151
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Sun A, Liu R, Sun G. Serum prostate-specific antigen levels in men with prediabetes: A cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2015; 75:273-81. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2015.1010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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152
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Mendonça FM, de Sousa FR, Barbosa AL, Martins SC, Araújo RL, Soares R, Abreu C. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer: which link? Metabolism 2015; 64:182-9. [PMID: 25456095 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by a group of metabolic disturbances which lead to an enhanced risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. MS constitutes a preoccupant issue with elevated prevalence in the western countries and is often related with cancer development. Elucidating the mechanisms linking these two pathologies is, therefore, essential to identify potential therapeutic molecular targets for cancer treatment in MS patients. The main goals of this review are, to identify the relation between MS and cancer development, handling specifically each one of the main players on this process: insulin and IGF system, estrogen, pro-inflammatory cytokines and others; and, given that colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in MS patients, we intend to particularly highlight the mechanisms that promote colorectal cancer development in MS individuals. Finally, we will also focus on the clinical implications of the presented mechanisms on cancer therapy and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Miguel Mendonça
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319 Portugal
| | - Filipa Rodrigues de Sousa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319 Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Barbosa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319 Portugal
| | - Sara Costa Martins
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319 Portugal
| | - Raquel Lage Araújo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319 Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319 Portugal.
| | - Cristina Abreu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319 Portugal
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153
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Kucuk Baloglu F, Garip S, Heise S, Brockmann G, Severcan F. FTIR imaging of structural changes in visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and brown to white adipocyte transdifferentiation. Analyst 2015; 140:2205-2214. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
FTIR microspectroscopy coupled with UCP1 immunohistological staining enables the detection of obesity-related molecular alterations and transdifferentiations in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in spontaneously obese mice lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Kucuk Baloglu
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Sebnem Garip
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medicine
- Istanbul Kemerburgaz University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Sebastian Heise
- Department of Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics
- Humboldt Universitatzu Berlin
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Gudrun Brockmann
- Department of Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics
- Humboldt Universitatzu Berlin
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Feride Severcan
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara
- Turkey
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154
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Garai J, Uddo RB, Mohler MC, Pelligrino N, Scribner R, Sothern MS, Zabaleta J. At the crossroad between obesity and gastric cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1238:689-707. [PMID: 25421687 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide with disproportionate prevalence in different communities and ethnic groups. Recently, the American Medical Association recognized obesity as a disease, which is a significant milestone that opens the possibilities of treating obesity under standardized health plans. Obesity is an inflammatory disease characterized by elevated levels of biomarkers associated with abnormal lipid profiles, glucose levels, and blood pressure that lead to the onset of metabolic syndrome. Interestingly, inflammatory biomarkers, in particular, have been implicated in the risk of developing several types of cancer. Likewise, obesity has been linked to esophageal, breast, gallbladder, kidney, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers. Thus, there exists a link between obesity status and tumor appearance, which may be associated to the differential levels and the circulating profiles of several inflammatory molecules. For example, mediators of the inflammatory responses in both obesity and gastric cancer risk are the same: pro-inflammatory molecules produced by the activated cells infiltrating the inflamed tissues. These molecules trigger pathways of activation shared by obesity and cancer. Therefore, understanding how these different pathways are modulated would help reduce the impact that both diseases, and their concomitant existence, have on society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Garai
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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155
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[The association of hyperinsulinemia with cardiovascular risk and cancer poses new challenges in the treatment of the insulin resistance type 2 diabetes patient]. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2015; 32:21-6. [PMID: 26179854 DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia has been associated with cardiovascular risk, both independently and by facilitating the development of other cardiovascular risk factors. It has also been associated by different routes with increased cancer risk. Thus, this makes it a priority to identify and treat the hyperinsulinemic patient early in order to delay or prevent cardiovascular risk and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and certain types of cancer. A new strategy is needed for the treatment of hyperglycemia in these patients, whose primary objective would be to achieve weight loss, reduce insulin resistance and thereby hyperinsulinemia. That is, prescribing insulin secretors and insulin should be used with caution in these patients.
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156
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Lewitt MS, Dent MS, Hall K. The Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med 2014; 3:1561-74. [PMID: 26237614 PMCID: PMC4470198 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, acting in concert with other hormone axes, is important in normal metabolism. In obesity, the hyperinsulinaemia that accompanies peripheral insulin resistance leads to reduced growth hormone (GH) secretion, while total IGF-I levels are relatively unchanged due to increased hepatic GH sensitivity. IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 levels are suppressed in relation to the increase in insulin levels in obesity and low levels predict the development of type 2 diabetes several years later. Visceral adiposity and hepatic steatosis, along with a chronic inflammation, contribute to the IGF system phenotype in individuals with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus, including changes in the normal inverse relationship between IGFBP-1 and insulin, with IGFBP-1 concentrations that are inappropriately normal or elevated. The IGF system is implicated in the vascular and other complications of these disorders and is therefore a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira S Lewitt
- School of Health Nursing & Midwifery, the University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - Mairi S Dent
- School of Health Nursing & Midwifery, the University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - Kerstin Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE171 76, Sweden.
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157
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Chen C, Zhang Q, Liu S, Lambrechts M, Qu Y, You Z. AZD5363 Inhibits Inflammatory Synergy between Interleukin-17 and Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1. Front Oncol 2014; 4:343. [PMID: 25520943 PMCID: PMC4249256 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, one-third of population is affected by obesity and almost 29 million people are suffering from type 2 diabetes. Obese people have elevated serum levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and interleukin-17 (IL-17). Insulin and IGF1 are known to enhance IL-17-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which may contribute to the chronic inflammatory status observed in obese people. We have previously demonstrated that insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway crosstalks with IL-17-activated nuclear factor-κB pathway through inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity. However, it is unclear whether GSK3α also plays a role and whether this crosstalk can be manipulated by AZD5363, a novel pan-Akt inhibitor that has been shown to increase glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity through reducing phosphorylation of GSK3α and GSK3β. In this study, we investigated IL-17-induced expression of C-X-C motif ligand 1 (Cxcl1), C-C motif ligand 20 (Ccl20), and interleukin-6 (Il-6) in wild-type, GSK3α−/−, and GSK3β−/− mouse embryonic fibroblast cells as well as in mouse prostate tissues by real-time quantitative PCR. We examined the proteins involved in the signaling pathways by Western blot analysis. We found that insulin and IGF1 enhanced IL-17-induced expression of Cxcl1, Ccl20, and Il-6, which was associated with increased phosphorylation of GSK3α and GSK3β in the presence of insulin and IGF1. AZD5363 inhibited the synergy between IL-17 and insulin/IGF1 through reducing phosphorylation of GSK3α and GSK3β by inhibiting Akt function. These findings imply that the cooperative crosstalk of IL-17 and insulin/IGF1 in initiating inflammatory responses may be alleviated by AZD5363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA
| | - Sen Liu
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA
| | - Mark Lambrechts
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA
| | - Yine Qu
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei United University School of Basic Medicine , Tangshan, Hebei Province , China
| | - Zongbing You
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA
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158
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Modeling of hypo/hyperglycemia and their impact on breast cancer progression related molecules. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113103. [PMID: 25401697 PMCID: PMC4234670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) arises commonly in women with metabolic dysfunction. The underlying mechanism by which glycemic load can exert its action on tumor metastasis is under investigated. In this study we showed that glycemic microenvironment alters the expression of three classes of proteins, VEGF and its receptors, cell to cell, and cell to extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion proteins in MDA-MB-231 parental cells and its two metastatic variants to the bone and brain (MDA-MB-231BO and MDA-MB-231BR, respectively). Using western blotting, we showed that VEGFR2 levels were higher in these variant cells and persisted in the cells under extreme hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia did not alter VEGFR2 expression per se but rather suppressed its posttranslational glycosylation. This was reversed rapidly upon the restoration of glucose, and cyclohexamide (CHX) treatment demonstrated that this deglycosylated VEGFR2 was not a product of de-novo protein synthesis. VEGFR2 co-receptor Neuropilin-1 was up-regulated four-fold in all MDA-MB-231 cells (parental and two variants) compared to VEGFR2 expression, and was also susceptible to glycemic changes but resistant to CHX treatment for up to 72 hrs. Hypoglycemia also resulted in a significant decrease in specific catenin, cadherin, and integrin proteins, as well as cellular proliferation and colony forming ability. However, MDA-MB-231BR cells showed a unique sensitivity to hypo/hyperglycemia in terms of morphological changes, colony formation ability, integrin β3 expression and secreted VEGF levels. In conclusion, this study can be translated clinically to provide insight into breast cancer cell responses to glycemic levels relevant for our understanding of the interaction between diabetes and cancer.
