151
|
Obaidi M, Bergh R, Akrami N, Dovidio JF. The personality of violent Jihadists: Examining violent and nonviolent defense of Muslims. J Pers 2024; 92:1172-1192. [PMID: 37650306 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although violent extremism is often attributed to clinical (dysfunctional) dispositions, it is also possible that violent Jihadists might be clinically "normal" but bear certain personality signatures. This alternative view has yet to be tested. METHOD In six studies, employing hard-to-reach Muslim samples, including one study of former Mujahideen, we investigated the relationship between basic personality traits and violent extremism. We further used a known group paradigm to validate the personality signatures of violent extremism, comparing a sample of former Mujahideen with another sample from Afghanistan. RESULTS These studies and an internal meta-analysis revealed that Lower Openness to Experience, lower Emotionality, and lower Altruism were associated with more violent intentions to support Muslims. Higher Altruism was associated with higher levels of nonviolent intention to support Muslims. Supporting the validity of the nonviolent intention measure, similar associations were found in Study 3 with overt behavioral support of Muslims (donations). More important, compared to the nonMujahideen, the Mujahideen sample scored lower on average on, for instance, Openness, indicating that these results go beyond self-reported, findings. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that personality predicts violent and nonviolent defense of Muslims among four general populations of Muslims living in the West and in Asia (including the Middle East), and a sample of Mujahideen in Afghanistan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Obaidi
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Research on Extremism, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robin Bergh
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nazar Akrami
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John F Dovidio
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
McLaughlin KJ, Khanna M, Allison PJ, Glogauer M, McNally ME, Quiñonez C, Rock L, Siqueira W, Madathil SA. Investigating the perceptions and experiences of Canadian dentists on dental regulatory bodies' communications and guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2024; 52:462-468. [PMID: 38189594 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental regulatory bodies aim to ensure the health and safety of dentists, dental staff patients and the public. An important responsibility during a pandemic is to communicate risk and guidelines for patient care. Limited data exist on the perceptions and experiences of dentists navigating new guidelines for mitigating risk in dental care during the pandemic. The objective of this study was to use a qualitative approach to explore how dentists in Canada experienced and perceived their regulatory bodies' communication about COVID-19 risks and guidelines during the pandemic. METHODS Participants were Canadian dentists (N = 644) recruited through the email roster of nine provincial dental associations or regulatory bodies. This qualitative analysis was nested within a prospective longitudinal cohort study in which data were collected using online questionnaires at regular intervals from August 2020 to November 2021. To address the objective reported in this paper, a conventional qualitative content analysis method was applied to responses to three open-ended questions included in the final questionnaire. RESULTS Participants encountered challenges and frustrations amid the COVID-19 pandemic, grappling with diverse regulations and communications from dental bodies. While some bodies offered helpful guidance, many participants felt the need for improved communication on guidelines. Dentists urged for expedited, clearer and more frequent updates, expressing difficulty in navigating overwhelming information. Negative views emerged on the vague and unclear communication of COVID-19 guidelines, contributing to confusion and frustration among participants. CONCLUSION As COVID-19 persists and in planning for future pandemics, these experiential findings will help guide regulatory bodies in providing clear, timely and practical guidelines to protect the health and safety of dentists, dental staff, patients and the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehak Khanna
- Faculty of Dental Medicine & Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul J Allison
- Faculty of Dental Medicine & Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary E McNally
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carlos Quiñonez
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leigha Rock
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Walter Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sreenath A Madathil
- Faculty of Dental Medicine & Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Bearth A, Thoma L, Stark C, Siegrist M. Protection motivation when using biocidal products - A survey study in Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:51461-51472. [PMID: 39112895 PMCID: PMC11374830 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Due to their inherent properties, biocidal products might pose a risk to human and animal health and the environment. In risk management, there exists uncertainty about private users' comprehension of and willingness-to-adhere to use instructions that mitigate these risks (e.g., limit frequency of use or application area). This study aimed at providing insights into the users' perspective by focusing on their attention, comprehension, and the attitudinal predictors of protection motivation. In the online study (N = 957 participants from Germany) were introduced to a hypothetical purchase scenario featuring an insect spray and a realistic set of use instructions. Next, the participants' attention for the use instruction was measured in self-report and by tracking the time spent on the page with the use instruction, while Likert scale-type questions measured the comprehensibility, protection motivation, and predictors. Participants reported higher protection motivation if they spent more time with the use instruction, perceived it as comprehensible, rated the threat to humans, animals, and the environment as more severe, perceived themselves as responsible (i.e., internal locus of control) and capable (i.e., self-efficacy) of adhering to the use instructions, perceived adherence to the use instructions as effective (i.e., response efficacy) and did not perceive biocidal products as inherently safe (i.e., neutral locus of control). These results offer valuable information for an improved regulation of biocidal products and better management of potential risks associated with their use. They also provide concepts for interventions to ensure users of biocidal products follow the instructions for a safe use and better protection of the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bearth
- Consumer Behavior, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), ETH Zurich, CHN J 75.2, Universitaetstrasse 22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Livia Thoma
- Consumer Behavior, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), ETH Zurich, CHN J 75.2, Universitaetstrasse 22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Stark
- German Environment Agency, Section Biocides (IV 1.2), Woerlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Michael Siegrist
- Consumer Behavior, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), ETH Zurich, CHN J 75.2, Universitaetstrasse 22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Motzny SJ, Tratner AE, McDonald MM. Motivations for Endogamous Relationship Preferences. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:3205-3228. [PMID: 38888703 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
People tend to select romantic partners who belong to the same social group as themselves (i.e., endogamy). However, there is limited research on the proximal psychological motivations for choosing endogamous relationship partners. The purpose of this research was to develop a measure of motivations for endogamous relationship preferences and to assess whether such motivations were associated with actual dating experiences and attitudes toward endogamy across four common social categories: race and/or ethnicity, religion, social class, and education. Data from an online sample of participants (Study 1, n = 341) were used to generate items assessing motivations for endogamous relationship preferences. This initial set of items was administered to a new sample of participants (Study 2, n = 193) to establish the component structure of the measure and to examine whether the motivational components were associated with participants' past exogamous dating experiences as well as the perceived importance of dating within one's own racial and/or ethnic, religious, socioeconomic, and educational group. Endogamy motivations characterized by intergroup prejudice were the strongest and most consistent correlates of endogamous relationships and the perceived importance of endogamy. Study 3 (n = 332) replicated the component structure of the measure and the general pattern of associations documented in Study 2, and provided evidence for the measure's construct validity. The overall findings suggest that intergroup prejudice partially explains preferences for endogamous relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Motzny
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Adam E Tratner
- Florida State University, Avenida Jacinto Palacios Cobos, Edificio 227, Office 201, Ciudad del Saber, Panama City, 07144, Republic of Panama.
| | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Ma MZ, Chen SX, Wang X. Looking beyond vaccines: Cultural tightness-looseness moderates the relationship between immunization coverage and disease prevention vigilance. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2024; 16:1046-1072. [PMID: 38105555 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in vaccination technologies mitigate disease transmission risks but may inadvertently suppress the behavioral immune system, an evolved disease avoidance mechanism. Applying behavioral immune system theory and utilizing robust big data analytics, we examined associations between rising vaccination coverage and government policies, public mobility, and online information seeking regarding disease precautions. We tested whether cultural tightness-looseness moderates the relationship between mass immunization and disease prevention vigilance. Comprehensive time series analyses were conducted using American data (Study 1) and international data (Study 2), employing transfer function modeling, cross-correlation function analysis, and meta-regression analysis. Across both the US and global analyses, as vaccination rates rose over time, government COVID-19 restrictions significantly relaxed, community mobility increased, and online searches for prevention information declined. The relationship between higher vaccination rates and lower disease prevention vigilance was stronger in culturally looser contexts. Results provide initial evidence that mass immunization may be associated with attenuated sensitivity and enhanced flexibility of disease avoidance psychology and actions. However, cultural tightness-looseness significantly moderates this relationship, with tighter cultures displaying sustained vigilance amidst immunization upticks. These findings offer valuable perspectives to inform nuanced policymaking and public health strategies that balance prudent precautions against undue alarm when expanding vaccine coverage worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mac Zewei Ma
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sylvia Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xijing Wang
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Stirling RE, Nurse ES, Payne D, Naim-Feil J, Coleman H, Freestone DR, Richarson MP, Brinkmann BH, D'Souza WJ, Grayden DB, Cook MJ, Karoly PJ. User experience of a seizure risk forecasting app: A mixed methods investigation. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 157:109876. [PMID: 38851123 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring the utility of seizure risk forecasting, particularly how it could improve quality of life for people living with epilepsy. This study reports on user experiences and perspectives of a seizure risk forecaster app, as well as the potential impact on mood and adjustment to epilepsy. METHODS Active app users were asked to complete a survey (baseline and 3-month follow-up) to assess perspectives on the forecast feature as well as mood and adjustment. Post-hoc, nine neutral forecast users (neither agreed nor disagreed it was useful) completed semi-structured interviews, to gain further insight into their perspectives of epilepsy management and seizure forecasting. Non-parametric statistical tests and inductive thematic analyses were used to analyse the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. RESULTS Surveys were completed by 111 users. Responders consisted of "app users" (n = 58), and "app and forecast users" (n = 53). Of the "app and forecast users", 40 % believed the forecast was accurate enough to be useful in monitoring for seizure risk, and 60 % adopted it for purposes like scheduling activities and helping mental state. Feeling more in control was the most common response to both high and low risk forecasted states. In-depth interviews revealed five broad themes, of which 'frustrations with lack of direction' (regarding their current epilepsy management approach), 'benefits of increased self-knowledge' and 'current and anticipated usefulness of forecasting' were the most common. SIGNIFICANCE Preliminary results suggest that seizure risk forecasting can be a useful tool for people with epilepsy to make lifestyle changes, such as scheduling daily events, and experience greater feelings of control. These improvements may be attributed, at least partly, to the improvements in self-knowledge experienced through forecast use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Stirling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Graeme Clark Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ewan S Nurse
- Graeme Clark Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Seer Medical, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | - Jodie Naim-Feil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Graeme Clark Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Honor Coleman
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | | | - Wendyl J D'Souza
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - David B Grayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Graeme Clark Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mark J Cook
- Graeme Clark Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Seer Medical, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Philippa J Karoly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Graeme Clark Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Hanel PHP, Tunç H, Bhasin D, Litzellachner LF, Maio GR. Value fulfillment and well-being: Clarifying directions over time. J Pers 2024; 92:1037-1049. [PMID: 37501351 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigate for the first time in a 9-day diary study whether fulfilling one's values predicts well-being or whether well-being predicts value fulfillment over time. BACKGROUND The empirical associations between the importance of human values to individuals and their well-being are typically weak and inconsistent. More recently, value fulfillment (i.e., acting in line with one's values) has shown to be more strongly correlated with well-being. METHOD The present research goes beyond past research by integrating work from clinical, personality, and social psychology to model associations between value fulfillment and positive and negative aspects of well-being over time. RESULTS Across a nine-day diary study involving 1434 observations (N = 184), we found that people who were able to fulfill their self-direction values reported more positive well-being on the next day, and those who fulfilled their hedonism values reported less negative well-being on the next day. Conversely, people who reported more positive well-being were more able to fulfill their achievement, stimulation, and self-direction values on the next day, and those who reported more negative well-being were less able to fulfill their achievement values. Importantly, these effects were consistent across three countries/regions (EU/UK, India, Türkiye), the importance people attributed to values, period of the week, and their prestudy well-being. CONCLUSION These results help to understand the fundamental interconnections between values and well-being while also having relevance to clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H P Hanel
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Hamdullah Tunç
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Divija Bhasin
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- The Friendly Couch, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Wilsdorf P, Reinhardt O, Prike T, Hinsch M, Bijak J, Uhrmacher AM. Simulation studies of social systems: telling the story based on provenance patterns. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240258. [PMID: 39113768 PMCID: PMC11304336 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Social simulation studies are complex. They typically combine various data sources and hypotheses about the system's mechanisms that are integrated by intertwined processes of model building, simulation experiment execution and analysis. Various documentation approaches exist to increase the transparency and traceability of complex social simulation studies. Provenance standards enable the formalization of information on sources and activities, which contribute to the generation of an entity, in a queryable and computationally accessible manner. Provenance patterns can be defined as constraints on the relationships between specific types of activities and entities of a simulation study. In this paper, we refine the provenance pattern-based approach to address specific challenges of social agent-based simulation studies. Specifically, we focus on the activities and entities involved in collecting and analysing primary data about human decisions, and the collection and quality assessment of secondary data. We illustrate the potential of this approach by applying it to central activities and results of an agent-based simulation project and by presenting its implementation in a web-based tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Wilsdorf
- Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Reinhardt
- Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Toby Prike
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Martin Hinsch
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jakub Bijak
- Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Adelinde M. Uhrmacher
- Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Chu Y. Labor market discrimination and suicidal ideation: A longitudinal study of Korean women. Soc Sci Med 2024; 354:117080. [PMID: 38971044 PMCID: PMC11423394 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of gender discrimination in the labor market on suicidal ideation among Korean women, taking into consideration women's multiple social locations and their discriminatory experiences across various aspects of employment. Analysis using waves 4 to 8 data of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Family, with response rates ranging from 68.3% to 78.2%, indicates that gender discrimination in hiring, dismissal, promotion, job allocation, training, wage, and sexual harassment is strongly associated with suicidal thoughts among women. This relationship remains significant even after controlling for stress, depression, and other forms of discrimination. Subgroup analysis further highlights that women with lower income levels are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of gender discrimination. The findings underscore the importance of policy intervention to mitigate labor market discrimination against women as a crucial step in preventing suicides among Korean women.
Collapse
|
160
|
Wu Q, Cui L, Han X, Wu Y, He W. Facilitative effect of awe on cooperation: The role of the small-self and self-other inclusion. Psych J 2024; 13:552-565. [PMID: 38298171 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Awe has been theorized as a kind of self-transcendence emotion that has an important impact on individual social behavior. Based on the self-transcendence of awe, this study examined how awe can increase small-self and self-other inclusion to facilitate cooperation among individuals across three studies (N = 1162). First, the relationship between awe, cooperative propensity, and the mediating role of small-self and self-other inclusion in the relationship was examined using questionnaires on trait levels (Study 1). Second, awe emotions were induced from the state level through behavioral experiments to verify the facilitative effect on cooperative behavior in multiple rounds of public goods dilemma (Study 2). Third, by adding the induction of negative awe to discuss the impact of different valence of awe on cooperative behavior, the mediating role of small-self and self-other inclusion was supported (Study 3). Results show that awe has a facilitative effect on cooperation, which provides strong evidence for the positive social function of self-transcendent emotional awe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- College of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liying Cui
- College of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianguo Han
- College of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxia Wu
- Counseling and Student Development Center, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen He
- College of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Abstract
Using the frameworks of creativity as problem solving and Integrated Constraints in Creativity (IConIC), this article develops the proposal that creativity is best understood in terms of a cycle of constraint exploration and exploitation. This general thesis, which applies to varied domains and levels of creativity, is supported by three specific proposals about the role of constraints in creativity, each of which is developed and illustrated with examples. First, constraints provide the criteria for the evaluation of creative outcomes, which can vary as a function of the emphasis on novel usefulness or useful novelty. Second, constraints are critical in each step of the creative process: problem finding, problem construction, and problem solving. Third, constraints play a key role in both open-ended and closed-ended creative problems. These arguments are supported by specific predictions, concerning: (a) task differences in whether novelty or usefulness are emphasized more; (b) individual differences in the processing of constraints (some may favor flexible constraint exploration, while others may favor persistent constraint exploitation), which I hypothesize also correlate with (c) engagement in different types of creative problem-solving (more open-ended, of the sort encountered in art, vs. more closed-ended, of the sort encountered in science, business, and engineering).
