, and to evaluate the existing evidence associating aberrant complement with developmental brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Magdalon
- Center for Experimental Research, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Mansur
- Center for Experimental Research, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Teles E Silva
- Center for Experimental Research, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Abreu de Goes
- Center for Experimental Research, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andréa Laurato Sertié
- Center for Experimental Research, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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159
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Su JB, Wu YY, Xu F, Wang X, Cai HL, Zhao LH, Zhang XL, Chen T, Huang HY, Wang XQ. Serum complement C3 and islet β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 4.6-year prospective follow-up study. Endocrine 2020; 67:321-330. [PMID: 31786774 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Serum complement C3 has been shown to contribute to the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but how serum complement C3 affects islet β-cell function throughout the course of T2D is unclear. This study explored whether serum complement C3 is independently associated with changes in islet β-cell function over time in patients with T2D. METHODS Serum complement C3 was measured, and endogenous β-cell function was evaluated by area under the C-peptide curve (AUCcp) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 411 patients with T2D at baseline from 2011 to 2015. Next, 347 of those patients with available data were pooled for a final follow-up analysis from 2014 to 2018. Changes in islet β-cell function at follow-up were evaluated by AUCcp percentage changes (ΔAUCcp%). In addition, other possible clinical risks for diabetes were also examined. RESULTS The 347 patients included in the analysis had a diabetes duration of 4.84 ± 3.63 years at baseline. Baseline serum complement C3 (baseline C3) levels were positively correlated with baseline natural logarithm of AUCcp (lnAUCcp) (n = 347, r = 0.288, p < 0.001), and baseline C3 was independently associated with baseline lnAUCcp (β = 0.17, t = 3.52, p < 0.001) after adjustment for baseline glycemic status and other clinical confounders by multivariate liner regression analysis. Compared with the baseline values, complement C3 changes (ΔC3) and ΔAUCcp% was -0.15 ± 0.28 mg/ml and -17.2 ± 18.4%, respectively, at a follow-up visit 4.57 ± 0.78 years later. Moreover, ΔC3 was positively correlated with ΔAUCcp% (n = 347, r = 0.302, p < 0.001). Furthermore, each 0.1 mg/ml increase in ΔC3 was associated with a higher ΔAUCcp% (1.41% [95% CI, 0.82-2.00%]) after adjusting for changes in glycemic status and other clinical confounders at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS In addition to serum complement C3 being independently associated with islet β-cell function at baseline, its changes were also independently associated with changes in islet β-cell function over time in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bin Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Yun-Yu Wu
- Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hong-Li Cai
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6 North Haierxiang Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiu-Lin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hai-Yan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xue-Qin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
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160
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Yan F, Zhou E, Liu S, Gao A, Kong L, Li B, Tu X, Guo Z, Mo J, Chen M, Ye J. Complement C1q subunit molecules from Xenopus laevis possess conserved function in C1q-immunoglobulin interaction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103532. [PMID: 31678076 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Complement component 1q (C1q), together with C1r and C1s to form C1, recognize and bind immune complex to initiate the classical complement pathway. In this study, C1q subunit molecules (XlC1qA, XlC1qB, XlC1qC) were cloned and analyzed from Xenopus laevis (X. laevis). The open reading frame (ORF) of XlC1qA is 819 bp of nucleotide sequence encoding 272 amino acids, the ORF of XlC1qB is 711 bp encoding 236 aa, and the XlC1qC is consists of 732 bp encoding 243 aa. The deduced amino acid sequences contain a collagen-like region (CLR), Gly-X-Y repeats in the N-terminus and a C1q family domain at the C-terminus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the XlC1qs are clustered with the amphibian clade. Expression analysis indicated that the XlC1qs exhibited constitutive expression in all examined tissues, with the highest expression in liver. Additionally, XlC1q could interact with heat-aggregated mouse IgG and IgM, Xenopus IgM and Nile tilapia IgM, respectively, indicating the functional conservation of XlC1q binding to immunoglobulins. Further, XlC1qs can inhibit C1q-dependent hemolysis of sensitized sheep red blood cells with concentration-dependent manner. These data collectively suggest that the function of C1qs in X. laevis may be conserved in interaction with immunoglobulins, as that of mammals and teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yan
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Enxu Zhou
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Along Gao
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Linghe Kong
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Bingxi Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiao Tu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Mo
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Meng Chen
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China.
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161
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Lackner I, Weber B, Baur M, Fois G, Gebhard F, Pfeifer R, Cinelli P, Halvachizadeh S, Lipiski M, Cesarovic N, Schrezenmeier H, Huber-Lang M, Pape HC, Kalbitz M. Complement Activation and Organ Damage After Trauma-Differential Immune Response Based on Surgical Treatment Strategy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:64. [PMID: 32117238 PMCID: PMC7025487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The complement system is part of the innate immunity, is activated immediately after trauma and is associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury, multiple organ failure, and with death of multiply injured patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the complement activation in multiply injured pigs as well as its effects on the heart in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the impact of reamed vs. non-reamed intramedullary nailing was examined with regard to the complement activation after multiple trauma in pigs. Materials and Methods: Male pigs received multiple trauma, followed by femoral nailing with/without prior conventional reaming. Systemic complement hemolytic activity (CH-50 and AH-50) as well as the local cardiac expression of C3a receptor, C5a receptors1/2, and the deposition of the fragments C3b/iC3b/C3c was determined in vivo after trauma. Human cardiomyocytes were exposed to C3a or C5a and analyzed regarding calcium signaling and mitochondrial respiration. Results: Systemic complement activation increased within 6 h after trauma and was mediated via the classical and the alternative pathway. Furthermore, complement activation correlated with invasiveness of fracture treatment. The expression of receptors for complement activation were altered locally in vivo in left ventricles. C3a and C5a acted detrimentally on human cardiomyocytes by affecting their functionality and their mitochondrial respiration in vitro. Conclusion: After multiple trauma, an early activation of the complement system is triggered, affecting the heart in vivo as well as in vitro, leading to complement-induced cardiac dysfunction. The intensity of complement activation after multiple trauma might correlate with the invasiveness of fracture treatment. Reaming of the femoral canal might contribute to an enhanced “second hit” response after trauma. Consequently, the choice of fracture treatment might imply the clinical outcome of the critically injured patients and might be therefore crucial for their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Lackner
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birte Weber
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Meike Baur
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giorgio Fois
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gebhard
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roman Pfeifer
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Miriam Lipiski
- Department of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Department of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm and Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute for Clinical- and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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162
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Acharya D, Li XRL, Heineman RES, Harrison RE. Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis Induces Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Murine Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3049. [PMID: 31993058 PMCID: PMC6970972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are professional phagocytes that are uniquely situated between the innate and adaptive arms of immunity with a high capacity for phagocytosis and proinflammatory cytokine production as well as antigen presentation. Phagocytosis is a critical process to eliminate microbes, apoptotic cells and other foreign particles and is accelerated by host-generated opsonins, such as antibodies and complement. Early phagocytosis studies established the paradigm that FcγR-mediated phagocytosis was more proinflammatory than Complement Receptor (CR)-mediated uptake in macrophages. Using qPCR, cytokine antibody arrays and ELISA, we revisited this research question in primary macrophages. Using qPCR we determined that CR-mediated phagocytosis increases levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP-9, compared to FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and control unstimulated cells. We confirmed these findings at the protein level using cytokine antibody arrays and ELISAs. We next investigated the mechanism behind upregulated cytokine production during CR-mediated phagocytosis. IκBα protein levels were reduced after phagocytosis of both IgG- and C3bi-sRBCs indicating proteolytic degradation and implicating NF-κB activation. Inhibition of NF-κB activation impacted IL-6 production during phagocytosis in macrophages. Due to the roles of calpain in IκBα and integrin degradation, we hypothesized that CR-mediated phagocytosis may utilize calpain for proinflammatory mediator enhancement. Using qPCR and cytokine antibody array analysis, we saw significant reduction of cytokine expression during CR-mediated phagocytosis following the addition of the calpain inhibitor, PD150606, compared to untreated cells. These results suggest that the upregulation of proinflammatory mediators during CR-mediated phagocytosis is potentially dependent upon calpain-mediated activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Acharya
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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164
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The Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharide in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Physiology. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010006. [PMID: 31861540 PMCID: PMC7168646 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The major constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is comprised of lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O antigen, which is a long polysaccharide chain extending into the extracellular environment. Due to the localization of LPS, it is a key molecule on the bacterial cell wall that is recognized by the host to deploy an immune defence in order to neutralize invading pathogens. However, LPS also promotes bacterial survival in a host environment by protecting the bacteria from these threats. This review explores the relationship between the different LPS glycoforms of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the ability of this organism to cause persistent infections, especially in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis. We also discuss the role of LPS in facilitating biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and how LPS may be targeted by new antimicrobial therapies.
