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JANSEN SUSIANA, WASITYASTUTI WIDYA, ASTARINI FAJARDWI, HARTINI SRI. Mothers' knowledge of breastfeeding and infant feeding types affect acute respiratory infections. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2020; 61:E401-E408. [PMID: 33150229 PMCID: PMC7595061 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.3.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for new-borns until 6 months of age. However, exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia only reached 52.3% in 2014 and 65.16% in 2018. It is known that administration of infant formula and non-formula supplements to infants aged less than 6 months increases the risk of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs). In addition, the high prevalence of ARIs in infants in Sleman Regency, Indonesia indicates the need of optimal early prevention. Therefore, we conducted this study to confirm that mothers’ knowledge of breastfeeding and infant feeding types affect the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs). Methods Data were collected through questionnaires from 50 mothers with infants aged 7-12 months who had experienced ARIs in the last 3 months (case group) and 50 mothers with healthy infants (control group). Collected data were then analysed using Chi-Square, Logistic Regression, Lambda, and Somers’ D tests. Results The results showed that types of infant feeding are associated with the prevalence of ARIs. Non-breastfed infants were 14 times riskier to contract ARIs. Mothers’ knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding influenced their preferences of feeding practice. However, their attitude towards breastfeeding did not appear to significantly affect their choices of feeding practice. Conclusions Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of an infant’s life can lower the prevalence of ARIs for when they are older. Mothers’ good knowledge of breastfeeding is associated with its practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- SUSIANA JANSEN
- PELNI Nursing Academy of Jakarta, Indonesia
- Master in Nursing Program, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - WIDYA WASITYASTUTI
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Widya Wasityastuti, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako, Senolowo, Sekip Utara, Mlati, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia - Tel. +62-274-6492492 - Fax. +62-274-631185 - E-mail:
| | - FAJAR DWI ASTARINI
- Master in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - SRI HARTINI
- Department of Pediatric Nursing and Maternity, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
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da Cruz Martins C, de Santana Xavier Ramos M, Viana Cardoso Amaral M, Santos Passos Costa J, Souza Cerqueira E, de Oliveira Vieira T, dA Cruz SS, Oliveira Vieira G. Colostrum oropharyngeal immunotherapy for very low birth weight preterm infants: protocol of an intervention study. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:371. [PMID: 32767992 PMCID: PMC7411269 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oropharyngeal colostrum administration protocol to treat premature newborns is a possible and plausible strategy in neonatal health services, since the immunoprotective components of colostrum can be absorbed by the lymphoid tissues of the oropharynx. In this context, this study aims to describe the implementation of oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy in very low birth weight preterm newborns in a neonatal unit, as well as to test an algorithm in a public hospital. Methods The protocol is applied in a non-randomized, superiority clinical trial with historical control. In the treatment group, 0.2 mL of raw colostrum is dripped into the right and left oropharyngeal mucosa, totaling 8 administrations every 24 h until the 7th complete day of life interruptedly. The control group consists of very low birth weight preterm newborns born in the same hospital in previous years (historical control). The clinical progression of 60 newborns until hospital discharge is recorded on standardized forms. A total of 350 participants are estimated to complete the survey in 4 years. The occurrence of continuous outcomes between the groups are compared through the paired t-test or Wilcoxon’s two-sample test. The chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, and survival analysis are used for binary outcomes. The nutritional status is assessed through Intergrowth-21st growth curves for preterm newborns. Discussion The flows of the protocol’s actions is sorted by an algorithm, compatible with the Brazilian reality of a public hospital. This measure facilitates and systematizes clinical care, organizes the team’s work process, speeds up the intervention steps, standardizes decision-making and unifies the quality of care, besides showing the feasibility of oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy. Trial registration ReBEC, U1111–1222-0598, Registered 09 October 2018, http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-2cyp7c/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla da Cruz Martins
- State University of Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n - Novo Horizonte, CEP: 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | - Mara Viana Cardoso Amaral
- State University of Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n - Novo Horizonte, CEP: 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Santos Passos Costa
- State University of Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n - Novo Horizonte, CEP: 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana de Oliveira Vieira
- State University of Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n - Novo Horizonte, CEP: 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Graciete Oliveira Vieira
- State University of Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n - Novo Horizonte, CEP: 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
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153
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Expression profiling of human milk derived exosomal microRNAs and their targets in HIV-1 infected mothers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12931. [PMID: 32737406 PMCID: PMC7395778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-1 infected mothers approximately 5% of new HIV-1 infections still occur in breastfed infants annually, which warrants for the development of novel strategies to prevent new HIV-1 infections in infants. Human milk (HM) exosomes are highly enriched in microRNAs (miRNAs), which play an important role in neonatal immunity. Furthermore, HM exosomes from healthy donors are known to inhibit HIV-1 infection and transmission; however, the effect of HIV-1 on HM exosomal miRNA signatures remains unknown. In this study, we used nCounter NanoString technology and investigated miRNAs expression profiles in first week postpartum HM exosomes from HIV-1 infected and uninfected control mothers (n = 36). Our results indicated that HIV-1 perturbed the differential expression patterns of 19 miRNAs (13 upregulated and 6 downregulated) in HIV-1 infected women compared to healthy controls. DIANA-miR functional pathway analyses revealed that multiple biological pathways are involved including cell cycle, pathways in cancer, TGF-β signaling, FoxO signaling, fatty acid biosynthesis, p53 signaling and apoptosis. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses of miR-630 and miR-378g yielded areas under the ROC curves of 0.82 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.82) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.83), respectively highlighting their potential to serve as biomarkers to identify HIV-1 infection in women. These data may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1.
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154
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Khasawneh W, Kheirallah K, Mazin M, Abdulnabi S. Knowledge, attitude, motivation and planning of breastfeeding: a cross-sectional study among Jordanian women. Int Breastfeed J 2020; 15:60. [PMID: 32611353 PMCID: PMC7329471 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-020-00303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Jordan, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding is declining. The trend variation in breastfeeding practice is determined by different factors including antenatal women's attitude and planning which are affected by their awareness and the support they receive. This study aims to assess knowledge, attitude, support, and planning of breastfeeding among Jordanian women. METHODS A face-to-face cross-sectional semi-structured questionnaire survey was conducted among healthy women in the antenatal clinic and postpartum ward at three hospitals in Northern Jordan during the period August 2019 to December 2019. Data were collected about demographic characteristics, women's knowledge and attitude towards breastfeeding, antenatal and postnatal support and counseling, and feeding planning. Customized scales were utilized to assess knowledge and attitude. Factors associated with planning to breastfeed were reported. RESULTS 660 women completed the survey questionnaire. The majority were 20 to 35 years of age, 10% were primiparous, and 30% were employed. 78% were knowledgeable about breastfeeding benefits and aware of WHO recommendations. 72% had a positive attitude towards breastfeeding. More than half received support from their husbands to breastfeed their infants, while less than 20% received any counseling from their obstetric providers. 97% reported their intention to breastfeed, and more than half indicated their willingness to breastfeed exclusively. With multivariable logistic regression modelling, predictors of EBF planning include: primiparity (AOR 1.79; 95% CI 1.1, 3.25), positive attitude (AOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.05, 3.1) and positive husband's support (AOR 1.92; 95% CI 1.18, 3.15). Barriers include women's employment (AOR 0.43; 95% CI 0.26, 0.70) and low birthweight (AOR 0.46; 95% CI 0.25, 0.84). CONCLUSION Jordanian women are highly knowledgeable about breastfeeding benefits, and they exhibit a positive attitude towards breastfeeding resulting in a very high percentage intending to breastfeed their infants. Limited counseling about breastfeeding is a major gap in antenatal care. As intentions might not reflect the actual practice after delivery, gaps and barriers affecting the determinants of successful breastfeeding should be identified, and corrective tools should be implemented accordingly. Allocating a specific time for antenatal or postnatal counseling and support is expected to promote breastfeeding practice in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Khasawneh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Khalid Kheirallah
- Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mai Mazin
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sanaa Abdulnabi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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155
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Torres-Castro P, Grases-Pintó B, Abril-Gil M, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ, Franch À. Modulation of the Systemic Immune Response in Suckling Rats by Breast Milk TGF-β2, EGF and FGF21 Supplementation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061888. [PMID: 32599899 PMCID: PMC7353385 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is a rich fluid containing bioactive compounds such as specific growth factors (GF) that contribute to maturation of the immune system in early life. The aim of this study was to determine whether transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), compounds present in breast milk, could promote systemic immune maturation. For this purpose, newborn Wistar rats were daily supplemented with these GF by oral gavage during the suckling period (21 days of life). At day 14 and 21 of life, plasma for immunoglobulin (Ig) quantification was obtained and spleen lymphocytes were isolated, immunophenotyped and cultured to evaluate their ability to proliferate and release cytokines. The main result was obtained at day 14, when supplementation with EGF increased B cell proportion to reach levels observed at day 21. At the end of the suckling period, all GF increased the plasma levels of IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, FGF21 balanced the Th1/Th2 cytokine response and both EGF and FGF21 modified splenic lymphocyte composition. These results suggested that the studied milk bioactive factors, mainly EGF and FGF21, may have modulatory roles in the systemic immune responses in early life, although their physiological roles remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Torres-Castro
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Blanca Grases-Pintó
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-402-45-05
| | - Àngels Franch
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.T.-C.); (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (A.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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156