Collapse
|
162
|
Lundqvist C, Schary DP, Jacobsson J, Korhonen L, Timpka T. Aligning categories of mental health conditions with intervention types in high-performance sports: A narrative cornerstone review and classification framework. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:525-531. [PMID: 38796375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that psychiatric disorders are as prevalent amongst high-performance athletes as in general populations, challenging the myth of invulnerability. Despite efforts of sport organisations to highlight the significance of athletes' mental health, it is still many times tough to combine the sport performance ethos with a discourse on mental health. This narrative cornerstone review examines challenges related to definitions and classifications of athlete mental health in high-performance sports and how these influence assessments and the implementation of interventions. We discuss challenges with concept creep and psychiatrisation and outline their consequences for sport healthcare professionals. Based on this, we present a framework that aligns different categories of athlete mental health conditions (from the reduction of wellbeing to psychiatric disorders) with intervention types (from the provision of supporting environments to pharmacotherapy). We conclude that researchers and sport practitioners need to carefully consider conceptual creep and the risk of pathologising normal and healthy, albeit emotionally aversive, reactions to athlete lifeworld events when assessing athlete mental health. A clear separation of terminology denoting the athlete's resources to handle the lifeworld (including salutogenic factors) and terms describing psychiatric conditions and their management is necessary to avoid misguidance in intervention planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lundqvist
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Sweden; Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden.
| | - David P Schary
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Performance, Winthrop University, USA. https://twitter.com/DrDavidSchary
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Barnafrid and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Sweden; Regional Executive Office, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Teheux L, Kuijer-Siebelink W, Bus LL, Draaisma JMT, Coolen EHAJ, van der Velden JAEM. Unravelling underlying processes in intraprofessional workplace learning in residency. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 58:939-951. [PMID: 37990961 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To deliver high-quality collaborative care, residents need to be trained across the boundaries of their medical specialty (intraprofessional learning). The current literature does not provide insights into the underlying processes that influence intraprofessional learning. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the processes that occur during intraprofessional workplace learning in residency training, by exploring everyday intraprofessional interactions experienced by residents, with the ultimate objective of improving collaborative practice. METHOD We conducted a focused ethnography using field observations and in-depth interviews with residents at an academic children's hospital in the Netherlands. In 2022, nine residents from four different medical specialties were shadowed and/or interviewed. In total, >120 hours of observation and 10 interviews were conducted. Data collection and analysis were conducted iteratively and discussed in a research team with diverse perspectives, as well as with a sounding board group of stakeholders. RESULTS Residents were involved in numerous intraprofessional interactions as part of their daily work. We identified three themes that shed light on the underlying processes that occur during intraprofessional workplace learning: (1) residents' agency, (2) ingroups and outgroups and (3) communication about intraprofessional collaboration. CONCLUSIONS Collaborative practice offers many intraprofessional learning opportunities but does not automatically result in learning from, with and about other specialties to improve intraprofessional collaborative care. Overarching the identified themes, we emphasise the pivotal role of the resident-supervisor dyad in facilitating residents' engagement in the learning opportunities of complex intraprofessional care. Furthermore, we propose that promoting deliberate practice and shared responsibility in collaborative care are crucial to better prepare residents for their roles and responsibilities in delivering high-quality collaborative patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Teheux
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wietske Kuijer-Siebelink
- Department of Research on Learning and Education, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Health Academy, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- School of Education, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte L Bus
- School of Education, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jos M T Draaisma
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ester H A J Coolen
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Janiëlle A E M van der Velden
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Brown O, Smith LGE, Davidson BI, Racek D, Joinson A. Online Signals of Extremist Mobilization. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241266866. [PMID: 39086154 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241266866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Psychological theories of mobilization tend to focus on explaining people's motivations for action, rather than mobilization ("activation") processes. To investigate the online behaviors associated with mobilization, we compared the online communications data of 26 people who subsequently mobilized to right-wing extremist action and 48 people who held similar extremist views but did not mobilize (N = 119,473 social media posts). In a three-part analysis, involving content analysis (Part 1), topic modeling (Part 2), and machine learning (Part 3), we showed that communicating ideological or hateful content was not related to mobilization, but rather mobilization was positively related to talking about violent action, operational planning, and logistics. Our findings imply that to explain mobilization to extremist action, rather than the motivations for action, theories of collective action should extend beyond how individuals express grievances and anger, to how they equip themselves with the "know-how" and capability to act.
Collapse
|
165
|
Li J. The relationship between peer support and sleep quality among Chinese college students: the mediating role of physical exercise atmosphere and the moderating effect of eHealth literacy. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1422026. [PMID: 39144583 PMCID: PMC11322897 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1422026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Poor sleep quality has emerged as a prevalent health issue among college students. This study aims to explore the mechanism of sleep quality among college students by constructing a moderated mediation model. Methods The Peer Support Scale, Physical Exercise Atmosphere Scale, eHealth Literacy Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to conduct a survey and analysis on 1,085 questionnaires, which were distributed among students from four universities in the northwest, northeast and central regions of China. Results (1) A significant pairwise correlation exists between peer support, physical exercise atmosphere, eHealth literacy and sleep quality (P < 0.001); (2) Physical exercise atmosphere plays a mediating role between peer support and sleep quality, with a mediating effect accounting for 28.08%; (3) eHealth literacy can significantly moderate the strength of the relationships between peer support and exercise atmosphere, between peer support and sleep quality, and between physical exercise atmosphere and sleep quality. This study revealed the relationship between peer support and sleep quality among college students and its influencing mechanism, and provided theoretical and practical basis for improving college students' sleep quality from the perspectives of peer support, physical exercise atmosphere, and eHealth literacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Physical Education, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Liao CH. Exploring social media determinants in fostering pro-environmental behavior: insights from social impact theory and the theory of planned behavior. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1445549. [PMID: 39144588 PMCID: PMC11322476 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1445549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study investigates the impact of social media on pro-environmental behavior (PEB) through the lenses of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Social Impact Theory. The research aims to elucidate how social media influences Environmental Attitude (EA) and Subjective Norms (SN), and how these factors contribute to Behavioral Intentions (BI) that ultimately affect PEB. Additionally, it examines the moderating effect of Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) on the relationship between BI and PEB. Methods To explore these relationships, the study employs a dual methodological approach using Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (VBSEM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Data were collected from two distinct samples: 1200 participants from Taiwan for the SEM analysis and 602 respondents for the ANN study. SEM was utilized to explore causal relationships, while ANN was employed to enhance predictive accuracy. Results The SEM analysis reveals that social media significantly affects both EA and SN, except for Social Networking Site Involvement (SNSI), which does not significantly impact EA. Additionally, the findings indicate that BI mediates the relationship between EA and PEB. However, BI does not mediate the SN-PEB relationship, and the link between SN and BI is found to be non-significant. Empirical evidence also suggests that PBC moderates the BI-PEB relationship, with a stronger influence observed under higher levels of PBC and a weaker influence under lower levels. Discussion These results underscore the complex dynamics between social media factors and pro-environmental behavior. The study concludes that while social media plays a significant role in shaping EA and SN, its impact on EA is not mediated by SNSI. Furthermore, PBC significantly moderates the BI-PEB relationship, highlighting its critical role in PEB. The discussion addresses the implications of these findings, acknowledges the limitations encountered, and suggests potential avenues for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Horng Liao
- Bachelor Program in Digital Media and Technology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Media Production and Education Center, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Amit A, Venzhik E. Morality, Social Inclusion, and In-Group Superiority: The Differential Role of Individualizing and Binding Foundations in Perceptions of the Social Identity of In-Group and Out-Group Members. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241262367. [PMID: 39078019 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241262367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Research into social identity and morality judgments typically focuses on how the former influences the latter. We approach this theme from the opposite direction, establishing the influence of morality on perceptions of social identity. In three studies, conducted in two cultures, we show that in-group members acting immorally are excluded from the group. Extending this investigation to the overlooked study of out-group-on-out-group behavior, in Studies 2 and 3, we compare perceptions of social inclusion for in-group members following (im)moral behavior toward the in-group with perceptions of out-group members following (im)moral behavior toward the out-group. We show that people treat in-group and out-group members alike with respect to binding morals, which concern preservation and protection of the group, but not individualizing morals, which concern preservation and protection of individual rights. Finally, in Study 3, we confirm the underlying motivating mechanism of reasserting in-group superiority by affirming the positive distinctiveness of one's own group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Amit
