151
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Liu Y, Huang L, Li M, Liu H, Guo W, Gui S, Niu J, Lu F. Characterization of the recombinant porcine pancreas phospholipase A 2 expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 and its application to synthesis of 2-DHA-PS. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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152
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The effect of APOE genotype on the delivery of DHA to cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2016; 8:25. [PMID: 27358067 PMCID: PMC4928349 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 and low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) levels are predictors for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The results of several studies indicate an interaction between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) consumption and cognitive outcomes by APOE genotype. Our objective in the present study was to examine whether APOE ɛ4 genotype and low CSF Aβ42 levels were associated with reduced delivery of DHA to CSF in the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-sponsored DHA clinical trial. Methods Phospholipid DHA was assayed in the plasma of 384 participants and CSF of 70 participants at baseline. Forty-four of the 70 participants completed the 18-month follow-up visit after allocation to placebo (n = 15) or DHA (n = 29). Plasma and CSF DHA levels, CSF Aβ42, Tau, and phosphorylated Tau were measured at baseline and after the 18-month intervention. Participants were divided into tertiles based on baseline Aβ42 CSF levels. To assess DHA delivery across the blood-brain barrier, the ratio of CSF to plasma DHA levels was calculated. Results At baseline, there were no significant differences between CSF or plasma phospholipid DHA levels by CSF Aβ42 tertiles or ɛ4 status. After 18 months of DHA supplementation, participants at the lowest Aβ42 tertile had significantly lower CSF DHA levels (p = 0.01) and lower CSF-to-plasma DHA ratios (p = 0.05) compared to the other tertiles. Baseline CSF Aβ42 levels were significantly lower in ɛ4 carriers than in ɛ4 noncarriers (p = 0.01). Participants carrying the ɛ4 allele (n = 25) demonstrated a less pronounced increase in CSF DHA level compared with noncarriers (n = 4), with a possible interaction effect between treatment and APOE genotype (p = 0.07). Conclusions APOE ɛ4 allele and lower CSF Aβ42 levels were associated with less transport of DHA to CSF. Brain amyloid pathology may limit the delivery of DHA to the brain in AD. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00440050. Registered on 22 Feb 2007.
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153
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Yuan L, Zhen J, Ma W, Cai C, Huang X, Xiao R. The Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profile and Cognitive Function in Old Chinese Adults. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070385. [PMID: 27347995 PMCID: PMC4963861 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the relationship between the erythrocyte fatty acid profile and cognition in elderly Chinese adults. Methods: 60 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and 60 age- and gender-matched control adults (aged 55 years and above) were involved in this cross-sectional study. Cognitive function was measured by using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Information regarding the demographic characteristics and lifestyle of the participants was collected with a questionnaire. A semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) method was used for dietary assessment. The erythrocytes fatty acid profile was measured. Results: The MCI subjects had a lower education level than the control subjects (p < 0.05). Compared with control subjects, MCI subjects had higher daily poultry intake and lower fish intake (p < 0.05). Erythrocyte fatty acid profile of the MCI subjects was characterized as lower erythrocyte proportions of 20:4 n-6, 20:5 n-3, and total n-3 fatty acids compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). An association of erythrocyte proportions of 18:0, 22:0, total SFA, 18:2 n-6, 24:4 n-6 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-6 PUFAs with cognition in elderly Chinese adults was detected. Conclusion: The erythrocyte fatty acid profile was related to cognitionin the elderly. Lower erythrocyte unsaturated fatty acid and higher saturated fatty acid proportions might predict cognitive function decline in elderly Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Yuan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jie Zhen
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Weiwei Ma
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Can Cai
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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154
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Stark KD, Van Elswyk ME, Higgins MR, Weatherford CA, Salem N. Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:132-52. [PMID: 27216485 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies reporting blood levels of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were systematically identified in order to create a global map identifying countries and regions with different blood levels. Included studies were those of healthy adults, published in 1980 or later. A total of 298 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies reported fatty acids in various blood fractions including plasma total lipids (33%), plasma phospholipid (32%), erythrocytes (32%) and whole blood (3.0%). Fatty acid data from each blood fraction were converted to relative weight percentages (wt.%) and then assigned to one of four discrete ranges (high, moderate, low, very low) corresponding to wt.% EPA+DHA in erythrocyte equivalents. Regions with high EPA+DHA blood levels (>8%) included the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits. Very low blood levels (≤4%) were observed in North America, Central and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The present review reveals considerable variability in blood levels of EPA+DHA and the very low to low range of blood EPA+DHA for most of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D Stark
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Mary E Van Elswyk
- Scientific Affairs, Van Elswyk Consulting, Inc., 10350 Macedonia St., Longmont, CO 80503, USA.
| | - M Roberta Higgins
- MEDetect Clinical Information Associates, Inc., PO Box 152, Skippack, PA 19474, USA.
| | | | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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155
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Belkouch M, Hachem M, Elgot A, Lo Van A, Picq M, Guichardant M, Lagarde M, Bernoud-Hubac N. The pleiotropic effects of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid on the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 38:1-11. [PMID: 27825512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is important for adequate brain development and cognition. DHA is highly concentrated in the brain and plays an essential role in brain functioning. DHA, one of the major constituents in fish fats, readily crosses the blood-brain barrier from blood to the brain. Its critical role was further supported by its reduced levels in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. This agrees with a potential role of DHA in memory, learning and cognitive processes. Since there is yet no cure for dementia such as AD, there is growing interest in the role of DHA-supplemented diet in the prevention of AD pathogenesis. Accordingly, animal, epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies indicated that DHA has neuroprotective effects in a number of neurodegenerative conditions including AD. The beneficial effects of this key omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may depend on the stage of disease progression, other dietary mediators and the apolipoprotein ApoE genotype. Herein, our review investigates, from animal and cell culture studies, the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective potential of DHA with emphasis on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Belkouch
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Mayssa Hachem
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdeljalil Elgot
- Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de la Santé, Unité des Sciences Biomédicales, Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Hassan 1er, Settat, Morocco
| | - Amanda Lo Van
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Guichardant
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
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156
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Kitson AP, Metherel AH, Chen CT, Domenichiello AF, Trépanier MO, Berger A, Bazinet RP. Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in phospholipids or triglycerides on brain DHA uptake and accretion. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 33:91-102. [PMID: 27135386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tracer studies suggest that phospholipid DHA (PL-DHA) more effectively targets the brain than triglyceride DHA (TAG-DHA), although the mechanism and whether this translates into higher brain DHA concentrations are not clear. Rats were gavaged with [U-(3)H]PL-DHA and [U-(3)H]TAG-DHA and blood sampled over 6h prior to collection of brain regions and other tissues. In another experiment, rats were supplemented for 4weeks with TAG-DHA (fish oil), PL-DHA (roe PL) or a mixture of both for comparison to a low-omega-3 diet. Brain regions and other tissues were collected, and blood was sampled weekly. DHA accretion rates were estimated using the balance method. [U-(3)H]PL-DHA rats had higher radioactivity in cerebellum, hippocampus and remainder of brain, with no differences in other tissues despite higher serum lipid radioactivity in [U-(3)H]TAG-DHA rats. TAG-DHA, PL-DHA or a mixture were equally effective at increasing brain DHA. There were no differences between DHA-supplemented groups in brain region, whole-body, or tissue DHA accretion rates except heart and serum TAG where the PL-DHA/TAG-DHA blend was higher than TAG-DHA. Apparent DHA β-oxidation was not different between DHA-supplemented groups. This indicates that more labeled DHA enters the brain when consumed as PL; however, this may not translate into higher brain DHA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Kitson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E2, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E2, Canada
| | - Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E2, Canada
| | | | - Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E2, Canada
| | - Alvin Berger
- Arctic Nutrition AS, NO-6155, Ørsta, Norway; Department of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108-1038, USA
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E2, Canada.