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Shinde T, Hansbro PM, Sohal SS, Dingle P, Eri R, Stanley R. Microbiota Modulating Nutritional Approaches to Countering the Effects of Viral Respiratory Infections Including SARS-CoV-2 through Promoting Metabolic and Immune Fitness with Probiotics and Plant Bioactives. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E921. [PMID: 32570850 PMCID: PMC7355654 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections (VRIs) can spread quickly and cause enormous morbidity and mortality worldwide. These events pose serious threats to public health due to time lags in developing vaccines to activate the acquired immune system. The high variability of people's symptomatic responses to viral infections, as illustrated in the current COVID-19 pandemic, indicates the potential to moderate the severity of morbidity from VRIs. Growing evidence supports roles for probiotic bacteria (PB) and prebiotic dietary fiber (DF) and other plant nutritional bioactives in modulating immune functions. While human studies help to understand the epidemiology and immunopathology of VRIs, the chaotic nature of viral transmissions makes it difficult to undertake mechanistic study where the pre-conditioning of the metabolic and immune system could be beneficial. However, recent experimental studies have significantly enhanced our understanding of how PB and DF, along with plant bioactives, can significantly modulate innate and acquired immunity responses to VRIs. Synbiotic combinations of PB and DF potentiate increased benefits primarily through augmenting the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate. These and specific plant polyphenolics help to regulate immune responses to both restrain VRIs and temper the neutrophil response that can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This review highlights the current understanding of the potential impact of targeted nutritional strategies in setting a balanced immune tone for viral clearance and reinforcing homeostasis. This knowledge may guide the development of public health tactics and the application of functional foods with PB and DF components as a nutritional approach to support countering VRI morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Shinde
- Centre for Food Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
- Gut Health Research Group, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia;
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
| | - Peter Dingle
- Dingle Wellness, South Fremantle, WA 6162, Australia;
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- Gut Health Research Group, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia;
| | - Roger Stanley
- Centre for Food Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
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157
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The risk of infectious pathogens in breast-feeding, donated human milk and breast milk substitutes. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:1725-1740. [PMID: 32539885 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review collates the published reports that focus on microbial and viral illnesses that can be transmitted by breast milk, donor milk and powdered infant formula (PIF). In this context, we attempt to define a risk framework encompassing those hazards, exposure scenarios, vulnerability and protective factors. DESIGN A literature search was performed for reported cases of morbidity and mortality associated with different infant feeding modes. SETTING Exclusive breast-feeding is the recommended for infant feeding under 6 months, or failing that, provision of donated human milk. However, the use of PIF remains high despite its intrinsic and extrinsic risk of microbial contamination, as well as the potential for adverse physiological effects, including infant gut dysbiosis. RESULTS Viable pathogen transmission via breast-feeding or donor milk (pasteurised and unpasteurised) is rare. However, transmission of HIV and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 is a concern for breast-feeding mothers, particularly for mothers undertaking a mixed feeding mode (PIF and breast-feeding). In PIF, intrinsic and extrinsic microbial contamination, such as Cronobacter and Salmonella, remain significant identifiable causes of infant morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Disease transmission through breast-feeding or donor human milk is rare, most likely owing to its complex intrinsically protective composition of human milk and protection of the infant gut lining. Contamination of PIF and the morbidity associated with this is likely underappreciated in terms of community risk. A better system of safe donor milk sharing that also establishes security of supply for non-hospitalised healthy infants in need of breast milk would reduce the reliance on PIF.
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158
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Marquez-Curtis LA, Dorobantu LS, Sauvageau D, Elliott JAW. Cryopreservation of swine colostrum-derived cells. Cryobiology 2020; 97:168-178. [PMID: 32464145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties and are of interest in biotechnologies that will require cryopreservation. Recently, MSC-like cells were isolated from colostrum and milk. We used an interrupted slow freezing procedure to examine cryoinjury incurred during slow cooling and rapid cooling of MSC-like cells from swine colostrum. Cells were loaded with either dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) or glycerol, cooled to a nucleation temperature, ice-nucleated, and further cooled at 1 °C/min. At several temperatures along the cooling path, cells were either thawed directly, or plunged into liquid nitrogen for storage and later thawed. The pattern of direct-thaw and plunge-thaw responses was used to guide optimization of cryopreservation protocol parameters. We found that both 5% Me2SO (0.65 M, loaded for 15 min on ice) or 5% glycerol (0.55 M, loaded for 1 h at room temperature) yielded cells with high post-thaw membrane integrity when cells were cooled to at least -30 °C before being plunged into, and stored in, liquid nitrogen. Cells cultured post-thaw exhibited osteogenic differentiation similar to fresh unfrozen control. Fresh and cryopreserved MSC-like cells demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. Also, the antimicrobial activity of cell-conditioned media was higher when both fresh and cryopreserved MSC-like cells were pre-exposed to S. aureus. Thus, we were able to demonstrate cryopreservation of colostrum-derived MSC-like cells using Me2SO or glycerol, and show that both cryoprotectants yield highly viable cells with osteogenic potential, but that cells cryopreserved with glycerol retain higher antimicrobial activity post-thaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Marquez-Curtis
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Loredana S Dorobantu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dominic Sauvageau
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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159
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Chouraqui JP. Does the contribution of human milk oligosaccharides to the beneficial effects of breast milk allow us to hope for an improvement in infant formulas? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1503-1514. [PMID: 32393048 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1761772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is a source of nutrients and contains many distinct bioactive components. Among these, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have attracted considerable attention and are being investigated as a "novel foods". Human milk is unique in its oligosaccharide composition. Recent research has focused on the complexity of HMOs by highlighting their diversity, structural variability, concentration variance, and structure-function relationships. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that HMOs drive infant gut microbiota, improve intestinal barrier functions, and modulate cell receptor signaling, thereby contributing to the development of infant immunity. These studies, combined with epidemiological data, indicate that some HMO may confer health benefits by preventing infections and diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and allergies. However, randomized controlled trials are restricted to structurally simple compounds such as 2' fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose. More controlled clinical trials are needed to justify routine supplementation of formula. It is felt that a better understanding of the role of HMOs leading to the development of inexpensive methods for large-scale HMO production is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Chouraqui
- Division of Pediatrics, Woman, Mother and Child Department, Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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160
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Hakimi S. The COVID-19 pandemic and kangaroo mother care: What should we do? Eur J Midwifery 2020; 4:17. [PMID: 33537619 PMCID: PMC7839131 DOI: 10.18332/ejm/121095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Hakimi
- Department of Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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161
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Cheng L, Akkerman R, Kong C, Walvoort MTC, de Vos P. More than sugar in the milk: human milk oligosaccharides as essential bioactive molecules in breast milk and current insight in beneficial effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1184-1200. [PMID: 32329623 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1754756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for newborn infants. Breast milk not only provides nutrients, it also contains bioactive components that guide the development of the infant's intestinal immune system, which can have a lifelong effect. The bioactive molecules in breast milk regulate microbiota development, immune maturation and gut barrier function. Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) are the most abundant bioactive molecules in human milk and have multiple beneficial functions such as support of growth of beneficial bacteria, anti-pathogenic effects, immune modulating effects, and stimulation of intestine barrier functions. Here we critically review the current insight into the benefits of bioactive molecules in mother milk that contribute to neonatal development and focus on current knowledge of hMO-functions on microbiota and the gastrointestinal immune barrier. hMOs produced via genetically engineered microorganisms are now applied in infant formulas to mimic the nutritional composition of breast milk as closely as possible, and their prospects and scientific challenges are discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Cheng
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renate Akkerman
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chunli Kong
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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162
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Does Caesarean Section or Preterm Delivery Influence TGF-β2 Concentrations in Human Colostrum? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041095. [PMID: 32326558 PMCID: PMC7230194 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human colostrum (HC) is a rich source of immune mediators that play a role in immune defences of a newly born infant. The mediators include transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) which exists in three isoforms that regulate cellular homeostasis and inflammation, can induce or suppress immune responses, limit T helper 1 cells (Th1) reactions and stimulate secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) production. Human milk TGF-β also decreases apoptosis of intestinal cells and suppresses macrophage cytokine expression. The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of TGF-β2 in HC obtained from the mothers who delivered vaginally (VD) or by caesarean section (CS), and to compare the concentrations in HC from mothers who delivered at term (TB) or preterm (PB). In this study, 56% of preterm pregnancies were delivered via CS. The concentrations of TGF-β2 were measured in HC from 299 women who delivered in the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Warsaw: 192 (VD), 107 (CS), 251 (TB), and 48 (PB). The colostrum samples were collected within 5 days post-partum. TGF-β2 levels in HC were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test with the Quantikine ELISA Kit-Human TGF-β2 (cat.no. SB250). Statistical significance between groups was calculated by the Student t-test using StatSoft Statistica 13 software. The mean TGF-β2 concentration in patients who delivered at term or preterm were comparable. The levels of TGF-β2 in HC were higher after preterm than term being 4648 vs. 3899 ng/mL (p = 0.1244). The delivery via CS was associated with higher HC concentrations of TGF-β2. The levels of TGF-β2 were significantly higher in HC after CS than VD (7429 vs. 5240 ng/mL; p = 0.0017). The data from this study suggest: caesarean section was associated with increased levels of TGF-β2 in HC. The increased levels of TGF-β2 in HC of women who delivered prematurely require further research. Early and exclusive breast-feeding by mothers after caesarean section and premature births with colostrum containing high TGF-β2 levels may prevent the negative impact of pathogens which often colonize the gastrointestinal tract and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases in this group of patients.