- The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Żemojtel-Piotrowska M, Sawicki A, Piotrowski J, Lifshin U, Kretchner M, Skowronski JJ, Sedikides C, Jonason PK, Adamovic M, Ahmed O, Atitsogbe KA, Al-Shawaf L, Appiah SCY, Ardi R, Azam U, Babakr ZH, Baldursson EB, Bălțătescu S, Bochaver K, Bolatov A, Bonato M, Bundhoo HY, Chaleeraktrakoon T, Chobthamkit P, Cowden RG, Counted V, de Clunie G, Dragova-Koleva S, Esteves CS, Gouveia VV, Gundolf K, Hamouda S, Haretche C, Jeong EHK, Iliško D, Malik NI, Aruta JJB, Jia F, Jovanović V, Jukić T, Jukić DP, Kamble SV, Khachatryan N, Klicperova-Baker M, Kogler C, Knezović E, Koralov M, Kovacs M, Eldesoki WLM, Fernandez AL, Liik K, Malik S, Maltby J, Malysheva K, Mamuti A, Mangafic J, Moon C, Milfont TL, Muehlbacher S, Najafi R, Özsoy E, Park J, de León PP, Solcova IP, Ramos-Diaz J, Ridic G, Riđić O, Samekin A, Spoto A, Starc A, Stefenel D, Trà KTT, Tiliouine H, Tomšik R, Torres-Marín J, Umeh CS, Wills-Herrera E, Wlodarczyk A, Vally Z, Vauclair CM, Yahiiaiev I, Zand S. Grandiose narcissism, unfounded beliefs, and behavioral reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17503. [PMID: 39080302 PMCID: PMC11289121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A theoretical perspective on grandiose narcissism suggests four forms of it (sanctity, admiration, heroism, rivalry) and states that these forms conduce to different ways of thinking and acting. Guided by this perspective, we examined in a multinational and multicultural study (61 countries; N = 15,039) how narcissism forms are linked to cognitions and behaviors prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As expected, differences in cognitions and behaviors across narcissism forms emerged. For example, higher narcissistic rivalry predicted lower likelihood of enactment of COVID-19 prevention behaviors, but higher narcissistic sanctity predicted higher likelihood of enactment of COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Further, whereas the heroism, admiration, and rivalry narcissism forms acted in a typically antisocial manner, with high narcissism predicting greater endorsement of unfounded health beliefs, the sanctity form acted in a prosocial manner, with higher narcissism being linked to lower endorsement of unfounded COVID-19 health beliefs. Thus, the findings (a) support the idea of four narcissism forms acting differently, and (b) show that these differences reflect a double-edged sword, sometimes linking to an anti-social orientation, and sometimes linking to a pro-social orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jarosław Piotrowski
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter K Jonason
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
- Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Oli Ahmed
- University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | - Uzma Azam
- Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Sofia Esteves
- Católica Lisbon Research Unit in Business and Economics, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Haretche
- Instituto Nacional de Evaluación Educativa, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | - Fanli Jia
- Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emil Knezović
- International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | | | - Walaa Labib M Eldesoki
- Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Science and Arts in Qurayyat, Al Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | | | - Kadi Liik
- Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chanki Moon
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | | | - Stephan Muehlbacher
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Division of Work, Organizational, and Economic Psychology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | | | | | - Joonha Park
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Jano Ramos-Diaz
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ognjen Riđić
- International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adil Samekin
- M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | | | | | - Habib Tiliouine
- University of Oran2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, Belgaid, Oran, Algeria
| | - Robert Tomšik
- Research Institute for Child Psychology and Pathopsychology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jorge Torres-Marín
- Department of Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Charles S Umeh
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Zahir Vally
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Liu Z, Feng Y. Episodic Future Thinking Increases Quitting Intention and Reduces Cigarette Consumption: The Role of Anticipated Regret. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1901-1910. [PMID: 39080912 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2383981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Background: Episodic future thinking (EFT), which refers to people simulating possible future life events, has been suggested as a promising intervention for substance use disorders. Objectives: To examine the effect of gain-oriented and loss-oriented EFT on smoking cessation and its underlying mechanisms. Results: Two online experiments were conducted (Total N = 362). The results suggested that engaging in EFT led to increased short-term quitting behavior among smokers by bolstering their intentions to quit smoking (indirect effect = 0.10, bootstrap = 5000, bias-corrected 95% CI [0.0008, 0.2353]). Furthermore, the influence of EFT on quitting intention was mediated by anticipated regret (indirect effect = 0.37, bootstrap = 5000, bias-corrected 95% CI [0.2062, 0.5321]). There were no significant differences observed between the effects of gain-oriented and loss-oriented EFT on quitting intention (F = 0.28, p = .60). Importance: Our findings contribute to a growing body of literature on the adaptive functioning of EFT and lend support to the regret regulation theory. Health practitioners may consider integrating EFT into clinical interventions to help smokers quit smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Liu
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yonghui Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Marinthe G, Cislak A, Stronge S, Biddlestone M, Azevedo F, Kasper A, Sibley CG, Cichocka A. Yes, we can (but for different reasons): Collective narcissism is linked to different values but similar pro-ingroup collective action tendencies among disadvantaged and advantaged ethnic groups. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39078089 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Collective narcissism, a belief that one's group is exceptional and entitled to special treatment but underappreciated by others, is related to important social and political outcomes but has been predominantly studied in advantaged groups. The present research compares the motivational correlates (through values) of collective narcissism in ethnic groups of different status (advantaged and disadvantaged) and explores its associations with attitudes towards, and intention to engage in collective action. Three studies examined these processes in different national and intergroup contexts (total N = 16,275). Overall, ethnic collective narcissism was linked to self-protective values (power, and less consistently, conservation) in advantaged groups but to universalism in disadvantaged groups. Moreover, in both advantaged and disadvantaged groups, ethnic collective narcissism was related to more positive attitudes towards, and intentions of pro-ingroup actions but not to attitudes towards (other) disadvantaged groups (i.e., intergroup solidarity). These studies suggest that collective narcissism may be associated with different motivations, yet linked to similar intergroup attitudes among advantaged and disadvantaged groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Marinthe
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warszawa, Poland
- Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, University of Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Aleksandra Cislak
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Samantha Stronge
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Flavio Azevedo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Studies, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Kasper
- Laboratoire de Psychologie: Cognition, Comportement, Communication, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Yang Y, Zhong B, Zhang W, Fan W. The Effect of Comparative Direction and Comparative Gap on Self-Deception. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2819-2834. [PMID: 39099587 PMCID: PMC11296510 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s467437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Self-deception refers to an individual holding inflated beliefs about their abilities, plays a crucial role in human behavior and decision-making. Individuals may inflate their abilities when subject to comparisons with others. This study examined the impact of social comparison on self-deception through the implementation of two behavioral experiments. Methods In Experiment 1, we recruited a sample of 152 undergraduate students. Participants were falsely informed that they performed better (downward comparison) and worse (upward comparison) than average on a game. Subsequently, their level of self-deception was assessed by asking them to predict their performance in a future game, with more inflated predictions indicating greater self-deception. In Experiment 2, we gathered 126 undergraduate students to broaden the current study. This experiment examined the combined effects of comparison direction and comparison gap on self-deceptive behavior. Results The findings showed that self-deception was more common in circumstances of upward comparison than in downward comparison or no comparison (Experiment 1). Furthermore, Individuals were more inclined to participate in self-deception when encountering a notable performance gap relative to others, particularly in scenarios involving upward social comparison (Experiment 2). Conclusion The findings suggested that when confronted with threatening social comparative information, people tended to use self-deception to protect themselves. Members of the large gap group experienced strong feelings of unfairness and negative emotions, which led to self-protective behaviors and a greater likelihood of self-deception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cognition and Human Behavior, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bowei Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cognition and Human Behavior, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Preschool Education, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cognition and Human Behavior, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Kunst JR, Mesoudi A. Decoding the Dynamics of Cultural Change: A Cultural Evolution Approach to the Psychology of Acculturation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024:10888683241258406. [PMID: 39056551 DOI: 10.1177/10888683241258406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
PUBLIC ABSTRACT Acculturation describes the cultural and psychological changes resulting from intercultural contact. Here, we use concepts from "cultural evolution" to better understand the processes of acculturation. Cultural evolution researchers view cultural change as an evolutionary process, allowing them to borrow tools and methods from biology. Cultural evolutionary mechanisms such as conformity (copying the numerical majority), anti-conformity (copying the numerical minority), prestige bias (copying famous individuals), payoff bias (copying successful people), and vertical cultural transmission (copying your parents) can cause people to adopt elements from other cultures and/or conserve their cultural heritage. We explore how these transmission mechanisms might create distinct acculturation strategies, shaping cultural change and diversity over the long-term. This theoretical integration can pave the way for a more sophisticated understanding of the pervasive cultural shifts occurring in many ethnically diverse societies, notably by identifying conditions that empower minority-group members, often marginalized, to significantly influence the majority group and society.