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157
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Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in the brain and can affect neurological function by modulating signal transduction pathways, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, myelination, membrane receptor function, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, membrane integrity and membrane organization. DHA is rapidly accumulated in the brain during gestation and early infancy, and the availability of DHA via transfer from maternal stores impacts the degree of DHA incorporation into neural tissues. The consumption of DHA leads to many positive physiological and behavioral effects, including those on cognition. Advanced cognitive function is uniquely human, and the optimal development and aging of cognitive abilities has profound impacts on quality of life, productivity, and advancement of society in general. However, the modern diet typically lacks appreciable amounts of DHA. Therefore, in modern populations, maintaining optimal levels of DHA in the brain throughout the lifespan likely requires obtaining preformed DHA via dietary or supplemental sources. In this review, we examine the role of DHA in optimal cognition during development, adulthood, and aging with a focus on human evidence and putative mechanisms of action.
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158
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Weiser MJ, Butt CM, Mohajeri MH. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Cognition throughout the Lifespan. Nutrients 2016; 8:99. [PMID: 26901223 PMCID: PMC4772061 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in the brain and can affect neurological function by modulating signal transduction pathways, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, myelination, membrane receptor function, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, membrane integrity and membrane organization. DHA is rapidly accumulated in the brain during gestation and early infancy, and the availability of DHA via transfer from maternal stores impacts the degree of DHA incorporation into neural tissues. The consumption of DHA leads to many positive physiological and behavioral effects, including those on cognition. Advanced cognitive function is uniquely human, and the optimal development and aging of cognitive abilities has profound impacts on quality of life, productivity, and advancement of society in general. However, the modern diet typically lacks appreciable amounts of DHA. Therefore, in modern populations, maintaining optimal levels of DHA in the brain throughout the lifespan likely requires obtaining preformed DHA via dietary or supplemental sources. In this review, we examine the role of DHA in optimal cognition during development, adulthood, and aging with a focus on human evidence and putative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Weiser
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Christopher M Butt
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - M Hasan Mohajeri
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland.
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159
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Nasaruddin ML, Hölscher C, Kehoe P, Graham SF, Green BD. Wide-ranging alterations in the brain fatty acid complement of subjects with late Alzheimer's disease as detected by GC-MS. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:154-165. [PMID: 27069549 PMCID: PMC4759425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Disturbed lipid metabolism is a well-established feature of human Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMES) to profile all detectable fatty acid (FA) species present in post-mortem neocortical tissue (Brodmann 7 region). Quantitative targeted analysis was undertaken from 29 subjects (n=15 age-matched controls; n=14 late-stage AD). GC-MS analysis of FAMES detected a total of 24 FAs and of these, 20 were fully quantifiable. The results showed significant and wide ranging elevations in AD brain FA concentrations. A total of 9 FAs were elevated in AD with cis-13,16-docosenoic acid increased most (170%; P=0.033). Intriguingly, docosahexanoic acid (DHA; C22:6) concentrations were elevated (47%; P=0.018) which conflicts with the findings of others (unaltered or decreased) in some brain regions after the onset of AD. Furthermore, our results appear to indicate that subject gender influences brain FA levels in AD subjects (but not in age-matched control subjects). Among AD subjects 7 FA species were significantly higher in males than in females. These preliminary findings pinpoint FA disturbances as potentially important in the pathology of AD. Further work is required to determine if such changes are influenced by disease severity or different types of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Luqman Nasaruddin
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen’s University BelfastStranmillis Road, Belfast Northern Ireland, BT9 6AG, UK
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster UniversityLancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Patrick Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Frenchay HospitalBristol, UK
| | - Stewart Francis Graham
- Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health3811 West 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA
| | - Brian Desmond Green
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen’s University BelfastStranmillis Road, Belfast Northern Ireland, BT9 6AG, UK
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160
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Berger J, Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Kunze M. Peroxisomes in brain development and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:934-55. [PMID: 26686055 PMCID: PMC4880039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes contain numerous enzymatic activities that are important for mammalian physiology. Patients lacking either all peroxisomal functions or a single enzyme or transporter function typically develop severe neurological deficits, which originate from aberrant development of the brain, demyelination and loss of axonal integrity, neuroinflammation or other neurodegenerative processes. Whilst correlating peroxisomal properties with a compilation of pathologies observed in human patients and mouse models lacking all or individual peroxisomal functions, we discuss the importance of peroxisomal metabolites and tissue- and cell type-specific contributions to the observed brain pathologies. This enables us to deconstruct the local and systemic contribution of individual metabolic pathways to specific brain functions. We also review the recently discovered variability of pathological symptoms in cases with unexpectedly mild presentation of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Finally, we explore the emerging evidence linking peroxisomes to more common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Peroxisomes edited by Ralf Erdmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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161
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Hamilton LK, Dufresne M, Joppé SE, Petryszyn S, Aumont A, Calon F, Barnabé-Heider F, Furtos A, Parent M, Chaurand P, Fernandes KJL. Aberrant Lipid Metabolism in the Forebrain Niche Suppresses Adult Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:397-411. [PMID: 26321199 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is fundamental for brain development and function, but its roles in normal and pathological neural stem cell (NSC) regulation remain largely unexplored. Here, we uncover a fatty acid-mediated mechanism suppressing endogenous NSC activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that postmortem AD brains and triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) mice accumulate neutral lipids within ependymal cells, the main support cell of the forebrain NSC niche. Mass spectrometry and microarray analyses identified these lipids as oleic acid-enriched triglycerides that originate from niche-derived rather than peripheral lipid metabolism defects. In wild-type mice, locally increasing oleic acid was sufficient to recapitulate the AD-associated ependymal triglyceride phenotype and inhibit NSC proliferation. Moreover, inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme of oleic acid synthesis rescued proliferative defects in both adult neurogenic niches of 3xTg-AD mice. These studies support a pathogenic mechanism whereby AD-induced perturbation of niche fatty acid metabolism suppresses the homeostatic and regenerative functions of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Hamilton
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Martin Dufresne
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sandra E Joppé
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sarah Petryszyn