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165
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Platt JL, Cascalho M, Piedrahita JA. Xenotransplantation: Progress Along Paths Uncertain from Models to Application. ILAR J 2019; 59:286-308. [PMID: 30541147 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, transplantation of tissues and organs from animals into man, xenotransplantation, has been viewed as a potential way to treat disease. Ironically, interest in xenotransplantation was fueled especially by successful application of allotransplantation, that is, transplantation of human tissue and organs, as a treatment for a variety of diseases, especially organ failure because scarcity of human tissues limited allotransplantation to a fraction of those who could benefit. In principle, use of animals such as pigs as a source of transplants would allow transplantation to exert a vastly greater impact than allotransplantation on medicine and public health. However, biological barriers to xenotransplantation, including immunity of the recipient, incompatibility of biological systems, and transmission of novel infectious agents, are believed to exceed the barriers to allotransplantation and presently to hinder clinical applications. One way potentially to address the barriers to xenotransplantation is by genetic engineering animal sources. The last 2 decades have brought progressive advances in approaches that can be applied to genetic modification of large animals. Application of these approaches to genetic engineering of pigs has contributed to dramatic improvement in the outcome of experimental xenografts in nonhuman primates and have encouraged the development of a new type of xenograft, a reverse xenograft, in which human stem cells are introduced into pigs under conditions that support differentiation and expansion into functional tissues and potentially organs. These advances make it appropriate to consider the potential limitation of genetic engineering and of current models for advancing the clinical applications of xenotransplantation and reverse xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Surgery, Microbiology & Immunology, and Transplantation Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Surgery, Microbiology & Immunology, and Transplantation Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jorge A Piedrahita
- Translational Medicine and The Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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166
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Moreno-Torres A, Malvido-Jiménez IR, de la Peña-Moctezuma A, Castillo Sánchez LO, Fraga TR, Barbosa AS, Isaac L, Sahagún-Ruiz A. Culture-attenuated pathogenic Leptospira lose the ability to survive to complement-mediated-killing due to lower expression of factor H binding proteins. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:377-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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167
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Silberreis K, Niesler N, Rades N, Haag R, Dernedde J. Sulfated Dendritic Polyglycerol Is a Potent Complement Inhibitor. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3809-3818. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Silberreis
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, CVK Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Niesler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, CVK Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Rades
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, CVK Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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168
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Pedersen DV, Gadeberg TAF, Thomas C, Wang Y, Joram N, Jensen RK, Mazarakis SMM, Revel M, El Sissy C, Petersen SV, Lindorff-Larsen K, Thiel S, Laursen NS, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Andersen GR. Structural Basis for Properdin Oligomerization and Convertase Stimulation in the Human Complement System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2007. [PMID: 31507604 PMCID: PMC6713926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Properdin (FP) is a positive regulator of the immune system stimulating the activity of the proteolytically active C3 convertase C3bBb in the alternative pathway of the complement system. Here we present two crystal structures of FP and two structures of convertase bound FP. A structural core formed by three thrombospondin repeats (TSRs) and a TB domain harbors the convertase binding site in FP that mainly interacts with C3b. Stabilization of the interaction between the C3b C-terminus and the MIDAS bound Mg2+ in the Bb protease by FP TSR5 is proposed to underlie FP convertase stabilization. Intermolecular contacts between FP and the convertase subunits suggested by the structure were confirmed by binding experiments. FP is shown to inhibit C3b degradation by FI due to a direct competition for a common binding site on C3b. FP oligomers are held together by two sets of intermolecular contacts, where the first is formed by the TB domain from one FP molecule and TSR4 from another. The second and largest interface is formed by TSR1 and TSR6 from the same two FP molecules. Flexibility at four hinges between thrombospondin repeats is suggested to enable the oligomeric, polydisperse, and extended architecture of FP. Our structures rationalize the effects of mutations associated with FP deficiencies and provide a structural basis for the analysis of FP function in convertases and its possible role in pattern recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis V. Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine A. F. Gadeberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Caroline Thomas
- Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Mère Enfant, Nantes, France
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Joram
- Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Rasmus K. Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sofia M. M. Mazarakis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Margot Revel
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Carine El Sissy
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | | | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nick S. Laursen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Véronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Gregers R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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169
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Jørgensen CM, Jensen L, Christiansen M, Bjerre M, Jensen JMB, Thiel S. Pattern Recognition Molecules of the Lectin Pathway-Screening of Patients with Suspected Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:668-677. [PMID: 31377972 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare plasma concentrations of all lectin pathway (LP) pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) in patients referred for laboratory evaluation due to recurrent infections with healthy individuals. METHODS Patients were divided into categories according to referral: recurrent airway infections (RAI), recurrent abscesses, common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), lung transplantation candidates (LTX), and 'other causes'. LP PRMs (mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectin liver 1 (CL-L1), H-ficolin, L-ficolin, M-ficolin) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined in 332 patients and 150 healthy blood donors using time-resolved immunofluorometric assays. RESULTS None of the LP PRMs was found in lower concentration in the patient categories; however, several PRMs were detected in higher concentrations. M-ficolin was found in higher concentrations in all patient categories. Patients suffering from RAI had higher concentrations of CL-L1 and H-ficolin. Patients suffering from abscesses exhibited higher concentrations of MBL and CL-L1, whereas LTX had higher concentrations of MBL. Patients with other causes of referral had higher concentrations of MBL and CL-L1. Prevalence of combined deficiencies of PRMs in patient categories and controls did not differ. CRP was used as a marker of ongoing inflammation and was significantly higher among all patient categories. Furthermore, CRP was found to correlate with both M-ficolin and L-ficolin. CONCLUSION The results suggest that neither single nor combined deficiencies of LP PRMs are more frequent among patients referred for an immunological evaluation than in healthy individuals. Future studies are needed and should focus on deficiencies of LP PRMs combined with deficiencies in other parts of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mistegård Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Lisbeth Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine - Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Department of Clinical Medicine - Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Magnus Bernth Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine - Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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170