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159
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Abstract
There is growing appreciation that the current obesity epidemic is associated with increases in cancer incidence at a population level and may lead to poor cancer outcomes; concurrent decreases in cancer mortality at a population level may represent a paradox, i.e., they may also reflect improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer that mask obesity effects. An association of obesity with cancer is biologically plausible because adipose tissue is biologically active, secreting estrogens, adipokines, and cytokines. In obesity, adipose tissue reprogramming may lead to insulin resistance, with or without diabetes, and it may contribute to cancer growth and progression locally or through systemic effects. Obesity-associated changes impact cancer in a complex fashion, potentially acting directly on cells through pathways, such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathways, or indirectly via changes in the tumor microenvironment. Approaches to obesity management are discussed, and the potential for pharmacologic interventions that target the obesity-cancer link is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Goodwin
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X4, Canada;
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160
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Arshad OA, Venkatasubramani PS, Datta A, Venkatraj J. Using Boolean Logic Modeling of Gene Regulatory Networks to Exploit the Links Between Cancer and Metabolism for Therapeutic Purposes. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2014; 20:399-407. [PMID: 25389247 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2014.2368391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The uncontrolled cell proliferation that is characteristically associated with cancer is usually accompanied by alterations in the genome and cell metabolism. Indeed, the phenomenon of cancer cells metabolizing glucose using a less efficient anaerobic process even in the presence of normal oxygen levels, termed the Warburg effect, is currently considered to be one of the hallmarks of cancer. Diabetes, much like cancer, is defined by significant metabolic changes. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that diabetes patients treated with the antidiabetic drug Metformin have significantly lowered risk of cancer as compared to patients treated with other antidiabetic drugs. We utilize a Boolean logic model of the pathways commonly mutated in cancer to not only investigate the efficacy of Metformin for cancer therapeutic purposes but also demonstrate how Metformin in concert with other cancer drugs could provide better and less toxic clinical outcomes as compared to using cancer drugs alone.
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161
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Gordon-Dseagu VLZ, Shelton N, Mindell J. Diabetes mellitus and mortality from all-causes, cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease: evidence from the Health Survey for England and Scottish Health Survey cohorts. J Diabetes Complications 2014; 28:791-7. [PMID: 25104237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is associated with differing rates of all-cause and cause-specific mortality compared with the general population; although the strength of these associations requires further investigation. The effects of confounding factors, such as overweight and obesity and the presence of co-morbid cardiovascular disease (CVD), upon such associations also remain unclear. There is thus a need for studies which utilise data from nationally-representative samples to explore these associations further. METHODS A cohort study of 204,533 participants aged 16+ years (7,199 with diabetes) from the Health Survey for England (HSE) (1994-2008) and Scottish Health Survey (SHeS) (1995, 1998 and 2003) linked with UK mortality records. Odds ratios (ORs) of all-cause and cause-specific mortality and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using logistic and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS There were 20,051 deaths (1,814 among those with diabetes). Adjusted (age, sex, and smoking status) ORs for all-cause mortality among those with diabetes was 1.68 (95%CI 1.57-1.79). Cause-specific mortality ORs were: cancer 1.26 (1.13-1.42), respiratory diseases 1.25 (1.08-1.46), CVD 1.96 (1.80-2.14) and 'other' causes 2.06 (1.84-2.30). These were not attenuated significantly after adjustment for generalised and/or central adiposity and other confounding factors. The odds of mortality differed between those with and without comorbid CVD at baseline; the ORs for the latter group were substantially increased. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the excess in CVD and all-cause mortality among those with diabetes, there is also increased mortality from cancer, respiratory diseases, and 'other' causes. This increase in mortality is independent of obesity and a range of other confounding factors. With falling CVD incidence and mortality, the raised risks of respiratory and cancer deaths in people with diabetes will become more important and require increased health care provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Z Gordon-Dseagu
- UCL (University College London), Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT.
| | - Nicola Shelton
- UCL (University College London), Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT.
| | - Jennifer Mindell
- UCL (University College London), Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT.
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162
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Shin HY, Jung KJ, Linton JA, Jee SH. Association between fasting serum glucose levels and incidence of colorectal cancer in Korean men: the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II. Metabolism 2014; 63:1250-6. [PMID: 25113383 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is steadily increasing worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated that diabetes mellitus is related to an increased risk of CRC; however, the association between impaired fasting glucose and CRC is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the correlation between fasting serum glucose (FSG) levels and the incidence of CRC, which can be used to develop novel methods for preventing CRC. METHODS A total of 175,677 individuals from the Korean Metabolic Syndrome Research Initiative study were enrolled between 2004 and 2011. The incidence of CRC was assessed during a mean follow-up of 4.7 years. Hazard ratios (HR) for CRC according to FSG levels were calculated with the Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and regular exercise. RESULTS The risk of developing CRC in subjects with high FSG was significant (HR, 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.90), and the risk was higher in men (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.12-2.05). The HR of rectal cancer, but not colon cancer, was significantly higher both in the total population and in men in the high FSG group. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of CRC positively correlated with FSG levels in men. Rectal cancer incidence was especially correlated with high FSG in the site-specific analysis. Therefore, serum glucose levels maybe a potential marker of colorectal cancer. Early detection and intervention for controlling elevated glucose levels may be indicated as a way to prevent carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Young Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion and Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keum Ji Jung
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion and Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - John A Linton
- Department of Family Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; International Health Care Center, Severance Hospital, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion and Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
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163
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Aruoma OI, Somanah J, Bourdon E, Rondeau P, Bahorun T. Diabetes as a risk factor to cancer: functional role of fermented papaya preparation as phytonutraceutical adjunct in the treatment of diabetes and cancer. Mutat Res 2014; 768:60-68. [PMID: 24769427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oncologists and diabetologists quote scientific data from epidemiological and in vitro studies to show that high levels of insulin and glucose, in combination with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, can heighten the risk of developing cancer amongst patients with diabetes. Although the cancers that have been consistently associated with type 2 diabetes include pancreatic, colorectal, breast and liver cancer, the preponderance of the disease risk factors such as obesity, inflammation, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinaemia (as a result of insulin resistance and oxidative β-cell damage) and the indirect influence of anti-diabetic medications are increasingly being defined. Fermented papaya preparation (FPP) has defined antioxidant and immune-modulating potentials. The ability of FPP influence signaling cascades associated with cell growth and survival presents a rational for chemopreventive adjunct that can be used in combination with traditional redox based therapies that target oxidative stress in the cancer micro environment. It is further suggested that the demonstrated efficacy FPP to control blood glucose, excessive inflammation and modulate free radical-induced oxidative damage which are triggers of liver, bladder, breast and prostate cancers in type 2 diabetics, may favorably mitigate the side effects of ensuing diabetes and cancer therapy. What remains paramount is early cancer detection and early determination of propensity risks for diabetes. The education of patients, proper dietary management and compliance with therapeutic regime directed at cancer and diabetes encapsulate challenges of global magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okezie I Aruoma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, American University of Health Sciences, Signal Hill, CA, USA.