Collapse
|
173
|
Wilson MF, VanderWeele TJ. Rational Optimism. PHILOSOPHIA (RAMAT-GAN, ISRAEL) 2024; 52:757-778. [PMID: 39324150 PMCID: PMC11420386 DOI: 10.1007/s11406-024-00758-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Optimistic beliefs have been criticized by philosophers as being irrational or epistemically deficient. This paper argues for the possibility of a rational optimism. We propose a novel four-fold taxonomy of optimistic beliefs and argue that people may hold optimistic beliefs rationally for at least two of the four types (resourced optimism and agentive optimism). These forms of rational optimism are grounded in facts about one's resources and agency and may be epistemically justified under certain conditions. We argue that the fourth type of optimism in our taxonomy (perspectival optimism) is not subject to epistemic scrutiny in the same way. It is better evaluated on practical and moral grounds. This paper advances the discussion of optimism within both the philosophical and psychological literatures by providing a compelling and philosophically rich taxonomy of optimism that clarifies the sometimes-competing forms of optimism identified by psychologists. This advances the field by putting forward cases of epistemically justified optimism, in contrast with unrealistic optimism, that is sometimes justified for its instrumental or adaptive characteristics, and also by highlighting a form of optimism, perspectival optimism, that is not being considered in the mainstream optimism literature in psychology. The paper concludes by suggesting several avenues for future empirical and philosophical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Wilson
- Philosophy, John Brown University, 2000 West University Street, Siloam Springs, AR 72761 USA
- Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Tyler J VanderWeele
- Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- John L. Loeb and Frances Lehman Loeb Professor of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Jolley D, Shepherd L, Maughan A. The fear factor: examining the impact of fear on vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs. Psychol Health 2024:1-20. [PMID: 39051863 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2381235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs can reduce vaccine intentions, longitudinal research shows that vaccine hesitancy can increase conspiracy beliefs. In three experiments (N = 949), we examined the effect of fear about a vaccine on vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs. METHOD AND MEASURES In Studies 1a (N = 221) and 1b (N = 508), participants were exposed to high fear (vs low fear) about a (fictional) vaccine before reporting vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs. In Study 2, all participants were exposed to high fear before being asked to think about not getting vaccinated (vs vaccinated) against the (fictional) disease. Participants then reported their vaccine hesitancy, anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs, and closeness to others who distrust official narratives. RESULTS In Studies 1a and 1b, exposure to high fear (vs low fear) increased vaccine hesitancy, which was positively correlated with anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs. The reverse model's effect was either smaller (Study 1a) or non-significant (Study 1b). In Study 2, fear and not wanting to vaccinate resulted in vaccine hesitancy, which then predicted anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs and feeling closer to those distrusting official narratives. CONCLUSION Therefore, fear creates a response not to get vaccinated. A conspiracy belief may then justify this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jolley
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Shepherd
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Maughan
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Aprigio I, Gauer G. The Centrality of Humiliation in Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Trauma Dissociation 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39052588 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2024.2383182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Victims of traumatic events that involve repeated interpersonal aggression and low or no chance of escape frequently report intense Self-Conscious Emotions (SCEs), such as Shame, Guilt, and Humiliation. Humiliation is the reaction to a forced loss of status and is hypothesized to have unique contributions to the development and maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD). However, previous studies did not include humiliation or did not simultaneously probe the relative contribution of each SCE to posttraumatic symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics between specific SCEs and trauma-related symptomatology in the general population who suffered a form of complex trauma. Four hundred forty-nine people (77.11% women) exposed to domestic violence and sexual abuse answered an online survey. We investigated whether each emotion would accurately predict probable PTSD and CPTSD levels above the proposed cutoff. We estimated a network model to understand the dynamics of their interactions and whether the traumatic event type would moderate relationships between SCEs and posttraumatic stress symptoms, comparing networks of two types of complex trauma. No SCE predicted PTSD, but humiliation was a predictor of CPTSD while controlling for Shame and Guilt. Humiliation was also the most central SCE domain in the networks of both traumatic events. Our results stress the relevance of Humiliation to understanding posttraumatic stress symptoms and the necessity to consider humiliation when studying the emotional processing in complex trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Aprigio
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gauer
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Hutchings RJ, Morgan I, Sherman JW, Todd AR. Intergroup evaluative bias in facial representations of immigrants and citizens in the United States. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306872. [PMID: 39046931 PMCID: PMC11268643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We used a reverse-correlation image-classification paradigm to visualize facial representations of immigrants and citizens in the United States. Visualizations of immigrants' faces were judged by independent raters as less trustworthy and less competent and were more likely to be categorized as a non-White race/ethnicity than were visualizations of citizens' faces. Additionally, image generators' personal characteristics (e.g., implicit and explicit evaluations of immigrants, nativity status) did not reliably track with independent judges' ratings of image generators' representations of immigrants. These findings suggest that anti-immigrant sentiment and racial/ethnic assumptions characterize facial representations of immigrants in the United States, even among people who harbor positivity toward immigrants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Hutchings
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Imani Morgan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Sherman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Ganschow B, Zebel S, van Gelder JL, Cornet LJM. Feeling connected but dissimilar to one's future self reduces the intention-behavior gap. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305815. [PMID: 39042617 PMCID: PMC11265703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intention-behavior gap is a common phenomenon where people fail to follow through on their intentions to change their behavior and pursue their future goals. Previous research has shown that people are more likely to act in favor of their future selves when they feel similar/connected to their future self and can vividly describe them. This study compared an imagination exercise with an integrated imagination and exposure exercise using virtual reality (VR) to embody age-morphed future selves to an imagination only exercise. We expected that strengthening the similarity/connectedness and the vividness of the future self would reduce the intention-behavior gap, and exposure to the future self would have the greatest effect. Surprisingly, the results showed that strengthening connectedness reduced the intention-behavior gap, but strengthening similarity increased the gap. Additionally, the exercises were equally effective in reducing the intention-behavior gap. These findings suggest that both feeling connected to and recognizing dissimilarity to one's future self play different roles in future-oriented behavior change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ganschow
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sven Zebel
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk and Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Private Law, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Louis van Gelder
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security, and Law, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Liza J. M. Cornet
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Chou SY, Chang T, Lakshman S. From Good Citizens to Bad Apples? The Effect of Boredom Proneness: A Moral Licensing Perspective. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241265958. [PMID: 39041202 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241265958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Although boredom proneness has been well-studied, there is still an ongoing scholarly debate about whether boredom can move individuals to act counterproductively or productively. Drawing from a moral licensing perspective, this study empirically investigates how boredom proneness influences interpersonal citizenship behavior (ICB), moral meaningfulness, and interpersonal deviance over time. Utilizing a total of 328 three-wave panel data obtained via Amazon Mechanical Turk during a three-month period, we find the following results. First, individuals with a higher initial level of boredom proneness demonstrate a higher initial level of ICB. Second, as boredom proneness increases at a faster rate, ICB increases at a faster rate over time. Third, individuals with a higher initial level of ICB report a higher initial level of moral meaningfulness. Finally, individuals with a higher initial level of moral meaningfulness exhibit a higher initial level of interpersonal deviance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih Yung Chou