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Jang MJ, Kim YJ, Hong S, Na J, Hwang JH, Shin SM, Ahn YM. Positive association of breastfeeding on respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized infants: a multicenter retrospective study. Clin Exp Pediatr 2020; 63:135-140. [PMID: 32024328 PMCID: PMC7170789 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2019.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding reportedly reduces the overall frequency of infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common respiratory pathogen in infants, involves recurrent wheezing and has a pathogenic mechanism related to airway structural damage. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate whether breastfeeding has a beneficial effect against RSV-induced respiratory infection compared to formula feeding among infants in Korea. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of infants under 1 year of age who were admitted with RSV infection between January 2016 and February 2018 at the department of pediatrics of 4 hospitals. We investigated the differences in clinical parameters such as cyanosis, chest retraction, combined infection, fever duration, oxygen use, oxygen therapy duration, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and corticosteroid treatment of exclusive breast milk feeding (BMF), artificial milk formula fed (AMF), and mixed feeding (MF) groups. RESULTS Among the 411 infants included in our study, 94, 161, and 156 were included in the BMF, MF, and AMF groups, respectively. The rates of oxygen therapy were significantly different among the BMF (4.3%), MF (8.1%), and AMF (13.5 %) groups (P=0.042). The odds ratios (ORs) for oxygen therapy was significantly higher in the AMF group than in the BMF group (adjusted OR, 3.807; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-11.90; P=0.021). The ICU admission rate of the BMF group (1.1%) was lower than that of the MF (3.5%) and AMF (4.5%) groups; however, the dissimilarity was not statistically significant (P=0.338). CONCLUSION The severity of RSV infection requiring oxygen therapy was lower in the BMF than the AMF group. This protective role of human milk on RSV infection might decrease the need for oxygen therapy suggesting less airway damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Joo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shinhye Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeyoon Na
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Son Moon Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Young Min Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
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164
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Quan SY, Nan XM, Wang K, Zhao YG, Jiang LS, Yao JH, Xiong BH. Replacement of forage fiber with non-forage fiber sources in dairy cow diets changes milk extracellular vesicle-miRNA expression. Food Funct 2020; 11:2154-2162. [PMID: 32073015 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo03097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Milk is a dynamic source of nutrients and bioactive factors, varying with the nutrition status of the cattle. We partly replaced alfalfa hay with whole cotton seed and soybean hull (non-forage fiber source, NFFS) in the feed formula of treated cows and evaluated the effects on milk extracellular vesicles (EVs). The NFFS supplement did not affect the shape of milk EVs observed using a transmission electron microscope. Nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed that the EV concentration increased significantly in treated cows (P = 0.019), with the peak diameter unaffected by the treatment. The EV-RNA concentration and small RNA content, particularly rRNAs and tRNAs, significantly increased in the treated cows (P < 0.05). The other small RNAs, i.e. miRNAs, cis-regulatory elements, snRNAs, and other Rfam RNAs showed no significant difference between the two groups. Totally 276 milk EV-miRNAs were identified. Thirteen miRNAs, accounting for 76%, in the highly expressed top 20, were immune-related. In addition, 9 differently expressed miRNAs (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated) were identified (P < 0.05). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the differently expressed miRNAs were related to the citrate cycle, fat digestion and absorption process, taurine and hypo-taurine metabolism, and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. This study documents the milk nutrition assessment from macromolecules, especially EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yu Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China. and College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yanglin 712100, China.
| | - Xue-Mei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yi-Guang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lin-Shu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun-Hu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yanglin 712100, China.
| | - Ben-Hai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Gopalakrishna KP, Hand TW. Influence of Maternal Milk on the Neonatal Intestinal Microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030823. [PMID: 32244880 PMCID: PMC7146310 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in maintaining health throughout life. The microbiota develops progressively after birth and is influenced by many factors, including the mode of delivery, antibiotics, and diet. Maternal milk is critically important to the development of the neonatal intestinal microbiota. Different bioactive components of milk, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulins, modify the composition of the neonatal microbiota. In this article, we review the role of each of these maternal milk-derived bioactive factors on the microbiota and how this modulation of intestinal bacteria shapes health, and disease.
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166
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Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 Supplementation in Rats during Pregnancy and Lactation Impacts Maternal and Offspring Lipid Profile, Immune System and Microbiota. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030575. [PMID: 32121244 PMCID: PMC7140451 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have shown potential for their use in early life. This study aimed to investigate whether the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 during pregnancy and lactation periods impacts maternal and offspring plasma lipid profile, immune system and microbiota. Rats were supplemented with the probiotic during gestation and two weeks of lactation. After supplementation, although the microbiota composition was not affected, the probiotic strain was detected in all cecal contents of dams and in some of their pups. Dams showed reduced proportion of T cytotoxic cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes, modulation of intestinal cytokines (IL-10 and IL-12) and changes in plasma fatty acids (20:0, 22:0, 20:5 n-3, and 18:3 n-6). Pups showed changes in immunoglobulins (intestinal IgA and plasmatic IgG2a and IgG2c) and fatty acid profile (17:0, 22:0, and 18:2 n-6). Overall, Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 supplementation contributed to beneficially modulating the immune system of the mother and its offspring.
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167
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Characterization of Sheep Milk Extracellular Vesicle-miRNA by Sequencing and Comparison with Cow Milk. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020331. [PMID: 32093183 PMCID: PMC7070426 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk can mediate maternal-neonatal signal transmission by the bioactive component extracellular vesicles (EVs), which select specific types of miRNA to encapsulate. The miRNA profiling of sheep milk EVs was characterized by sequencing and compared with that of cow milk. Nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed that the concentration of sheep milk EVs was 1.3 ± 0.09 × 1012 particles/mL and the diameter was peaked at 131.2 ± 0.84 nm. Sheep milk EVs contained various small RNAs, including tRNA, Cis-regulatory element, rRNA, snRNA, other Rfam RNA, and miRNA, which held about 36% of all the small RNAs. In total, 84 types of miRNA were annotated with Ovis aries by miRBase (version 22.0) in sheep milk EVs, with 75 shared types of miRNAs in all samples. The miR-26a, miR-191, let-7f, let-7b and miR-10b were highly expressed both in cow and sheep milk EVs, and 14 sheep milk EV-miRNAs in the top 20, occupying 98% of the total expression, were immune-related. Although pathway analysis showed different potential functions of cow and sheep milk EV-miRNAs, there were still some shared points: lipid metabolism (phospholipase D, glycerophospholipid and glycosylphosphatidylinositol), calcium metabolism, and nerve conduction (axon guidance and synapse). This study provides reference for the bioactive components in the milk of different species.