| | - Jhoti Somanah
- ANDI Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius, MSIRI Building, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Emmanuel Bourdon
- Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité (GEICO), Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, Saint Denis, France
| | - Philippe Rondeau
- Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité (GEICO), Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, Saint Denis, France
| | - Theeshan Bahorun
- ANDI Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius, MSIRI Building, Réduit, Mauritius.
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164
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De Marco P, Romeo E, Vivacqua A, Malaguarnera R, Abonante S, Romeo F, Pezzi V, Belfiore A, Maggiolini M. GPER1 is regulated by insulin in cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:739-53. [PMID: 25012984 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elevated insulin levels have been associated with an increased cancer risk as well as with aggressive and metastatic cancer phenotypes characterized by a poor prognosis. Insulin stimulates the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of cancer cells through diverse transduction pathways, including estrogen signaling. As G protein estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) mediates rapid cell responses to estrogens, we evaluated the potential of insulin to regulate GPER1 expression and function in leiomyosarcoma cancer cells (SKUT-1) and breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which were used as a model system. We found that insulin transactivates the GPER1 promoter sequence and increases the mRNA and protein expression of GPER1 through the activation of the PRKCD/MAPK1/c-Fos/AP1 transduction pathway, as ascertained by means of specific pharmacological inhibitors and gene-silencing experiments. Moreover, cell migration triggered by insulin occurred through GPER1 and its main target gene CTGF, whereas the insulin-induced expression of GPER1 boosted cell-cycle progression and the glucose uptake stimulated by estrogens. Notably, a positive correlation between insulin serum levels and GPER1 expression was found in cancer fibroblasts obtained from breast cancer patients. Altogether, our data indicate that GPER1 may be included among the complex network of transduction signaling triggered by insulin that drives cells toward cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Marco
- Department of PharmacyHealth and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), ItalyRegional HospitalCosenza, ItalyEndocrinologyDepartment of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enrica Romeo
- Department of PharmacyHealth and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), ItalyRegional HospitalCosenza, ItalyEndocrinologyDepartment of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Adele Vivacqua
- Department of PharmacyHealth and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), ItalyRegional HospitalCosenza, ItalyEndocrinologyDepartment of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Department of PharmacyHealth and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), ItalyRegional HospitalCosenza, ItalyEndocrinologyDepartment of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sergio Abonante
- Department of PharmacyHealth and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), ItalyRegional HospitalCosenza, ItalyEndocrinologyDepartment of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Romeo
- Department of PharmacyHealth and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), ItalyRegional HospitalCosenza, ItalyEndocrinologyDepartment of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of PharmacyHealth and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), ItalyRegional HospitalCosenza, ItalyEndocrinologyDepartment of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of PharmacyHealth and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), ItalyRegional HospitalCosenza, ItalyEndocrinologyDepartment of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of PharmacyHealth and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), ItalyRegional HospitalCosenza, ItalyEndocrinologyDepartment of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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165
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Mah AT, Van Landeghem L, Gavin HE, Magness ST, Lund PK. Impact of diet-induced obesity on intestinal stem cells: hyperproliferation but impaired intrinsic function that requires insulin/IGF1. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3302-14. [PMID: 24914941 PMCID: PMC4138564 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient intake regulates intestinal epithelial mass and crypt proliferation. Recent findings in model organisms and rodents indicate nutrient restriction impacts intestinal stem cells (ISC). Little is known about the impact of diet-induced obesity (DIO), a model of excess nutrient intake on ISC. We used a Sox9-EGFP reporter mouse to test the hypothesis that an adaptive response to DIO or associated hyperinsulinemia involves expansion and hyperproliferation of ISC. The Sox9-EGFP reporter mouse allows study and isolation of ISC, progenitors, and differentiated lineages based on different Sox9-EGFP expression levels. Sox9-EGFP mice were fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks to induce DIO and compared with littermates fed low-fat rodent chow. Histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting, and mRNA analyses measured impact of DIO on jejunal crypt-villus morphometry, numbers, and proliferation of different Sox9-EGFP cell populations and gene expression. An in vitro culture assay directly assessed functional capacity of isolated ISC. DIO mice exhibited significant increases in body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels and intestinal Igf1 mRNA. DIO mice had increased villus height and crypt density but decreased intestinal length and decreased numbers of Paneth and goblet cells. In vivo, DIO resulted in a selective expansion of Sox9-EGFP(Low) ISC and percentage of ISC in S-phase. ISC expansion significantly correlated with plasma insulin levels. In vitro, isolated ISC from DIO mice formed fewer enteroids in standard 3D Matrigel culture compared to controls, indicating impaired ISC function. This decreased enteroid formation in isolated ISC from DIO mice was rescued by exogenous insulin, IGF1, or both. We conclude that DIO induces specific increases in ISC and ISC hyperproliferation in vivo. However, isolated ISC from DIO mice have impaired intrinsic survival and growth in vitro that can be rescued by exogenous insulin or IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda T Mah
- Departments of Nutrition (A.T.M.), Cell Biology and Physiology (L.V.L., S.T.M., P.K.L.), and Chemistry (H.E.G.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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166
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Dunning T, Savage S, Duggan N, Martin P. Palliative and end of life care for people with diabetes: a topical issue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/dmt.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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167
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Lin G, LaPensee CR, Qin ZS, Schwartz J. Reciprocal occupancy of BCL6 and STAT5 on Growth Hormone target genes: contrasting transcriptional outcomes and promoter-specific roles of p300 and HDAC3. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 395:19-31. [PMID: 25088465 PMCID: PMC4176921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the Growth Hormone (GH)-stimulated gene Socs2 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 2) is mediated by the transcription activator STAT5 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5) and the transcription repressor BCL6 (B-Cell Lymphoma 6). ChIP-Sequencing identified Cish (Cytokine-Inducible SH2-containing protein) and Bcl6 as having similar patterns of reciprocal occupancy by BCL6 and STAT5 in response to GH, though GH stimulates Cish and inhibits Bcl6 expression. The co-activator p300 occupied Socs2, Cish and Bcl6 promoters, and enhanced STAT5-mediated activation of Socs2 and Cish. In contrast, on Bcl6, p300 functioned as a repressor and inhibited in conjunction with STAT5 or BCL6. The co-repressor HDAC3 (Histone deacetylase 3) inhibited the Socs2, Cish and Bcl6 promoters in the presence of STAT5. Thus transcriptional outcomes on GH-regulated genes occupied by BCL6 and STAT5 are determined in a promoter-specific fashion by co-regulatory proteins which mediate the distinction between activating and repressive transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Lin
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher R LaPensee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhaohui S Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Schwartz
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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168
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Detection bias may be the main cause of increased cancer incidence among diabetics: results from the Rotterdam Study. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:2449-55. [PMID: 25047425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased cancer risk. Most studies on this topic analyse diabetes as a risk factor without adjusting for diabetes duration before cancer occurrence. This study aimed to investigate the association between diabetes duration and cancer risk in more detail. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, diabetes diagnosis was based on clinical information and use of glucose lowering medication. Details on incident cancers were obtained via general practitioners and linkage to pathology registers. Cox proportional hazards models were used with onset and duration of diabetes as time-varying determinants. RESULTS The study comprised 10,181 individuals. Diabetes was associated with an increased overall risk of incident cancers (hazard ratio (HR) 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.39) and pancreatic cancer (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.75-4.89). A diagnosis of diabetes less than three months before the diagnosis of cancer was associated with strongly increased risks of all- (HR 3.3, 95% CI 2.50-4.32) and pancreatic cancers (HR 28.7, 95% CI 6.32-130.58). CONCLUSION The magnitude of the association between diabetes and an increased risk of cancer seems to be inflated by detection- or protopathic bias. Future studies investigating this association should adjust for diabetes duration and include a plausible aetiological risk window.
