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Accuracy of W' Recovery Kinetics in High Performance Cyclists-Modeling Intermittent Work Capacity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:724-728. [PMID: 29035607 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE With knowledge of an individual's critical power and W', the SKIBA 2 model provides a framework with which to track W' balance during intermittent high-intensity work bouts. There are fears that the time constant controlling the recovery rate of W' (τW') may require refinement to enable effective use in an elite population. METHODS Four elite endurance cyclists completed an array of intermittent exercise protocols to volitional exhaustion. Each protocol lasted approximately 3.5-6 min and featured a range of recovery intensities, set in relation to the athlete's critical power (DCP). Using the framework of the SKIBA 2 model, the τW' values were modified for each protocol to achieve an accurate W' at volitional exhaustion. Modified τW' values were compared with equivalent SKIBA 2 τW' values to assess the difference in recovery rates for this population. Plotting modified τW' values against DCP showed the adjusted relationship between work rate and recovery rate. RESULTS Comparing modified τW' values against the SKIBA 2 τW' values showed a negative bias of 112 (46) s (mean ± 95% confidence limits), suggesting that athletes recovered W' faster than predicted by SKIBA 2 (P = .0001). The modified τW'-DCP relationship was best described by a power function: τW' = 2287.2 × DCP-0.688 (R2 = .433). CONCLUSIONS The current SKIBA 2 model is not appropriate for use in elite cyclists, as it underpredicts the recovery rate of W'. The modified τW' equation presented will require validation but appears more appropriate for high-performance athletes. Individual τW' relationships may be necessary to maximize the model's validity.
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152
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Delextrat A, Gruet M, Bieuzen F. Effects of Small-Sided Games and High-Intensity Interval Training on Aerobic and Repeated Sprint Performance and Peripheral Muscle Oxygenation Changes in Elite Junior Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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153
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Phomsoupha M, Berger Q, Laffaye G. Multiple Repeated Sprint Ability Test for Badminton Players Involving Four Changes of Direction: Validity and Reliability (Part 1). J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:423-431. [PMID: 29084095 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phomsoupha, M, Berger, Q, and Laffaye, G. Multiple repeated sprint ability test for badminton players involving four changes of direction: validity and reliability (part 1). J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 423-431, 2018-The purpose of this study was: (a) to develop a new sport-specific, repeated-sprint ability test involving 4 changes of direction, namely, the multiple repeated sprint ability (MRSAB) test for badminton players; (b) to determine its validity by comparing the results of 5 different skill levels; and (c) to assess the link between the new test and neuromuscular lower limb and physiological variables. For this purpose, 42 participants were separated into 5 groups to perform the MRSAB test at the same time of day, on 2 occasions, separated by at least 48 hours. The MRSAB test consisted of 2 repetitions of 4 movements (4 × 3 m) separated by 30 seconds of passive recovery. This pattern was repeated 10 times. The best time (BT), mean time (MT), and fatigue index (FI) were measured. Heart rate and blood lactate concentration were also recorded to determine the participants' physiological responses to the test. The results show that the MRSAB test is valid, because it differentiates between the 5 skill levels for BT, MT and FI and offers a reliable method (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95 for BT and MT) for testing badminton players, with no differences between the sessions (p > 0.05). Moreover, the link between MT and neuromuscular variables, such as jump height in squats and countermovements (r = -0.55 and -0.60, respectively) and with V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (r = -0.92) reveals that this test uses a combination of the anaerobic and aerobic systems; thus, it can be used by trainers either to improve movement ability or increase these physical qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phomsoupha
- CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France.,CIAMS, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Quentin Berger
- CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France.,CIAMS, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Guillaume Laffaye
- CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France.,CIAMS, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
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154
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McEwan G, Arthur R, Phillips SM, Gibson NV, Easton C. Interval running with self-selected recovery: Physiology, performance, and perception. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1058-1067. [PMID: 29842843 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1472811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This study (1) compared the physiological responses and performance during a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session incorporating externally regulated (ER) and self-selected (SS) recovery periods and (2) examined the psychophysiological cues underpinning SS recovery durations. Following an incremental maximal exercise test to determine maximal aerobic speed (MAS), 14 recreationally active males completed 2 HIIT sessions on a non-motorised treadmill. Participants performed 12 × 30 s running intervals at a target intensity of 105% MAS interspersed with 30 s (ER) or SS recovery periods. During SS, participants were instructed to provide themselves with sufficient recovery to complete all 12 efforts at the required intensity. A semi-structured interview was undertaken following the completion of SS. Mean recovery duration was longer during SS (51 ± 15 s) compared to ER (30 ± 0 s; p < .001; d = 1.46 ± 0.46). Between-interval heart rate recovery was higher (SS: 19 ± 9 b min-1; ER: 8 ± 5 b min-1; p < .001; d = 1.43 ± 0.43) and absolute time ≥90% maximal heart rate (HRmax) was lower (SS: 335 ± 193 s; ER: 433 ± 147 s; p = .075; d = 0.52 ± 0.39) during SS compared to ER. Relative time ≥105% MAS was greater during SS (90 ± 6%) compared to ER (74 ± 20%; p < .01; d = 0.87 ± 0.40). Different sources of afferent information underpinned decision-making during SS. The extended durations of recovery during SS resulted in a reduced time ≥90% HRmax but enhanced time ≥105% MAS, compared with ER exercise. Differences in the afferent cue utilisation of participants likely explain the large levels of inter-individual variability observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary McEwan
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
| | - Rosemary Arthur
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
| | - Shaun M Phillips
- b Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Neil V Gibson
- c Oriam: Scotland's Sports Performance Centre , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Chris Easton
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
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155
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Dodd KD, Newans TJ. Talent identification for soccer: Physiological aspects. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1073-1078. [PMID: 29789264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Soccer coaches are always looking to discover the next star player, without investing the necessary resources, time, and effort into a player's development. In the modern era, talent identification in soccer seems to be a comparative process rather than a developmental process. This article will look at the physiological profiles of soccer players in the modern era and how testing and talent identification processes should coincide with this data. DESIGN An extensive literature search identifying the physiological attributes of soccer players that are required to compete at an elite level was conducted. An examination of the methods to test these attributes was also conducted. METHODS Studies were assigned into three areas to understand the physiological aspect of soccer: physiological testing methods, benchmark values, and correlations between different tests. RESULTS A testing battery was established to test the key physiological attributes of prospective youth soccer players. Benchmark levels were also identified to allow coaches to understand areas of improvement. CONCLUSIONS Using a physiological testing battery will allow teams to track their players' progress throughout their developmental years. This allows coaches to consistently identify a player's strengths and weaknesses, as well as allow players who may experience late maturation to still be identified.