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168
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Quinn EM, Joshi L, Hickey RM. Symposium review: Dairy-derived oligosaccharides-Their influence on host-microbe interactions in the gastrointestinal tract of infants. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3816-3827. [PMID: 32089300 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are the third most abundant component in human milk. It is widely accepted that they play several important protective, physiological, and biological roles, including selective growth stimulation of beneficial gut microbiota, inhibition of pathogen adhesion, and immune modulation. However, until recently, very few commercial products on the market have capitalized on these functions. This is mainly because the quantities of human milk oligosaccharides required for clinical trials have been unavailable. Recently, clinical studies have tested the potential beneficial effects of feeding infants formula containing 2'-fucosyllactose, which is the most abundant oligosaccharide in human milk. These studies have opened this field for further well-designed studies, which are required to fully understand the role of human milk oligosaccharides. However, one of the most striking features of human milk is its diversity of oligosaccharides, with over 200 identified to date. It may be that a mixture of oligosaccharides is even more beneficial to infants than a single structure. For this reason, the milk of domestic animals has become a focal point in recent years as an alternative source of complex oligosaccharides with associated biological activity. This review will focus specifically on free oligosaccharides found in bovine and caprine milk and the biological roles associated with such structures. These dairy streams are ideal sources of oligosaccharides, given their wide availability and use in so many regularly consumed dairy products. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of research into the functional role of bovine and caprine milk oligosaccharides in host-microbial interactions in the gut and provide current knowledge related to the isolation of oligosaccharides as ingredients for incorporation in functional or medical foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn M Quinn
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland; Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Rita M Hickey
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
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169
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Sun H, Cao Y, Han S, Cheng R, Liu L, Liu J, Xia S, Zhang J, Li Z, Cheng X, Yang C, Pan X, Li L, Ding X, Wang R, Wu M, Li X, Shi L, Xu F, Yu F, Pan J, Zhang X, Li L, Yang J, Li M, Yan C, Zhou Q, Lu J, Wei M, Wang L, Yang L, Ye XY, Unger S, Kakulas F, Lee SK. A randomized controlled trial protocol comparing the feeds of fresh versus frozen mother's own milk for preterm infants in the NICU. Trials 2020; 21:170. [PMID: 32046760 PMCID: PMC7014600 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death among preterm infants born at < 30 weeks’ gestation. The incidence of NEC is reduced when infants are fed human milk. However, in many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), it is standard practice to freeze and/or pasteurize human milk, which deactivates bioactive components that may offer additional protective benefits. Indeed, our pilot study showed that one feed of fresh mother’s own milk per day was safe, feasible, and can reduce morbidity in preterm infants. To further evaluate the benefits of fresh human milk in the NICU, a randomized controlled trial is needed. Methods Our prospective multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial will include infants born at < 30 weeks’ gestation and admitted to one of 29 tertiary NICUs in China. Infants in the intervention (fresh human milk) group (n = 1549) will receive at least two feeds of fresh human milk (i.e., within 4 h of expression) per day from the time of enrollment until 32 weeks’ corrected age or discharge to home. Infants in the control group (n = 1549) will receive previously frozen human milk following the current standard protocols. Following informed consent, enrolled infants will be randomly allocated to the control or fresh human milk groups. The primary outcome is the composite outcome mortality or NEC ≥ stage 2 at 32 weeks’ corrected age, and the secondary outcomes are mortality, NEC ≥ stage 2, NEC needing surgery, late-onset sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), weight gain, change in weight, increase in length, increase in head circumference, time to full enteral feeds, and finally, the number and type of critical incident reports, including feeding errors. Discussion Our double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial aims to examine whether fresh human milk can improve infant outcomes. The results of this study will impact both Chinese and international medical practice and feeding policy for preterm infants. In addition, data from our study will inform changes in health policy in NICUs across China, such that mothers are encouraged to enter the NICU and express fresh milk for their infants. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; #ChiCTR1900020577; registered January 1, 2019; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=34276
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Sun
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, 33 Longhuwaihuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450018, Henan, China
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuping Han
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Lane, Mochou Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Guizhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 63 Ruijin South Road, Guiyang, 530003, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiangqin Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, 2699 Gaoke West Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Shiwen Xia
- Department of Neonatology, The Women and Children's Health-Care Hospital of Hubei Province, 745 Wuluo Road, Jiedaokou, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Zhankui Li
- Department of Neonatology, Northwest Women and Children Hospital, 1616 Yanxiang Road, Qujiang New District, Xian, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiuyong Cheng
- Department of Neonatology, The first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chuanzhong Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 2004 Hongjing Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518017, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinnian Pan
- Department of Neonatology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Neonatology, Xinjiang Uiger Municipal People's Hospital, Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xin Ding
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, 92 Zhongnan Street, SIP, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Xiamen Children's Hospital, 92-98 Yibin Road, Huli District, Xiamen, 361006, Fujian, China
| | - Mingyuan Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 31006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Neonatology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, 430 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Liping Shi
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, 3333 Binsheng Road Binjiang District, Zhejiang, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Falin Xu
- Department of Neonatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfuqian Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Fengqin Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children Hospital of Zhengzhou, 41 Jinshui Road, Zhengzhou, 450012, Henan, China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Neonatology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 17 Qijiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Xianmen Humanity Hospital, 3777 Xianyue Road, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics, 2 Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 521-523, Xing Nan Road, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Mingxia Li
- Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Changhong Yan
- Department of Neonatology, Jiangxi Children's Hospital, 122 Yangming Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai General Hospital and Shanghai Jiaotong University, University 650, New Songjiang Road, Song Jiang, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Mou Wei
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Laishuan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Hainan Province, 75 South Longkun Road, Haikou, 570206, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xiang Y Ye
- Maternal-Infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, 700 University Avenue Rm 8-500, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X6, Canada
| | - Sharon Unger
- Maternal-Infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, 700 University Avenue Rm 8-500, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X6, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Room 19-2310, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Foteini Kakulas
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia (M570), School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Perth, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shoo K Lee
- Maternal-Infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, 700 University Avenue Rm 8-500, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X6, Canada. .,Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Room 19-2310, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada. .,Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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170
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Connelly E, Del Genio CI, Harrison F. Data Mining a Medieval Medical Text Reveals Patterns in Ingredient Choice That Reflect Biological Activity against Infectious Agents. mBio 2020; 11:e03136-19. [PMID: 32047130 PMCID: PMC7018648 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03136-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacopeia used by physicians and laypeople in medieval Europe has largely been dismissed as placebo or superstition. While we now recognize that some of the materia medica used by medieval physicians could have had useful biological properties, research in this area is limited by the labor-intensive process of searching and interpreting historical medical texts. Here, we demonstrate the potential power of turning medieval medical texts into contextualized electronic databases amenable to exploration by the use of an algorithm. We used established methodologies from network science to reveal patterns in ingredient selection and usage in a key text, the 15th-century Lylye of Medicynes, focusing on remedies to treat symptoms of microbial infection. In providing a worked example of data-driven textual analysis, we demonstrate the potential of this approach to encourage interdisciplinary collaboration and to shine a new light on the ethnopharmacology of historical medical texts.IMPORTANCE We used established methodologies from network science to identify patterns in medicinal ingredient combinations in a key medieval text, the 15th-century Lylye of Medicynes, focusing on recipes for topical treatments for symptoms of microbial infection. We conducted experiments screening the antimicrobial activity of selected ingredients. These experiments revealed interesting examples of ingredients that potentiated or interfered with each other's activity and that would be useful bases for future, more detailed experiments. Our results highlight (i) the potential to use methodologies from network science to analyze medieval data sets and detect patterns of ingredient combination, (ii) the potential of interdisciplinary collaboration to reveal different aspects of the ethnopharmacology of historical medical texts, and (iii) the potential development of novel therapeutics inspired by premodern remedies in a time of increased need for new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Connelly
- Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charo I Del Genio
- Centre for Fluid and Complex Systems, School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Freya Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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171
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Laouar A. Maternal Leukocytes and Infant Immune Programming during Breastfeeding. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:225-239. [PMID: 32057705 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fetal immune system develops in a rather sterile environment relative to the outside world and, therefore, lacks antigenic education. Soon after birth, the newborn is exposed to the hostile environment of pathogens. Recently, animal- and limited human-based studies have indicated that help from the mother, upon transfer of leukocytes and their products via breast milk feeding, greatly assists the newborn's immune system. Here, I discuss the newest advances on how milk leukocytes impact early life immunity, with an emphasis on the development of the infant T cell repertoire and early immune responses in the periphery and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. A deeper understanding of these novel mechanistic insights may inform potential translational approaches to improving immunity in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amale Laouar
- Surgery Department and the Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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172
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Carbone F, Montecucco F, Sahebkar A. Current and emerging treatments for neonatal sepsis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:549-556. [PMID: 32011188 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1721464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Mortality due to sepsis is still prevalent, peaking at extreme ages of life including infancy. Despite many efforts, the peculiarity of the infant immune system has limited further advances in its treatment. Indeed, neonates experience a dramatic physiological transition from immune tolerance to the maternal antigens to functional maturity. Such a transition is extremely dynamic, as is the pathophysiology of infant sepsis, which is dependent on many infant, maternal, and environmental factors.Areas covered: In this review, the authors critically update and summarize the current paradigm of immunomodulation in infant sepsis. They confirm how exogenous stimulation of the immune system through intravenous immunoglobulin, colony stimulating factors, and granulocyte transfusion have failed to impact on the prognosis of infant sepsis. They also strongly support the beneficial effects of supplementation/replacement therapies with products naturally contained within maternal milk as well as antioxidant compounds.Expert opinion: Breastfeeding is beneficial against sepsis. Knowledge of the neonatal immune system is indeed too limited to effectively strengthen immune response by exogenous interventions, especially in preterm and low-birth-weight infants. Awareness of this limitation should pave the way for future studies (e.g. gender- and omics-based) aimed at better characterizing the infant immune system and promoting a more tailored approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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173
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Yahaya T, Shemishere U. Association between Bioactive Molecules in Breast Milk and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2020; 20:e5-e12. [PMID: 32190364 PMCID: PMC7065699 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between breastfeeding and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is controversial. However, several recent studies have established a link between these two factors, necessitating a need to review this subject to raise public awareness. Current research indicates that breast milk contains a variety of bioactive substances including immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, insulin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, cytokines, epidermal growth factors, leukocytes, nucleotides, beneficial bacteria and vitamins. Such substances strengthen the breastfeeding infant's immune system, both directly, by increasing gut microbiota diversity and attacking harmful bacteria and pro-inflammatory molecules, and indirectly, by increasing thymus performance. Accordingly, a lack of or inadequate breastfeeding may predispose infants to several autoimmune disorders, including T1DM. Nursing mothers and caregivers are therefore advised to follow optimal breastfeeding practices prior to introducing complementary foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudeen Yahaya
- Department of Biology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
| | - Ufuoma Shemishere
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
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174
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Associations of Breast Milk Microbiota, Immune Factors, and Fatty Acids in the Rat Mother-Offspring Pair. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020319. [PMID: 31991792 PMCID: PMC7071194 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze the rat breast milk profile of fatty acids (FA), immunoglobulins (Ig), microbiota, and their relationship, and to further assess their associations in the mother–offspring pair. Dams were monitored during the three weeks of gestation, allowed to deliver at term, and followed during two weeks of lactation. At the end of the study, milk was obtained from the dams for the analysis of fatty acids, microbiota composition, immunoglobulins, and cytokines. Moreover, the cecal content and plasma were obtained from both the dams and pups to study the cecal microbiota composition and the plasmatic levels of fatty acids, immunoglobulins, and cytokines. Rat breast milk lipid composition was ~65% saturated FA, ~15% monounsaturated FA, and ~20% polyunsaturated FA. Moreover, the proportions of IgM, IgG, and IgA were ~2%, ~88%, and ~10%, respectively. Breast milk was dominated by members of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes phyla. In addition, forty genera were shared between the milk and cecal content of dams and pups. The correlations performed between variables showed, for example, that all IgGs subtypes correlated between the three compartments, evidencing their association in the mother-milk-pup line. We established the profile of FA, Ig, and the microbiota composition of rat breast milk. Several correlations in these variables evidenced their association through the mother-milk-pup line. Therefore, it would be interesting to perform dietary interventions during pregnancy and/or lactation that influence the quality of breast milk and have an impact on the offspring.