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169
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Campagnoli C, Berrino F, Venturelli E, Abbà C, Biglia N, Brucato T, Cogliati P, Danese S, Donadio M, Zito G, Pasanisi P. Metformin decreases circulating androgen and estrogen levels in nondiabetic women with breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2014; 13:433-8. [PMID: 24267731 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic patients treated with metformin have a lower risk of developing BC or a better BC prognosis. Metformin might reduce cancer growth through direct antiproliferative effects or through indirect mechanisms, particularly the reduction of insulin. In a randomized study on nondiabetic BC patients in natural menopause with high testosterone levels, we observed a significant decrease in insulin and in testosterone levels with metformin 1500 mg/d compared with 1000 mg/d. We present the results of a new analysis of our study on the effect of metformin on the bioavailability of sex hormones. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred twenty-four eligible women were initially invited to take metformin 500 mg/d for 3 months. The 108 women who completed the first 3 months continued the study using 1000 mg/d for 1 month. The women were then randomized into 2 groups, and, for the subsequent 5 months, 1 group increased the dose to 1500 mg/d, and the other group continued with 1000 mg/d. RESULTS Ninety-six women completed the study, 43 receiving metformin 1500 mg/day, and 53 receiving 1000 mg/day. The women receiving 1500 mg/d showed a greater and significant reduction of free testosterone (-29%) and estradiol (-38%), a borderline significant reduction of estrone and insulin-like growth factor-1, and a nonsignificant reduction of androstenedione. They also showed a nonsignificant increase of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. CONCLUSION Metformin does not interfere with the production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Besides, it decreases estradiol levels, basically through the reduction of testosterone. These hormonal changes might have clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Campagnoli
- Unit of Endocrinological Gynecology, Ospedale Sant'Anna di Torino, Turin, Italy
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170
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Cufí S, Corominas-Faja B, Lopez-Bonet E, Bonavia R, Pernas S, López IÁ, Dorca J, Martínez S, López NB, Fernández SD, Cuyàs E, Visa J, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Quirantes-Piné R, Segura-Carretero A, Joven J, Martin-Castillo B, Menendez JA. Dietary restriction-resistant human tumors harboring the PIK3CA-activating mutation H1047R are sensitive to metformin. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1484-95. [PMID: 23986086 PMCID: PMC3824528 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells expressing constitutively active phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) are proliferative regardless of the absence of insulin, and they form dietary restriction (DR)-resistant tumors in vivo. Because the binding of insulin to its receptors activates the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade, activating mutations in the PIK3CA oncogene may determine tumor response to DR-like pharmacological strategies targeting the insulin and mTOR pathways. The anti-diabetic drug metformin is a stereotypical DR mimetic that exerts its anti-cancer activity through a dual mechanism involving insulin-related (systemic) and mTOR-related (cell-autonomous) effects. However, it remains unclear whether PIK3CA-activating mutations might preclude the anti-cancer activity of metformin in vivo. To model the oncogenic PIK3CA-driven early stages of cancer, we used the clonal breast cancer cell line MCF10DCIS.com, which harbors the gain-of-function H1047R hot-spot mutation in the catalytic domain of the PI3KCA gene and has been shown to form DR-refractory xenotumors. To model PIK3CA-activating mutations in late stages of cancer, we took advantage of the isogenic conversion of a PIK3CA-wild-type tumor into a PIK3CA H1047R-mutated tumor using the highly metastatic colorectal cancer cell line SW48. MCF10DCIS.com xenotumors, although only modestly affected by treatment with oral metformin (approximately 40% tumor growth inhibition), were highly sensitive to the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of metformin, the anti-cancer activity of which increased in a time-dependent manner and reached >80% tumor growth inhibition by the end of the treatment. Metformin treatment via the i.p. route significantly reduced the proliferation factor mitotic activity index (MAI) and decreased tumor cellularity in MCF10DCIS.com cancer tissues. Whereas SW48-wild-type (PIK3CA+/+) cells rapidly formed metformin-refractory xenotumors in mice, ad libitum access to water containing metformin significantly reduced the growth of SW48-mutated (PIK3CAH1047R/+) xenotumors by approximately 50%. Thus, metformin can no longer be considered as a bona fide DR mimetic, at least in terms of anti-cancer activity, because tumors harboring the insulin-unresponsive, DR-resistant, PIK3CA-activating mutation H1047R remain sensitive to the anti-tumoral effects of the drug. Given the high prevalence of PIK3CA mutations in human carcinomas and the emerging role of PIK3CA mutation status in the treatment selection process, these findings might have a significant impact on the design of future trials evaluating the potential of combining metformin with targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Cufí
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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171
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Moore LL, Chadid S, Singer MR, Kreger BE, Denis GV. Metabolic health reduces risk of obesity-related cancer in framingham study adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2057-65. [PMID: 25012997 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether the risk for obesity-related cancers differs between metabolically unhealthy and healthy overweight/obese adults. METHODS Data on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and random blood glucose in Framingham Heart Study adults (n = 3,763) ages 55 to 69 years were used to estimate risks of obesity-related cancers (n = 385), including postmenopausal breast, female reproductive, colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and kidney cancers, as well as esophageal adenocarcinomas. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate risk for obesity-related cancers associated with body fat and metabolic health (as defined by glucose levels) among subjects in three risk groups (vs. referent group with normal weight/normal glucose): normal weight/elevated glucose, overweight/normal glucose, and overweight/elevated glucose. RESULTS Overweight adults [BMI ≥ 25 or WHtR ≥ 0.51 (men) and ≥0.57 (women)] with elevated glucose (≥125 mg/dL) had a statistically significant 2-fold increased risk of developing obesity-related cancer, whereas overweight adults with normal glucose had a 50% increased risk. Normal-weight adults with elevated glucose had no excess cancer risk. The effects of BMI and WHtR were independent of one another. Finally, overweight women with elevated blood glucose had a 2.6-fold increased risk [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-4.9] of female reproductive (cervical, endometrial, uterine cancers) and postmenopausal breast cancers, whereas overweight women with normal glucose levels had only a 70% increased risk (95% CI, 1.1-2.5). CONCLUSION These results suggest that cancer risk may be lower among metabolically healthy overweight/obese older adults than among overweight/obese adults with metabolic dysfunction. IMPACT Metabolic dysfunction and obesity act synergistically to increase cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Moore
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts.