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156
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Hanley B, Hettinga FJ. Champions are racers, not pacers: an analysis of qualification patterns of Olympic and IAAF World Championship middle distance runners. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2614-2620. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1472200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Florentina J. Hettinga
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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157
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Ferioli D, Rampinini E, Bosio A, La Torre A, Azzolini M, Coutts AJ. The physical profile of adult male basketball players: Differences between competitive levels and playing positions. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2567-2574. [PMID: 29697296 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1469241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the physical differences in adult male basketball players of different competitive level and playing position using a large cohort. In the middle of the regular season, 129 players from four different Divisions completed a Yo-YoIR1 and, after 3-to-8 days, they performed a 6-min continuous running test (Mognoni's test), a counter-movement jump (CMJ) test and a 5-min High-intensity Intermittent running test (HIT). Magnitude-based inferences revealed that differences in HIT were very likely moderate between Division I and II and likely small between Division II and III. The differences in absolute peak power and force produced during CMJs between Division I and II and between Division II and III were possibly small. Differences in Yo-YoIR1 and Mognoni's test were very likely-to-almost certain moderate/large between Division III and VI. We observed possibly-to-likely small differences in HIT and Mognoni's test between guards and forwards and almost certainly moderate differences in absolute peak power and force during CMJs between guards and centres. The ability to sustain high-intensity intermittent efforts (i.e. HIT) and strength/power characteristics can differentiate between competitive level, while strength/power characteristics discriminate guards from forwards/centres. These findings inform practitioners on the development of identification programs and training activities in basketball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferioli
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Ermanno Rampinini
- b Human Performance Laboratory , MAPEI Sport Research Centre , Olgiate Olona , VA , Italy
| | - Andrea Bosio
- b Human Performance Laboratory , MAPEI Sport Research Centre , Olgiate Olona , VA , Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Matteo Azzolini
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.,b Human Performance Laboratory , MAPEI Sport Research Centre , Olgiate Olona , VA , Italy
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- c Sport and Exercise Discipline Group , University of Technology Sydney (UTS) , Sydney , Australia
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158
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Maté-Muñoz JL, Lougedo JH, Garnacho-Castaño MV, Veiga-Herreros P, Lozano-Estevan MDC, García-Fernández P, de Jesús F, Guodemar-Pérez J, San Juan AF, Domínguez R. Effects of β-alanine supplementation during a 5-week strength training program: a randomized, controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:19. [PMID: 29713250 PMCID: PMC5918575 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Alanine (BA) is a non-essential amino acid that has been shown to enhance exercise performance. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if BA supplementation improved the adaptive response to five weeks of a resistance training program. METHODS Thirty healthy, strength-trained individuals were randomly assigned to the experimental groups placebo (PLA) or BA. Over 5 weeks of strength training, subjects in BA took 6.4 g/day of BA as 8 × 800 mg doses each at least 1.5 h apart. The training program consisted of 3 sessions per week in which three different leg exercises were conducted as a circuit (back squat, barbell step ups and loaded jumping lunges). The program started with 3 sets of 40 s of work per exercise and rest periods between sets of 120 s in the first week. This training volume was then gradually built up to 5 sets of 20 s work/60 s rest in the fifth week. The work load during the program was set by one of the authors according to the individual's perceived effort the previous week. The variables measured were average velocity, peak velocity, average power, peak power, and load in kg in a back squat, incremental load, one-repetition maximum (1RM) test. In addition, during the rest period, jump ability (jump height and power) was assessed on a force platform. To compare data, a general linear model with repeated measures two-way analysis of variance was used. RESULTS Significantly greater training improvements were observed in the BA group versus PLA group (p = 0.045) in the variables average power at 1RM (BA: 42.65%, 95% CI, 432.33, 522.52 VS. PLA: 21.07%, 95% CI, 384.77, 482.19) and average power at maximum power output (p = 0.037) (BA: 20.17%, 95% CI, 637.82, 751.90 VS. PLA; 10.74%, 95% CI, 628.31, 751.53). The pre- to post training average power gain produced at 1RM in BA could be explained by a greater maximal strength gain, or load lifted at 1RM (p = 0.014) (24 kg, 95% CI, 19.45, 28.41 VS. 16 kg, 95% CI, 10.58, 20.25) and in the number of sets executed (p = 0.025) in the incremental load test (BA: 2.79 sets, 95% CI, 2.08, 3.49 VS. PLA: 1.58 sets, 95% CI, 0.82, 2.34). CONCLUSIONS β-Alanine supplementation was effective at increasing power output when lifting loads equivalent to the individual's maximal strength or when working at maximum power output. The improvement observed at 1RM was explained by a greater load lifted, or strength gain, in response to training in the participants who took this supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda, Universidad 1, Building C, 3rd floor, Office C-A15, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan H. Lougedo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda, Universidad 1, Building C, 3rd floor, Office C-A15, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel V. Garnacho-Castaño
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, TecnoCampus, College of Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), 08302 Mataró-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Veiga-Herreros
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda, Universidad 1, Building C, 3rd floor, Office C-A04, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Lozano-Estevan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda, Universidad 1, Building D, 3rd floor, Office D-342, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda, Universidad, 1, Building C, 3rd floor, Office C-H05, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de Jesús
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda, Universidad 1, Building D, 3rd floor, Office D-348, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Guodemar-Pérez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, Urb, Villafranca del Castillo, Calle Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro F. San Juan
- Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Polytechnic University, Social Building, 2nd floor, Office 205, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda, Universidad 1, Building C, 3rd floor, Office C-A12, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
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159
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Lamoureux NR, Tomkinson GR, Peterson BJ, Fitzgerald JS. Relationship Between Skating Economy and Performance During a Repeated-Shift Test in Elite and Subelite Ice Hockey Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1109-1113. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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160
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Meckel Y, Doron O, Eliakim E, Eliakim A. Seasonal Variations in Physical Fitness and Performance Indices of Elite Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6010014. [PMID: 29910318 PMCID: PMC5969193 DOI: 10.3390/sports6010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate seasonal variations in fitness and performance indices of professional male soccer players. Eighteen professional male soccer players (age range 22–32 years) completed three similar sets of tests at three stages of the season: before preseason; after preseason and the middle of the competitive in-season. A significant decrease in body mass and percent fat was found during the preseason. A significant improvement (p < 0.05) was found in the vertical jump (preseason: 37.0 ± 5.3, post-preseason: 39.0 ± 4.8, mid-season: 40.3 ± 5.5 cm), the 4 × 10-m agility test (preseason: 8.1 ± 0.2, post-preseason: 7.9 ± 0.2, mid-season: 8.1 ± 0.3 s), flexibility (preseason: 45.2 ± 8.8, post-preseason: 48.2 ± 7.0, mid-season: 49.9 ± 6.9 cm) and aerobic capacity (preseason: 52.7 ± 6.6, post-preseason: 56.4 ± 6.0, mid-season: 57.4 ± 5.4 mL/kg/min) during preseason, with no further change during mid-season. Repeated sprint test (RST) (6 × 30-m) performance indices showed significant deterioration (p < 0.05) in ideal sprint time (IS; preseason: 21.8 ± 1.0, post-preseason: 23.0 ± 0.8, mid-season: 23.2 ± 0.8 s) and total sprint time (TS; preseason: 22.5 ± 0.7, post-preseason: 23.5 ± 0.6, mid-season: 23.8 ± 0.6 s) during preseason, with no further changes during mid-season. However, performance decrement (PD) significantly decreased during the preseason with no change during mid-season. The findings suggest that while power training was probably responsible for the anaerobic fitness improvement, the high-volume training led to improvement in aerobic fitness during the preseason. However, the low-intensity aerobic-type training, coupled with the high total training load, may have led to fatigue and decreases in IS and TS during the preseason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Meckel
- The Academic College at Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya 4290200, Israel.
| | - Ofer Doron
- The Academic College at Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya 4290200, Israel.
| | - Eyal Eliakim
- The Academic College at Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya 4290200, Israel.
| | - Alon Eliakim
- The Academic College at Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya 4290200, Israel.
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv 6100000, Israel.
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161
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Ardigò LP, Kuvacic G, Iacono AD, Dascanio G, Padulo J. Effect of Heart rate on Basketball Three-Point Shot Accuracy. Front Physiol 2018; 9:75. [PMID: 29467676 PMCID: PMC5808225 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-point shot (3S) is a fundamental basketball skill used frequently during a game, and is often a main determinant of the final result. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different metabolic conditions, in terms of heart rates, on 3S accuracy (3S%) in 24 male (Under 17) basketball players (age 16.3 ± 0.6 yrs). 3S performance was specifically investigated at different heart rates. All sessions consisted of 10 consecutive 3Ss from five different significant field spots just beyond the FIBA three-point line, i.e., about 7 m from the basket (two counter-clockwise “laps”) at different heart rates: rest (0HR), after warm-up (50%HRMAX [50HR]), and heart rate corresponding to 80% of its maximum value (80%HRMAX [80HR]). We found that 50HR does not significantly decrease 3S% (−15%, P = 0.255), while 80HR significantly does when compared to 0HR (−28%, P = 0.007). Given that 50HR does not decrease 3S% compared to 0HR, we believe that no preliminary warm-up is needed before entering a game in order to specifically achieve a high 3S%. Furthermore, 3S training should be performed in conditions of moderate-to-high fatigued state so that a high 3S% can be maintained during game-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca P Ardigò
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Goran Kuvacic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Antonio D Iacono
- Wingate Institute, Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Netanya, Israel
| | - Giacomo Dascanio
- Associazione Dilettantistica Basket Club 7 Laghi Gazzada Schianno, Gazzada Schianno, Italy
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,Sport Science, University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
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162
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Twelve Weeks of Medium-Intensity Exercise Therapy Affects the Lipoprotein Profile of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010193. [PMID: 29316715 PMCID: PMC5796142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory auto-immune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Serum glucose alterations and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are reported in MS patients, and are commonly associated with the development of cardio-metabolic co-morbidities. We previously found that a subgroup of MS patients shows alterations in their lipoprotein profile that are similar to a pre-cardiovascular risk profile. In addition, we showed that a high-intensity exercise training has a positive effect on IGT in MS patients. In this study, we hypothesize that exercise training positively influences the lipoprotein profile of MS patients. To this end, we performed a pilot study and determined the lipoprotein profile before (controls, n = 40; MS patients, n = 41) and after (n = 41 MS only) 12 weeks of medium-intensity continuous training (MIT, n = 21, ~60% of VO2max) or high-intensity interval training (HIT, n = 20, ~100-200% of VO2max) using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Twelve weeks of MIT reduced intermediate-density lipoprotein particle count ((nmol/L); -43.4%; p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c (mg/dL); -7.6%; p < 0.05) and VLDL size ((nm); -6.6%; p < 0.05), whereas HIT did not influence the lipoprotein profile. These results show that MIT partially normalizes lipoprotein alterations in MS patients. Future studies including larger patient and control groups should determine whether MIT can reverse other lipoprotein levels and function and if these alterations are related to MS disease progression and the development of co-morbidities.