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175
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Deliu M, Fontanella S, Haider S, Sperrin M, Geifman N, Murray C, Simpson A, Custovic A. Longitudinal trajectories of severe wheeze exacerbations from infancy to school age and their association with early-life risk factors and late asthma outcomes. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:315-324. [PMID: 31876035 PMCID: PMC7065181 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exacerbation-prone asthma subtype has been reported in studies using data-driven methodologies. However, patterns of severe exacerbations have not been studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate longitudinal trajectories of severe wheeze exacerbations from infancy to school age. METHODS We applied longitudinal k-means clustering to derive exacerbation trajectories among 887 participants from a population-based birth cohort with severe wheeze exacerbations confirmed in healthcare records. We examined early-life risk factors of the derived trajectories, and their asthma-related outcomes and lung function in adolescence. RESULTS 498/887 children (56%) had physician-confirmed wheeze by age 8 years, of whom 160 had at least one severe exacerbation. A two-cluster model provided the optimal solution for severe exacerbation trajectories among these 160 children: "Infrequent exacerbations (IE)" (n = 150, 93.7%) and "Early-onset frequent exacerbations (FE)" (n = 10, 6.3%). Shorter duration of breastfeeding was the strongest early-life risk factor for FE (weeks, median [IQR]: FE, 0 [0-1.75] vs. IE, 6 [0-20], P < .001). Specific airway resistance (sRaw ) was significantly higher in FE compared with IE trajectory throughout childhood. We then compared children in the two exacerbation trajectories with those who have never wheezed (NW, n = 389) or have wheezed but had no severe exacerbations (WNE, n = 338). At age 8 years, FEV1 /FVC was significantly lower and FeNO significantly higher among FE children compared with all other groups. By adolescence (age 16), subjects in FE trajectory were significantly more likely to have current asthma (67% FE vs. 30% IE vs. 13% WNE, P < .001) and use inhaled corticosteroids (77% FE vs. 15% IE vs. 18% WNE, P < .001). Lung function was significantly diminished in the FE trajectory (FEV1 /FVC, mean [95%CI]: 89.9% [89.3-90.5] vs. 88.1% [87.3-88.8] vs. 85.1% [83.4-86.7] vs. 74.7% [61.5-87.8], NW, WNE, IE, FE respectively, P < .001). CONCLUSION We have identified two distinct trajectories of severe exacerbations during childhood with different early-life risk factors and asthma-related outcomes in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Deliu
- Division of Informatics, Imaging, and Data Science, Faculty of Medicine, Biology, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Fontanella
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sadia Haider
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthew Sperrin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging, and Data Science, Faculty of Medicine, Biology, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nophar Geifman
- Division of Informatics, Imaging, and Data Science, Faculty of Medicine, Biology, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Clare Murray
- Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Angela Simpson
- Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, UK
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176
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Sorce LR, Curley MAQ, Kleinpell R, Swanson B, Meier PP. Mother's Own Milk Feeding and Severity of Respiratory Illness in Acutely Ill Children: An Integrative Review. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 50:5-13. [PMID: 31670137 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Breastfed infants experience less severe infections while actively breastfeeding. However, little is known about whether a history of prior breastfeeding affects severity of illness. Therefore, the purpose of this integrative review was to examine the relationship between previous exposure to mother's own milk (MOM) feeding and severity of respiratory infectious illness in infants and children. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies meeting the following criteria were included: human subjects, term birth, ages 0-35 months at time of study, diagnosis of pneumonia, bronchiolitis or croup, MOM feeding, and statistical analyses reporting separate respiratory infectious illness outcomes when combined with other infections. SAMPLE Twelve articles met eligibility criteria. RESULTS Major findings were inconsistent definitions of both dose and exposure period of breastfeeding and the severity of illness. In particular, the severity of illness measure was limited by the use of proxy variables such as emergency room visits or hospitalizations that lacked reliability and validity. However, given this limitation, the data suggested that exclusive breastfeeding for four to six months was associated with reduced severity of illness as measured by frequency of visits to the primary care provider office, emergency department or hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Future research in this area should incorporate reliable and valid measures of MOM dose and exposure period and severity of illness outcomes in the critically ill child. IMPLICATIONS Among many positive outcomes associated with breastfeeding, an additional talking point for encouragement of exclusive breastfeeding for four to six months may be protective against severe respiratory infectious illness after cessation of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Sorce
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA.
| | - Martha A Q Curley
- Ruth M. Colket Endowed Chair in Pediatric Nursing, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine - Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA.
| | - Ruth Kleinpell
- Rush University College of Nursing, Nashville, TN USA; Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, TN USA.
| | - Barbara Swanson
- Adult Health & Gerontological Nursing, Nursing Science Studies, Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, IL USA.
| | - Paula P Meier
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Pediatrics, Women, Children and Family Nursing, Rush University Medical Chicago, IL USA.
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177
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Carucci L, Nocerino R, Paparo L, Di Scala C, Berni Canani R. Dietary Prevention of Atopic March in Pediatric Subjects With Cow's Milk Allergy. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:440. [PMID: 32850553 PMCID: PMC7431922 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most prevalent food allergies and the most expensive allergic diseases in the pediatric age. There is no cure for CMA, and actual disease management is based on strict avoidance of cow milk protein-containing foods, access to rescue medication, and use of substitutive formulas. Early-life CMA could be one of the first steps of the "allergic march" (AM), leading to the occurrence of other atopic manifestations later in the life, including asthma and oculorhinitis, with subsequent further increase of costs for health care systems and families of affected children. In the last years, diet is emerged as a relevant strategy to prevent allergic diseases through, at least in part, epigenetic modulation of immune system. We provide an overview of studies that investigate the potential role of different dietary strategies in preventing the AM in pediatric patients with CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carucci
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Di Scala
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force for Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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178
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Costa S, Patti ML, Perri A, Cocca C, Pinna G, Tirone C, Tana M, Lio A, Vento G. Effect of Different Milk Diet on the Level of Fecal Calprotectin in Very Preterm Infants. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:552. [PMID: 33042911 PMCID: PMC7524876 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the course of fecal calprotectin (FC) in very preterm infants over the first 15 days of life in relation to the type of milk diet. Methods: This study was part of a randomized controlled trial comparing two different ways of integrating the own mother's milk (OMM) for the evaluation of feeding tolerance in very preterm infants. In infants with gestational age of ≤ 32 weeks randomized to receive preterm formula (PF group) or pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM group) as a supplement to the OMM insufficient or unavailable, FC level was planned to be measured at the first meconium passage and at days 8 and 15 of life (T0, T1, and T2, respectively). Results: FC data were available for all the 70 infants randomized, 35 in the PF group, and 35 in the PDHM group. The mean FC levels were similar in the two study groups at T0 and T1, whereas they were significantly higher in the PF group than the PDHM group at T2. FC values decreased over the first week of life in both groups and significantly increased over the second week of life only in the PF group. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a significant increase in FC levels when PF is used as a supplement to the OMM compared to the use of PDHM. Further studies are needed to establish if the higher FC levels in infants receiving PF are the expression of a normal immunological maturation rather than an initial inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Costa
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Patti
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Perri
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Cocca
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pinna
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Tirone
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Tana
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lio
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vento
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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179
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Akindolire A, Talbert A, Sinha I, Embleton N, Allen S. Evidence that informs feeding practices in very low birthweight and very preterm infants in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000724. [PMID: 32821859 PMCID: PMC7422638 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal feeding of very low birthweight (VLBW <1500 g)/very preterm (gestation <32 weeks) infants in resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) is critical to reducing high mortality and poor outcomes. OBJECTIVE To review evidence on feeding of VLBW/very preterm infants relevant to sSA. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) from inception to July 2019 to identify reviews of randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of feeding VLBW/very preterm infants. We focused on interventions that are readily available in sSA. Primary outcomes were weight gain during hospital stay and time to achieve full enteral feeds (120 mL/kg/day). Secondary outcomes were growth, common morbidities, mortality, duration of hospital stay and cognitive development. Quality of evidence (QOE) was assessed using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR2). RESULTS Eight systematic reviews were included. Higher feed volume of day 1 (80 mL/kg) reduced late-onset sepsis and time to full enteral feeds, and higher feed volume (up to 300 mL/kg/day) improved weight gain without adverse events (QOE: low-moderate). Rapid advancement of feeds (30-40 mL/kg/day) was not associated with harm. Breast milk fortification with energy and protein increased growth and with prebiotics increased growth and reduced duration of admission (QOE: low-very low) and did not result in harm. Evidence regarding feeding tube placement and continuous versus bolus feeds was insufficient to draw conclusions. We found no reviews meeting our selection criteria regarding when to start feeds, use of preterm formula, cup-and-spoon feeding or gravity versus push feeds and none of the reviews included trials from low-income countries of sSA. CONCLUSIONS The evidence base informing feeding of VLBW/very preterm babies in resource-limited settings in sSA is extremely limited. Pragmatic studies are needed to generate evidence to guide management and improve outcomes for these highly vulnerable infants. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019140204.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Talbert
- Clinical Research, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Ian Sinha
- Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicholas Embleton
- Neonatal medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Stephen Allen
- Paediatrics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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180
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Zhang M, Li WX, Tang J. [Research advances in the effect of bioactive substances in breast milk on the growth and development of infants]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2020; 22:82-86. [PMID: 31948530 PMCID: PMC7389713 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There are various types of bioactive substances in human breast milk, such as active proteins, growth factors, cytokines, oligosaccharides, probiotics and cells. Many studies have shown that these bioactive substances in breast milk have important protective effects on infant growth and development, including anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects and the promotion of infant growth and development and immunologic maturation. They can also reduce the incidence rate of infectious diseases in infants, improve neural development in preterm infants, and reduce the risk of obesity and diabetes in future. However, there is still no clinical evidence for the effects of several active substances in breast milk, and their immunoregulatory mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, further studies are needed for clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.