| | - Susan Chadid
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martha R Singer
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bernard E Kreger
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts. General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerald V Denis
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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172
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Sekikawa A, Fukui H, Maruo T, Tsumura T, Okabe Y, Osaki Y. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of early gastric cancer development. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:2065-71. [PMID: 24934410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significance of diabetes mellitus (DM) in gastric carcinogenesis still remains unclear. We investigated whether DM would be a risk factor for the development of early gastric cancer. METHODS Factors related to the presence of gastric cancer were examined in patients undergoing medical health checkups. We then investigated whether DM was related to the development of early gastric cancer during an endoscopic follow-up study. RESULTS Gastric cancer was detected in 14 (1.0%) of 1463 patients at the first endoscopic examination and was significantly associated with the severity of gastric atrophy and the presence of DM. During the follow-up period (range 36-108 months; mean 70.0 months), early gastric cancer was newly detected in 26 (1.8%) of the 1449 patients in whom gastric cancer had not been detected at the first examination. Gastric cancer was detected in 17 (1.3%) of 1301 patients without DM, and in 9 (6.1%) of 148 patients with DM (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that open-type gastric atrophy and DM were independently related to the development of early gastric cancer (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.020, respectively). Gastric cancer was identified in 14 (5.1%) of 274 patients who had open-type atrophic gastritis without DM, whereas it was identified in 8 (16.0%) of 50 patients who had both open-type atrophic gastritis and DM (P = 0.0042). CONCLUSION DM increases the risk of early gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Upper Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Tsumura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukio Osaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Pan S, Yang X, Jia Y, Li R, Zhao R. Microvesicle-shuttled miR-130b reduces fat deposition in recipient primary cultured porcine adipocytes by inhibiting PPAR-g expression. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:631-9. [PMID: 24311275 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic, and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Consequently, the development of safe and effective anti-obesity drugs is an area of ongoing clinical interest. MicroRNAs play a vital role in anti-obesity by inhibiting the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis. However, the clinical application of miRNAs has been limited by a lack of appropriate delivery systems. The discovery of microvesicles (MVs) has shed new light on the search for more efficient drug transport tools. In a previous study, we demonstrated that miRNA-130b suppressed fat deposition by inhibiting PPAR-g expression. In order to demonstrate whether miRNA-130b can be packaged into MVs and function as an endogenous form of miRNA-130b in recipient cells, we transfected HeLa-229 cells with plasmid to overexpress miRNA-130b. This enabled HeLa-229 cells to selectively package miRNA-130b into MVs and actively secrete the miRNA-130b enriched MVs into the culture media. We further verified that MVs enriched with miRNA-130b contain elevated concentrations of Argonaute 2 and heat shock protein 90a which are known to protect the circulating miRNAs from degradation. Exposure of primary cultured porcine adipocytes to purified, miRNA-130b-enriched MVs resulted in a significant down-regulation of PPAR-g expression which was associated with reduced adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Taken together, our results suggest that MVs may provide an effective transport systems for the deliver of miRNAs for therapeutic use. We also showed that MV-shuttled miRNA-130b inhibited adipogenesis and lipogenesis, and reduced fat deposition in recipient adipocytes by targeting PPAR-g.
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174
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Metformin: a metabolic disruptor and anti-diabetic drug to target human leukemia. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:188-96. [PMID: 24462823 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a global and urgent need for expanding our current therapeutical arsenal against leukemia in order to improve their actual cure rates and fight relapse. Targeting the reprogrammed, altered cancer metabolism is an emerging strategy which should profoundly affect cancer cells in their intimate and irrepressible needs and addictions for nutrients uptake and incorporation into the biomass during malignant proliferation. We present here how metformin, an anti-diabetic drug that has attracted a strong interest for its recently discovered anti-cancer properties, can be envisioned as a new adjuvant approach to treat leukemia. Metformin may have a double-edged sword effect (i) by acting on the organism to decrease hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia in diabetic patients and (ii) at the cellular level, by inhibiting the mTORC1-cancer supporting pathway through AMPK-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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175
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Boyette LB, Tuan RS. Adult Stem Cells and Diseases of Aging. J Clin Med 2014; 3:88-134. [PMID: 24757526 PMCID: PMC3992297 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preservation of adult stem cells pools is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis into old age. Exhaustion of adult stem cell pools as a result of deranged metabolic signaling, premature senescence as a response to oncogenic insults to the somatic genome, and other causes contribute to tissue degeneration with age. Both progeria, an extreme example of early-onset aging, and heritable longevity have provided avenues to study regulation of the aging program and its impact on adult stem cell compartments. In this review, we discuss recent findings concerning the effects of aging on stem cells, contributions of stem cells to age-related pathologies, examples of signaling pathways at work in these processes, and lessons about cellular aging gleaned from the development and refinement of cellular reprogramming technologies. We highlight emerging therapeutic approaches to manipulation of key signaling pathways corrupting or exhausting adult stem cells, as well as other approaches targeted at maintaining robust stem cell pools to extend not only lifespan but healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Boyette
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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176
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Abstract
Metformin is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. Results from several clinical studies have indicated that type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin might have a lower cancer risk. One of the primary metabolic changes observed in malignant cell transformation is an increased catabolic glucose metabolism. In this context, once it has entered the cell through organic cation transporters, metformin decreases mitochondrial respiration chain activity and ATP production that, in turn, activates AMP-activated protein kinase, which regulates energy homeostasis. In addition, metformin reduces cellular energy availability and glucose entrapment by inhibiting hexokinase-II, which catalyses the glucose phosphorylation reaction. In this review, we discuss recent findings on molecular mechanisms that sustain the anticancer effect of metformin through regulation of glucose metabolism. In particular, we have focused on the emerging action of metformin on glycolysis in normal and cancer cells, with a drug discovery perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Salani
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cecilia Marini
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Renzo Cordera
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Maggi
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI)University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/6, 16132 Genova, ItalyIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of ExperimentalDiagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)40129 Bologna, ItalyCNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)16132 Genova, ItalyDepartment of Health Science (DISSAL)University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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177
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Tomblin JK, Salisbury TB. Insulin like growth factor 2 regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:1092-6. [PMID: 24380854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-2 stimulate normal growth, development and breast cancer cell proliferation. Cyclin D1 (CCND1) promotes cell cycle by inhibiting retinoblastoma protein (RB1). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a major xenobiotic receptor that also regulates cell cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether IGF-2 promotes MCF-7 breast cancer proliferation by inducing AHR. Western blot and quantitative real time PCR (Q-PCR) analysis revealed that IGF-2 induced an approximately 2-fold increase (P<.001) in the expression of AHR and CCND1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), followed by Q-PCR indicated that IGF-2 promoted (P<.001) a 7-fold increase in AHR binding on the CCND1 promoter. AHR knockdown significantly (P<.001) inhibited IGF-2 stimulated increases in CCND1 mRNA and protein. AHR knockdown cells were less (P<.001) responsive to the proliferative effects of IGF-2 than control cells. Collectively, our findings have revealed a new regulatory mechanism by which IGF-2 induction of AHR promotes the expression of CCND1 and the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. This previously uncharacterized pathway could be important for the proliferation of IGF responsive cancer cells that also express AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Tomblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Travis B Salisbury
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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178
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Abstract
The relationship between size and lifespan is complex. Larger species normally outlive smaller species, but within species smaller individuals generally outlive larger individuals. Research comparing size and mortality in dogs suggests that big dogs die young because they age faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Selman