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163
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Domínguez R, Maté-Muñoz JL, Cuenca E, García-Fernández P, Mata-Ordoñez F, Lozano-Estevan MC, Veiga-Herreros P, da Silva SF, Garnacho-Castaño MV. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on intermittent high-intensity exercise efforts. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:2. [PMID: 29311764 PMCID: PMC5756374 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetroot juice contains high levels of inorganic nitrate (NO3-) and its intake has proved effective at increasing blood nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. Given the effects of NO in promoting vasodilation and blood flow with beneficial impacts on muscle contraction, several studies have detected an ergogenic effect of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise efforts with high oxidative energy metabolism demands. However, only a scarce yet growing number of investigations have sought to assess the effects of this supplement on performance at high-intensity exercise. Here we review the few studies that have addressed this issue. The databases Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed and Web of Science were searched for articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish published from 2010 to March 31 to 2017 using the keywords: beet or beetroot or nitrate or nitrite and supplement or supplementation or nutrition or "sport nutrition" and exercise or sport or "physical activity" or effort or athlete. Nine articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were identified. Results indicate that beetroot juice given as a single dose or over a few days may improve performance at intermittent, high-intensity efforts with short rest periods. The improvements observed were attributed to faster phosphocreatine resynthesis which could delay its depletion during repetitive exercise efforts. In addition, beetroot juice supplementation could improve muscle power output via a mechanism involving a faster muscle shortening velocity. The findings of some studies also suggested improved indicators of muscular fatigue, though the mechanism involved in this effect remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Domínguez
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cuenca
- TecnoCampus. GRI-AFIRS, School of Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Carmen Lozano-Estevan
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Veiga-Herreros
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandro Fernandes da Silva
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Physical Education Departament, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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164
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Seifert JG, Brumet A, St Cyr JA. The influence of D-ribose ingestion and fitness level on performance and recovery. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:47. [PMID: 29296106 PMCID: PMC5738882 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are severely depleted during and following prolonged high intensity exercise. Recovery from these lower ATP levels can take days, which can affect performance on subsequent days of exercise. Untrained individuals often suffer the stress and consequences of acute, repeated bouts of exercise by not having the ability to perform or recovery sufficiently to exercise on subsequent days. Conversely, trained individuals may be able to recover more quickly due to their enhanced metabolic systems. D-Ribose (DR) has been shown to enhance the recovery in ATP; however, it is not known if recovery and performance can be benefitted with DR ingestion. Therefore, this study was designed to determine what influence DR might have on muscular performance, recovery, and metabolism during and following a multi-day exercise regimen. Methods The study was a double blind, crossover study in 26 healthy subjects compared 10 g/day of DR to 10 g/day of dextrose (DEX, control). All subjects completed 2 days of loading with either DR or DEX, followed by 3 additional days of supplementation and during these 3 days of supplementation, each subject underwent 60 min of high intensity interval exercise in separate daily sessions, which involved cycling (8 min of exercise at 60% and 2 min at 80% VO2max), followed by a 2 min power output (PO) test. Subjects were divided into two groups based on peak VO2 results, lower VO2 (LVO2) and higher peak VO2 (HVO2). Results Mean and peak PO increased significantly from day 1 to day 3 for the DR trial compared to DEX in the LVO2 group. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and creatine kinase (CK) were significantly lower for DR than DEX in the LVO2 group. No differences in PO, RPE, heart rate, CK, blood urea nitrogen, or glucose were found between either supplement for the HVO2 group. Conclusion DR supplementation in the lower VO2 max group resulted in maintenance in exercise performance, as well as lower levels of RPE and CK. Unlike no observed benefits with DEX supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Seifert
- Movement Science Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT USA.,Health and Human Performance, 103E Romney Gym, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA
| | - Allison Brumet
- Movement Science Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT USA.,Dept HHD, MSU, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA
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165
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Rubio-Arias JA, Ávila-Gandía V, Marín-Pagán C, Luque A, Alcaraz PE. Heart rate variability to assess ventilatory thresholds in professional basketball players. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:468-473. [PMID: 30356606 PMCID: PMC6189264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine if heart rate variability (HRV) during incremental test could be used to estimate ventilatory threshold (VT) in professional basketball players, with sufficient precision to be used in their training. Furthermore, the second aim was to analyse the association between HRV and 3 methods of VT determination by gas analysis. METHODS Twenty-four professional basketball players (age: 23.4 ± 4.9 years; height: 195.4 ± 9.8 cm; body mass: 92.2 ± 11.9 kg) performed an incremental running test to exhaustion. First ventilatory threshold (VT1) was determined by ventilatory equivalent (VE) and HRV and second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was determined by 3 methods of gases analysis (V-slope, VE and gas exchange ratio (R), and HRV). Pearson's coefficient (r) was used to detect differences between data and the strength of each relationship. The mean of absolute differences and Bland-Altman analysis were used to evaluate whether there was agreement. RESULTS The results showed no significant differences in HR and oxygen consumption (VO2) at VT1 between the 2 methods. Furthermore, no significant differences among the methods of gases analysis and HRV were observed in speed, HR, and VO2 at VT2. Moreover, VTs estimated using HRV and gas methods were significantly correlated. Correlation in HR values was higher between R and HRV (r = 0.96) and VE and HRV (r = 0.96) than V-slope and HRV (r = 0.90). CONCLUSION These findings provide a practical, inexpensive approach for evaluating specific training loads when determining VT2 in basketball players. Therefore, HRV is an alternative method to determine VT2 without the application of expensive technology that limits its use to laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Faculty of Sports, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | - Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Faculty of Sports, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Luque
- Department of Physiology, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Faculty of Sports, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia 30107, Spain
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166
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Köklü Y, Alemdaroğlu U, Aksoy İ, Gürmen İ. Comparison of physiological responses and technical actions in full-court games in young basketball players. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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167
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Pickering C, Kiely J. Understanding Personalized Training Responses: Can Genetic Assessment Help? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1875399x01710010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Traditional exercise prescription is based on the assumption that exercise adaptation is predictable and standardised across individuals. However, evidence has emerged in the past two decades demonstrating that large inter-individual variation exists regarding the magnitude and direction of adaption following exercise.Objective:The aim of this paper was to discuss the key factors influencing this personalized response to exercise in a narrative review format.Findings:Genetic variation contributes significantly to the personalized training response, with specific polymorphisms associated with differences in exercise adaptation. These polymorphisms exist in a number of pathways controlling exercise adaptation. Environmental factors such as nutrition, psycho-emotional response, individual history and training programme design also modify the inter-individual adaptation following training. Within the emerging field of epigenetics, DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA allow environmental and lifestyle factors to impact genetic expression. These epigenetic mechanisms are themselves modified by genetic and non-genetic factors, illustrating the complex interplay between variables in determining the adaptive response. Given that genetic factors are such a fundamental modulator of the inter-individual response to exercise, genetic testing may provide a useful and affordable addition to those looking to maximise exercise adaption, including elite athletes. However, there are ethical issues regarding the use of genetic tests, and further work is needed to provide evidence based guidelines for their use.Conclusion:There is considerable inter-individual variation in the adaptive response to exercise. Genetic assessments may provide an additional layer of information allowing personalization of training programmes to an individual’s unique biology.