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Anne Aumont
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; CHU-Q Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | - Alexandra Furtos
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Pierre Chaurand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Karl J L Fernandes
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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162
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Domenichiello AF, Kitson AP, Bazinet RP. Is docosahexaenoic acid synthesis from α-linolenic acid sufficient to supply the adult brain? Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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163
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Dyall SC. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:52. [PMID: 25954194 PMCID: PMC4404917 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit neuroprotective properties and represent a potential treatment for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. However, traditionally there has been a lack of discrimination between the different omega-3 PUFAs and effects have been broadly accredited to the series as a whole. Evidence for unique effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and more recently docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is growing. For example, beneficial effects in mood disorders have more consistently been reported in clinical trials using EPA; whereas, with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, the focus has been on DHA. DHA is quantitatively the most important omega-3 PUFA in the brain, and consequently the most studied, whereas the availability of high purity DPA preparations has been extremely limited until recently, limiting research into its effects. However, there is now a growing body of evidence indicating both independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. The purpose of this review is to highlight how a detailed understanding of these effects is essential to improving understanding of their therapeutic potential. The review begins with an overview of omega-3 PUFA biochemistry and metabolism, with particular focus on the central nervous system (CNS), where DHA has unique and indispensable roles in neuronal membranes with levels preserved by multiple mechanisms. This is followed by a review of the different enzyme-derived anti-inflammatory mediators produced from EPA, DPA and DHA. Lastly, the relative protective effects of EPA, DPA and DHA in normal brain aging and the most common neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. With a greater understanding of the individual roles of EPA, DPA and DHA in brain health and repair it is hoped that appropriate dietary recommendations can be established and therapeutic interventions can be more targeted and refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Dyall
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University Bournemouth, UK
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164
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Kim H, Youn K, Yun EY, Hwang JS, Jeong WS, Ho CT, Jun M. Oleic acid ameliorates Aβ-induced inflammation by downregulation of COX-2 and iNOS via NFκB signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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165
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Abdelmagid SA, Clarke SE, Nielsen DE, Badawi A, El-Sohemy A, Mutch DM, Ma DWL. Comprehensive profiling of plasma fatty acid concentrations in young healthy Canadian adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116195. [PMID: 25675440 PMCID: PMC4326172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating fatty acids (FA) are associated with a multitude of chronic diseases. However, a major gap in establishing such relationships is the lack of accepted fatty acid reference ranges representing healthy individuals. Data on validated FA reference ranges would provide a better understanding of study baseline measures and aid in the evaluation and interpretation of pharmaceutical or dietary interventions. Reference ranges for plasma FA levels have been reported in a few small studies and on a limited number of FA. Therefore, we determined the average and percentiles of a broad set of 61 FA (C14 - C24:1) from plasma total lipids from an ethnically diverse population of healthy young Canadian males and females (Total n = 826). Plasma concentrations of some of the major FA ranged from 0.3 to 4.1 mmol/L for palmitic acid, 0.1 to 1.0 mmol/L for stearic acid, 0.03 to 3.2 mmol/L for oleic acid, 0.2 to 5.0 mmol/L for linoleic acid (LA), 12.0 to 186.9 μmol/L for α-linolenic acid, and 7.2 to 237.5 μmol/L for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Males had significantly higher plasma concentrations of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and lower concentrations of palmitoleic acid, LA and DHA than females. Comparison of FA concentrations between Caucasians, East Asians and South Asians revealed that South Asians had significantly lower levels of palmitoleic acid (p < 0.01) and oleic acid (p = 0.01) while East Asians had lower levels of GLA (p = 0.02) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (p = 0.03). Overall, these data provide a comprehensive set of quantitative values that profiles a small cohort of Canadians which highlights the utility of establishing validated FA reference ranges that may be used to understand how deficient, suboptimal, or excess amounts of a given FA may be associated with chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A. Abdelmagid
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon E. Clarke
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daiva E. Nielsen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Office for Biotechnology, Genomics and Population Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M. Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W. L. Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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166
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Hennebelle M, Harbeby E, Tremblay S, Chouinard-Watkins R, Pifferi F, Plourde M, Guesnet P, Cunnane SC. Challenges to determining whether DHA can protect against age-related cognitive decline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.14.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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167
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Hshieh TT, Petrone AB, Gaziano JM, Djoussé L. Nut consumption and risk of mortality in the Physicians' Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:407-12. [PMID: 25646339 PMCID: PMC4307210 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.099846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that nut consumption is associated with beneficial cardiovascular outcomes. However, limited data are available on the association between nut intake and all-cause mortality. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to test the hypothesis that nut consumption is inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality. DESIGN In this prospective cohort study in 20,742 male physicians, we assessed nut intake between 1999 and 2002 via a food-frequency questionnaire and ascertained deaths through an endpoint committee. We used Cox regression to estimate multivariable-adjusted HRs for death according to nut consumption. In secondary analyses, we evaluated associations of nut consumption with cause-specific mortality. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 9.6 y, there were 2732 deaths. The mean (±SD) age at baseline was 66.6 ± 9.3 y. Median nut consumption was 1 serving/wk. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 1.0 (reference), 0.92 (0.83, 1.01), 0.85 (0.76, 0.96), 0.86 (0.75, 0.98), and 0.74 (0.63, 0.87) for nut consumption of never or <1 serving/mo, 1-3 servings/mo, 1 serving/wk, 2-4 servings/wk, and ≥5 servings/wk, respectively (P-linear trend < 0.0001), after adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol use, smoking, exercise, prevalent diabetes and hypertension, and intakes of energy, saturated fat, fruit and vegetables, and red meat. In a secondary analysis, results were consistent for cardiovascular disease mortality but only suggestive and non-statistically significant for coronary artery disease and cancer mortality. CONCLUSION Our data are consistent with an inverse association between nut consumption and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in US male physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy T Hshieh
- From the Divisions of Aging (TTH, ABP, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA (TTH); and the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Geriatric Research (GRECC) and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD)
| | - Andrew B Petrone