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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179
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Stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Increases Insulin Sensitivity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:938081. [PMID: 24391675 PMCID: PMC3874339 DOI: 10.1155/2013/938081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana has been reported to exert antihyperglycemic effects in both rat and human subjects. There have been few studies on these effects in vitro. In this paper, radioactive glucose uptake assay was implemented in order to assess improvements in insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells by elevation of glucose uptake following treatment with stevioside. Oil Red-O staining and MTT assay were utilized to confirm adipocyte differentiation and cell viability, respectively. Findings from this research showed a significant increase in absorbance values in mature adipocytes following Oil Red-O staining, confirming the differentiation process. Stevioside was noncytotoxic to 3T3-L1 cells as cell viability was reduced by a maximum of 17%, making it impossible to determine its IC50. Stevioside increased glucose uptake activities by 2.1 times (p < 0.001) in normal conditions and up to 4.4 times (p < 0.001) in insulin-resistant states. At times, this increase was higher than that seen in positive control group treated with rosiglitazone maleate, an antidiabetic agent. Expressions of pY20 and p-IRS1 which were measured via Western blot were improved by stevioside treatment. In conclusion, stevioside has direct effects on 3T3-L1 insulin sensitivity via increase in glucose uptake and enhanced expression of proteins involved in insulin-signalling pathway.
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180
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De Bruijn KMJ, Arends LR, Hansen BE, Leeflang S, Ruiter R, van Eijck CHJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between diabetes mellitus and incidence and mortality in breast and colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2013; 100:1421-9. [PMID: 24037561 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased cancer incidence and mortality. Several mechanisms involved in diabetes, such as promotion of cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis, may foster carcinogenesis. This study investigated the association between DM and cancer incidence and cancer-specific mortality in patients with breast and colorectal carcinoma. METHODS A meta-analysis of controlled trials, prospective cohort studies and pooled cohort studies published after 2007 was conducted. Embase, PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched. Summary hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to adjust for confounders, mode of DM assessment and follow-up time. RESULTS Twenty studies were included to investigate the association between DM and breast and colorectal cancer incidence and cancer-specific mortality. The studies predominantly comprised patients with type II DM. The overall HR for breast cancer incidence was 1·23 (95 per cent confidence interval 1·12 to 1·34) and that for colorectal cancer was 1·26 (1·14 to 1·40) in patients with DM compared with those without diabetes. The overall HR was 1·38 (1·20 to 1·58) for breast cancer- and 1·30 (1·15 to 1·47) for colorectal cancer-specific mortality in patients with DM compared with those without diabetes. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis indicated that DM is a risk factor for breast and colorectal cancer, and for cancer-specific mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M J De Bruijn
- Departments of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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181
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Lopez R, Arumugam A, Joseph R, Monga K, Boopalan T, Agullo P, Gutierrez C, Nandy S, Subramani R, de la Rosa JM, Lakshmanaswamy R. Hyperglycemia enhances the proliferation of non-tumorigenic and malignant mammary epithelial cells through increased leptin/IGF1R signaling and activation of AKT/mTOR. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79708. [PMID: 24260287 PMCID: PMC3832533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are associated with increased breast cancer risk and worse disease progression once cancer is diagnosed; however, the exact etiology behind these observations remains to be fully elucidated. Due to the global obesity/diabetes pandemic, it is imperative to understand how these diseases promote and enhance breast cancer and other common cancers. In this study we demonstrate that hyperglycemia promotes breast cancer by altering leptin/IGF1R and AKT/mTOR signaling. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that in breast epithelial cells, hyperglycemia alone directly impacts leptin signaling. Hyperglycemia increased proliferation of both non-tumorigenic and malignant mammary epithelial cells. These observations coincided with increased leptin receptor and IGF1R receptor, as well as, increased levels of GRB2, pJAK2, pSTAT3, pIRS1/2, pAKT, and p-mTOR. Moreover, pJAK2 was almost completely colocalized with leptin receptor under high glucose conditions. These results demonstrate how hyperglycemia can potentially increase the risk of breast cancer in premalignant lesions and enhance cancer progression in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lopez
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arunkumar Arumugam
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Riya Joseph
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kanika Monga
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thiyagarajan Boopalan
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pamela Agullo
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christina Gutierrez
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sushmita Nandy
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramadevi Subramani
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jose Manuel de la Rosa
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Center of Excellence in Diabetes Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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182
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Ge D, Dauchy RT, Liu S, Zhang Q, Mao L, Dauchy EM, Blask DE, Hill SM, Rowan BG, Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Cecil KS, Xiong Z, Myers L, You Z. Insulin and IGF1 enhance IL-17-induced chemokine expression through a GSK3B-dependent mechanism: a new target for melatonin's anti-inflammatory action. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:377-87. [PMID: 24033914 PMCID: PMC3797167 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic inflammation with increased serum levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and interleukin-17 (IL-17). The objective of this study was to test a hypothesis that insulin and IGF1 enhance IL-17-induced expression of inflammatory chemokines/cytokines through a glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3B)-dependent mechanism, which can be inhibited by melatonin. We found that insulin/IGF1 and lithium chloride enhanced IL-17-induced expression of C-X-C motif ligand 1 (Cxcl1) and C-C motif ligand 20 (Ccl20) in the Gsk3b(+/+) , but not in Gsk3b(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. IL-17 induced higher levels of Cxcl1 and Ccl20 in the Gsk3b(-/-) MEF cells, compared with the Gsk3b(+/+) MEF cells. Insulin and IGF1 activated Akt to phosphorylate GSK3B at serine 9, thus inhibiting GSK3B activity. Melatonin inhibited Akt activation, thus decreasing P-GSK3B at serine 9 (i.e., increasing GSK3B activity) and subsequently inhibiting expression of Cxcl1 and Ccl20 that was induced either by IL-17 alone or by a combination of insulin and IL-17. Melatonin's inhibitory effects were only observed in the Gsk3b(+/+) , but in not Gsk3b(-/-) MEF cells. Melatonin also inhibited expression of Cxcl1, Ccl20, and Il-6 that was induced by a combination of insulin and IL-17 in the mouse prostatic tissues. Further, nighttime human blood, which contained high physiologic levels of melatonin, decreased expression of Cxcl1, Ccl20, and Il-6 in the PC3 human prostate cancer xenograft tumors. Our data support our hypothesis and suggest that melatonin may be used to dampen IL-17-mediated inflammation that is enhanced by the increased levels of insulin and IGF1 in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Ge
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Robert T. Dauchy
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Sen Liu
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lulu Mao
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Erin M. Dauchy
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - David E. Blask
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Steven M. Hill
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Brian G. Rowan
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Department Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - George C. Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; USA
| | - John P. Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; USA
| | - Kate S. Cecil
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; USA
| | - Zhenggang Xiong
- Department Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Leann Myers
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Zongbing You
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Department Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Department Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
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183
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Diet and nutrition in cancer survivorship and palliative care. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:917647. [PMID: 24288570 PMCID: PMC3832963 DOI: 10.1155/2013/917647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary goal of palliative cancer care is typically to relieve suffering and improve quality of life. Most approaches to diet in this setting have focused only on eating as many calories as possible to avoid cachexia. However, as the concept of palliative care has evolved to include all aspects of cancer survivorship and not just end of life care, there is an increasing need to thoughtfully consider diet and nutrition approaches that can impact not only quality of life but overall health outcomes and perhaps even positively affect cancer recurrence and progression. In this regard, there has been a recent emphasis in the literature on nutrition and cancer as an important factor in both quality of life and in the pathophysiology of cancer. Hence, the primary purpose of this paper is to review the current data on diet and nutrition as it pertains to a wide range of cancer patients in the palliative care setting.