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168
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Araujo MP, Nóbrega ACL, Espinosa G, Hausen MR, Castro RRT, Soares PP, Gurgel JL. Proposal of a New Specific Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test for Taekwondo Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1525-1535. [PMID: 28538301 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the cardiorespiratory variables of Taekwondo athletes while performing incremental exercise test on an ergometer using a ramp protocol and to propose a specific protocol for assessing these physiological variables during Taekwondo practice. Fourteen athletes participated in 2 incremental exercise tests: a treadmill exercise test (TREADtest) and a Taekwondo-specific exercise test (TKDtest). The TKDtest consists in 1-minute stages of kicks with an incremental load between then. The subjects perform kicks each time a sound signal was heard. Heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2), and their reserve correspondents (V[Combining Dot Above]O2R and reserve heart rate [HRR]) were divided into quartiles to verify their kinetics along the tests. Significant difference between 2 tests was found only for V[Combining Dot Above]O2R (p = 0.03). Regarding the quartiles, significant differences were found for HR in the first (p = 0.030) and second (p = 0.003). Analyzing the regression curves, significant differences were found for HR for intercept (p = 0.01) and slope (p = 0.05) and HRR for slope (p = 0.02). Analysis showed that significant reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), was found for the V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak (ICC = 0.855, p = 0.003), V[Combining Dot Above]O2 in ventilatory thresholds 1 (ICC = 0.709, p = 0.03) and 2 (ICC = 0.848, p = 0.003). Bland-Altman analyses reported a mean difference ± the 95% limits of agreement of 2.2 ± 8.4 ml·kg·min to V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak. The TKDtest is reliable for measurement of cardiorespiratory variables, and the behavior of these variables differs mainly from TREADtest, probably because of the motor task performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus P Araujo
- 1Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Biomechanics Research Group (GPBIO), Physical Education Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and 3Biological and Health Science College, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
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169
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De Carvalho FG, Barbieri RA, Carvalho MB, Dato CC, Campos EZ, Gobbi RB, Papoti M, Silva ASR, de Freitas EC. Taurine supplementation can increase lipolysis and affect the contribution of energy systems during front crawl maximal effort. Amino Acids 2017; 50:189-198. [PMID: 29082444 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Taurine can affect the energy system metabolism, specifically the lipid metabolism, since an increase in lipid oxidation may promote carbohydrate savings. We hypothesized that taurine supplementation associated with high-intensity exercise could increase levels of lipolysis, benefiting swimmer performance. Nine male competitive swimmers performed two 400-m front crawl maximal efforts with a 1-week washout, and the athletes received 6 g of taurine (TAU) or placebo (PLA) supplementation 120 min before performing the effort. Oxygen consumption and the contribution of the energy systems were analyzed post effort using a Quark CPET gas analyzer. Blood samples were collected before, and 5 min post the effort for taurine and glycerol analysis. Immediately before and 3, 5, and 7 min post the effort, blood samples from the earlobe were collected to determine lactate levels. An increase of 159% was observed in taurine plasma levels 120 min post ingestion. Glycerol levels were higher in both groups post effort; however, the TAU condition promoted an 8% higher increase than the PLA. No changes were observed in swimmer performance or lactate levels; however, the percentage change in lactate levels (∆[La-]) was different (TAU: 9.36 ± 2.78 mmol L-1; PLA: 11.52 ± 2.19 mmol L-1, p = 0.04). Acute taurine supplementation 120 min before performing a maximal effort did not improve swimmer performance; however, it increased glycerol plasma levels and reduced both the ∆[La-] and lactic anaerobic system contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia G De Carvalho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo-FCFAR/UNESP, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Barbieri
- Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), 24 A Avenue, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Milena B Carvalho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo-FCFAR/UNESP, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Carla C Dato
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo-FCFAR/UNESP, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Z Campos
- Department of Physical Education, Post Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 1235 Professor Moraes Rego Street, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo B Gobbi
- Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), 24 A Avenue, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-EEFERP/USP, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-030, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-EEFERP/USP, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-030, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo-FCFAR/UNESP, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil. .,School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-EEFERP/USP, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-030, Brazil.
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170
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The Activity Demands and Physiological Responses Encountered During Basketball Match-Play: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2017; 48:111-135. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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171
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Abstract
Futsal, the 5-a-side version of soccer (i.e. 1 goalkeeper and 4 outfield players), was introduced in 1930 and continues to grow in popularity around the world. Competitive games comprise of two 20-min periods of high-intensity and intermittent activities requiring substantial physical, tactical, and technical efforts from the players. A greater understanding of the physical and skill requirements will aid the development of futsal and enable practitioners to undertake appropriate training regimes for the demands of the sport. The objective of this review is to examine key aspects of futsal such as match analysis, physiological demands, energy requirements, fitness measurements, and skill requirements. Futsal players experience fatigue as the game progresses due to the high-intensity nature of the game and the repeated maximal sprint efforts required. The intermittent nature of the sport necessitates the use of aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways throughout exercise. Therefore, a futsal player needs to have a great capacity of intermittent endurance, repeated sprint ability, and leg power, while technical aspects include the ability of high level shooting and passing skills, agility and coordination. Future research is warranted to help practitioners develop more specific tests into futsal performance, especially with regards skill.
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172
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Onor M, Gufoni S, Lomonaco T, Ghimenti S, Salvo P, Sorrentino F, Bramanti E. Potentiometric sensor for non invasive lactate determination in human sweat. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 989:80-87. [PMID: 28915945 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes a non invasive lactate sensing in sweat during workout. The sensing system is based on a non-equilibrium potentiometric measure performed using disposable, chemically modified, screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) that can be wetted with sweat during the exercise. The potentiometric signal, which is proportional to lactate concentration in sweat, is produced by a redox reaction activated by UV radiation, as opposed to the enzymatic reaction employed in traditional, blood-based measuring devices. The sensing system exhibits chemical selectivity toward lactate with linearity from 1 mM up to 180 mM. The dynamic linear range is suitable for measurement of lactate in sweat, which is more than 10 times concentrated than hematic lactate and reaches more than 100 mM in sweat during workout. The noninvasive measure can be repeated many times during exercise and during the recovery time in order to get personal information on the physiological and training status as well as on the physical performance. The device was successfully applied to several human subjects for the measurement of sweat lactate during prolonged cycling exercise. During the exercise sweat was simultaneously sampled on filter paper and extracted in water, and the lactate was determined by HPLC for method validation. The lactate concentration changes during the exercise reflected the intensity of physical effort. This method has perspectives in many sport disciplines as well as in health care and biomedical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Onor
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica Dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM- UOS Pisa, Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Gufoni
- Marwan Technology Srl, Via L. Gereschi 36, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghimenti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Salvo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (IFC-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fiodor Sorrentino
- Marwan Technology Srl, Via L. Gereschi 36, 56127, Pisa, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica Dei Composti Organo Metallici-ICCOM- UOS Pisa, Area di Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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173
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Muscular fatigue in response to different modalities of CrossFit sessions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181855. [PMID: 28753624 PMCID: PMC5533437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CrossFit is a new strength and conditioning regimen involving short intense daily workouts called workouts of the day (WOD). This study assesses muscular fatigue levels induced by the three modalities of CrossFit WOD; gymnastics (G), metabolic conditioning (M) and weightlifting (W). Material and methods 34 healthy subjects undertook three WOD (one per week): a G WOD consisting of completing the highest number of sets of 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups and 15 air squats in 20 min; an M WOD, in which the maximum number of double skipping rope jumps was executed in 8 sets (20 s), resting (10 s) between sets; and finally, a W WOD in which the maximum number of power cleans was executed in 5 min, lifting a load equivalent to 40% of the individual's 1RM. Before and after each WOD, blood lactate concentrations were measured. Also, before, during, and after each WOD, muscular fatigue was assessed in a countermovement jump test (CMJ). Results Significant reductions were produced in the mechanical variables jump height, average power and maximum velocity in response to G; and in jump height, mean and peak power, maximum velocity and maximum force in response to W (P<0.01). However, in M, significant reductions in mechanical variables were observed between pre- and mid session (after sets 2, 4, 6 and 8), but not between pre- and post session. Conclusions Muscular fatigue, reflected by reduced CMJ variables, was produced following the G and W sessions, while recovery of this fatigue was observed at the end of M, likely attributable to rest intervals allowing for the recovery of phosphocreatine stores. Our findings also suggest that the high intensity and volume of exercise in G and W WODs could lead to reduced muscular-tendon stiffness causing a loss of jump ability, related here to a longer isometric phase during the CMJ.