- Management, Marketing, & MIS, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Tree Chang
- Department of Accounting and Information Systems, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Solanki P, Cesario J. Stereotypes as Bayesian prediction of social groups. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39042626 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2024.2368017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
A stereotype is a generalization about a class of people which is often used to make probabilistic predictions about individuals within that class. Can stereotypes can be understood as conditional probabilities that distinguish among groups in ways that follow Bayesian posterior prediction? For instance, the stereotype of Germans as industrious can be understood as the conditional probability of someone being industrious given that they are German. Whether such representations follow Bayes' rule was tested in a replication and extension of past work. Across three studies (N = 2,652), we found that people's judgments of different social categories were appropriately Bayesian, in that their direct posterior predictions were aligned with what Bayes' rule suggests they should be. Moreover, across social categories, traits with a high calculated diagnostic ratio generally distinguished stereotypic from non-stereotypic traits. The effects of cognitive ability, political orientation, and motivated stereotyping were also explored.
Collapse
|
180
|
Li J, Wang S, Du T, Tang J, Yang J. Identifying the Shared and Dissociable Neural Bases between Self-Worth and Moral Ambivalence. Brain Sci 2024; 14:736. [PMID: 39061476 PMCID: PMC11274856 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-ambivalence, a prevalent phenomenon in daily life, has been increasingly substantiated by research. It refers to conflicting self-views and evaluations, primarily concerning self-worth and morality. Previous behavioral research has distinguished self-worth and moral ambivalence, but it remains unclear whether they have separable neural bases. The present study addressed this question by examining resting-state brain activity (i.e., the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations, fALFF) and connectivity (i.e., resting-state functional connectivity, RSFC) in 112 college students. The results found that self-worth ambivalence was positively related to the fALFF in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and left superior parietal lobule (SPL). The RSFC strength between the SPL and precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) was positively related to self-worth ambivalence. Moral ambivalence was positively associated with the fALFF in the left SPL (extending into the temporoparietal junction) and right SPL. The RSFC strengths between the left SPL/TPJ and OFC, as well as the RSFC strengths between the right SPL as a seed and the bilateral middle and inferior temporal gyrus, were associated with moral ambivalence. Overall, the neural bases of self-worth and moral ambivalence are associated with the SPL and OFC, involved in attentional alertness and value representation, respectively. Additionally, the neural basis of moral ambivalence is associated with the TPJ, responsible for mentalizing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (S.W.); (T.D.); (J.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (S.W.); (T.D.); (J.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tengfei Du
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (S.W.); (T.D.); (J.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianchao Tang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (S.W.); (T.D.); (J.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (S.W.); (T.D.); (J.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Fousiani K, Van Prooijen JW. The link between EU identification and responses to a war between non-EU countries over time. Scand J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 39034432 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The European Union (EU) is portrayed as a "normative power" that promotes democracy. How does identifying with the EU identity predict citizens' responses to a war between two non-EU countries, where one (Ukraine) appears as the victim (i.e., a nation suffering significant harm as a result of military aggression by another country) and the other (Russia) as the aggressor (i.e., a nation initiating military aggression against another country)? This study tested two contrasting, yet not mutually exclusive hypotheses. Based on the underlying idea that Ukraine is perceived to share similar (European) values while Russia is perceived to deviate from these values, the "humanitarian influence of the EU identity hypothesis" hypothesized that identification with the EU identity predicts increased support for the victim group (Ukraine) and condemnation of the aggressor group over time. Based on the "protective effect of EU identity hypothesis," however, a reverse temporal order was also hypothesized. We conducted a two two-wave study among Greek participants. Our findings provided full support for the first hypothesis and partial support for the second hypothesis. Identification with EU identity predicts increasingly stronger opposition to an intergroup conflict between non-EU countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Fousiani
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Van Prooijen
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Xie Y, Feeney BC. A narrative review of mechanisms linking romantic relationship experiences to sleep quality. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 5:zpae049. [PMID: 39114477 PMCID: PMC11303874 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Although a significant body of research has revealed associations between romantic relationship experiences and sleep quality, there has not been clarity regarding the mechanisms underlying such associations. Toward this end, we review the existing studies that have tested mechanisms linking romantic relationship experiences to sleep quality. Guided by both theory and existing research, we organize our review around five key categories of mechanisms that may explain associations between romantic relationship experiences and sleep quality: emotional/affective responses, self-perceptions, social perceptions, self-regulation, and biological functioning. Our review of the literature indicates strong evidence in support of the mediating effects of emotional/affective mechanisms (e.g. emotions and mood states) in explaining associations between various aspects of romantic relationships (e.g. relationship satisfaction, partner conflicts, and attachment orientation) and sleep quality. Although there is ample theoretical support for the other mechanisms proposed, and although all proposed mechanisms have been separately linked to both romantic relationship experiences and sleep quality, few studies have directly tested them, pointing to profitable directions for future research. Understanding underlying mechanisms will enable the development of wise, process-based interventions that target specific mechanisms to improve couple members' sleep quality and romantic relationship functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Xie
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brooke C Feeney
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Romão Â, Correia I. Dehumanization and Minimization of Informal Caregivers Suffering: The Legitimizing Role of Justice Perceptions. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 27:e17. [PMID: 39023175 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2024.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Informal caregivers, who provide unpaid care work to individuals with disabilities, are devalued despite their important contributions to society. Identifying the factors contributing to their devaluation is crucial for recognizing and valuing their work. In two experimental studies, we examined (a) whether informal caregivers are dehumanized; (b) the moderating impact of belief in a just world (BJW) on this process; and (c) the predictive impact of BJW and the dehumanization of informal caregivers on the perception of informal caregivers' suffering. In Study 1 (N = 180), a 2 (informal caregiver vs. non-caregiver) X 2 (female vs. male) between-participants design was used; in Study 2 (N = 205), there were two experimental conditions: female informal caregiver vs. male informal caregiver. Participants were randomly assigned to one description of a target and were asked to complete measures assessing the dehumanization of the target (Studies 1 and 2), the perception of the suffering of the target (Study 2), and a measure of BJW referring to themselves (Study 2). Results showed the expected dehumanization effect, such that participants attributed fewer uniquely human emotions to informal caregivers compared to non-caregivers, regardless of their gender (Studies 1 and 2). However, this effect was observed only among participants with higher BJW (Study 2). Furthermore, BJW and the dehumanization of informal caregivers predicted the minimization of the perception of informal caregivers' suffering (Study 2). These results establish a theoretical relationship between these research areas and offer insights for practical implications and future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Romão
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL), Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Oliveira M, Brands J, Mashudi J, Liefooghe B, Hortensius R. Perceptions of artificial intelligence system's aptitude to judge morality and competence amidst the rise of Chatbots. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:47. [PMID: 39019988 PMCID: PMC11255178 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper examines how humans judge the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate human attributes, specifically focusing on two key dimensions of human social evaluation: morality and competence. Furthermore, it investigates the impact of exposure to advanced Large Language Models on these perceptions. In three studies (combined N = 200), we tested the hypothesis that people will find it less plausible that AI is capable of judging the morality conveyed by a behavior compared to judging its competence. Participants estimated the plausibility of AI origin for a set of written impressions of positive and negative behaviors related to morality and competence. Studies 1 and 3 supported our hypothesis that people would be more inclined to attribute AI origin to competence-related impressions compared to morality-related ones. In Study 2, we found this effect only for impressions of positive behaviors. Additional exploratory analyses clarified that the differentiation between the AI origin of competence and morality judgments persisted throughout the first half year after the public launch of popular AI chatbot (i.e., ChatGPT) and could not be explained by participants' general attitudes toward AI, or the actual source of the impressions (i.e., AI or human). These findings suggest an enduring belief that AI is less adept at assessing the morality compared to the competence of human behavior, even as AI capabilities continued to advance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Oliveira