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Gorbushin AM. Derivatives of the lectin complement pathway in Lophotrochozoa. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:35-58. [PMID: 30682446 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of non-overlapping immune molecular mechanisms in metazoans is the most puzzling issue in comparative immunobiology. No valid evolutionary retrospective on these mechanisms has been developed. In this study, we aimed to reveal the origin and evolution of the immune complement-like system in Lophotrochozoa. For this, we analyzed publicly available transcriptomes of prebilaterian and lophotrochozoan species, mapping lineage-specific molecular events on the phylogenetic tree. We found that there were no orthologs of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins (FCN) in Lophotrochozoa but C1q-like proteins (C1qL), bearing both a collagen domain and a globular C1q domain, were omnipresent in them. This suggests that among all complement-like activators the C1qL-specific domain architecture was an evolutionarily first. Two novel protostomian MASP-Related Molecules, MReM1 and MReM2, might hypothetically compensate for the loss of a prebilaterian MASP-orthologous gene and act in complex with C1qL and C1qDC as a "proto-activator" of an ancient "proto-complement". We proposed a new model of the complement evolution predicting that numerous lineage-specific complement-like systems should have evolved from a stem "antique" molecular complex. First evolved in the common ancestor of coelomic animals, the "antique" humoral complex consisted of a TEP molecule, the common ancestor of TEP-associated proteases (C2/Bf/Сf/Lf), the common ancestor of MASP-like proteases (MASP/C1r/C1s, MReM1/MReM2) and multimeric recognition proteins (C1q-, MBL- and FCN-homologs). Further evolutionary specialization and expansion of the complex was independent and lineage-specific, examples being the mammalian complement system and the Apogastropoda complement-like complex. The latter includes an impressive array of multimeric recognition proteins, the variable immunoglobulin and lectin domain containing molecules (VIgL), homologous to C1q, MBL, FCN and other lectins. Four novel polymorphic subfamilies of VIgLs were found to be expressed in Apogastropoda: C1q-related proteins (QREP), zona pellucida-related proteins (ZREP), Scavenger Receptor Cys-Rich-related proteins (SREP) and HPA-lectin related proteins (HREP). The transcriptional response of fibrinogen-related proteins of VIgL family (LlFREP), LlQREP and LlSREP to infestation of common periwinkle, Littorina littorea, with digenean parasite Himasthla elongata correlates with that of LlMReM1, supporting the model suggested in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gorbushin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (IEPhB RAS), Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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171
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Post-transplant Alternative Complement Pathway Activation Influences Kidney Allograft Function. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2019; 67:171-177. [PMID: 31028405 PMCID: PMC6509066 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is one of the crucial pathophysiological mechanisms that directly influence the function of a transplanted kidney. Since the complement pathways’ activation potential can be easily determined via their functional activity measurement, we focused on fluctuation in the cascade activity in the early post-transplant period. The aim of the study was to relate the kidney transplantation-induced complement system response to allograft outcome. Forty-two kidney recipients (aged: 53.5 [37–52], 17 females/25 males) and 24 healthy controls (aged: 40.5 [34–51], 13 females/11 males) were enrolled in the study. The functional activities of alternative, classical, and lectin pathways were determined before and in the first week after transplantation using Wielisa®-kit. We observed that the baseline functional activity of the alternative pathway (AP) was higher in chronic kidney disease patients awaiting transplantation compared to healthy controls and that its level depended on the type of dialysis. AP-functional activity was decreased following transplantation procedure and its post-transplant level was related to allograft function. The baseline and transplantation-induced functional activities of the classical and lectin pathways were not influenced by dialysis type and were not associated with transplant outcome. Moreover, our study showed that intraoperative graft surface cooling had a protective effect on AP activation. Our study confirms the influence of dialysis modality on persistent AP complement activation and supports the role of AP in an early phase after kidney transplantation and allograft outcome.
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172
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Rizk DV, Maillard N, Julian BA, Knoppova B, Green TJ, Novak J, Wyatt RJ. The Emerging Role of Complement Proteins as a Target for Therapy of IgA Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:504. [PMID: 30941137 PMCID: PMC6433978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and a common cause of end-stage renal disease. Evaluation of a kidney biopsy is necessary for diagnosis, with routine immunofluorescence microscopy revealing dominant or co-dominant IgA immunodeposits usually with complement C3 and sometimes IgG and/or IgM. IgA nephropathy reduces life expectancy by more than 10 years and leads to kidney failure in 20–40% of patients within 20 years of diagnosis. There is accumulating clinical, genetic, and biochemical evidence that complement plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. The presence of C3 differentiates the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy from the subclinical deposition of glomerular IgA. Markers for the activation of the alternative and mannan-binding lectin (MBL) pathways in renal-biopsy specimens are associated with disease activity and portend a worse renal outcome. Complement proteins in the circulation have also been evaluated in IgA nephropathy and found to be of prognostic value. Recently, genetic studies have identified IgA nephropathy-associated loci. Within these loci are genes encoding products involved in complement regulation and interaction with immune complexes. Put together, these data identify the complement cascade as a rational treatment target for this chronic kidney disease. Recent case reports on the successful use of humanized anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab are consistent with this hypothesis, but a better understanding of the role of complement in IgA nephropathy is needed to guide future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana V Rizk
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Nicolas Maillard
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, CHU de Saint-Etienne, GIMAP, EA3064, Université Jean Monnet, COMUE Université de Lyon, Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Bruce A Julian
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Barbora Knoppova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Todd J Green
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert J Wyatt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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173
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Pedersen DV, Revel M, Gadeberg TAF, Andersen GR. Crystallization and X-ray analysis of monodisperse human properdin. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2019; 75:0. [PMID: 30713161 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18018150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 54 kDa protein properdin, also known as factor P (FP), plays a major role in the complement system through the stabilization of the alternative pathway convertases. FP circulates in the blood as cyclic dimers, trimers and tetramers, and this heterogeneity challenges detailed structural insight into the mechanism of convertase stabilization by FP. Here, the generation of an intact FP monomer and a variant monomer with the third thrombospondin repeat liberated is described. Both FP monomers were excised from recombinant full-length FP containing internal cleavage sites for TEV protease. These FP monomers could be crystallized, and complete data sets extending to 2.8 Å resolution for the intact FP monomer and to 3.5 Å resolution for the truncated variant were collected. The principle of specific monomer excision and domain removal by the insertion of a protease cleavage site may be broadly applicable to structural studies of oligomeric, flexible and modular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Vestergaard Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Margot Revel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine Amalie Fogh Gadeberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers Rom Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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174
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Abstract
In recent years, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have made impressive progress, providing great benefit by successfully treating malignant and chronic inflammatory diseases. Monoclonal antibodies with broadly neutralizing effects against specific antigens, or that target specific immune regulators, manifest therapeutic effects via their Fab fragment specificities. Subsequently therapeutic efficacy is mediated mostly by interactions of the Fc fragments of the antibodies with their receptors (FcR) displayed on cells of the immune system. These interactions can trigger a series of immunoregulatory responses, involving both innate and adaptive immune systems and including cross-presentation of antigens, activation of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells, phagocytosis, complement-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). The nature of the triggered effector functions of the antibodies is markedly affected by the glycosylation patterns of the Fc fragments. These can cause differences in the conformation of the heavy chains of antibodies, with resultant changes in antibody binding affinity and activation of the complement system. Studies of the Fc glycosylation profiles together with the associated Fc effector functions and FcR/CR interactions promoted interest and progress in engineering therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, because antigen–antibody immune complexes (ICs) have shown similar actions, in addition to certain novel immunoregulatory mechanisms that also reshape immune responses, the properties of ICs are being explored in new approaches for prevention and therapy of diseases. In this review, both basic studies and experimental/clinical applications of ICs leading to the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines are presented.