- From the Divisions of Aging (TTH, ABP, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA (TTH); and the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Geriatric Research (GRECC) and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD)
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- From the Divisions of Aging (TTH, ABP, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA (TTH); and the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Geriatric Research (GRECC) and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD)
| | - Luc Djoussé
- From the Divisions of Aging (TTH, ABP, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA (TTH); and the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Geriatric Research (GRECC) and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD)
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168
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Yin Y, Fan Y, Lin F, Xu Y, Zhang J. Nutrient biomarkers and vascular risk factors in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:39-47. [PMID: 25560815 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the interrelationships among blood nutrient biomarkers, the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP), and cognitive impairment features in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and to verify whether nutrient biomarkers and FSRP are risk factors for MCI. METHODS According to the criteria for MCI developed by Petersen, 81 subjects aged 50-80 years were divided into a normal control group (NC group, n = 36) and an MCI group (n = 45). Then, the MCI group was divided into an amnestic MCI (a-MCI) and a multidomain MCI (md-MCI) group. All subjects were administered a comprehensive health history to calculate their FSRP score and a thorough neuropsychological assessment of four cognitive domains. Blood samples from all subjects were collected to measure the nutrient biomarkers. RESULTS FSRP score was not only associated with memory function, but also with executive function, which itself had a negative relationship with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs) levels, and a positive relationship with the ratio of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs(n6/n3). Compared with the NC group, the concentrations of EPA, DHA, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD), and folate and the ratio of n3/n6 in the md-MCI group were significantly lower. In the a-MCI group, only DHA concentrations and the ratio of n3/n6 were significantly lower. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, low education level [Adjusted OR=8.71 (95%CI: 1.83-41.50), p trend = 0.007], decreased plasma 25OHD [Adjusted OR = 4.41 (95% CI: 1.08-17.94), p trend=0.04] and decreased plasma DHA [Adjusted OR = 6.69 (95% CI: 1.37-32.72), p = 0.02] were associated with a higher risk of MCI. CONCLUSIONS Several nutrient biomarkers in MCI patients, especially in md-MCI patients, were lower compared with healthy controls, suggesting that lower 25OHD and DHA levels are risk factors for MCI. However, we found no evidence that FSRP is an early biomarker of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yin
- Junjian Zhang, Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China, Tel. +86 139 86225751, E-Mail:
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169
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González-Domínguez R, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL. Metabolite profiling for the identification of altered metabolic pathways in Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 107:75-81. [PMID: 25575172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is the most frequent tool for metabolomic profiling of low molecular weight metabolites. Its suitability in health survey is beyond doubt, given that primary metabolites involved in central pathways of metabolism are usually altered in diseases. The objective of this work is to investigate metabolic differences in serum between Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy controls in order to elucidate pathological mechanisms underlying to disease. Alterations in levels of 23 metabolites were detected, including increased lactic acid, α-ketoglutarate, isocitric acid, glucose, oleic acid, adenosine and cholesterol, as well as decreased urea, valine, aspartic acid, pyroglutamate, glutamine, phenylalanine, asparagine, ornithine, pipecolic acid, histidine, tyrosine, palmitic and uric acid, tryptophan, stearic acid and cystine. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed the involvement of multiple affected pathways, such as energy deficiencies, oxidative stress, hyperammonemia, and others. Moreover, it is noteworthy that some of these compounds have not been previously described in AD research, such as α-ketoglutarate, isocitrate pipecolic acid, pyroglutamate and adenosine, confirming the potential of this metabolomic approach in the search of novel potential markers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González-Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - José Luis Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
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170
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Glade MJ, Smith K. Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition 2014; 31:781-6. [PMID: 25933483 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the roles and importance of phosphatidylserine (PS), an endogenous phospholipid and dietary nutrient, in human brain biochemistry, physiology, and function. METHODS A scientific literature search was conducted on MEDLINE for relevant articles regarding PS and the human brain published before June 2014. Additional publications were identified from references provided in original papers; 127 articles were selected for inclusion in this review. RESULTS A large body of scientific evidence describes the interactions among PS, cognitive activity, cognitive aging, and retention of cognitive functioning ability. CONCLUSION Phosphatidylserine is required for healthy nerve cell membranes and myelin. Aging of the human brain is associated with biochemical alterations and structural deterioration that impair neurotransmission. Exogenous PS (300-800 mg/d) is absorbed efficiently in humans, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and safely slows, halts, or reverses biochemical alterations and structural deterioration in nerve cells. It supports human cognitive functions, including the formation of short-term memory, the consolidation of long-term memory, the ability to create new memories, the ability to retrieve memories, the ability to learn and recall information, the ability to focus attention and concentrate, the ability to reason and solve problems, language skills, and the ability to communicate. It also supports locomotor functions, especially rapid reactions and reflexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyl Smith
- Progressive Laboratories Inc., Irving, Texas
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171
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Erythrocyte DHA level as a biomarker of DHA status in specific brain regions of n-3 long-chain PUFA-supplemented aged rats. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1805-18. [PMID: 25331622 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
n-3 Long-chain PUFA (n-3 LC-PUFA), particularly EPA and DHA, play a key role in the maintenance of brain functions such as learning and memory that are impaired during ageing. Ageing is also associated with changes in the DHA content of brain membranes that could contribute to memory impairment. Limited studies have investigated the effects of ageing and n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation on both blood and brain fatty acid compositions. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between fatty acid contents in plasma and erythrocyte membranes and those in the hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex during ageing, and after a 5-month period of EPA/DHA supplementation in rats. In the blood, ageing was associated with an increase in plasma DHA content, whereas the DHA content remained stable in erythrocyte membranes. In the brain, ageing was associated with a decrease in DHA content, which was both region-specific and phospholipid class-specific. In EPA/DHA-supplemented aged rats, DHA contents were increased both in the blood and brain compared with the control rats. The present results demonstrated that n-3 LC-PUFA level in the plasma was not an accurate biomarker of brain DHA status during ageing. Moreover, we highlighted a positive relationship between the DHA levels in erythrocyte phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and those in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in EPA/DHA-supplemented aged rats. Within the framework of preventive dietary supplementation to delay brain ageing, these results suggest the possibility of using erythrocyte PE DHA content as a reliable biomarker of DHA status in specific brain regions.