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181
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Saeed OB, Haile ZT, Chertok IA. Association Between Exclusive Breastfeeding and Infant Health Outcomes in Pakistan. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 50:e62-e68. [PMID: 31862130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The infant mortality rate in Pakistan is one of the highest in the world with most cases attributed to diarrheal or respiratory diseases. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life is recommended by the World Health Organization to achieve optimal growth and health, however, in Pakistan the rate of exclusive breastfeeding by mothers is <40%. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding, diarrhea, acute respiratory infections and fever among infants under the age of 6 months. DESIGN AND METHODS The cross-sectional study analyzed secondary data from the 2017-18 Pakistan Demographic and Health-Survey. The sampling frame for the current study consisted of last-born children who were under the age of 6 months. The study sample consisted of 1033 infants under the age of 6 months. RESULTS The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 53.6%. Compared to infants who were not breastfed exclusively, infants who were had lower odds of diarrhea, acute respiratory infection, and fever. The observed association was independent of potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Exclusive breastfeeding reduces the odds of childhood illnesses. Plausible explanations for the observed association may be related to human milk's contents including necessary nutrients to fulfill an infant's needs within first months of life. Additionally, continued exposure to breastfeeding also reduces exposure to other contaminated foods to ensure adequate nutrition for the infant. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The findings have important implications for educating families and healthcare providers about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for optimal child health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Babar Saeed
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States of America.
| | - Zelalem T Haile
- Department of Social Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Dublin, OH, United States of America.
| | - Ilana Azulay Chertok
- School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America.
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182
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Analysis of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Milk: Detection of Membrane-Bound and Soluble Forms. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4078671. [PMID: 31886300 PMCID: PMC6914901 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4078671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive and anti-inflammatory role of human milk components has been recognized; active milk components include soluble forms of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Preterm babies are more susceptible to infections and may succumb to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a gastrointestinal disease which is exacerbated by an excessive inflammatory response after TLR activation. Here, we investigated the presence of Toll-like receptors TLR1/2/4/6 in colostrum and mature milk of women who delivered before (preterm) or after (term) 37 weeks of gestational age, integrating classical immune-related techniques with proteomic LC-MS/MS analysis. We have detected immunoreactivity for TLRs mostly in preterm samples, even for TLR1 and TLR6, until now not described in human milk. We demonstrated the presence of only TLR2 in the milk fat globule membrane, while the immunoreactivity of TLR1/4/6 was ascribed to crossreaction with some interesting milk proteins sharing leucine-rich repeat domains. These results will provide new insights into the definition of the role of TLRs in intestinal immune regulation of the newborns.
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183
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Beghetti I, Biagi E, Martini S, Brigidi P, Corvaglia L, Aceti A. Human Milk's Hidden Gift: Implications of the Milk Microbiome for Preterm Infants' Health. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2944. [PMID: 31817057 PMCID: PMC6950588 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is considered the gold standard for infants' nutrition, as mother's own milk (MOM) provides nutritional and bioactive factors functional to optimal development. Early life microbiome is one of the main contributors to short and long-term infant health status, with the gut microbiota (GM) being the most studied ecosystem. Some human milk (HM) bioactive factors, such as HM prebiotic carbohydrates that select for beneficial bacteria, and the specific human milk microbiota (HMM) are emerging as early mediators in the relationship between the development of GM in early life and clinical outcomes. The beneficial role of HM becomes even more crucial for preterm infants, who are exposed to significant risks of severe infection in early life as well as to adverse short and long-term outcomes. When MOM is unavailable or insufficient, donor human milk (DHM) constitutes the optimal nutritional choice. However, little is known about the specific effect of DHM on preterm GM and its potential functional implication on HMM. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize recent findings on HMM origin and composition and discuss the role of HMM on infant health and development, with a specific focus on preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Beghetti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna. via Massarenti, 11-40138 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Elena Biagi
- Unit of Molecular Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna. Via Belmeloro, 6–40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Silvia Martini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna. via Massarenti, 11-40138 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Unit of Molecular Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna. Via Belmeloro, 6–40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna. via Massarenti, 11-40138 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Arianna Aceti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna. via Massarenti, 11-40138 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
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Differences in Current Procedures for Handling of Expressed Mother's Milk in Danish Neonatal Care Units. Adv Neonatal Care 2019; 19:452-459. [PMID: 31764133 DOI: 10.1097/anc.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother's own milk (MOM) is preferred when feeding preterm infants. When expressed mother's milk is stored and handled, there is a risk of bacterial contamination, decreased immunological activity, and less nutritional potential. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate current routines when handling MOM in Danish neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). METHODS A survey was sent to all 17 NICUs in Denmark in which current practices regarding human milk handling, storage, and preparation were evaluated. Furthermore, one question sought to establish when mother's milk was believed to be colostrum. Respondents of the survey were neonatal nurses. RESULTS All 17 units responded to the survey. Only 5 of 17 units answered that human colostrum was defined as milk from the first week after birth. Refrigerator storage time varied between 24 and 72 hours. In 6 of 17 units, parents were in charge of mixing milk and fortifier. Heating of human milk was done by using microwave ovens in 4 of 17 of the units. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This national survey established that there is significant variability in the way mother's milk is handled. Some of the procedures performed may affect the quality of the milk. It is important to implement evidence-based practice regarding storage and handling of expressed mother's milk to ensure that the quality of the milk is the best possible alternative for all preterm infants. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Prospective studies are needed to examine the association between handling of human milk and changes in composition and nutritional potential of the milk.
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185
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The Potential Influence of the Bacterial Microbiome on the Development and Progression of ADHD. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112805. [PMID: 31744191 PMCID: PMC6893446 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The latest research cumulates staggering information about the correlation between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review aims to shed light on the potential influence of the microbiome on the development of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disease, attention-deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD). As the etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD are still unclear, finding viable biomarkers and effective treatment still represent a challenge. Therefore, we focused on factors that have been associated with a higher risk of developing ADHD, while simultaneously influencing the microbial composition. We reviewed the effect of a differing microbial makeup on neurotransmitter concentrations important in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Additionally, we deduced factors that correlate with a high prevalence of ADHD, while simultaneously affecting the gut microbiome, such as emergency c-sections, and premature birth as the former leads to a decrease of the gut microbial diversity and the latter causes neuroprotective Lactobacillus levels to be reduced. Also, we assessed nutritional influences, such as breastfeeding, ingestion of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the host′s microbiome and development of ADHD. Finally, we discussed the potential significance of Bifidobacterium as a biomarker for ADHD, the importance of preventing premature birth as prophylaxis and nutrition as a prospective therapeutic measurement against ADHD.
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186
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Influence of treatment and refrigeration time on antimicrobial activity of goat and sheep colostrum. J DAIRY RES 2019; 86:450-453. [PMID: 31722775 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the studies presented in this research communication was to compare species of origin (goat and sheep) and the effect of treatment (pasteurization at 56, 63 and 72 °C, skimming and curding) and refrigeration time on colostrum antimicrobial activity (AnAc). Two experiments were performed. In experiment 1, twenty-four first milking colostrum samples were obtained (12 goats, 12 sheep) and an aliquot of each sample was subjected to 6 different treatments, control (untreated), pasteurization at 56, 63 and 72 °C, skimming and curding. Colostrum AnAc was tested directly against E. coli using disks in a Petri dish and Enrofloxacin (antibiotic) and saline serum as positive and negative control, respectively. Species had no effect (P > 0.05) on colostrum AnAc, and neither did pasteurization at different temperatures or skimming. However, curding showed the lowest colostrum AnAc (P < 0.05) in both species. In the second experiment, four treatments were assayed, control, pasteurization at 56 and 63 °C and skimming. An aliquot of twelve goat colostrum samples were refrigerated after treatments for 10 d at 4 °C. Colostrum AnAc was measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 d. A reduction in colostrum AnAc was observed due to refrigeration time. The results suggest that if farmers use frozen colostrum for neonates, the process of curding colostrum or refrigeration at 4 °C longer than 4 d is not recommended.