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175
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Huang WY, Wang YP, Mahmmod YS, Wang JJ, Liu TH, Zheng YX, Zhou X, Zhang XX, Yuan ZG. A Double-Edged Sword: Complement Component 3 in Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800271. [PMID: 30515942 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sprague Dawley rats and Kunming (KM) mice are artificially infected with type II Toxoplasma gondii strain Prugniaud (Pru) to generate toxoplasmosis, which is a fatal disease mediated by T. gondii invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by unknown mechanisms. The aim is to explore the mechanism of differential susceptibility of mice and rats to T. gondii infection. Therefore, a strategy of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) is established to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the rats' and the mice's brains compared to the healthy groups. In KM mice, which is susceptible to T. gondii infection, complement component 3 (C3) is upregulated and the tight junction (TJ) pathway shows a disorder. It is presumed that T. gondii-stimulated C3 disrupts the TJ of the blood-brain barrier in the CNS. This effect allows more T. gondii passing to the brain through the intercellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yi Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Pei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yasser S Mahmmod
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Tang-Hui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xiang Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Xiang Zhang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Guo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Sandgaard E, Troldborg A, Lauridsen SV, Gyldenholm T, Thiel S, Hvas AM. Changes in the Lectin Pathway Following Intracerebral or Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:78-87. [PMID: 29675579 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that the complement system is activated after occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The role of the lectin pathway (LP) of the complement system in this activation has only scarcely been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the plasma concentration of the LP proteins in patients with ICH or SAH at admission compared to healthy individuals. Secondly, ICH and SAH patients were followed during the initial 24 h of disease, to investigate changes in LP protein concentrations during the critical acute phase. This prospective, observational study included 30 ICH and 33 SAH patients. EDTA plasma samples were collected at admission, 6 and 24 h after symptom onset. Time-resolved immuno-flourometric assays (TRIFMA) were used to measure all proteins of the LP in patient samples and in samples from age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. Compared to healthy individuals, ICH and SAH patients had increased levels of H-ficolin (p = 0.04, p = 0.03), M-ficolin (both p < 0.0001), and MAp44 (both p = 0.01) at admission. M-ficolin, H-ficolin, CL-L1, MASP-1, MASP-3, and MAp44 decreased significantly in both ICH and SAH patients during the initial 24 h after symptom onset. In conclusion, we observed significant differences in lectin pathway protein concentrations between patients with ICH or SAH and healthy individuals. Significant dynamics in lectin pathway protein levels were demonstrated during the initial 24 h after symptom onset. This indicates a potential role of the LP proteins during the acute phase of SAH and ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sandgaard
- Centre for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - A Troldborg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S V Lauridsen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - T Gyldenholm
- Centre for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - S Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Centre for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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178
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Zhang R, Liu Q, Li T, Liao Q, Zhao Y. Role of the complement system in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:300. [PMID: 31787848 PMCID: PMC6858723 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has traditionally been considered a component of innate immunity against invading pathogens and "nonself" cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the immunoregulatory functions of complement activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME plays crucial roles in tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis and recurrence. Imbalanced complement activation and the deposition of complement proteins have been demonstrated in many types of tumors. Plasma proteins, receptors, and regulators of complement activation regulate several biological functions of stromal cells in the TME and promote the malignant biological properties of tumors. Interactions between the complement system and cancer cells contribute to the proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion of tumor cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances related to the function of the complement system in the TME and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting complement-mediated immunoregulation in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Zhang
- 0000 0001 0662 3178grid.12527.33Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- 0000 0001 0662 3178grid.12527.33Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Tong Li
- 0000 0001 0662 3178grid.12527.33Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Quan Liao
- 0000 0001 0662 3178grid.12527.33Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- 0000 0001 0662 3178grid.12527.33Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
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179
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Zou Y, Gong P, Zhao W, Zhang J, Wu X, Xin C, Xiong Z, Li Z, Wu X, Wan Q, Li X, Chen J. Quantitative iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of piperine protected cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain. Neurochem Int 2018; 124:51-61. [PMID: 30579855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Piperine is the key bioactive factor in black pepper, and has been reported to alleviate cerebral ischemic injury. However, the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects following cerebral ischemia remain unclear. In this study, rats were administered vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) or piperine, 20 mg/kg, daily for 14 days before focal cerebral artery occlusion. After occlusion for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Histological examinations were used to assess whether piperine has a neuroprotective effect in the rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The levels of proteins in the ischemic penumbra were evaluated by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based proteomics. A total of 3687 proteins were identified, including 23 proteins that were highly significantly differentially expressed between the control and piperine groups. The proteomic findings were verified by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Interestingly, piperine administration downregulated a number of critical factors in the complement and coagulation cascades, including complement component 3, fibrinogen gamma chain, alpha-2-macroglobulin, and serpin family A member 1. Collectively, our findings suggest that the neuroprotective effects of piperine following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury are related to the regulation of the complement and coagulation cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Pian Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Can Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Zhongwei Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Queensland Brain Institute of the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jincao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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180
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Dobrovolskaia M, Neun BW, Szénási G, Szebeni J. Plasma samples from mouse strains and humans demonstrate different susceptibilities to complement activation. PRECISION NANOMEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.33218/prnano1(3).181029.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation can be evaluated in vitro using plasma or serum from animals and human donors, and in vivo using animal models. Despite many years of research, there is no harmonized approach for the selection of matrix and animal models. Herein, we present an in vitro study investigating intra- and inter-species variability in the complement activation. We used the liposomal formulation of amphotericin, Ambisome, as a model particle to assess the magnitude of the complement activation in plasma derived from various mouse strains and individual human donors. We demonstrated that mouse strains differ in the magnitude of the complement activation by liposomes and cobra venom factor (CVF) in vitro. Inter-individual variability in complement activation by Ambisome and CVF was also observed when plasma from individual human donors was analyzed. Such variability in both mouse and human plasma could not be explained by the levels of complement regulatory factors H and I. Moreover, even though mouse plasma was less sensitive to the complement activation by CVF than human plasma, it was equally sensitive to the activation by Ambisome. Our study demonstrates the importance of mouse strain selection for in vitro complement activation analysis. It also shows that traditional positive controls (e.g., CVF) are not predictive of the degree of complement activation by nanomedicines. The study also suggests that besides complement inhibitory factors, other elements contribute to the inter- and intra-species variability in complement activation by nanomedicines.