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Justus Brands
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Mashudi
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Baptist Liefooghe
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Hortensius
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Nardi-Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Prada A, Delgado-Álvarez C, Bosh-Fiol E, Vázquez-González LI, Ferrer-Pérez VA. Willingness to help women victims of intimate partner violence in a Spanish context: Differential factors, interactions and predictors. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307274. [PMID: 39024226 PMCID: PMC11257282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This article presents two cross-sectional studies that group the most relevant (and potential) factors contemplated in the bystander literature on Intimate Partner Violence Against Women, (IPVAW). We analyzed their relationship with the intention to respond to hypothetical scenarios with specific helping behaviors based on the witnesses' gender, political ideology and on the bystander effect (study 1). We also studied them as predictors of helping behaviors (study 2). In total, 1,563 Spanish people participated in study 1 and 755 Spanish people in study 2. Participants had to study an IPVAW vignette (with a single bystander or multiple bystanders) and a control scenario (a robbery with a woman as victim or a man) and assess the perceived severity of the situation, the perceived responsibility of the victim and the aggressor(s), the personal perceived responsibility of the bystander and the intention to perform 8 helping behaviors. They also fulfilled a social desirability scale (study 1 and 2), the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence and the Scale on Gender Ideology (study 2). Women tend to assess the IPVAW scenario in a way that favors displaying active helping behaviors to a greater extent than men. An individual's political opinion has also shown to affect the assessment and, to a lesser extent, the intention to help an IPVAW victim. The bystander effect only takes place when negative attitudes are present. When analyzing the interaction between the type of violence (gender versus non-gender-based violence) and the above-mentioned variables, the results tend to confirm previous studies. Regarding the predictors of the helping behaviors, perceived personal responsibility is key, together with victim blaming attitudes or the perceived severity of the situation. This study expands the knowledge on bystander behaviors in IPVAW contexts and offers elements to work on awareness campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esperanza Bosh-Fiol
- Psychology Department, University of Balearic Island, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Carpita B, Nardi B, Giovannoni F, Parri F, Cerofolini G, Bonelli C, Massimetti G, Pellecchia E, Pini S, Cremone IM, Dell’Osso L. Assessing Autistic Traits, Hikikomori Tendencies, Pathological Videogaming, and Eating Disorders in University Students: Are Pathological Videogaming and Eating Disorders Gender-Specific Manifestations of the Autism Spectrum? Brain Sci 2024; 14:720. [PMID: 39061460 PMCID: PMC11274810 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the previous literature, specific attention has been paid to investigate autism spectrum symptoms and traits in university students. In this framework, we aimed to evaluate the presence and correlates of autistic traits, hikikomori tendencies, altered eating behaviors, and pathological videogaming in a sample of Italian university students enrolled in bachelor's degree courses. A total of 1192 students were recruited via an online survey and assessed with the Hikikomori Questionnaire-25, the Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum Questionnaire, the Eating Attitude test-26, and the Assessment of Internet and Computer Game Addiction. Our results highlighted significant differences in the prevalence of autistic traits, social withdrawal tendencies, altered eating habits, and pathological videogame use in university students based on gender, age, parents' level of instruction, and field of study. A significant effect of the presence of autistic traits and gender on the scores obtained with the other questionnaires was reported. Our results not only support the role of autistic traits as a vulnerability factor for the development of a set of psychopathological conditions but also suggest that gender could modulate this vulnerability, supporting the hypothesis of gender-specific phenotypes in the autism spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carpita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Benedetta Nardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Francesca Parri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Gianluca Cerofolini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Chiara Bonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Gabriele Massimetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | | | - Stefano Pini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Ivan Mirko Cremone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Liliana Dell’Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Acar YG, Coşkan C, Sandal-Önal E, Reicher S. 'Not a party to this crime': The reciprocal constitution of identity and morality by signatories of the Academics for Peace petition in Turkey. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39016464 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we examine how social identity, moral obligation and the relationship between the two shaped support for the 2016 Academics for Peace petition in Turkey. We examine the pre-trial statements of nine defendants charged for signing the petition and appearing in court on the same day in December 2018. We first conduct an inductive thematic analysis on one statement, and then, using the themes from this analysis, we conducted a deductive thematic analysis on the remaining eight statements. In line with the existing studies, we find considerable evidence that social identity and moral obligation are invoked as key reasons for signing in this highly repressive context. However, rather than these being separate factors, the two are reciprocally constitutive. That is, social identities define moral obligations and, at the same time, enacting moral obligations defines identity (both the position of the individual in the group and the nature of the group in the world). In discussion, we consider the broader implications of a moralized view of social identities for our understanding of both collective action and social identity processes more generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Gülsüm Acar
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Canan Coşkan
- Independent Researcher, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Elif Sandal-Önal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephen Reicher
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Salvador Casara BG, Lucarini A, Knowles ED, Suitner C. Unveiling gender inequality in the US: Testing validity of a state-level measure of gender inequality and its relationship with feminist online collective action on Twitter. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306121. [PMID: 39018269 PMCID: PMC11253932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Gender Inequality Index is a country-level measure of gender inequality based on women's levels of reproductive health, social and political empowerment, and labor-market representation. In two studies, we tested the validity of the GII-S, a state-level measure of gender inequality in the USA. In Study 1, the GII-S was associated with objective and subjective measures of wellness among women, including life satisfaction, financial well-being, and perceptions of safety. GII-S was not associated with the Gini coefficient, a well-established measure of economic inequality, suggesting that gender and economic disparities represent distinct aspects of social inequality. Study 2 tested the link between GII-S scores and collective action-specifically, participation in the #MeToo movement promoting awareness of sexual harassment and violence against women. Analysis of geo-localized messages on the Twitter social media platform reveals that higher GII-S scores were associated with fewer tweets containing the #MeToo hashtag. Moreover, GII-S was associated with state-level political orientation: the more conservative a state, the higher its level of gender inequality. Results are discussed in terms of possible socio-cognitive processes underpinning the association between gender inequality and sensitivity to violence against women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Lucarini
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Eric D. Knowles
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Caterina Suitner