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174
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Zagatto AM, Kondric M, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT, Sperlich B. Energetic demand and physical conditioning of table tennis players. A study review. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:724-731. [PMID: 28582628 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1335957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Table tennis is a racket sport characterised by an intermittent movement profile, including short rallies interspersed with short breaks. In contrast to other racket sports, information is lacking regarding the: (i) physiological responses during table tennis matches and training; and (ii) practical recommendations for enhancing aerobic and anaerobic performance in table tennis by improving cardio-metabolic and neuro-muscular fitness, anthropometry and nutritional strategies. Therefore, this review article attempts to narratively provide an overview of the physiology of table tennis by describing the metabolic mechanisms underlying match play and outlining a framework for practical recommendations for improving cardio-metabolic and neuro-muscular fitness, anthropometry as well as nutritional strategies. A second aim was to stimulate future research on table tennis and to point out study limitations in this context. In general, the most important finding is that the rally duration is short at around 3.5s, with a longer rest time of around 8-20s, resulting in an effort-rest ratio ranging from 0.15 to 0.22 in official matches and energetic demands during match relatively low. Future studies should focus on the relationship between energetic demand and table tennis performance with a view to predicting performance in table tennis using physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- a School of Sciences, Department of Physical Education , São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Bauru , SP , Brazil
| | - Miran Kondric
- b Faculty of Sport , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia.,c International Table Tennis Federation , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- d Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Billy Sperlich
- f Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute of Sport Science , University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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Nanjundeswaran C, VanSwearingen J, Abbott KV. Metabolic Mechanisms of Vocal Fatigue. J Voice 2017; 31:378.e1-378.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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176
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Rubio-Arias JÁ, Freitas TT, Camacho A, Jiménez-Diaz JF, Alcaraz PE. Acute Physiological and Performance Responses to High-Intensity Resistance Circuit Training in Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1040-1047. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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177
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Di Giminiani R, Visca C. Explosive strength and endurance adaptations in young elite soccer players during two soccer seasons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171734. [PMID: 28192512 PMCID: PMC5305282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the explosive strength and endurance adaptations in young elite soccer players who underwent a supervised training program for a period of two years. Nineteen players, with seven years of training experience (age: 13.3 ± 0.1 years; body weight: 57.9 ± 4.9 kg; height: 168.9 ± 4.7 cm; BMI: 20.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2), voluntarily participated in the present study. The testing sessions were performed at the beginning of the preparation period in the first (T1), second (T2), and third year (T3). The following performance variables were measured: explosive strength [squat-jump (SJ) and counter-movement-jump (CMJ)], pre-stretch augmentation (CMJ-SJ), leg stiffness [hopping test (HT)], short sprint performance [15 m (SSP15) and 30 m (SSP30)], aerobic endurance [test of Leger (VO2max)], maximal heart rate [at the last step of Leger (HR)], and speed-strength endurance [continuous counter-movement-jumps (CCMJ)]. A significant main effect on the VO2Max (+5.72%; F(2.49) = 3.822; p = 0.029; ES = 1.00), HR (-1.70%; F(2.54) = 3.472; p = 0.038; ES = 0.97), CCMJ (+7.64%; F(2.54) = 5.438; p = 0.007; ES = 1.15), SJ (+10.26%; F(2.54) = 15.254; p = 0.0001; ES = 1.53), CMJ (+7.36; F(2.54) = 8.270; p = 0.001; ES = 1.33), HT (+8.34%; F(2.48) = 3.297; p = 0.046; ES = 1.01), SSP15 (-3.50%; F(2.44) = 12.760; p = 0.0001; ES = 1.53), and SSP30 (-4.44%; F(2.44) = 5.797; p = 0.006; ES = 1.16) was observed in the two soccer seasons. These results highlight that, in long-term training, the monitoring of the adaptive responses in relation to the training load may provide a guideline to optimize the trainability of some performance variables in young elite soccer players (13-15 years). In the present study, we cannot exclude the influence of growth and maturation on some performance variables; therefore, the monitored adaptive responses should be considered as the possible results of an interaction between the applied training load and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Giminiani
- Laboratory of Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System and Motion Analysis-Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Christiano Visca
- Laboratory of Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System and Motion Analysis-Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy
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178
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Hausen M, Soares PP, Araújo MP, Porto F, Franchini E, Bridge CA, Gurgel J. Physiological responses and external validity of a new setting for taekwondo combat simulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171553. [PMID: 28158252 PMCID: PMC5291476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a full-contact taekwondo combat simulation using a safe and externally valid competitive setting. Twelve male national level taekwondo athletes visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first visit, anthropometric and running cardiopulmonary exercise assessments were performed. In the following two to seven days, participants performed a full-contact combat simulation, using a specifically designed gas analyser protector. Oxygen uptake ( V˙O2), heart rate (HR) and capillary blood lactate measurements ([La-]) were obtained. Time-motion analysis was performed to compare activity profile. The simulation yielded broadly comparable activity profiles to those performed in competition, a mean V˙O2 of 36.6 ± 3.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 (73 ± 6% V˙O2PEAK) and mean HR of 177 ± 10 beats.min-1 (93 ± 5% HRPEAK). A peak V˙O2 of 44.8 ± 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 (89 ± 5% V˙O2PEAK), a peak heart rate of 190 ± 13 beats.min-1 (98 ± 3% HRmax) and peak [La-] of 12.3 ± 2.9 mmol.L–1 was elicited by the bouts. Regarding time-motion analysis, combat simulation presented a similar exchange time, a shorter preparation time and a longer exchange-preparation ratio. Taekwondo combats capturing the full-contact competitive elements of a bout elicit moderate to high cardiorespiratory demands on the competitors. These data are valuable to assist preparatory strategies within the sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Hausen
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Soares
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcus Paulo Araújo
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Flávia Porto
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Physical Education and Sports Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig Alan Bridge
- Sport and Exercise Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Gurgel
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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179
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Kilding AE, Dobson BP, Ikeda E. Effects of Acutely Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Running Economy and Physical Performance in Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2033-42. [PMID: 26677826 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kilding, AE, Dobson, BP, and Ikeda, E. Effects of acutely intermittent hypoxic exposure on running economy and physical performance in basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 2033-2042, 2016-The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short duration intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) on physical performance in basketball players. Using a single-blind placebo-controlled group design, 14 trained basketball players were subjected to 15 days of passive short duration IHE (n = 7), or normoxic control (CON, n = 7), using a biofeedback nitrogen dilution device. A range of physiological, performance, and hematological variables were measured at baseline, and 10 days after IHE. After intervention, the IHE group, relative to the CON group, exhibited improvements in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (+4.8 ± 1.6%; effect size [ES]: 1.0 ± 0.4) and repeated high-intensity exercise test performance (-3.5 ± 1.6%; ES: -0.4 ± 0.2). Changes in hematological parameters were minimal, although soluble transferrin receptor increased after IHE (+9.2 ± 10.1%; ES: 0.3 ± 0.3). Running economy at 11 km·h (-9.0 ± 9.7%; ES: -0.7 ± 0.7) and 13 km·h was improved (-8.2 ± 6.9%; ES: -0.7 ± 0.5), but changes to V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak, HRpeak, and lactate were unclear. In summary, acutely IHE resulted in worthwhile changes in physical performance tests among competitive basketball players. However, physiological measures explaining the performance enhancement were in most part unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Floriano LT, da Silva JF, Teixeira AS, Salvador PCDN, Dittrich N, Carminatti LJ, Nascimento LL, Guglielmo LGA. Physiological Responses During the Time Limit at 100% of the Peak Velocity in the Carminatti's Test in Futsal Players. J Hum Kinet 2016; 54:91-101. [PMID: 28031761 PMCID: PMC5187963 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses during the time limit at the intensity of the peak velocity of the Carminatti's test (T-CAR). Ten professional futsal players (age, 27.4 ± 5.8 years, body mass, 78.8 ± 8.5 kg, body height, 175.8 ± 6.8 cm, body fat mass, 14.1 ± 2.6%) took part in the study. The players performed three tests, with an interval of at least 48 hours, as follows: the T-CAR to determine the peak velocity and the maximal heart rate; an incremental treadmill protocol to determine the maximal physiological responses; and a time limit running test at the peak velocity reached in the T-CAR. During the last two tests, a portable gas analyzer was used for direct measurement of cardiorespiratory variables. It was shown that the peak velocity was not significantly different from the maximal aerobic speed achieved in the laboratory (p = 0.213). All athletes reached their maximum oxygen uptake during the time limit test. The maximum oxygen uptake achieved during the time limit test was not different from that observed in the laboratory condition (51.1 ± 4.7 vs. 49.6 ± 4.7 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectively, p = 0.100). In addition, Bland and Altman plots evidenced acceptable agreement between them. On average, athletes took ~140 s to achieve maximum oxygen uptake and maintained it for ~180 s. Therefore, the peak velocity intensity can be used as an indicator of maximal aerobic power of futsal athletes and the time limit can be used as a reference for training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Teixeira Floriano
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Naiandra Dittrich
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lorival José Carminatti
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lucas Loyola Nascimento
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Florianópolis, Brazil
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181
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Marocolo M, Willardson JM, Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Simão R, Maior AS. Ischemic Preconditioning and Placebo Intervention Improves Resistance Exercise Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1462-9. [PMID: 26466134 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on resistance exercise performance in the lower limbs. Thirteen men participated in a randomized crossover design that involved 3 separate sessions (IPC, PLACEBO, and control). A 12-repetition maximum (12RM) load for the leg extension exercise was assessed through test and retest sessions before the first experimental session. The IPC session consisted of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of occlusion at 220 mm Hg of pressure alternated with 5 minutes of reperfusion at 0 mm Hg for a total of 40 minutes. The PLACEBO session consisted of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of cuff administration at 20 mm Hg of pressure alternated with 5 minutes of pseudo-reperfusion at 0 mm Hg for a total of 40 minutes. The occlusion and reperfusion phases were conducted alternately between the thighs, with subjects remaining seated. No ischemic pressure was applied during the control (CON) session and subjects sat passively for 40 minutes. Eight minutes after IPC, PLACEBO, or CON, subjects performed 3 repetition maximum sets of the leg extension (2-minute rest between sets) with the predetermined 12RM load. Four minutes after the third set for each condition, blood lactate was assessed. The results showed that for the first set, the number of repetitions significantly increased for both the IPC (13.08 ± 2.11; p = 0.0036) and PLACEBO (13.15 ± 0.88; p = 0.0016) conditions, but not for the CON (11.88 ± 1.07; p > 0.99) condition. In addition, the IPC and PLACEBO conditions resulted insignificantly greater repetitions vs. the CON condition on the first set (p = 0.015; p = 0.007) and second set (p = 0.011; p = 0.019), but not on the third set (p = 0.68; p > 0.99). No difference (p = 0.465) was found in the fatigue index and lactate concentration between conditions. These results indicate that IPC and PLACEBO IPC may have small beneficial effects on repetition performance over a CON condition. Owing to potential for greater discomfort associated with the IPC condition, it is suggested that ischemic preconditioning might be practiced gradually to assess tolerance and potential enhancements to exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- 1Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil; 2Physiology and Anatomy, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany; 3Health and Human Performance Department, Rocky Mountain College, Billings, Montana; 4Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Physical Education Post-Graduation Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and 5Rehabilitation and Sport Research Group, Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University Augusto Motta (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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182