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181
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Krilis M, Qi M, Qi J, Wong JWH, Guymer R, Liew G, Hunyor AP, Madigan M, McCluskey P, Weaver J, Krilis SA, Giannakopoulos B. Dual roles of different redox forms of complement factor H in protecting against age related macular degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:237-246. [PMID: 30253188 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complement Factor H (CFH) is an important inhibitor of the alternate complement pathway in Bruch's membrane (BM), located between the choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium. Furthermore dysfunction of its activity as occurs with certain polymorphisms is associated with an increased risk of age related macular degeneration (AMD). The retina is a site of high generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dysfunction of redox homeostasis in this milieu also contributes to AMD pathogenesis. In this study we wanted to explore if CFH exists in distinct redox forms and whether these species have unique protective biological functions. CFH can be reduced by the naturally occurring thioredoxin - 1 in CFH domains 1-4, 17-20. We found a duality of function between the oxidised and reduced forms of CFH. The oxidised form was more efficient in binding to C3b and lipid peroxidation by-products that are known to accumulate in the retinae and activate the alternate complement pathway. Oxidised CFH enhances Factor I mediated cleavage of C3 and C3b whereas the reduced form loses this activity. In the setting of oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide)-mediated death of human retinal pigment epithelial cells as can occur in AMD, the free thiol form of CFH offers a protective function compared to the oxidised form. We found for the first time using a novel ELISA system we have developed for free thiol CFH, that both redox forms of CFH are found in the human plasma. Furthermore there is a distinct ratio of these redox forms in plasma depending if an individual has early or late AMD, with individuals with early AMD having higher levels of the free thiol form compared to late AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Krilis
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney and Sydney Eye Hospital, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miao Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health St George Hospital 2, South Street, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jian Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health St George Hospital 2, South Street, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason W H Wong
- Prince of Wales Clinical School and Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerald Liew
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alex P Hunyor
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney and Sydney Eye Hospital, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney and Sydney Eye Hospital, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Visual Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter McCluskey
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney and Sydney Eye Hospital, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Weaver
- Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven A Krilis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health St George Hospital 2, South Street, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bill Giannakopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health St George Hospital 2, South Street, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, St George Hospital, Belgrave Street, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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182
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Mödinger Y, Teixeira GQ, Neidlinger-Wilke C, Ignatius A. Role of the Complement System in the Response to Orthopedic Biomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113367. [PMID: 30373272 PMCID: PMC6274916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Various synthetic biomaterials are used to replace lost or damaged bone tissue that, more or less successfully, osseointegrate into the bone environment. Almost all biomaterials used in orthopedic medicine activate the host-immune system to a certain degree. The complement system, which is a crucial arm of innate immunity, is rapidly activated by an implanted foreign material into the human body, and it is intensely studied regarding blood-contacting medical devices. In contrast, much less is known regarding the role of the complement system in response to implanted bone biomaterials. However, given the increasing knowledge of the complement regulation of bone homeostasis, regeneration, and inflammation, complement involvement in the immune response following biomaterial implantation into bone appears very likely. Moreover, bone cells can produce complement factors and are target cells of activated complement. Therefore, new bone formation or bone resorption around the implant area might be greatly influenced by the complement system. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on biomaterial-mediated complement activation, with a focus on materials primarily used in orthopedic medicine. In addition, methods to modify the interactions between the complement system and bone biomaterials are discussed, which might favor osseointegration and improve the functionality of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Mödinger
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre for Trauma Research Ulm (ZTF Ulm), University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Graciosa Q Teixeira
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre for Trauma Research Ulm (ZTF Ulm), University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Cornelia Neidlinger-Wilke
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre for Trauma Research Ulm (ZTF Ulm), University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre for Trauma Research Ulm (ZTF Ulm), University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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183
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Wang B, Xu H, Li J, Gao HM, Xing YH, Lin Z, Li HJ, Wang YQ, Cao SH. Complement depletion with cobra venom factor alleviates acute hepatic injury induced by ischemia‑reperfusion. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4523-4529. [PMID: 30221740 PMCID: PMC6172365 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that complement activation is required for ischemia‑reperfusion injury (IRI)‑induced hepatic damage, and cobra venom factor (CVF) can deplete the complement components. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect and intrinsic mechanism of CVF pretreatment on IRI‑induced acute hepatic injury in rats. Acute hepatic injury in rats was induced by bone fracture to simulate trauma, followed by hemorrhage for 90 min, and then the rats were resuscitated for a period of 20 min of reperfusion. The survival times under different CVF treatment doses and schedules for rats with IRI were evaluated. Hepatic tissues and serum samples were analyzed for acute hepatic injury, complement activation, inflammatory mediator release and apoptosis at predetermined times and compared between the IRI group and the CVF pretreatment + IRI groups. Compared to the rats with IRI alone, the survival times were significantly improved among rats with IRI receiving a high‑dose or low‑dose CVF pretreatment (all P<0.01). Upon histological examination, severe hepatic damage was observed in the rats with IRI, accompanied by liver function deterioration, complement and membrane attack complex activation, inflammatory mediator release and hepatic cell apoptosis. CVF pretreatment significantly attenuated the hepatic injury through depletion of anaphylatoxic C5a and membrane attack complex C5b‑9 activation, and subsequent inhibition of inflammatory mediator release and hepatic cell apoptosis (all P<0.05). The results indicated that CVF pretreatment ameliorates IRI‑induced acute hepatic injury. However, further studies are required to determine whether this therapy could be a potential agent for the treatment of IRI injuries in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Gao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hong Xing
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Lin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Jie Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Hua Cao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit and Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Emergency Medicine Research Institute, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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184
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Analysis of Complement-Mediated Lysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) and SIV-Infected Cells Reveals Sex Differences in Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00721-18. [PMID: 30021899 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00721-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine has yet to be developed, and defining immune correlates of protection against HIV infection is of paramount importance to inform future vaccine design. The complement system is a component of innate immunity that can directly lyse pathogens and shape adaptive immunity. To determine if complement lysis of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and/or SIV-infected cells represents a protective immune correlate against SIV infection, sera from previously vaccinated and challenged rhesus macaques were analyzed for the induction of antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML). Importantly, the vaccine regimen, consisting of a replication-competent adenovirus type 5 host-range mutant SIV recombinant prime followed by a monomeric gp120 or oligomeric gp140 boost, resulted in overall delayed SIV acquisition only in females. Here, sera from all vaccinated animals induced ADCML of SIV and SIV-infected cells efficiently, regardless of sex. A modest correlation of SIV lysis with a reduced infection rate in males but not females, together with a reduced peak viremia in all animals boosted with gp140, suggested a potential for influencing protective efficacy. Gag-specific IgG and gp120-specific IgG and IgM correlated with SIV lysis in females, while Env-specific IgM correlated with SIV-infected cell lysis in males, indicating sex differences in vaccine-induced antibody characteristics and function. In fact, gp120/gp140-specific antibody functional correlates between antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent phagocytosis, and ADCML as well as the gp120-specific IgG glycan profiles and the corresponding ADCML correlations varied depending on the sex of the vaccinees. Overall, these data suggest that sex influences vaccine-induced antibody function, which should be considered in the design of globally effective HIV vaccines in the future.IMPORTANCE An HIV vaccine would thwart the spread of HIV infection and save millions of lives. Unfortunately, the immune responses conferring universal protection from HIV infection are poorly defined. The innate immune system, including the complement system, is an evolutionarily conserved, basic means of protection from infection. Complement can prevent infection by directly lysing incoming pathogens. We found that vaccination against SIV in rhesus macaques induces antibodies that are capable of directing complement lysis of SIV and SIV-infected cells in both sexes. We also found sex differences in vaccine-induced antibody species and their functions. Overall, our data suggest that sex affects vaccine-induced antibody characteristics and function and that males and females might require different immune responses to protect against HIV infection. This information could be used to generate highly effective HIV vaccines for both sexes in the future.