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172
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Fatty acids rehabilitated long-term neurodegenerative: like symptoms in olfactory bulbectomized rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:629-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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173
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Zarrouk A, Lizard G. DNA and neutral lipid contents of peripheral cells as predictive biomarkers of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Highlights on the interest of a cytomic approach for the characterization of dementia. Cytometry A 2014; 87:3-4. [PMID: 25263350 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zarrouk
- Laboratoire 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique', Université de Bourgogne, EA7270/INSERM, Dijon, France; Laboratoire de Nutrition -Aliments Fonctionnels et Santé Vasculaire (LR12ES05) Faculté de Médecine, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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174
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González-Domínguez R, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL. Using direct infusion mass spectrometry for serum metabolomics in Alzheimer’s disease. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7137-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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175
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton; Southampton United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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176
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Plourde M, Chouinard-Watkins R, Rioux-Perreault C, Fortier M, Dang MTM, Allard MJ, Tremblay-Mercier J, Zhang Y, Lawrence P, Vohl MC, Perron P, Lorrain D, Brenna JT, Cunnane SC. Kinetics of 13C-DHA before and during fish-oil supplementation in healthy older individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:105-12. [PMID: 24829492 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.074708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) kinetics appear to change with intake, which is an effect that we studied in an older population by using uniformly carbon-13-labeled DHA ((13)C-DHA). OBJECTIVE We evaluated the influence of a fish-oil supplement over 5 mo on the kinetics of (13)C-DHA in older persons. DESIGN Thirty-four healthy, cognitively normal participants (12 men, 22 women) aged between 52 and 90 y were recruited. Two identical kinetic studies were performed, each with the use of a single oral dose of 40 mg (13)C-DHA. The first kinetic study was performed before participants started taking a 5-mo supplementation that provided 1.4 g DHA/d plus 1.8 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/d (baseline); the second study was performed during the final month of supplementation (supplement). In both kinetic studies, blood and breath samples were collected ≤8 h and weekly over 4 wk to analyze (13)C enrichment. RESULTS The time × supplement interaction for (13)C-DHA in the plasma was not significant, but there were separate time and supplement effects (P < 0.0001). The area under the curve for plasma (13)C-DHA was 60% lower while subjects were taking the supplement than at baseline (P < 0.0001). The uniformly carbon-13-labeled EPA concentration was 2.6 times as high 1 d posttracer while patients were taking the supplement as it was at baseline. The mean (±SEM) plasma (13)C-DHA half-life was 4.5 ± 0.4 d at baseline compared with 3.0 ± 0.2 d while taking the supplement (P < 0.0001). Compared with baseline, the mean whole-body half-life was 61% lower while subjects were taking the supplement. The loss of (13)C-DHA through β-oxidation to carbon dioxide labeled with carbon-13 increased from 0.085% of dose/h at baseline to 0.208% of dose/h while subjects were taking the supplement. CONCLUSIONS In older persons, a supplement of 3.2 g EPA + DHA/d increased β-oxidation of (13)C-DHA and shortened the plasma (13)C-DHA half-life. Therefore, when circulating concentrations of EPA and DHA are increased, more DHA is available for β-oxidation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01577004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Plourde
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Rioux-Perreault
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Fortier
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Thuy Mai Dang
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Julie Allard
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Tremblay-Mercier
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ying Zhang
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter Lawrence
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrice Perron
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Dominique Lorrain
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephen C Cunnane
- From the Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (MP, RC-W, CR-P, MF, MTMD, M-JA, JT-M, DL, and SCC); the Departments of Medicine (MP, PP, and SCC), Physiology (RC-W and MTMD), and Psychology (DL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; the, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (YZ, PL, and JTB); and the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (MP, RC-W, MTMD, M-CV, and SCC) and Department of Food Science and Nutrition (M-CV), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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177
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Kim HY, Huang BX, Spector AA. Phosphatidylserine in the brain: metabolism and function. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 56:1-18. [PMID: 24992464 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is the major anionic phospholipid class particularly enriched in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in neural tissues. PS is synthesized from phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine by exchanging the base head group with serine, and this reaction is catalyzed by phosphatidylserine synthase 1 and phosphatidylserine synthase 2 located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Activation of Akt, Raf-1 and protein kinase C signaling, which supports neuronal survival and differentiation, requires interaction of these proteins with PS localized in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, neurotransmitter release by exocytosis and a number of synaptic receptors and proteins are modulated by PS present in the neuronal membranes. Brain is highly enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and brain PS has a high DHA content. By promoting PS synthesis, DHA can uniquely expand the PS pool in neuronal membranes and thereby influence PS-dependent signaling and protein function. Ethanol decreases DHA-promoted PS synthesis and accumulation in neurons, which may contribute to the deleterious effects of ethanol intake. Improvement of some memory functions has been observed in cognitively impaired subjects as a result of PS supplementation, but the mechanism is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States.