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184
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Andres SF, Simmons JG, Mah AT, Santoro MA, Van Landeghem L, Lund PK. Insulin receptor isoform switching in intestinal stem cells, progenitors, differentiated lineages and tumors: evidence that IR-B limits proliferation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5645-56. [PMID: 24127567 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.132985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite evidence for the impact of insulin on intestinal epithelial physiology and pathophysiology, the expression patterns, roles, and regulation of insulin receptor (IR) and IR isoforms in the intestinal epithelium are not well characterized. IR-A is thought to mediate the proliferative effects of insulin or insulin growth factors (IGFs) in fetal or cancer cells. IR-B is considered to be the metabolic receptor for insulin in specialized tissues. This study used a novel Sox9-EGFP reporter mouse that permits isolation of intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs), progenitors, enteroendocrine cells and differentiated lineages, the Apc(Min/+) mouse model of precancerous adenoma and normal human intestinal and colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. We tested the hypothesis that there is differential expression of IR-A or IR-B in stem and tumor cells versus differentiated intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and that IR-B impacts cell proliferation. Our findings provide evidence that IR-B expression is significantly lower in highly proliferative IESCs and progenitor cells versus post-mitotic, differentiated IECs and in subconfluent and undifferentiated versus differentiated Caco-2 cells. IR-B is also reduced in Apc(Min/+) tumors and highly tumorigenic CRC cells. These differences in IR-B were accompanied by altered levels of mRNAs encoding muscleblind-like 2 (MBNL2), a known regulator of IR alternative splicing. Forced IR-B expression in subconfluent and undifferentiated Caco-2 cells reduced proliferation and increased biomarkers of differentiation. Our findings indicate that the impact of insulin on different cell types in the intestinal epithelium might differ depending on relative IR-B IR-A expression levels and provide new evidence for the roles of IR-B to limit proliferation of CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Andres
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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185
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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands inhibit igf-ii and adipokine stimulated breast cancer cell proliferation. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 2013:104850. [PMID: 24171117 PMCID: PMC3793317 DOI: 10.1155/2013/104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity increases human cancer risk and the risk for cancer recurrence. Adipocytes secrete paracrine factors termed adipokines that stimulate signaling in cancer cells that induce proliferation. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays roles in tumorigenesis, is regulated by exogenous lipophilic chemicals, and has been explored as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Whether exogenous AHR ligands modulate adipokine stimulated breast cancer cell proliferation has not been investigated. We provide evidence that adipocytes secrete insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) at levels that stimulate the proliferation of human estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer cells. Using highly specific AHR ligands and AHR short interfering RNA (AHR-siRNA), we show that specific ligand-activated AHR inhibits adipocyte secretome and IGF-2-stimulated breast cancer cell proliferation. We also report that a highly specific AHR agonist significantly (P < 0.05) inhibits the expression of E2F1, CCND1 (known as Cyclin D1), MYB, SRC, JAK2, and JUND in breast cancer cells. Collectively, these data suggest that drugs that target the AHR may be useful for treating cancer in human obesity.
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186
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Panda AC, Grammatikakis I, Yoon JH, Abdelmohsen K. Posttranscriptional regulation of insulin family ligands and receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19202-29. [PMID: 24051403 PMCID: PMC3794829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140919202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin system including ligands (insulin and IGFs) and their shared receptors (IR and IGFR) are critical regulators of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Altered insulin system is associated with major pathological conditions like diabetes and cancer. The mRNAs encoding for these ligands and their receptors are posttranscriptionally controlled by three major groups of regulators; (i) alternative splicing regulatory factors; (ii) turnover and translation regulator RNA-binding proteins (TTR-RBPs); and (iii) non-coding RNAs including miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). In this review, we discuss the influence of these regulators on alternative splicing, mRNA stability and translation. Due to the pathological impacts of insulin system, we also discussed the possibilities of discovering new potential regulators which will improve understanding of insulin system and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaresh C Panda
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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187
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Bonnefond A, Skrobek B, Lobbens S, Eury E, Thuillier D, Cauchi S, Lantieri O, Balkau B, Riboli E, Marre M, Charpentier G, Yengo L, Froguel P. Association between large detectable clonal mosaicism and type 2 diabetes with vascular complications. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1040-3. [PMID: 23852171 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Large chromosomal clonal mosaic events (CMEs) have been suggested to be linked to aging and to predict cancer. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been conceptualized as an accelerated-aging disease and is associated with higher prevalence of cancers. Here we aimed to assess the association between T2D and CME occurrence in blood. We evaluated the presence of CMEs in 7,659 individuals (including 2,208 with T2D) using DNA arrays. A significant association between CME occurrence and T2D was found (odds ratio (OR) = 5.3; P = 5.1 × 10(-5)) and was stronger when we only considered non-obese individuals with T2D (OR = 5.6; P = 4.9 × 10(-5)). Notably, CME carriers with T2D had higher prevalence of vascular complications than non-carriers with T2D (71.4% versus 37.1%, respectively; P = 7.7 × 10(-4)). In CME carriers, we found an increase in the percentage of abnormal cells over 6 years (P = 8.60 × 10(-3)). In conclusion, given the increased risk of cancer in CME carriers, our results may have profound clinical implications in patients with severe T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Bonnefond
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
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188
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Abstract
As rates of obesity soar in the Unites States and around the world, cancer attributed to obesity has emerged as major threat to public health. The link between obesity and cancer can be attributed in part to the state of chronic inflammation that develops in obesity. Acetyl-CoA production and protein acetylation patterns are highly sensitive to metabolic state and are significantly altered in obesity. In this article, we explore the potential role of nutrient-sensitive lysine acetylation in regulating inflammatory processes in obesity-linked cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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189
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Mo XD, Xu LP, Liu DH, Zhang XH, Chen H, Chen YH, Han W, Wang Y, Wang FR, Wang JZ, Liu KY, Huang XJ. The hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI) is an outcome predictor for partially matched related donor transplantation. Am J Hematol 2013; 88:497-502. [PMID: 23536204 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To validate the predictive ability of the Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) on the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients who received transplants from partially matched related donors (PMRD), a total of 526 patients who received PMRD HSCT between January 2006 and December 2009 at the Institute of Hematology, Peking University were enrolled. Patients were grouped according to their HCT-CI score; 31.0%, 31.4%, and 37.6% of patients had HCT-CI scores of 0, 1-2, and ≥3, respectively. Patients with HCT-CI scores of ≥3 had a significantly poorer 2-year overall survival (OS) than patients with HCT-CI scores of 0-2 (54.55% vs. 78.05%, P < 0.001). In addition, patients with HCT-CI scores of ≥3 had a significantly higher 2-year cumulative incidence of relapse and nonrelapse mortality (NRM) than patients with scores of 0-2 (relapse: 23.23% vs. 11.59%, P < 0.001; NRM: 34.30% vs. 15.93%, P < 0.001). HCT-CI scores of <3 were associated with better OS, less relapse, and lower NRM in multivariate analysis. Patients who had high comorbidity scores as well as high-risk disease had the poorest outcomes. Therefore, we found that HCT-CI is associated with the outcomes of PMRD HSCT and we should closely monitor patients with a high comorbidity burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Mo