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185
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Paderi J, Prestwich GD, Panitch A, Boone T, Stuart K. Glycan Therapeutics: Resurrecting an Almost Pharma‐Forgotten Drug Class. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Paderi
- Symic Bio, Inc. 5980 Horton St. 94608 Emeryville CA USA
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Symic Bio, Inc. 5980 Horton St. 94608 Emeryville CA USA
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Utah 84112 Salt Lake City UT USA
- Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane 99210 Spokane WA USA
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Symic Bio, Inc. 5980 Horton St. 94608 Emeryville CA USA
- University of California 95616 Davis CA USA
| | - Tom Boone
- Symic Bio, Inc. 5980 Horton St. 94608 Emeryville CA USA
| | - Kate Stuart
- Symic Bio, Inc. 5980 Horton St. 94608 Emeryville CA USA
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186
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Haugaard SF, Jeppesen AN, Troldborg A, Kirkegaard H, Thiel S, Hvas AM. The complement lectin pathway after cardiac arrest. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12680. [PMID: 29885250 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lectin pathway (LP) of the complement system may initiate inflammatory reactions when body tissue is altered. We aimed to investigate the levels of the LP proteins in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients, and to compare these with healthy individuals. Furthermore, we aimed to clarify whether the duration of targeted temperature management influenced LP protein levels, and we further examined whether LP proteins were associated with 30-day mortality. We included 82 patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The patients were randomly assigned to 24 or 48 hours of targeted temperature management at 33 ± 1°C. Blood samples were obtained 22, 46 and 70 hours after target temperature was reached. Levels of the LP proteins (mannan-binding lectin [MBL], M-ficolin, H-ficolin, collectin liver 1 [CL-L1], MBL-associated serine protease 1 [MASP-1], MASP-2, MASP-3 and MBL-associated protein of 44 kDa [MAp44]) were measured using time-resolved immunofluorometric assays. Data from 82 gender matched healthy individuals were used for comparison. Levels of CL-L1, MASP-1, MASP-2 and MAp44 were significantly higher, whereas M-ficolin levels were significantly lower in cardiac arrest patients compared with healthy individuals. MASP-2, MASP-3 and M-ficolin levels changed significantly when comparing 24 and 48 hours of targeted temperature management. The LP protein levels were not different between 30-day survivors and non-survivors after cardiac arrest. The differences in LP protein levels between patients and healthy individuals may indicate that cardiac arrest patients have an activated LP. Overall, the LP protein levels were not influenced by the duration of targeted temperature management, and the levels were not associated with 30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Haugaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Centre for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A N Jeppesen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Troldborg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H Kirkegaard
- Research Centre for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A-M Hvas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Centre for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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187
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Zwarthoff SA, Berends ETM, Mol S, Ruyken M, Aerts PC, Józsi M, de Haas CJC, Rooijakkers SHM, Gorham RD. Functional Characterization of Alternative and Classical Pathway C3/C5 Convertase Activity and Inhibition Using Purified Models. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1691. [PMID: 30083158 PMCID: PMC6064732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is essential for the protection against infections; however, dysregulation of complement activation can cause onset and progression of numerous inflammatory diseases. Convertase enzymes play a central role in complement activation and produce the key mediators of complement: C3 convertases cleave C3 to generate chemoattractant C3a and label target cells with C3b, which promotes phagocytosis; C5 convertases cleave C5 into chemoattractant C5a, and C5b, which drives formation of the membrane attack complex. Since convertases mediate nearly all complement effector functions, they are ideal targets for therapeutic complement inhibition. A unique feature of convertases is their covalent attachment to target cells, which effectively confines complement activation to the cell surface. However, surface localization precludes detailed analysis of convertase activation and inhibition. In our previous work, we developed a model system to form purified alternative pathway (AP) C5 convertases on C3b-coated beads and quantify C5 conversion via functional analysis of released C5a. Here, we developed a C3aR cell reporter system that enables functional discrimination between C3 and C5 convertases. By regulating the C3b density on the bead surface, we observe that high C3b densities are important for conversion of C5, but not C3, by AP convertases. Screening of well-characterized complement-binding molecules revealed that differential inhibition of AP C3 convertases (C3bBb) and C5 convertases [C3bBb(C3b)n] is possible. Although both convertases contain C3b, the C3b-binding molecules Efb-C/Ecb and FHR5 specifically inhibit C5 conversion. Furthermore, using a new classical pathway convertase model, we show that these C3b-binding proteins not only block AP C3/C5 convertases but also inhibit formation of a functional classical pathway C5 convertase under well-defined conditions. Our models enable functional characterization of purified convertase enzymes and provide a platform for the identification and development of specific convertase inhibitors for treatment of complement-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seline A Zwarthoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Evelien T M Berends
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Mol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maartje Ruyken
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Piet C Aerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carla J C de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ronald D Gorham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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188
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Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Tatlisumak T, Pekna M. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis-A new target in stroke? Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:45-55. [PMID: 30025833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is an acute insult to the central nervous system (CNS) that triggers a sequence of responses in the acute, subacute as well as later stages, with prominent involvement of astrocytes. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis in the acute stage of stroke limit the tissue damage and contribute to the restoration of homeostasis. Astrocytes also control many aspects of neural plasticity that is the basis for functional recovery. Here, we discuss the concept of intermediate filaments (nanofilaments) and the complement system as two handles on the astrocyte responses to injury that both present attractive opportunities for novel treatment strategies modulating astrocyte functions and reactive gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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189
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Kochanek DM, Ghouse SM, Karbowniczek MM, Markiewski MM. Complementing Cancer Metastasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1629. [PMID: 30061895 PMCID: PMC6054933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is an effector of innate immunity and a bridge connecting innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immune responses. It is essential for protection against infections and for orchestrating inflammatory responses. Recent studies have also demonstrated contribution of the complement system to several homeostatic processes that are traditionally not considered to be involved in immunity. Thus, complement regulates homeostasis and immunity. However, dysregulation of this system contributes to several pathologies including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Unexpectedly, studies of the last decade have also revealed that complement promotes cancer progression. Since the initial discovery of tumor promoting role of complement, numerous preclinical and clinical studies demonstrated contribution of several complement components to regulation of tumor growth through their direct interactions with the corresponding receptors on tumor cells or through suppression of antitumor immunity. Most of this work, however, focused on a role of complement in regulating growth of primary tumors. Only recently, a few studies showed that complement promotes cancer metastasis through its contribution to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the premetastatic niche. This latter work has shown that complement activation and generation of complement effectors including C5a occur in organs that are target for metastasis prior to arrival of the very first tumor cells. C5a through its interactions with C5a receptor 1 inhibits antitumor immunity by activating and recruiting immunosuppressive cells from the bone marrow to the premetastatic niche and by regulating function and self-renewal of pulmonary tissue-resident alveolar macrophages. These new advancements provide additional evidence for multifaceted functions of complement in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Kochanek
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Shanawaz M Ghouse
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Magdalena M Karbowniczek
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
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190
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Zheng JM, Ren XG, Jiang ZH, Chen DJ, Zhao WJ, Li LJ. Lectin-induced renal local complement activation is involved in tubular interstitial injury in diabetic nephropathy. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 482:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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191
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Strange DP, Green R, Siemann DN, Gale M, Verma S. Immunoprofiles of human Sertoli cells infected with Zika virus reveals unique insights into host-pathogen crosstalk. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8702. [PMID: 29880853 PMCID: PMC5992156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Confirmed reports of Zika virus (ZIKV) in seminal fluid months after clearance of viremia suggests that ZIKV can establish persistent infection in the seminiferous tubules, an immune privileged site of the testis. The seminiferous tubule epithelium is mainly composed of Sertoli cells that function to nourish and protect developing germ cells. We recently demonstrated that primary human Sertoli cells (hSeC) were highly susceptible to ZIKV as compared to dengue virus without causing cell death and thus may act as a reservoir for ZIKV in the testes. However, the cellular and immune responses of hSeC to infection with ZIKV or any other virus are not yet characterized. Using genome-wide RNA-seq to compare immunoprofiles of hSeC, we show that the most prominent response to ZIKV at early stage of infection was suppression of cell growth and proliferation functional pathways. Peak virus replication was associated with induction of multiple antiviral defense pathways. Unique ZIKV-associated signatures included dysregulation of germ cell-Sertoli cell junction signaling. This study demonstrates that hSeC are capable of signaling through canonical pro-inflammatory pathways and provides insights into unique cell-type-specific response induced by ZIKV in association with viral persistence in the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Strange
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David N Siemann
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Saguna Verma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
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192
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Kolev M, Markiewski MM. Targeting complement-mediated immunoregulation for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2018; 37:85-97. [PMID: 29454575 PMCID: PMC5984681 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Complement was initially discovered as an assembly of plasma proteins "complementing" the cytolytic activity of antibodies. However, our current knowledge places this complex system of several plasma proteins, receptors, and regulators in the center of innate immunity as a bridge between the initial innate responses and adaptive immune reactions. Consequently, complement appears to be pivotal for elimination of pathogens, not only as an early response defense, but by directing the subsequent adaptive immune response. The discovery of functional intracellular complement and its roles in cellular metabolism opened novel avenues for research and potential therapeutic implications. The recent studies demonstrating immunoregulatory functions of complement in the tumor microenvironment and the premetastatic niche shifted the paradigm on our understanding of functions of the complement system in regulating immunity. Several complement proteins, through their interaction with cells in the tumor microenvironment and in metastasis-targeted organs, contribute to modulating tumor growth, antitumor immunity, angiogenesis, and therefore, the overall progression of malignancy and, perhaps, responsiveness of cancer to different therapies. Here, we focus on recent progress in our understanding of immunostimulatory vs. immunoregulatory functions of complement and potential applications of these findings to the design of novel therapies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, DIR, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States.
| | - Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States.