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187
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Protective Effect of Breastfeeding on the Adverse Health Effects Induced by Air Pollution: Current Evidence and Possible Mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214181. [PMID: 31671856 PMCID: PMC6862650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major social, economic, and health problem around the world. Children are particularly susceptible to the negative effects of air pollution due to their immaturity and excessive growth and development. The aims of this narrative review were to: (1) summarize evidence about the protective effects of breastfeeding on the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure, (2) define and describe the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of breastfeeding, and (3) examine the potential effects of air pollution on breastmilk composition and lactation. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases. Existing evidence suggests that breastfeeding has a protective effect on adverse outcomes of indoor and outdoor air pollution exposure in respiratory (infections, lung function, asthma symptoms) and immune (allergic, nervous and cardiovascular) systems, as well as under-five mortality in both developing and developed countries. However, some studies reported no protective effect of breastfeeding or even negative effects of breastfeeding for under-five mortality. Several possible mechanisms of the breastfeeding protective effect were proposed, including the beneficial influence of breastfeeding on immune, respiratory, and nervous systems, which are related to the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties of breastmilk. Breastmilk components responsible for its protective effect against air pollutants exposure may be long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA), antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, immunoglobins, and cytokines, some of which have concentrations that are diet-dependent. However, maternal exposure to air pollution is related to increased breastmilk concentrations of pollutants (e.g., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or heavy metals in particulate matter (PM)). Nonetheless, environmental studies have confirmed that breastmilk’s protective effects outweigh its potential health risk to the infant. Mothers should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their infants due to its unique health benefits, as well as its limited ecological footprint, which is associated with decreased waste production and the emission of pollutants.
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188
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Jackson BA, Gregg BE, Tutor SD, Bermick JR, Stanley KP. Human Milk Retains Important Immunologic Properties After Defatting. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 44:904-911. [PMID: 31599047 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In neonatal chylothorax, thoracic lymphatic drainage is ineffective. The resultant effusions often require drainage, leading to a loss of immune components. Affected infants can be managed with formula or defatted human milk feedings low in long-chain triglycerides to decrease lymph production. We hypothesized that there is no significant difference in the immunological profile or antibacterial effect of full-fat and defatted human milk. METHODS Milk from lactating mothers was divided into 1 aliquot that was defatted via centrifugation with the full-fat aliquot as control. Macronutrient content was analyzed with mid-infrared spectroscopy. Flow cytometry was used to measure immune cell populations. Lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin (Ig)A, and IgG values were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The antibacterial properties were determined by inoculating paired full-fat and defatted milk samples with Escherichia coli or Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria and performing colony counts. RESULTS Compared with full-fat milk, defatted milk demonstrated decreased total energy and fat and increased carbohydrate concentrations. Defatted milk demonstrated a significant decrease in all immune cell populations. There was no difference in IgA, IgG, lysozyme, or lactoferrin concentrations. Both aliquots demonstrated equivalent growth inhibition of E. coli and S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS Unexpectedly, defatted human milk contained significantly less leukocytes than full-fat milk. IgA, IgG, lysozyme, and lactoferrin concentrations were preserved. The ability of defatted milk to inhibit bacterial growth was unaffected, suggesting that the antibacterial benefits of human milk remain after the defatting process. Further investigation regarding the clinical effect of leukocyte loss in defatted milk is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Anne Jackson
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brigid Ellen Gregg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sara Denise Tutor
- Patient Food and Nutrition Services, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer Rachelle Bermick
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kate Peterson Stanley
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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189
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Transporters in the Mammary Gland-Contribution to Presence of Nutrients and Drugs into Milk. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102372. [PMID: 31590349 PMCID: PMC6836069 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nutrients and bioactive ingredients found in milk play an important role in the nourishment of breast-fed infants and dairy consumers. Some of these ingredients include physiologically relevant compounds such as vitamins, peptides, neuroactive compounds and hormones. Conversely, milk may contain substances-drugs, pesticides, carcinogens, environmental pollutants-which have undesirable effects on health. The transfer of these compounds into milk is unavoidably linked to the function of transport proteins. Expression of transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC-) and Solute Carrier (SLC-) superfamilies varies with the lactation stages of the mammary gland. In particular, Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1A2 (OATP1A2) and 2B1 (OATP2B1), Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1), Novel Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCTN1), Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters 1, 2 and 3 (CNT1, CNT2 and CNT3), Peptide Transporter 2 (PEPT2), Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2), Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 5 (ABCC5) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) are highly induced during lactation. This review will focus on these transporters overexpressed during lactation and their role in the transfer of products into the milk, including both beneficial and harmful compounds. Furthermore, additional factors, such as regulation, polymorphisms or drug-drug interactions will be described.
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190
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Civra A, Leoni V, Caccia C, Sottemano S, Tonetto P, Coscia A, Peila C, Moro GE, Gaglioti P, Bertino E, Poli G, Lembo D. Antiviral oxysterols are present in human milk at diverse stages of lactation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105424. [PMID: 31302219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol oxidation derivatives. Those containing an additional hydroxyl group on the side chain of the cholesterol molecule result from a physiological enzymatic synthesis and include the majority of oxysterols present in the circulation. Among these, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) are characterized by a broad antiviral activity and are now considered involved in the innate immune response against viruses. Despite the emerging role of these sterols in the innate antiviral defences, no data are available on their presence in human breast milk (BM) to date. In this study, we investigated the content of oxysterols of enzymatic synthesis in BM of twelve donor mothers at different stages of lactation (i.e. in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The side-chain oxysterols 25OHC, 27OHC, and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24SOHC) were actually present in BM in all stages of lactation, but the concentration of 27OHC showed a remarkable peak in colostrum. Antiviral assays revealed that all the colostrum samples contained 27OHC concentrations that were active in vitro against two relevant pediatric viral pathogens: the human rotavirus and the human rhinovirus. Overall, this study discloses new antiviral components of BM and suggests a passive transfer of these protective factors to the infant via breastfeeding, especially in the first few days of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- School of Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desiolab, Hospital of Desio, ASST-Monza, Italy
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Carlo Besta, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Stefano Sottemano
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Gaglioti
- SC2U, Città della Salute e della Scienza-O.I.R.M., Sant'Anna Hospital, 10100, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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191
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Xie CY, Wang Q, Li G, Fan Z, Wang H, Wu X. Dietary supplement with nucleotides in the form of uridine monophosphate or uridine stimulate intestinal development and promote nucleotide transport in weaned piglets. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6108-6113. [PMID: 31177538 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleotides are key constituents of milk, where they are utilized in cell replication, although there are limited studies for weaned piglets. This study evaluated the effects of uridine monophosphate (UMP) with uridine (UR) feed supplementation on the intestinal development and nucleotide transport in weaned piglets. RESULTS Supplementation with UMP significantly increased (P < 0.05) plasma glucose, and UR supplementation significantly reduced (0.05 < P < 0.10) the plasma total cholesterol (TC) of piglets when compared with that of the control group, although non-significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth performance was observed among three groups. Piglets fed supplementary UR exhibited greater (P < 0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum when compared with those in the supplementary UMP and control groups. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results revealed that UR supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the relative mRNA levels of genes encoding the transmembrane proteins ZO-1 and occludin in the duodenum mucosa, and ZO-1 in the jejunum mucosa (P < 0.05). Similarly, UR supplementation increased (P < 0.05) expression of solute carriers SLC28A1 and SLC29A1 in the duodenum mucosa. Conversely, claudin-1 expression in the duodenum mucosa was inhibited (P < 0.05) by dietary supplementation with UMP or UR. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data indicated that dietary supplementation with UMP or UR was conducive to stimulating intestinal development and promoting nucleotide transport in weaned piglets. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Xie
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guanya Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Meiya Hai'an Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hai'an, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
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192
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Derrien M, Alvarez AS, de Vos WM. The Gut Microbiota in the First Decade of Life. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:997-1010. [PMID: 31474424 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Appreciation of the importance of the gut microbiome is growing, and it is becoming increasingly relevant to identify preventive or therapeutic solutions targeting it. The composition and function of the gut microbiota are relatively well described for infants (less than 3 years) and adults, but have been largely overlooked in pre-school (3-6 years) and primary school-age (6-12 years) children, as well as teenagers (12-18 years). Early reports suggested that the infant microbiota would attain an adult-like structure at the age of 3 years, but recent studies have suggested that microbiota development may take longer. This development time is of key importance because there is evidence to suggest that deviations in this development may have consequences in later life. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge concerning the gut microbiota, its evolution, variation, and response to dietary challenges during the first decade of life with a focus on healthy pre-school and primary school-age children (up to 12 years) from various populations around the globe. This knowledge should facilitate the identification of diet-based approaches targeting individuals of this age group, to promote the development of a healthy microbiota in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Derrien
- Danone Nutricia Research, RD, 128 Avenue de la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Alvarez
- Danone Nutricia Research, RD, 128 Avenue de la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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193