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Brisola GMP, Artioli GG, Papoti M, Zagatto AM. Effects of Four Weeks of β-Alanine Supplementation on Repeated Sprint Ability in Water Polo Players. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167968. [PMID: 27930743 PMCID: PMC5145207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of β-alanine supplementation on repeated sprint ability in water polo players. Twenty-two male water polo players participated in the study, divided randomly into two homogeneous groups (placebo and β-alanine groups). The study design was double-blind, parallel and placebo controlled. Before and after the supplementation period (28 days), the athletes performed two specific repeated sprint ability tests interspaced by a 30-minute swimming test. Participants received 4.8g∙day-1 of the supplement (dextrose or β-alanine) on the first 10 days and 6.4g∙day-1 on the final 18 days. There was no significant group-time interaction for any variable. The qualitative inference for substantial changes demonstrated a likely beneficial effect in the β-alanine group (β-alanine vs placebo) for mean time (6.6±0.4s vs 6.7±0.4s; 81% likely beneficial), worst time (6.9±0.5s vs 7.1±0.5s; 78% likely beneficial) and total time (39.3±2.5s vs 40.4±2.5s; 81% likely beneficial) in the first repeated sprint ability set and for worst time (7.2±0.6s vs 7.5±0.6s; 57% possible beneficial) in the second repeated sprint ability set. Further, was found substantial change for total time for both repeated sprint ability tests (80.8±5.7s vs 83.4±5.6s; 52% possible beneficial). To conclude, four weeks of β-alanine supplementation had a likely beneficial effect in the first set of repeated sprint ability tests and a possible beneficial effect for worst time in the second set performed in a specific protocol in water polo players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Motta Pinheiro Brisola
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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183
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Botonis PG, Toubekis AG, Platanou TI. Physical Performance During Water-Polo Matches: The Effect of the Players' Competitive Level. J Hum Kinet 2016; 54:135-142. [PMID: 28031765 PMCID: PMC5187967 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to compare playing intensity and performance changes within a water-polo match in players of different competitive levels. High-level (n = 7) and lower-level (n = 7) players performed a progressively increasing speed test of 5 x 200 m swimming and speed corresponding to lactate concentration of 4.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mmol•l-1 was calculated. Repeated sprint ability (8 x 20 m) was tested at pre-, the middle and post-match and a 400 m swimming test was completed at pre and post in five water-polo matches. A t-test and a two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. High-level compared to lower-level players presented higher speed corresponding to lactate concentration of 4.0 and 5.0 mmol•l-1 (p < 0.05). Regardless of the sports level, the mean heart rate was reduced towards the end of the match. High-level players completed a shorter amount of match time with the heart rate lower than 85% of the peak heart rate (p < 0.05). However, when the speed corresponding to lactate concentration of 4.0 mmol•l-1 was used as a covariate, no differences were observed in the heart rate between groups. Both groups decreased repeated sprint and 400 m performance at post- compared to pre-match by 7 ± 3% and 7 ± 4%, respectively. High-level compared to lower-level players showed better performance in repeated sprints at the middle (p < 0.01) and in pre-, post-match 400 m tests (p < 0.01). It was concluded that high-level compared to lower-level players completed the match at a higher playing intensity and presented a lower performance decrement across the match as a result of their higher aerobic endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros G Botonis
- Department of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- Department of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros I Platanou
- Department of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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185
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Sharma HB, Kailashiya J. Gender Difference in Aerobic Capacity and the Contribution by Body Composition and Haemoglobin Concentration: A Study in Young Indian National Hockey Players. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:CC09-CC13. [PMID: 28050360 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/20873.8831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although gender difference in aerobic capacity is known, the contributing factors have been researched seldom. AIM To investigate the gender gap and the contribution by percentage Body Fat (BF), Body Mass Index (BMI) and haemoglobin concentration Hb. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 30 (17 males, 13 females) training status matched young hockey players. Healthy players who were playing upto national level competition were included. BW (Body Weight), BF, BMI, LBM (Lean Body Mass), rHR (restring Heart Rate), HRR (Heart Rate Recovery), Hb, a/rVO2max (absolute/relative), a/rPWC (Physical Work Capacity) and RMR (Resting Metabolic Rate) were measured and analysed. RESULTS There was significant gender difference in the measured parameters. Difference in a/rVO2max remained significant even after controlling for BF, BMI and Hb. Multiple regression and correlation analysis revealed gender difference in VO2max/LBM was due to: BMI(31.91%)>BF(27.60%)>Hb(9.91%). BMI also significantly contributed 3.66% of VO2max/LBM variance, independent of that by gender. Difference in RMR was mainly related to LBM, BF and BMI. CONCLUSION The study provided an understanding for gender gap in aerobic capacity. Differences in BMI & BF were one of the main reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjabam Barun Sharma
- Resident, Department of Physiology, HIMS, SRHU , Dehradun (Current), Sports Medicine Doctor, Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Sports Sciences & Fitness Centre, North-East Regional Centre (NERC), Sports Authority of India (SAI), Imphal, Manipur, India (Previously)
| | - Jyotsna Kailashiya
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU) , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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186
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Miller MC, Macdermid PW, Fink PW, Stannard SR. Performance and physiological effects of different descending strategies for cross-country mountain biking. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 17:279-285. [PMID: 27712198 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1237550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the performance-related feasibility and physiological benefits of purposefully eliminating propulsive work while descending in mountain biking and compared values to those measured during road descending. Participants cycled uphill on a road at race pace before descending over three conditions (off-road pedalling; off-road coasting; road coasting). Relatively low power output during off-road pedalling was associated with a greater oxygen uptake (p < .01) when compared with off-road coasting despite no difference in vibration exposure (p > .05). Importantly, pedalling did not invoke a performance benefit (p > .05) on the descent used in this study. Significantly greater heart rate and oxygen uptake (both p < .01) were observed between road and off-road descending, likely caused by the increase in terrain-induced vibrations (p < .01) experienced between the bicycle and rider. Results indicate that reducing propulsive work during descending can improve recovery without being disadvantageous to performance. Similarly, the vibrations experienced during road descending are relatively low, and further reduce oxygen cost. In an effort to increase efficiency, it is recommended that mountain bike athletes focus on skills to increase descending speed without the addition of pedalling, and that equipment be used to decrease vibrations nearer to those seen on the road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Miller
- a School of Sport & Exercise , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Paul W Macdermid
- a School of Sport & Exercise , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Phil W Fink
- a School of Sport & Exercise , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Stephen R Stannard
- a School of Sport & Exercise , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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187
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Fernandes-da-Silva J, Castagna C, Teixeira AS, Carminatti LJ, Guglielmo LGA. The peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test is related to physical match performance in young soccer players. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:2238-2245. [PMID: 27687493 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1209307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test (T-CAR) (PVT-CAR) and physical match performance in young soccer players. Thirty-three youth soccer players were recruited from 2 non-professional clubs. Friendly matches and small-sided game were performed. Physical match demands were assessed using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. On a separate occasion, the players were submitted to the T-CAR. Players were categorised into 3 groups based on their T-CAR performance: Low (PVT-CAR ≤ P33), Intermediate (P33 > PVT-CAR < P66) and High (PVT-CAR ≥ P66). The PVT-CAR (15.5 ± 0.7 km·h-1) was significantly related to high-intensity activities (HIA; r = 0.78, P < 0.001), high-intensity running (HIR; r = 0.66, P < 0.001), sprinting (r = 0.62, P < 0.001) and total distance (TD) covered (r = 0.47, P < 0.01) during friendly matches. The PVT-CAR was strongly correlated with the amount of HIA (r = 0.81, P < 0.001), HIR (r = 0.85, P < 0.001) and TD covered (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) during small-sided game. No significant correlation was observed between the PVT-CAR and distance of sprinting (r = 0.49, P = 0.067) during small-side game. Furthermore, players in the High group covered significantly more TD (10%) and did more HIA (42%), sprinting (31%) and HIR (25%) during friendly matches compared to the players classified as having Low performance on the T-CAR. These differences still remained after adjusting for chronological age (CA), maturity and body size. In conclusion, the current study gives empirical support to the ecological and construct validity of this novel field test (T-CAR) as an indicator of match-related physical performance in young soccer players during pubertal years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Fernandes-da-Silva
- a Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal , Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.,b Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Carlo Castagna
- c Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Technical Department , Italian Football Federation (FIGC) , Coverciano , Florence , Italy
| | - Anderson Santiago Teixeira
- a Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal , Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.,b Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Lorival José Carminatti
- b Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.,d Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University (CEFID/UDESC), Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
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188
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Willems ME, Cousins L, Williams D, Blacker SD. Beneficial Effects of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Maximal Sprint Speed during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4030042. [PMID: 29910290 PMCID: PMC5968887 DOI: 10.3390/sports4030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract has been shown to enhance high-intensity intermittent treadmill running. We examined the effects of NZBC extract during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) which involves 5 × 15 min blocks with intermittent 15-m maximal sprints, interspersed by moderate and high-intensity running to simulate team sport activity, and a subsequent run to exhaustion. Thirteen males (age: 22 ± 1 year, V˙O2max: 50 ± 5 mL·kg−1·min−1) participated in three indoor sessions (T: 24 ± 3 °C, humidity: 52% ± 9%). In the first session, a multistage fitness test was completed to determine peak running speed and estimate V˙O2max. Participants consumed NZBC extract in capsules (300 mg·day−1 CurraNZ™) or placebo (PL) (300 mg·day−1 microcrystalline cellulose M102) for seven days in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design (wash-out at least seven days). NZBC extract did not affect average 15-m sprint times in each block. NZBC reduced slowing of the fastest sprint between block 1 and 5 (PL: 0.12 ± 0.07 s; NZBC: 0.06 ± 0.12 s; p < 0.05). NZBC extract had no effect on heart rate, vertical jump power, lactate and time to exhaustion (PL: 13.44 ± 8.09 min, NZBC: 15.78 ± 9.40 min, p > 0.05). However, eight participants had higher running times to exhaustion when consuming NZBC extract. New Zealand blackcurrant extract may enhance performance in team sports with repeated maximal sprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Et Willems
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE West Sussex, UK.