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193
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Wang Y, Liao J, Yang YJ, Wang Z, Qin F, Zhu SM, Zheng H, Wang YP. Effect of membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins on tumor cell sensitivity to complement-dependent cytolysis triggered by heterologous expression of the α-gal xenoantigen. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9061-9068. [PMID: 29805637 PMCID: PMC5958734 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering malignant cells to express a heterologous α-gal antigen can induce heterograft hyperacute rejection, resulting in complement-dependent cytolysis (CDC) of tumor cells, which has been considered as a novel strategy for antitumor therapy. A549 cells engineered to express Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R (α-gal) epitope exhibited strong resistance to CDC treated by normal human serum (NHS) in a previous study. We hypothesized that the expression of membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins (mCRPs) decay accelerating factor (CD55) and protectin (CD59) influenced the efficacy of the α-gal/NHS-mediated antitumor effect to tumor cells in vitro. The present study confirmed that A549 cells expressed high levels of CD55 and CD59, whereas Lovo cells expressed relatively low levels of these proteins. A549 and Lovo cells transfected with plasmids containing or lacking the α-gal epitope were evaluated for their susceptibility to CDC by NHS and detected using a trypan blue exclusion assay. α-gal-expressing Lovo (Lovo-GT) cells were almost completely killed by α-gal-mediated CDC following incubation with 50% NHS, whereas no cytolysis was observed in α-gal expressing A549 (A549-GT) cells. Abrogating CD55 and CD59 function from A549-GT cells by various concentrations of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) or blocking antibodies increased the susceptibility of cells to CDC, and the survival rate decreased significantly comparing to the controls (P<0.05). The findings of the present study indicated that using the α-gal/NHS system to eliminate tumor cells via inducing the complement cascade reaction might represent a feasible approach for the treatment of cancer. However, high levels of mCRP expression may limit the efficacy of this approach. Therefore, an improved efficacy of cancer cell killing may be achieved by combining strategies of heterologous α-gal expression and mCRP downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, Clinical Research Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Juan Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, Clinical Research Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, Clinical Research Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, Clinical Research Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qin
- Basic Medical Faculty, Dali Medical College, Dali, Yunnan 671003, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Ming Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Taihe Hospital, Yunyang Medical College, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, Clinical Research Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, Clinical Research Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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194
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Jensen RK, Pihl R, Gadeberg TAF, Jensen JK, Andersen KR, Thiel S, Laursen NS, Andersen GR. A potent complement factor C3-specific nanobody inhibiting multiple functions in the alternative pathway of human and murine complement. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6269-6281. [PMID: 29497000 PMCID: PMC5925797 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a complex, carefully regulated proteolytic cascade for which suppression of aberrant activation is of increasing clinical relevance, and inhibition of the complement alternative pathway is a subject of intense research. Here, we describe the nanobody hC3Nb1 that binds to multiple functional states of C3 with subnanomolar affinity. The nanobody causes a complete shutdown of alternative pathway activity in human and murine serum when present in concentrations comparable with that of C3, and hC3Nb1 is shown to prevent proconvertase assembly, as well as binding of the C3 substrate to C3 convertases. Our crystal structure of the C3b-hC3Nb1 complex and functional experiments demonstrate that proconvertase formation is blocked by steric hindrance between the nanobody and an Asn-linked glycan on complement factor B. In addition, hC3Nb1 is shown to prevent factor H binding to C3b, rationalizing its inhibition of factor I activity. Our results identify hC3Nb1 as a versatile, inexpensive, and powerful inhibitor of the alternative pathway in both human and murine in vitro model systems of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasmus Pihl
- Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jan K. Jensen
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics and
| | | | - Steffen Thiel
- Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Gregers R. Andersen
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics and , To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. Tel.:
45-5144-6530; Fax:
45-8619-6500; E-mail:
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195
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Cambiaghi A, Díaz R, Martinez JB, Odena A, Brunelli L, Caironi P, Masson S, Baselli G, Ristagno G, Gattinoni L, de Oliveira E, Pastorelli R, Ferrario M. An Innovative Approach for The Integration of Proteomics and Metabolomics Data In Severe Septic Shock Patients Stratified for Mortality. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6681. [PMID: 29703925 PMCID: PMC5923340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we examined plasma metabolome, proteome and clinical features in patients with severe septic shock enrolled in the multicenter ALBIOS study. The objective was to identify changes in the levels of metabolites involved in septic shock progression and to integrate this information with the variation occurring in proteins and clinical data. Mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolomics and untargeted proteomics allowed us to quantify absolute metabolites concentration and relative proteins abundance. We computed the ratio D7/D1 to take into account their variation from day 1 (D1) to day 7 (D7) after shock diagnosis. Patients were divided into two groups according to 28-day mortality. Three different elastic net logistic regression models were built: one on metabolites only, one on metabolites and proteins and one to integrate metabolomics and proteomics data with clinical parameters. Linear discriminant analysis and Partial least squares Discriminant Analysis were also implemented. All the obtained models correctly classified the observations in the testing set. By looking at the variable importance (VIP) and the selected features, the integration of metabolomics with proteomics data showed the importance of circulating lipids and coagulation cascade in septic shock progression, thus capturing a further layer of biological information complementary to metabolomics information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramón Díaz
- Proteomics Platform - Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonia Odena
- Proteomics Platform - Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Brunelli
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Caironi
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Serge Masson
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Luciano Gattinoni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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196
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Troldborg A, Jensen L, Deleuran B, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Thiel S, Jensenius JC. The C3dg Fragment of Complement Is Superior to Conventional C3 as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:581. [PMID: 29632534 PMCID: PMC5879092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction/objectives In 2012, hypocomplementemia was included in the classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The suggested measurement of C3 or C4 often reflect disease activity poorly. Our objective was to establish an assay measuring C3dg, which is generated following complement activation, and to evaluate the assay in a cross-sectional SLE cohort. Method We included SLE patients (n = 169) and controls (n = 170) and developed a modified C3dg assay where C3dg fragments were separated from the large plasma proteins by polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the supernatant containing the C3dg fragment was used for analysis in an antibody-based sandwich-type assay. Gel permeation chromatography and western blotting were used to establish the optimal conditions for PEG precipitation. Results 16% PEG was optimal for separating C3dg from C3 and the larger protein fragments. The assay showed a high degree of stability when using EDTA plasma, and measurements correlated well with commercially available complement activation assays. SLE patients had higher concentrations in plasma of C3dg than controls (p < 0.05). ROC analysis showed that the C3dg activation fragment of C3 with an AUC of 0.96 (CI 0.94–0.98) was superior to C3 (AUC 0.52) in differentiating between patients and controls. Conclusion Our results present a modified assay for the measurement of C3dg. We demonstrate that C3dg was superior to conventional C3 measurements in discriminating SLE patients from controls. We suggest that C3dg should be considered as a complement activation measurement in the SLE classification criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Troldborg
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Stengaard-Pedersen
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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197