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Chinak OA, Shernyukov AV, Ovcherenko SS, Sviridov EA, Golyshev VM, Fomin AS, Pyshnaya IA, Kuligina EV, Richter VA, Bagryanskaya EG. Structural and Aggregation Features of a Human κ-Casein Fragment with Antitumor and Cell-Penetrating Properties. Molecules 2019; 24:E2919. [PMID: 31408975 PMCID: PMC6721048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins play a central role in dynamic regulatory and assembly processes in the cell. Recently, a human κ-casein proteolytic fragment called lactaptin (8.6 kDa) was found to induce apoptosis of human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with no cytotoxic activity toward normal cells. Earlier, we had designed some recombinant analogs of lactaptin and compared their biological activity. Among these analogs, RL2 has the highest antitumor activity, but the amino acid residues and secondary structures that are responsible for RL2's activity remain unclear. To elucidate the structure-activity relations of RL2, we studied the structural and aggregation features of this fairly large intrinsically disordered fragment of human milk κ-casein by a combination of physicochemical methods: NMR, paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and a cytotoxic activity assay. It was found that in solution, RL2 exists as stand-alone monomeric particles and large aggregates. Whereas the disulfide-bonded homodimer turned out to be more prone to assembly into large aggregates, the monomer predominantly forms single particles. NMR relaxation analysis of spin-labeled RL2 showed that the RL2 N-terminal region, which is essential not only for multimerization of the peptide but also for its proapoptotic action on cancer cells, is more ordered than its C-terminal counterpart and contains a site with a propensity for α-helical secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Chinak
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Andrey V Shernyukov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey S Ovcherenko
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A Sviridov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Victor M Golyshev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander S Fomin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Inna A Pyshnaya
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena V Kuligina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Richter
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena G Bagryanskaya
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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194
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Ustebay S, Baykus Y, Deniz R, Ugur K, Yavuzkir S, Yardim M, Kalayci M, Çaglar M, Aydin S. Chemerin and Dermcidin in Human Milk and Their Alteration in Gestational Diabetes. J Hum Lact 2019; 35:550-558. [PMID: 31002762 DOI: 10.1177/0890334419837523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemerin and dermcidin, which have antimicrobial properties, are molecules that are also related to insulin resistance and inflammation. RESEARCH AIMS The aims were to determine the amounts of chemerin and dermcidin in the milk and blood of mothers with gestational diabetes, and to compare the amounts of chemerin and dermcidin in the milk and blood of mothers with and without diabetes. METHODS This was a two-group nonrandomized longitudinal study with a convenience sampling of mothers without gestational diabetes (n = 27) and mothers with gestational diabetes (n = 26). Human milk and blood samples were obtained from these mothers during colostrum, transitional, and mature milk periods. The amount of chemerin and dermcidin in these samples was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The presence of chemerin and dermcidin was first detected in human milk. The amounts of chemerin and dermcidin in the blood of all the mothers were greater in the colostrum period and lowest in the mature period. The amount of chemerin and dermcidin in the milk of all the mothers was greater than that in the blood. The amounts of chemerin and dermcidin were significantly increased in both blood and human milk within the gestational age samples. CONCLUSIONS Chemerin and dermcidin may contribute to the protection of infants from infections during infancy. Increased amounts of these molecules found within the gestational diabetes group may also prevent adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefer Ustebay
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Yakup Baykus
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Rulin Deniz
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Kader Ugur
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases), School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Seyda Yavuzkir
- 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Meltem Yardim
- 5 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kalayci
- 5 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mete Çaglar
- 6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- 5 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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195
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Velasco Rodríguez-Belvís M, Viada Bris JF, Plata Fernández C, García-Salido A, Asensio Antón J, Domínguez Ortega G, Muñoz Codoceo RA. Normal fecal calprotectin levels in healthy children are higher than in adults and decrease with age. Paediatr Child Health 2019; 25:286-292. [PMID: 32765164 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives The paediatric reference range of fecal calprotectin (FC) has not been decisively established and previous studies show a wide within-age variability, suggesting that other factors like anthropometric data or type of feeding can influence FC. Our aims were to establish the normal levels of FC in healthy children grouped by age and analyze whether sex, gestational age, birth weight, type of delivery, type of feeding, or anthropometric data influence FC values. Methods This multicentre, cross-sectional, and observational study enrolled healthy donors under 18 years of age who attended their Primary Health Care Centre for their routine Healthy Child Program visits. The exclusion criteria were: (i) immunodeficiency, (ii) autoimmune or (iii) gastrointestinal disease; (iv) medication usage; (v) gastrointestinal symptoms; or (vi) positive finding in the microbiological study. Results We enrolled 395 subjects, mean age was 4.2 years (range 3 days to 16.9 years), and 204 were male. The median FC was 77.0 mcg/g (interquartile range 246). A negative correlation between age and FC was observed (Spearman's rho = -0.603, P<0.01), and none of the other factors analyzed were found to influence FC levels. Conclusions Normal FC values in healthy children (particularly in infants) are higher than those considered to be altered in adults and show a negative correlation with age. It is necessary to reconsider the upper limits of FC levels for paediatric patients according to age, with further studies required to determine other factors that influence FC during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alberto García-Salido
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesus, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Asensio Antón
- Clinical Analysis Department, Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesus, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Domínguez Ortega
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesus, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Muñoz Codoceo
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesus, Madrid, Spain
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196
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Polyphenol Effects on Splenic Cytokine Response in Post-Weaning Contactin 1-Overexpressing Transgenic Mice. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122205. [PMID: 31212848 PMCID: PMC6631041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In mice, postnatal immune development has previously been investigated, and evidence of a delayed maturation of the adaptive immune response has been detected. Methods: In this study, the effects of red grape polyphenol oral administration on the murine immune response were explored using pregnant mice (TAG/F3 transgenic and wild type (wt) mice) as the animal model. The study was performed during pregnancy as well as during lactation until postnatal day 8. Suckling pups from polyphenol-administered dams as well as day 30 post-weaning pups (dietary-administered with polyphenols) were used. Polyphenol effects were evaluated, measuring splenic cytokine secretion. Results: Phorbol myristate acetate-activated splenocytes underwent the highest cytokine production at day 30 in both wt and TAG/F3 mice. In the latter, release of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was found to be higher than in the wt counterpart. In this context, polyphenols exerted modulating activities on day 30 TAG/F3 mice, inducing release of interleukin (IL)-10 in hetero mice while abrogating release of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-4 in homo and hetero mice. Conclusion: Polyphenols are able to prevent the development of an inflammatory/allergic profile in postnatal TAG/F3 mice.
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197
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A Review of Bioactive Factors in Human Breastmilk: A Focus on Prematurity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061307. [PMID: 31185620 PMCID: PMC6628333 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is an increasing worldwide problem. Prematurity is the second most common cause of death in children under 5 years of age. It is associated with a higher risk of several pathologies in the perinatal period and adulthood. Maternal milk, a complex fluid with several bioactive factors, is the best option for the newborn. Its dynamic composition is influenced by diverse factors such as maternal age, lactation period, and health status. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding some bioactive factors present in breastmilk, namely antioxidants, growth factors, adipokines, and cytokines, paying specific attention to prematurity. The revised literature reveals that the highest levels of these bioactive factors are found in the colostrum and they decrease along the lactation period; bioactive factors are found in higher levels in preterm as compared to full-term milk, they are lacking in formula milk, and decreased in donated milk. However, there are still some gaps and inconclusive data, and further research in this field is needed. Given the fact that many preterm mothers are unable to complete breastfeeding, new information could be important to develop infant supplements that best match preterm human milk.
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198
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Erliana UD, Fly AD. The Function and Alteration of Immunological Properties in Human Milk of Obese Mothers. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061284. [PMID: 31174304 PMCID: PMC6627488 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with metabolic changes in mothers and higher risk of obesity in the offspring. Obesity in breastfeeding mothers appears to influence human milk production as well as the quality of human milk. Maternal obesity is associated with alteration of immunological factors concentrations in the human milk, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, IL-6, insulin, TNF-Alpha, ghrelin, adiponectin, and obestatin. Human milk is considered a first choice for infant nutrition due to the complete profile of macro nutrients, micro nutrients, and immunological properties. It is essential to understand how maternal obesity influences immunological properties of human milk because alterations could impact the nutrition status and health of the infant. This review summarizes the literature regarding the impact of maternal obesity on the concentration of particular immunological properties in the human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu D Erliana
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Alyce D Fly
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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199
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Lauderbaugh D, Holub P, Turner K, Popien T. Reducing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in the NICU through oral care education: A quality improvement project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnn.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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200
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Poor Bifidobacterial Colonization Is Associated with Late Provision of Colostrum and Improved with Probiotic Supplementation in Low Birth Weight Infants. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040839. [PMID: 31013872 PMCID: PMC6520773 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the association between bifidobacterial colonization in low birth weight infants and perinatal factors, including the timing of initial colostrum and the effect of probiotics on this colonization. In this non-randomized controlled trial, we enrolled 98 low-birth-weight infants from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Japan. Infants were divided into three groups: group N (no intervention), group H (received non-live bifidobacteria), and group L (received live bifidobacteria). The number of bifidobacteria in the infants’ stools at 1 month of age was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We divided infants into “rich bifidobacteria” (≥104.8 cells/g feces) and “poor bifidobacteria” (<104.8 cells/g feces) subgroups. The ratio of “rich bifidobacteria” infants was 20/31, 34/36, and 30/30 in groups N, H, and L, respectively. In group N, the “rich bifidobacteria” group received first colostrum significantly earlier than the “poor bifidobacteria” group (1 day vs. 4 days, P < 0.05). Compared with the N group, both groups H and L had a significantly high proportion of “rich bifidobacteria” infants (P < 0.05). Bifidobacterial colonization was poor in premature infants at 1 month compared with term infants, and the level of colonization was associated with the timing of initial provision of colostrum. Providing probiotics to premature infants can improve bifidobacterial colonization.
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