| | - Luke Cousins
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE West Sussex, UK.
| | - David Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE West Sussex, UK.
| | - Sam D Blacker
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE West Sussex, UK.
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189
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The use of thermal imaging to assess the effectiveness of ice massage and cold-water immersion as methods for supporting post-exercise recovery. J Therm Biol 2016; 60:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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190
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Roczniok R, Stanula A, Gabryś T, Szmatlan-Gabryś U, Gołaś A, Stastny P. Physical fitness and performance of polish ice-hockey players competing at different sports levels. J Hum Kinet 2016; 51:201-208. [PMID: 28149383 PMCID: PMC5260545 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the values of selected aerobic and anaerobic capacity variables, physical profiles, and to analyze the results of on-ice tests performed by ice-hockey players relegated to a lower league. Performance of 24 ice-hockey players competing in the top league in the 2012/2013 season was analysed to this end. In the 2013/2014 season, 14 of them still played in the top league (the control group), while 10 played in the first league (the experimental group). The study was conducted one week after the end of the playoffs in the seasons under consideration. The results revealed that only in the experimental group the analysed variables changed significantly between the seasons. In the Wingate test, significant changes were only noted in mean relative power (a decrease from 9.91 to 9.14 W/kg; p=0.045) and relative total work (a decrease from 299.17 to 277.22 J/kg; p=0.048). The ramp test indicated significantly lower power output in its final stages (364 compared with 384 W; p=0.034), as well as a significant decrease in relative VO2max (from 52.70 to 48.30 ml/min/kg). Blood lactate concentrations were recorded at the 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th min of recovery after the ramp test. The rate of post-exercise recovery, ∆LA, recorded after the ramp test turned out to be significantly lower. The times recorded in the on-ice “6x30 m stop” test increased from 32.18 to 33.10 s (p=0.047). The study showed that playing in a lower league where games were less intensive, training sessions shorter and less frequent, had an adverse effect on the performance level of the investigated players. Lower VO2max recorded in the study participants slowed down their rates of post-exercise recovery and led to a significantly worse performance in the 6x30 m stop test, as well as lower relative power and relative total work in the Wingate test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roczniok
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gabryś
- Department of Physical Education, State School of Higher Education, Oświęcim, Poland
| | - Urszula Szmatlan-Gabryś
- Department of Physiotherapy, Section of Anatomy, The University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland
| | - Artur Gołaś
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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191
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Younes M, Robert C, Barrey E, Cottin F. Effects of Age, Exercise Duration, and Test Conditions on Heart Rate Variability in Young Endurance Horses. Front Physiol 2016; 7:155. [PMID: 27199770 PMCID: PMC4852288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cardiac recovery is an important criterion for ranking horses in endurance competitions, heart rate variability (HRV) has hardly ever been studied in the context of this equestrian discipline. In the present study, we sought to determine whether HRV is affected by parameters such as age, exercise duration and test site. Accordingly, HRV might be used to select endurance horses with the fastest cardiac recovery. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effects of age, exercise duration, and test site on HRV variables at rest and during exercise and recovery in young Arabian endurance horses. Over a 3-year period, 77 young Arabian horses aged 4-6 years performed one or more exercise tests (consisting of a warm-up, cantering at 22 km.h(-1)and a final 500 m gallop at full speed) at four different sites. Beat-to-beat RR intervals were continuously recorded and then analyzed (using a time-frequency approach) to determine the instantaneous HRV components before, during and after the test. At rest, the root-mean-square of successive differences in RR intervals (RMSSD) was higher in the 4-year-olds (54.4 ± 14.5 ms) than in the 5-or 6-year-olds (44.9 ± 15.5 and 49.1 ± 11.7 ms, respectively). During the first 15 min of exercise (period T), the heart rate (HR) and RMSSD decreased with age. In 6-year-olds, RMSSD decreased as the exercise duration increased (T: 3.0 ± 1.4 vs. 2T: 3.6 ± 2.2 vs. 3T: 2.8 ± 1.0). During recovery, RMSSD was negatively correlated with the cardiac recovery time (CRT) and the recovery heart rate (RHR; R = -0.56 and -0.53, respectively; p < 0.05). At rest and during exercise and recovery, RMSSD and several HRV variables differed significantly as a function of the test conditions. HRV in endurance horses appears to be strongly influenced by age and environmental factors (such as ambient temperature, ambient humidity, and track quality). Nevertheless, RMSSD can be used to select endurance horses with the fastest cardiac recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Younes
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
- CIAMS, Université d'OrléansLoiret Orléans, France
| | - Céline Robert
- GABI, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-EstMaisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Barrey
- GABI, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - François Cottin
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
- CIAMS, Université d'OrléansLoiret Orléans, France
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192
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Botonis PG, Toubekis AG, Terzis GD, Geladas ND, Platanou TI. Performance Decrement and Skill Deterioration During a Water Polo Game are Linked With the Conditioning Level of the Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1033-41. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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193
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McLean S, Kerhervé H, Lovell GP, Gorman AD, Solomon C. The Effect of Recovery Duration on Vastus Lateralis Oxygenation, Heart Rate, Perceived Exertion and Time Motion Descriptors during Small Sided Football Games. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150201. [PMID: 26919064 PMCID: PMC4769276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Small sided games (SSG) of football are an effective and efficient format to simultaneously train the physiological, technical, and tactical components of football. The duration of the recovery period between bouts of SSG will affect the physiological response to subsequent bouts. It was hypothesised that decreasing the duration of recovery periods separating serial SSG bouts would increase physiological, and perceptual responses, and decrease high speed running, and distance during SSG bouts. Methods Twelve experienced footballers (mean ± SD; age 21 ± 3 yrs; VO2peak 64 ± 7 ml·min·kg−1; playing experience 15 ± 3 yrs) completed two SSG sessions. Each SSG consisted of 3 vs. 3 players and 6 bouts of 2 min duration, with bouts separated by either 30 s recovery (REC-30) or 120 s recovery (REC-120). Deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb) in the vastus lateralis (VL) (using near infrared spectroscopy), heart rate (HR) and time motion descriptors (TMD) (speed and distance) were measured continuously during the SSG sessions and perceived exertion (RPE) was measured for each bout. Results During the recovery periods, in REC-30 compared to REC-120, there was a significant (p < 0.05) main effect of a higher HHb and HR. During the bouts, in REC-30 compared to REC-120, there were no significant differences in HHb, HR, RPE, or TMD, but within both REC-30 and REC-120 there were significant increases as a function of bout number in RPE. Conclusions Although a four-fold increase in recovery period allowed a significant increase in the recovery of HHb and HR, this did not increase the physiological, and perceptual responses, or time motion descriptors during the bouts. These results could have been due to the regulation of effort (pacing), in these experienced players performing an exercise task to which they were well adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott McLean
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Hugo Kerhervé
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, Université de Lyon, F–42023, Saint–Etienne, France
| | - Geoff P. Lovell
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Adam D. Gorman
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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194
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A Description and Comparison of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Measures in Relation to Pitching Performance Among Professional Baseball Pitchers. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4010014. [PMID: 29910262 PMCID: PMC5968933 DOI: 10.3390/sports4010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide descriptive and comparative information regarding the cardiorespiratory fitness of professional baseball pitchers. Twenty-four (n = 24) major league (ML) baseball pitchers (starters n = 14; relievers n = 10) over seven seasons (2007–2013) were evaluated. A modified Bruce protocol and the CardioCoach™ CO2 metabolic analyzer were used to estimate VO2 max and anaerobic threshold (AT) at the beginning of each season. Performance data from each season was utilized to draw inference about pitching performance. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare Starting (S) and Relief (R) pitchers above/below the group mean for VO2 max and AT. Pearson product moment correlations were also used to examine relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness and performance. Significant differences in performance were discovered between S pitchers above/below the overall group mean for VO2 max. (p ≤ 0.05) and for AT in Walks plus Hits per Inning Pitched (WHIP) (p ≤ 0.05) and Earned Run Average (ERA) (p ≤ 0.05). Significant relationships between VO2 max and Walks per 9 Innings (BB/9) (p ≤ 0.05), Home Runs per 9 innings (HR/9) (p ≤ 0.05), Wins (W) (p ≤ 0.05), Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP) (p ≤ 0.01), Strikeouts (K) (p ≤ 0.01), Hits per 9 innings (H/9) (p ≤ 0.01), Strikeouts per 9 innings (K/9) (p ≤ 0.01), ERA (p ≤ 0.01), and WHIP (p ≤ 0.01). Low, but significant, correlations were discovered between AT and WHIP (p ≤ 0.05) and ERA (≤0.05). CONCLUSION: Higher aerobic capacity appears to be more influential for S than R pitchers. Strength and conditioning practitioners should ensure that pitchers, especially S pitchers at the ML level, perform sufficient and appropriate endurance training to support pitching performance.