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Melamed IR, Heffron M, Testori A, Lipe K. A pilot study of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin 5% for autism: Impact on autism spectrum and markers of neuroinflammation. Autism Res 2018; 11:421-433. [PMID: 29427532 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that a subset of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population presents with immune dysregulation. To explore this topic further, we investigated the efficacy and tolerability of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) infusion in children with ASD. In this study, participants were recruited based on a diagnosis of autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Participants also showed evidence of immune dysfunction based on abnormal levels of specific biomarkers, including CD40 ligand (CD154), lymphocyte stimulation, and T or B cell dysfunction. Of 17 screened patients, 14 completed the trial and received IVIG treatment (1 g/kg dose) for ten 21-day treatment cycles. The primary endpoint was disease improvement assessed using standardized cognitive and behavioral tests (Children's Communication Checklist [CCC-2], Social Responsiveness Scale [SRS], Aberrant Behavior Checklist [ABC], Clinical Global Impressions-Severity [CGI-S] and -Improvement [CGI-I], Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS], and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test [PPVT]). Secondary endpoints included experimental biomarkers such as CD154, toll-like receptor-4, memory B cells, FOXP3, and lymphocyte stimulation. Significant improvements from baseline to study endpoint were observed in several subscales of the CCC-2, SRS, CGI-I, CGI-S, and ADOS, including Associated Maladaptive Behaviors (P ≤ .043), Reciprocal Social Interaction (P = .015), Communication (P < .001), and Stereotyped Behaviors and Repetitive Interests (P ≤ .013). Statistically significant reductions were also seen in numerous secondary outcomes of immunological biomarkers indicative of neuroinflammation. IVIG was well tolerated; no subjects withdrew due to an adverse event, and clinical data showed no evidence of thromboembolic events. Autism Res 2018, 11: 421-433. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY Since research has demonstrated a link between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and immune dysfunction, this study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) infusion in children with ASD. Fourteen patients received IVIG treatment and were assessed using standardized cognitive and behavioral tests. Following treatment with IVIG, significant improvement was observed across several subscales of the clinical tests and significant reductions were seen in the markers of neuroinflammation. These data suggest that inflammatory etiologies may play a role in select cases of autism, and IVIG treatment may exert a positive impact on behaviors and markers of inflammation in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kellie Lipe
- IMMUNOe Research Centers, Centennial, Colorado
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198
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Natarajan N, Abbas Y, Bryant DM, Gonzalez-Rosa JM, Sharpe M, Uygur A, Cocco-Delgado LH, Ho NN, Gerard NP, Gerard CJ, MacRae CA, Burns CE, Burns CG, Whited JL, Lee RT. Complement Receptor C5aR1 Plays an Evolutionarily Conserved Role in Successful Cardiac Regeneration. Circulation 2018; 137:2152-2165. [PMID: 29348261 PMCID: PMC5953786 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defining conserved molecular pathways in animal models of successful cardiac regeneration could yield insight into why adult mammals have inadequate cardiac regeneration after injury. Insight into the transcriptomic landscape of early cardiac regeneration from model organisms will shed light on evolutionarily conserved pathways in successful cardiac regeneration. METHODS Here we describe a cross-species transcriptomic screen in 3 model organisms for cardiac regeneration: axolotl, neonatal mice, and zebrafish. Apical resection to remove ≈10% to 20% of ventricular mass was carried out in these model organisms. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed on the hearts harvested at 3 time points: 12, 24, and 48 hours after resection. Sham surgery was used as internal control. RESULTS Genes associated with inflammatory processes were found to be upregulated in a conserved manner. Complement receptors (activated by complement components, part of the innate immune system) were found to be highly upregulated in all 3 species. This approach revealed induction of gene expression for complement 5a receptor 1 in the regenerating hearts of zebrafish, axolotls, and mice. Inhibition of complement 5a receptor 1 significantly attenuated the cardiomyocyte proliferative response to heart injury in all 3 species. Furthermore, after left ventricular apical resection, the cardiomyocyte proliferative response was diminished in mice with genetic deletion of complement 5a receptor 1. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that activation of complement 5a receptor 1 mediates an evolutionarily conserved response that promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation after cardiac injury and identify complement pathway activation as a common pathway of successful heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana Natarajan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.)
| | - Yamen Abbas
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.)
| | - Donald M Bryant
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.).,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA (D.M.B., J.L.W.).,Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA (D.M.B., J.L.W.)
| | - Juan Manuel Gonzalez-Rosa
- Harvard Medical School and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.M.G.-R., M.S., C.E.B., C.G.B.)
| | - Michka Sharpe
- Harvard Medical School and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.M.G.-R., M.S., C.E.B., C.G.B.)
| | - Aysu Uygur
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.)
| | - Lucas H Cocco-Delgado
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.)
| | - Nhi Ngoc Ho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.)
| | - Norma P Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.).,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.).,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.)
| | - Craig J Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.).,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.).,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (C.J.G., N.P.G.)
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.A.M., R.T.L.)
| | - Caroline E Burns
- Harvard Medical School and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.M.G.-R., M.S., C.E.B., C.G.B.)
| | - C Geoffrey Burns
- Harvard Medical School and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.M.G.-R., M.S., C.E.B., C.G.B.)
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.).,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA (D.M.B., J.L.W.).,Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA (D.M.B., J.L.W.)
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.N., Y.A., D.M.B., A.U., L.H.C.-D., N.N.H., J.L.W., R.T.L.) .,Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.A.M., R.T.L.)
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199
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Infections associated with the use of eculizumab: recommendations for prevention and prophylaxis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 29:319-29. [PMID: 27257797 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Eculizumab inhibits complement effector functions and has significantly impacted the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. However, the risks of potentially life-threatening infections, notably with Neisseria spp. in addition to its cost, are major challenges in clinical practice. In this review, we characterize and summarize the infectious complications reported with the use of eculizumab in the context of its typical and expanding indications. RECENT FINDINGS Use of eculizumab is rapidly extending to the fields of transplantation and neurology. Eculizumab has been primarily associated with an increased risk of meningococcal infections. Immunization against its commonest serotypes (ABCWY) is now possible with the advent of the meningococcal B vaccine. A combined ABCWY vaccine is underway. Preventive strategies against breakthrough Neisseria infections should also include chemoprophylaxis. Less is known about the association of eculizumab with other infections as recently reported. Surrogate markers of complement blockade, notably CH50, and eculizumab efficacy may help in the risk assessment of infection. SUMMARY Eculizumab has opened new horizons in the treatment of complement-mediated disorders. Prophylactic and immunization strategies against the risk of Nesseria spp. infections are sound and feasible. The use of eculizumab is expanding beyond complement-mediated diseases to transplantation and neurological disorders. Further research is needed to better define and stratify the risk of infection and prevention strategies in patients with the latter indications.
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200
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Chen X, Xie ZH, Lv YX, Tang QP, Zhang H, Zhang JY, Wu B, Jiang WH. A proteomics analysis reveals that A2M might be regulated by STAT3 in persistent allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 46:813-24. [PMID: 27228572 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomics tools can be used to identify the differentially expressed proteins related to allergic rhinitis (AR). However, the large numbers of proteins related to AR have not yet been explored using an advanced quantitative proteomics approach, known as isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). OBJECTIVES To identify differentially expressed proteins in persistent AR patients and to explore the regulatory signalling pathways involving the identified proteins. METHODS Forty-five persistent AR patients and 20 healthy controls were recruited for this study. iTRAQ was used to identify the proteins that were differentially expressed between these two groups, and a bioinformatics analysis was then conducted to identify the signalling pathways associated with the identified proteins. Immunofluorescence labelling was performed to detect alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), STAT3, p-STAT3 and IL17 in the nasal mucosa. RESULTS A total of 133 differentially expressed proteins were identified. We then determined the top 10 regulatory pathways associated with these proteins and found that the blood coagulation pathway had the most significant association. A2M, a protein involved in the blood coagulation pathway, was found to be differentially expressed in the serum of AR patients. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that STAT3 is an upstream transcription factor that might regulate A2M expression. An immunofluorescence study further confirmed that STAT3 and A2M are co-localized in nasal mucosa cells. Additionally, A2M, STAT3, p-STAT3, and IL17 are elevated in AR patients. The expressional level of A2M is positively related to IL17 and the symptom of the congestion in AR subjects. CONCLUSIONS The blood coagulation pathway may be a key regulatory network pathway contributing to the allergic inflammatory response in AR patients. A2M, which is regulated by STAT3, may be an important protein in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis in AR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Skull Base Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Z H Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Skull Base Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Y X Lv
- Department of Otolaryngology-Skull Base Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Q P Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Skull Base Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - J Y Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Skull Base Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - B Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Skull Base Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - W H Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Skull Base Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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