| | - Bill X Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States
| | - Arthur A Spector
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States
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178
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Fiandaca MS, Mapstone ME, Cheema AK, Federoff HJ. The critical need for defining preclinical biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:S196-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo S. Fiandaca
- Department of NeurologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Mark E. Mapstone
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Rochester School of MedicineRochesterNYUSA
| | - Amrita K. Cheema
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of BiochemistryGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Howard J. Federoff
- Department of NeurologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDCUSA
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179
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González-Domínguez R, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL. Combination of metabolomic and phospholipid-profiling approaches for the study of Alzheimer's disease. J Proteomics 2014; 104:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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180
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Wang G, Zhou Y, Huang FJ, Tang HD, Xu XH, Liu JJ, Wang Y, Deng YL, Ren RJ, Xu W, Ma JF, Zhang YN, Zhao AH, Chen SD, Jia W. Plasma metabolite profiles of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2649-58. [PMID: 24694177 DOI: 10.1021/pr5000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated altered metabolites in samples of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. However, the sample size from many of them is relatively small and the metabolites are relatively limited. Here we applied a comprehensive platform using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyze plasma samples from AD patients, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients, and normal controls. A biomarker panel consisting of six plasma metabolites (arachidonic acid, N,N-dimethylglycine, thymine, glutamine, glutamic acid, and cytidine) was identified to discriminate AD patients from normal control. Another panel of five plasma metabolites (thymine, arachidonic acid, 2-aminoadipic acid, N,N-dimethylglycine, and 5,8-tetradecadienoic acid) was able to differentiate aMCI patients from control subjects. Both biomarker panels had good agreements with clinical diagnosis. The 2 panels of metabolite markers were all involved in fatty acid metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism. Additionally, no altered metabolites were found among the patients at different stages, as well as among those on anticholinesterase medication and those without anticholinesterase medication. These findings provide a comprehensive global plasma metabolite profiling and may contribute to making early diagnosis as well as understanding the pathogenic mechanism of AD and aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200025, China
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181
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Vandal M, Alata W, Tremblay C, Rioux-Perreault C, Salem N, Calon F, Plourde M. Reduction in DHA transport to the brain of mice expressing human APOE4 compared to APOE2. J Neurochem 2014; 129:516-26. [PMID: 24345162 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Benefits on cognition from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6 n-3) intake are absent in humans carrying apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4), the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). To test the hypothesis that carrying APOE4 impairs DHA distribution, we evaluated plasma and brain fatty acid profiles and uptake of [(14) C]-DHA using in situ cerebral perfusion through the blood-brain barrier in 4- and 13-month-old male and female APOE-targeted replacement mice (APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4), fed with a DHA-depleted diet. Cortical and plasma DHA were 9% lower and 34% higher in APOE4 compared to APOE2 mice, respectively. Brain uptake of [(14) C]-DHA was 24% lower in APOE4 versus APOE2 mice. A significant relationship was established between DHA and apoE concentrations in the cortex of mice (r(2) = 0.21) and AD patients (r(2) = 0.32). Altogether, our results suggest that lower brain uptake of DHA in APOE4 than in APOE2 mice may limit the accumulation of DHA in cerebral tissues. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the lack of benefit of DHA in APOE4 carriers on cognitive function and the risk of AD. Using human APOE2, 3, and 4 isoform-specific transgenic mice, we found a lower brain uptake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in APOE4 than in APOE2 mice that may limit the biodistribution of DHA in cerebral tissues. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the lack of benefit of DHA in APOE4 carriers on cognitive function and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milène Vandal
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec City, Québec, Canada; Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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182
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Pottala JV, Yaffe K, Robinson JG, Espeland MA, Wallace R, Harris WS. Higher RBC EPA + DHA corresponds with larger total brain and hippocampal volumes: WHIMS-MRI study. Neurology 2014; 82:435-42. [PMID: 24453077 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether red blood cell (RBC) levels of marine omega-3 fatty acids measured in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study were related to MRI brain volumes measured 8 years later. METHODS RBC eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and MRI brain volumes were assessed in 1,111 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. The endpoints were total brain volume and anatomical regions. Linear mixed models included multiple imputations of fatty acids and were adjusted for hormone therapy, time since randomization, demographics, intracranial volume, and cardiovascular disease risk factors. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, a 1 SD greater RBC EPA + DHA (omega-3 index) level was correlated with 2.1 cm(3) larger brain volume (p = 0.048). DHA was marginally correlated (p = 0.063) with total brain volume while EPA was less so (p = 0.11). There were no correlations between ischemic lesion volumes and EPA, DHA, or EPA + DHA. A 1 SD greater omega-3 index was correlated with greater hippocampal volume (50 mm(3), p = 0.036) in fully adjusted models. Comparing the fourth quartile vs the first quartile of the omega-3 index confirmed greater hippocampal volume (159 mm(3), p = 0.034). CONCLUSION A higher omega-3 index was correlated with larger total normal brain volume and hippocampal volume in postmenopausal women measured 8 years later. While normal aging results in overall brain atrophy, lower omega-3 index may signal increased risk of hippocampal atrophy. Future studies should examine whether maintaining higher RBC EPA + DHA levels slows the rate of hippocampal or overall brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Pottala
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.V.P., W.S.H.), Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; Health Diagnostic Laboratory Inc. (J.V.P., W.S.H.), Richmond, VA; Department of Psychiatry (K.Y.), University of California Medical Center, San Francisco; Departments of Epidemiology and Internal Medicine (J.R., R.W.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistical Services (M.A.E.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and OmegaQuant Analytics (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
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183
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Altman R, Keenan AH, Newman JW, Rutledge JC. The Postprandial Effects of a Moderately High-Fat Meal on Lipid Profiles and Vascular Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: A Pilot Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2. [PMID: 26029731 PMCID: PMC4449155 DOI: 10.4172/2329-9126.1000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of aging with unknown causative factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation and neurovascular dysfunction play important roles in AD. The postprandial period following a moderately high-fat meal is associated with vascular inflammation in young, healthy individuals; however, this relationship has not been investigated in Alzheimer’s patients despite their exaggerated inflammatory state. Methods Patients with AD and age-matched control subjects were recruited through the UC Davis Alzheimer’s Disease Center. All subjects consumed a moderately high-fat breakfast meal. Fasting and postprandial blood samples were collected for lipid, lipoprotein, and oxylipin analyses, as well as assays for cytokine levels and monocyte activation. Results The plasma lipid analyses revealed similar levels of triglycerides and esterified oxylipins between groups, but there was an interaction between postprandial non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and body mass index in the AD group compared to the control subjects. The AD group also had increased behenic acid and decreased linoleic and oleic acids in the postprandial period; however, these were not significantly different. Inflammatory assays revealed elevated fasting levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 p70, but no change in monocyte activation in the AD group. Conclusion The postprandial period following a moderately high-fat meal is not associated with an exaggerated inflammatory state in Alzheimer’s patients, and basal esterified oxylipin profiles do not indicate elevated oxidative stress. However, the baseline inflammatory state during fasting in AD patients includes elevated levels of plasma IL-10 and IL-12 p70, which may indicate a balance between immune responses mediated by these interleukins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Altman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, California, USA
| | - Alison H Keenan
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, California, USA
| | - John W Newman
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, California, USA
| | - John C Rutledge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, California, USA
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184
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Olfactory bulbectomy as a putative model for Alzheimer’: The protective role of essential fatty acids. PHARMANUTRITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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185
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies fairly convincingly suggest that higher intakes of fatty fish and n-3 fatty acids are associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DHA in plasma is normally positively associated with DHA intake. However, despite being associated with lower fish and DHA intake, unexpectedly, plasma (or brain) DHA is frequently not lower in AD. This review will highlight some metabolic and physiological factors such as ageing and apoE polymorphism that influence DHA homeostasis. Compared with young adults, blood DHA is often slightly but significantly higher in older adults without any age-related cognitive decline. Higher plasma DHA in older adults could be a sign that their fish or DHA intake is higher. However, our supplementation and carbon-13 tracer studies also show that DHA metabolism, e.g. transit through the plasma, apparent retroconversion and β-oxidation, is altered in healthy older compared with healthy young adults. ApoE4 increases the risk of AD, possibly in part because it too changes DHA homeostasis. Therefore, independent of differences in fish intake, changing DHA homeostasis may tend to obscure the relationship between DHA intake and plasma DHA which, in turn, may contribute to making older adults more susceptible to cognitive decline despite older adults having similar or sometimes higher plasma DHA than in younger adults. In conclusion, recent development of new tools such as isotopically labelled DHA to study DHA metabolism in human subjects highlights some promising avenues to evaluate how and why DHA metabolism changes during ageing and AD.