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Dai-Hong Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hong Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Han
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Rong Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Zhi Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Yan Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Institute of Hematology; Beijing Key laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District; Beijing; 100044; People's Republic of China
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190
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Beck E, Scheen AJ. Quels bénéfices antitumoraux attendre de la metformine ? ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2013; 74:137-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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191
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Algire C, Medrikova D, Herzig S. White and brown adipose stem cells: From signaling to clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:896-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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192
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Simpson ER, Brown KA. Minireview: Obesity and breast cancer: a tale of inflammation and dysregulated metabolism. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:715-25. [PMID: 23518927 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the spectrum of conditions known collectively as the Metabolic Syndrome, obesity is now recognized to be associated with increased risk of several cancers including colon, endometrial, and breast cancer. Obesity and carcinogenesis share 2 characteristics in common. On the one hand, they involve inflammatory pathways, and on the other hand, they involve dysregulated metabolism. In this review we focus on postmenopausal breast cancer and discuss the metabolic and cellular mechanisms whereby obesity and breast cancer are related. Because a majority of postmenopausal breast tumors are estrogen responsive, we include a discussion of the action of obesity-related factors on estrogen formation within the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R Simpson
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research-Monash Medical Centre, Block E, Level 4246 Clayton Road, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria-3168, Australia.
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193
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Zhou W, Liu Y, Zhong DW. Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) rs2241766 G/T polymorphism is associated with risk of cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2012; 34:493-504. [PMID: 23143890 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between adiponectin (ADIPOQ) genetic polymorphisms (rs2241766 G/T and rs266729 G/C) and cancer risk have been extensively studied in the past decade, while conflicting results were reported. Therefore, this study would explore the associations by using a meta-analysis. The databases of Medline, Embase, and Wangfang were retrieved, and the latest updated time was 1 August 2012. Effect sizes of odds ratio and 95 % confidence interval (OR and 95 % CI) were calculated by using a fixed- or random-effect model. A total of 12 studies with 10,368 participants were identified for association between ADIPOQ rs2241766 G/T and risk of cancer, and ten studies with 12,665 participants were for association between ADIPOQ rs266729 G/C and risk of cancer. Overall combined analyses indicated that neither ADIPOQ rs2241766 G/T nor rs266729 G/C was associated with risk of cancer incidence (OR (95 % CI), 0.89 (0.61-1.30) for GG vs. TT and 0.94 (0.83-1.06) for G carriers vs. T carriers for rs2241766 G/T; 0.99 (0.85-1.16) for GG vs. CC and 0.96 (0.87-1.06) for G carriers vs. C carriers for rs266729 G/C). When stratified analyses were conducted according to the participants' ethnicity, sources of controls, types of cancer, and sample size, we found that G allele of ADIPOQ rs2241766 G/T was significantly associated with decreased risk of cancer based on population-based case-control studies (OR (95 % CI), 0.65 (0.50-0.85) for GG vs. TT and 0.88 (0.79-0.98) for G carriers vs. T carriers). In contrast, there was no association between rs266729 G/C polymorphism and risk of cancer when subgroup analyses were conducted. In summary, this meta-analysis indicated that ADIPOQ rs2241766 G/T rather than rs266729 G/C polymorphism was closely associated with risk of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Renmin Road No.139, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan Province, China
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194
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Beck-Nielsen H. The role of glycogen synthase in the development of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: 'To store or not to store glucose, that's the question'. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28:635-44. [PMID: 22926827 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the role of glycogen storage in skeletal muscle for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Specifically, the role of the enzyme glycogen synthase, which seems to be locked in its hyperphosphorylated and inactivated state, is discussed. This defect seems to be secondary to ectopic lipid disposition in the muscle cells. These molecular defects are discussed in the context of the overall pathophysiology of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic subjects.
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195
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196
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Col NF, Ochs L, Springmann V, Aragaki AK, Chlebowski RT. Metformin and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and critical literature review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135:639-46. [PMID: 22847511 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Observational studies have suggested that metformin decreases the incidence of several common cancers. However, findings regarding breast cancer have been mixed. In order to explore this issue, a systematic literature review and meta-analysis were performed with a focus on potential biases. We conducted a comprehensive literature search for all pertinent studies addressing metformin use and breast cancer risk by searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus (which includes Embase, ISI Web of Science) using the Mesh terms: "metformin" or "biguanides" or "diabetes mellitus, type 2/therapy" and "cancer" or "neoplasms." When multiple hazard ratios (HR) or odds ratio (OR) were reported, the most adjusted estimate was used in the base-case analysis. We pooled the adjusted HR and performed sensitivity analyses on duration of metformin use (> or ≤3 years use), study quality (assessed using the GRADE system), and initial observation year of the cohort (before vs after 1997). From a total of 443 citations, 18 full-text articles were considered, and seven independent studies were included. All were observational (four cohort and three case control). Our combined OR of all seven studies was 0.83 (0.71-0.97). Stronger associations were found when analyses were limited to studies estimating the impact of longer metformin use (OR = 0.75. 95 % CI 0.62, 0.91) or among studies that began observing their cohort before 1997 (OR = 0.68. 95 % CI 0.55-0.084). Stratification according to study quality did not affect the combined OR but higher quality studies had smaller CI and achieved statistical significance. Interpretation is limited by the observational nature of reports and different comparison groups. Our analyses support a protective effect of metformin on breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women with diabetes. Clinical trials are needed for definitive determination of the role of metformin in breast cancer risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nananda F Col
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA.
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