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195
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Kadel R, Sinclair Elder A, Elder C, Dawes J. Strength and Conditioning for Injury Prevention in College Goat Tying. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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196
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Annual improvement in fitness test performance for elite junior Australian football cohorts. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 19:843-7. [PMID: 26776244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study examined the change in fitness test performance of elite junior Australian football cohorts tested over the span of seven years. DESIGN Annual cross-sectional observation study. METHODS A total of 1714 elite junior male Australian football players were eligible for the study and completed annual late pre-season fitness testing between 2009 and 2015. The testing comprised anthropometric (height, mass, and skinfolds) and performance tests (standing vertical jump, left and right foot running vertical jumps, 5- and 20-m sprinting, agility, and shuttle run test). A linear regression analysed the performance change for each test over time for two analyses: (1) the entire cohort, and (2) a stratified analysis of 'high' (top 20% of players) and 'low' (bottom 20% of players) performers for each performance test. RESULTS There was a moderate (f(2)=0.20) improvement in the standing vertical jump for the entire cohort. Small (f(2)≥0.03) changes occurred for the right and left foot running vertical jumps, agility, and shuttle run, whilst trivial/small (f(2)≤0.02) changes were observed for skinfolds, 5- and 20-m sprinting for the entire cohort. The most notable difference in the stratified analysis was that the 'low' performance groups had a greater improvement in the shuttle run, and 5- and 20-m sprinting. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate a small overall annual improvement in fitness test performance of elite junior cohorts over time that seems to permeate through both 'high' and 'low' performers for most tests. The results might suggest an increase in the professionalism of players and junior developmental pathways.
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197
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Rutkowski Ł, Zatoń M, Michalik K. Maximum Oxygen Uptake and Post-Exercise Recovery in Professional Road Cyclists. HUMAN MOVEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/humo-2016-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aim was to investigate the relationship between aerobic fitness as ascribed by maximum oxygen uptake (VOA sample of 17 professional cyclists (age 17.4 ± 3.1 years; VOPost-exercise VOAs recovery potential is associated with the aerobic fitness level, training effects may be monitored based on the recovery of VO
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198
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Pojskić H, Šeparović V, Užičanin E, Muratović M, Mačković S. Positional Role Differences in the Aerobic and Anaerobic Power of Elite Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2015; 49:219-27. [PMID: 26839622 PMCID: PMC4723171 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the aerobic and anaerobic power and capacity of elite male basketball players who played multiple positions. Fifty-five healthy players were divided into the following three different subsamples according to their positional role: guards (n = 22), forwards (n = 19) and centers (n = 14). The following three tests were applied to estimate their aerobic and anaerobic power and capacities: the countermovement jump (CMJ), a multistage shuttle run test and the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). The obtained data were used to calculate the players’ aerobic and anaerobic power and capacities. To determine the possible differences between the subjects considering their different positions on the court, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Bonferroni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons was used. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the different groups of players in eleven out of sixteen measured variables. Guards and forwards exhibited greater aerobic and relative values of anaerobic power, allowing shorter recovery times and the ability to repeat high intensity, basketball-specific activities. Centers presented greater values of absolute anaerobic power and capacities, permitting greater force production during discrete tasks. Coaches can use these data to create more individualized strength and conditioning programs for different positional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Pojskić
- Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Sweden; Center for Sports Excellence - Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vlatko Šeparović
- Tuzla University, School of Physical Education and Sport, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Edin Užičanin
- Center for Sports Excellence - Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Tuzla University, School of Physical Education and Sport, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Melika Muratović
- Center for Sports Excellence - Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Tuzla University, School of Physical Education and Sport, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Samir Mačković
- Tuzla University, School of Physical Education and Sport, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Roczniok R, Stanula A, Maszczyk A, Mostowik A, Kowalczyk M, Fidos-Czuba O, Zając A. Physiological, physical and on-ice performance criteria for selection of elite ice hockey teams. Biol Sport 2015; 33:43-8. [PMID: 26985133 PMCID: PMC4786585 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1180175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine physiological and physical determinants of ice-hockey performance in order to assess their impact on the result during a selection for ice hockey. A total of 42 ice hockey players took part in the selection camp. At the end of the camp 20 best players were selected by team of expert coaches to the ice hockey team and created group G1, while the second group (G2) consisted of not selected players (non-successful group Evaluation of goodness of fit of the model to the data was based on the Hosmer Lemeshow test. Ice hockey players selected to the team were taller 181.95±4.02 cm, had lower% body fat 13.17±3.17%, a shorter time to peak power 2.47±0.35 s, higher relative peak power 21.34±2.41 W·kg(-1) and higher relative total work 305.18±28.41 J·kg(-1). The results of the aerobic capacity test showed significant differences only in case of two variables. Ice hockey players in the G1 had higher VO2max 4.07±0.31 l·min(-1) values than players in the G2 as well as ice hockey players in G1 showed a higher level of relative VO2max 51.75±2.99 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1) than athletes in G2. Ice hockey players selected to the team (G1) performed better in the 30 m Forwards Sprint 4.28±0.31 s; 6x9 Turns 12.19±0.75 s; 6x9 stops 12.79±0.49 s and Endurance test (6x30 m stops) 32.01±0.80 s than players in G2. The logistic regression model showed that the best predictors of success in the recruitment process of top level ice hockey players were time to peak power, relative peak power, VO2max and 30 m sprint forwards on ice. On the basis of the constructed predictive logistic regression model it will be possible to determine the probability of success of the athletes during following the selection processes to the team.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Roczniok
- Department of Sports Theory, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - A Stanula
- Department of Sports Theory, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - A Maszczyk
- Department of Sports Theory, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - A Mostowik
- Department of Sports Theory, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - M Kowalczyk
- Department of Sports Theory, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - O Fidos-Czuba
- Department of Sports Theory, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - A Zając
- Department of Sports Theory, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
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200
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Meckel Y, Einy A, Gottlieb R, Eliakim A. Repeated sprint ability in young soccer players at different game stages. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:2578-84. [PMID: 24910955 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the repeated sprint ability (RSA) of young (16.9 ± 0.5 years) soccer players at different game stages. Players performed repeated sprint test (RST) (12 × 20 m) after warm-up before a game, at half-time, and after a full soccer game, each on a different day, in a random order. The ideal (fastest) sprint time (IS) and total (accumulative) sprint time (TS) were significantly slower at the end of the game compared with those after the warm-up before the game (p < 0.01 for each). Differences between IS and TS after the warm-up before the game and at half-time, and between half-time and end of the game, were not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the performance decrement during the RST after warm-up before the game, at half-time, or the end of the game. Significant negative correlation was found between predicted V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and the difference between TS after the warm-up before the game and the end of the game (r = -0.52), but not between predicted V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and the difference in any of the RST performance indices between warm-up before the game and half-time, or between half-time and the end of the game. The findings indicate a significant RSA reduction only at the end but not at the half-time of a soccer game. The results also suggest that the contribution of the aerobic system to soccer intensity maintenance is crucial, mainly during the final stages of the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Meckel
- 1Life Science Department, Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute, Israel; and 2Pediatric Department, Child Health and Sport Center, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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