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186
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhang W, Shi R. Decreased liver peroxisomal β-oxidation accompanied by changes in brain fatty acid composition in aged rats. Neurol Sci 2013; 35:289-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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187
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Glick NR, Fischer MH. The Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Human Health. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/2156587213488788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid research began about 90 years ago but intensified in recent years. Essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic) must come from diet. Other fatty acids may come from diet or may be synthesized. Fatty acids are major components of cell membrane structure, modulate gene transcription, function as cytokine precursors, and serve as energy sources in complex, interconnected systems. It is increasingly apparent that dietary fatty acids influence these vital functions and affect human health. While the strongest evidence for influence is found in cardiovascular disease and mental health, many additional conditions are affected. Problematic changes in the fatty acid composition of human diet have also taken place over the last century. This review summarizes current understanding of the pervasive roles of essential fatty acids and their metabolites in human health.
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188
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Tajima Y, Ishikawa M, Maekawa K, Murayama M, Senoo Y, Nishimaki-Mogami T, Nakanishi H, Ikeda K, Arita M, Taguchi R, Okuno A, Mikawa R, Niida S, Takikawa O, Saito Y. Lipidomic analysis of brain tissues and plasma in a mouse model expressing mutated human amyloid precursor protein/tau for Alzheimer's disease. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:68. [PMID: 23659495 PMCID: PMC3668217 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia among neurodegenerative diseases, afflicts millions of elderly people worldwide. In addition to amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and phosphorylated tau, lipid dysregulation is suggested to participate in AD pathogenesis. However, alterations in individual lipid species and their role in AD disease progression remain unclear. METHODS We performed a lipidomic analysis using brain tissues and plasma obtained from mice expressing mutated human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau protein (Tg2576×JNPL3) (APP/tau mice) at 4 (pre-symptomatic phase), 10 (early symptomatic) and 15 months (late symptomatic). RESULTS Levels of docosahexaenoyl (22:6) cholesterol ester (ChE) were markedly increased in APP/tau mice compared to controls at all stages examined. Several species of ethanolamine plasmalogens (pPEs) and sphingomyelins (SMs) showed different levels between brains from APP/tau and control mice at various stages of AD. Increased levels of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) during the early symptomatic phase were consistent with previous reports using human AD brain tissue. In addition, 19,20-dihydroxy-docosapentaenoic acid (19,20-diHDoPE) and 17,18-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-diHETE), which are produced from docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid via 19,20-epoxy-docosapentaenoic acid (19,20-EpDPE) and 17,18-epoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-EpETE), respectively, were significantly increased in APP/tau brains during the pre-symptomatic phase, and concomitant increases occurred in plasma. Several arachidonic acid metabolites such as prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), which have potential deteriorating and protective actions, respectively, were decreased in the early symptomatic phase of APP/tau mice. Significant decreases in phosphatidylcholines and PEs with polyunsaturated fatty acids were also detected in the late symptomatic phase, indicating a perturbation of membrane properties. CONCLUSION Our results provide fundamental information on lipid dysregulation during various stages of human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tajima
- Project team for disease metabolomics, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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Effect of Different Phospholipids on α-Secretase Activity in the Non-Amyloidogenic Pathway of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5879-98. [PMID: 23485990 PMCID: PMC3634454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), generated by proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase. Aβ generation is inhibited when the initial ectodomain shedding is caused by α-secretase, cleaving APP within the Aβ domain. Therefore, an increase in α-secretase activity is an attractive therapeutic target for AD treatment. APP and the APP-cleaving secretases are all transmembrane proteins, thus local membrane lipid composition is proposed to influence APP processing. Although several studies have focused on γ-secretase, the effect of the membrane lipid microenvironment on α-secretase is poorly understood. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effect of fatty acid (FA) acyl chain length (10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, 24:0), membrane polar lipid headgroup (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine), saturation grade and the FA double-bond position on α-secretase activity. We found that α-secretase activity is significantly elevated in the presence of FAs with short chain length and in the presence of polyunsaturated FAs, whereas variations in the phospholipid headgroups, as well as the double-bond position, have little or no effect on α-secretase activity. Overall, our study shows that local lipid membrane composition can influence α-secretase activity and might have beneficial effects for AD.
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190
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Dacks PA, Shineman DW, Fillit HM. Current evidence for the clinical use of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids to prevent age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2013; 17:240-51. [PMID: 23459977 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-012-0431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An NIH State of the Science Conference panel concluded in 2010 that insufficient evidence is available to recommend the use of any primary prevention therapy for Alzheimer's disease or cognitive decline with age. Despite the insufficient evidence, candidate therapies with varying levels of evidence for safety and efficacy are taken by the public and discussed in the media. One example is the long-chain n-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), DHA and EPA, found in some fish and dietary supplements. With this report, we seek to provide a practical overview and rating of the level and type of available evidence that n-3 LC-PUFA supplements are safe and protective against cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease, with additional discussion of the evidence for effects on quality of life, vascular aging, and the rate of aging. We discuss available sources, dose, bioavailability, and variables that may impact the response to n-3 LC-PUFA treatment such as baseline n-3 LC-PUFA status, APOE ε4 genotype, depression, and background diet. Lastly, we list ongoing clinical trials and propose next research steps to validate these fatty acids for primary prevention of cognitive aging and dementia. Of particular relevance, epidemiology indicates a higher risk of cognitive decline in people in the lower quartile of n-3 LC-PUFA intake or blood levels but these populations have not been specifically targeted by RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Dacks
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, USA.
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191
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Katz MS, Thatch KA, Schwartz MZ. Gene alterations and intestinal mucosal changes following growth factor and omega-3 exposure in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:345-52. [PMID: 23414863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that there is synergism between Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and Omega-3 (OM-3) enriched feeds using an immunologic model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This combination decreased inflammation and cytokine levels and increased microvascular density and mucosal mass. This study evaluates the gene alterations that occurred using this same model. METHODS Twenty adult female transgenic HLA-B27 rats were divided into four groups: Group 1: (Regular feeds, IV saline); Group 2: (OM-3 feeds, IV saline); Group 3: (Regular feeds, IV HGF 150 μg/kg/day); Group 4: (OM-3 feeds, IV HGF 150 μg/kg/day). Rats were sacrificed 14 days after pump placement. Bowel was harvested and RNA extracted. Microarray gene chips were used. Statistical analysis was done by analysis of variance using Partek Genomics Suite. Results were significant if fold change was more than 2 or less than -2, with P<0.05. RESULTS In the ileum, HGF up- or down-regulated 34 genes, while OM-3 affected 60 genes. Together 68 genes were affected. Families with a synergistic effect included Solute Carrier Proteins, ATP Binding Cassette Proteins, and Matrix Metalloproteinases. In the colon, 23 genes were affected by HGF, while 66 genes were affected with OM-3. Combined exposure affected 32 genes, including a synergistic effect on solute carrier proteins, aquaporins, and immunologic factors. CONCLUSIONS There is a synergistic gene alteration effect of exposure of two (HGF and Omega-3 enriched feeds) agents on bowel mucosa. Of most interest was the synergistic effect on the solute carrier protein family, a previously identified gene family up-regulated in response to intestinal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Katz
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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192
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McNamara RK. Deciphering the role of docosahexaenoic acid in brain maturation and pathology with magnetic resonance imaging. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:33-42. [PMID: 22521863 PMCID: PMC3458176 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies have found that deficits in brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) accrual during perinatal development leads to transient and enduring abnormalities in brain development and function. Determining the relevance of this evidence to brain disorders in humans has been hampered by an inability to determine antimortem brain DHA levels and limitations associated with a postmortem approach. Accordingly, there is a need for alternate or complementary approaches to better understand the role of DHA in cortical function and pathology, and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques may be ideally suited for this application. A major advantage of neuroimaging is that it permits prospective evaluation of the effects of manipulating DHA status on both clinical and neuroimaging variables. Emerging evidence from MRI studies suggest that greater DHA status is associated with cortical structural and functional integrity, and suggest that reduced DHA status and abnormalities in cortical function observed in psychiatric disorders may be interrelated phenomenon. Preliminary evidence from animal MRI studies support a critical role of DHA in normal brain development. Neuroimaging research in both human and animals therefore holds tremendous promise for developing a better understanding of the role of DHA status in cortical function, as well as for elucidating the impact of DHA deficiency on neuropathological processes implicated in the etiology and progression of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
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Cunnane SC, Chouinard-Watkins R, Castellano CA, Barberger-Gateau P. Docosahexaenoic acid homeostasis, brain aging and Alzheimer's disease: Can we reconcile the evidence? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:61-70. [PMID: 22575581 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A crossroads has been reached on research into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the one hand, several prospective observational studies now clearly indicate a protective effect of higher fish and DHA intake against risk of AD. On the other hand, once AD is clinically evident, supplementation trials demonstrate essentially no benefit of DHA in AD. Despite apparently low DHA intake in AD, brain DHA levels are frequently the same as in controls, suggesting that low DHA intake results in low plasma DHA but does not necessarily reduce brain DHA in humans. Animal models involving dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency to deplete brain DHA may therefore not be appropriate in AD research. Studies in the healthy elderly suggest that DHA homeostasis changes during aging. Tracer methodology now permits estimation of DHA half-life in the human brain and whole body. Apolipoprotein E alleles have an important impact not only on AD but also on DHA homeostasis in humans. We therefore encourage further development of innovative approaches to the study of DHA metabolism and its role in human brain function. A better understanding of DHA metabolism in humans will hopefully help explain how higher habitual DHA intake protects against the risk of deteriorating cognition during aging and may eventually give rise to a breakthrough in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging and Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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Associations of fatty acids in cerebrospinal fluid with peripheral glucose concentrations and energy metabolism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41503. [PMID: 22911803 PMCID: PMC3404019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent experiments have emphasized a role of central fatty acid (FA) species, such as oleic acid, in regulating peripheral glucose and energy metabolism. Thus, we hypothesized that central FAs are related to peripheral glucose regulation and energy expenditure in humans. To test this we measured FA species profiles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 32 individuals who stayed in our clinical inpatient unit for 6 days. Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and glucose regulation by an oral glucose test (OGTT) followed by measurements of 24 hour (24EE) and sleep energy expenditure (SLEEP) as well as respiratory quotient (RQ) in a respiratory chamber. CSF was obtained via lumbar punctures; FA concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. As expected, FA concentrations were higher in plasma compared to CSF. Individuals with high concentrations of CSF very-long-chain saturated FAs had lower rates of SLEEP. In the plasma moderate associations of these FAs with higher 24EE were observed. Moreover, CSF monounsaturated long-chain FA (palmitoleic and oleic acid) concentrations were associated with lower RQs and lower glucose area under the curve during the OGTT. Thus, FAs in the CSF strongly correlated with peripheral metabolic traits. These physiological parameters were most specific to long-chain monounsaturated (C16∶1, C18∶1) and very-long-chain saturated (C24∶0, C26∶0) FAs. Conclusions: Together with previous animal experiments these initial cross-sectional human data indicate that central FA species are linked to peripheral glucose and energy homeostasis.
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Galvin JE. OPTIMIZING DIAGNOSIS AND MANANGEMENT IN MILD-TO-MODERATE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2012; 2:291-304. [PMID: 22973426 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive declines in cognitive function and ability to carry out activities of daily living; and the emergence and worsening of behavioral/neuropsychiatric symptoms. While there is no cure for AD, non-pharmacologic interventions and medications that modulate neurotransmission can slow symptomatic progression. Medical foods may also be useful as adjuncts to pharmacologic agents in AD. Medium chain triglycerides aimed at improving cerebral metabolism significantly improve Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive scores when added to ongoing pharmacotherapy in patients with mild-to-moderate AD. Combination of interventions, such as non-pharmacologic treatments, pharmacotherapy, and medical foods, with complementary mechanisms of action may provide a rational approach that may result in maximum preservation of cognitive function in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Galvin
- Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry, Director of the Pearl S. Barlow Center for Memory Evaluation and Treatment; and Director of Clinical Operations at the Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York
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