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Yıldırım F, Çakır Z, Özdemir S, Yılmazlı Trout İ, Bayramoğlu A, Ekinci O, Belli SA, Yarbaşı İY, Mutlu M, Akın R, Yaşar B, Yıldırım SK, Kaşdarma E, Yılmazcan B. Perceptions of patients and their relatives about schadenfreude towards doctors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32983. [PMID: 39027543 PMCID: PMC11255570 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Violence in healthcare is a global issue that healthcare professionals experience. The concerning increase in violent incidents in Turkiye particularly makes it a significant problem to explore by examining the underlying psychological factors. In this sense, this study focuses on the concept of Schadenfreude, the malicious joy of someone else's misfortune, towards doctors, which is an under-researched topic in healthcare violence. Particularly, there is a lack of research on patients' and relatives' perceptions of doctors. Objective This study aims to determine the level of schadenfreude in Turkish society towards the violence experienced by doctors and to develop a model revealing the underlying causes. Methods Using a convenience sampling method, we recruited 402 participants, who are not first-degree relatives of healthcare professionals, for this quantitative study. For data collection, we developed a survey instrument to measure the level of schadenfreude and six different psychological factors including empathy, sympathy, anger, aggression, and deservingness. For data analysis, we used structural equation modeling. Results The results showed that the lower the levels of empathy and sympathy towards doctors were, the higher the levels of both schadenfreude and aggression were. Envy had no significant effect on either schadenfreude or aggression, while deservingness directly affected aggression. The perceptions of participants regarding doctors that they deserve violence increased their aggression levels. Schadenfreude had a positive and significant effect on anger and aggression. Implications The examination of underlying factors of violence towards doctors points to a lack of mutual understanding between patients and doctors. The results of this study indicate a need for increasing empathy towards health professionals by creating societal awareness of their experiences. Local authorities and healthcare organizations can create environments that bring together the public and health professionals to share their experiences with each other or conduct campaigns to draw public attention to the issue. Moreover, training sessions on effective communication can be offered for health professionals to help improve patient-doctor relationships and healthcare outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Yıldırım
- Dept. of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Çakır
- Dept. of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sefa Özdemir
- Dept. of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İnci Yılmazlı Trout
- Dreeben School of Education, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Atıf Bayramoğlu
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Ekinci
- Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serap Atasever Belli
- Dept. of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İkram Yusuf Yarbaşı
- Dept. of Econometrics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Mutlu
- Dept. of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Rıdvan Akın
- Dept. of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Burcu Yaşar
- Dept. of Commercial Law, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Seda Kayapalı Yıldırım
- Dept. of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Kaşdarma
- Dept. of Psychology, Social Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Pryde S, Kemps E, Prichard I. "You started working out to get a flat stomach and a fat a$$": A content analysis of fitspiration videos on TikTok. Body Image 2024; 51:101769. [PMID: 39013285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fitspiration presents idealised bodies to viewers, emphasising a fit ideal to women and a muscular ideal to men. Previous content analyses have focused on images from Instagram, with research yet to examine video content on TikTok or verify the accuracy of the diet and exercise information posted by fitness influencers. This content analysis examined 200 videos from popular TikTok fitspiration hashtags (fitness, fitspo, gymtok, fittok). Two independent coders used a standardised codebook containing definitions and examples for coding. Overall, 78 % of videos showed only women, and 10 % of videos showed only men. Videos of women included both fit and thin idealised bodies, whole body and specific body part objectification, harmful themes, and promoted appearance-related reasons for exercise more frequently than videos containing men. Videos of men included muscular idealised bodies and objectification through face obscurity (excluding the face from view) more frequently than videos of women. Most videos were posted by fitness influencers, and 60 % of videos presented incorrect or harmful information. Findings suggest that fitspiration TikTok content contains characteristics known to negatively impact body image and highlights gendered differences in content themes. Further investigation is required on the promotion of appearance reasons to exercise, and the credibility of information and content creators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Pryde
- Flinders University, Psychology, College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Australia; Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute and SHAPE Research Centre, Australia.
| | - Eva Kemps
- Flinders University, Psychology, College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute and SHAPE Research Centre, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Collins T, Zhu E, Rateau P. The neural representation of stereotype content. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16324. [PMID: 39009697 PMCID: PMC11251044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Judgments about social groups are characterized by their position in a representational space defined by two axes, warmth and competence. We examined serial dependence (SD) in evaluations of warmth and competence while measuring participants' electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, as a means to address the independence between these two psychological axes. SD is the attraction of perceptual reports towards things seen in the recent past and has recently been intensely investigated in vision. SD occurs at multiple levels of visual processing, from basic features to meaningful objects. The current study aims to (1) measure whether SD occurs between non-visual objects, in particular social groups and (2) uncover the neural correlates of social group evaluation and SD using EEG. Participants' judgments about social groups such as "nurses" or "accountants" were serially dependent, but only when the two successive groups were close in representational space. The pattern of results argues in favor of a non-separability between the two axes, because groups nearby on one dimension but far on the other were not subject to SD, even though that other dimension was irrelevant to the task at hand. Using representational similarity analysis, we found a brain signature that differentiated social groups as a function of their position in the representational space. Our results thus argue that SD may be a ubiquitous cognitive phenomenon, that social evaluations are serially dependent, and that reproducible neural signatures of social evaluations can be uncovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Collins
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Emilie Zhu
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Rateau
- Laboratoire Epsylon (EA 4556), Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Yuan H, Li D, Yang F, Zhang Z. Impact of corrupt admission on the mental health of Chinese adolescents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16263. [PMID: 39009655 PMCID: PMC11251018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Through preferential treatment by education officials or through bribery, some adolescents can obtain admission to a junior high school. However, it is unclear whether it affects the mental health of adolescents. This study used Propensity Score Matching to examine the effects of corruption on adolescent mental health. A total of 17,254 junior high school students sample (11-18 years old; 48.7% girls and 53.1% boys) were used from the China Education Panel Survey. 14.1% of adolescents attended a junior high school by corrupt means, corruption had a significantly negative effect on the mental health of these adolescents (ATT = -0.388, p < 0.01), the reasons grounded in the fact that they received more criticisms from teachers and wanted to leave their current school. In general, corruption in the admissions process can have detrimental effects on the mental health of adolescents. This study extends the previous articles on how to improve adolescent mental health and complements the application of cognitive dissonance theory. Findings from this study revealed that anti-corruption in the education sector is necessary, and the institutional design to ensure fair enrolment in basic education will contribute to the mental health of adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yuan
- School of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Xukou Middle School, Qingming Road, Suzhou, 215164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feiran Yang
- School of Marx, Jianghan University, Sanjiaohu Street, Wuhan, 430056, Hubei, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- School of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Kim S, Gollwitzer PM, Oettingen G. Expectations Versus Fantasies and Vaccine Hesitancy: How Suffering From COVID-19 Versus Suffering From Vaccines Interact. Ann Behav Med 2024; 58:563-577. [PMID: 38944699 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on COVID-19 vaccination highlights future thoughts associated with possible Coronavirus infection and vaccine side effects as key predictors of vaccine hesitancy. Yet, research has focused on independent contributions of such future thoughts, neglecting their interactive aspects. PURPOSE We examined whether thoughts about two possible COVID-related futures (suffering from COVID-19 and vaccine side effects) interactively predict vaccine hesitancy and vaccination behavior among unvaccinated and vaccinated people. Importantly, we compared two forms of future thinking: beliefs or expectations (likelihood judgments) versus fantasies (free thoughts and images describing future events). METHODS In Study 1, we conducted a longitudinal study with an unvaccinated group (N = 210). We assessed expectations versus fantasies about the two COVID-related futures as predictors. As outcome variables, we measured vaccine hesitancy, and 9 weeks later we assessed information seeking and vaccine uptake. Study 2 was a cross-sectional study comparing vaccine hesitancy of an unvaccinated group (N = 307) to that of a vaccinated group (N = 311). RESULTS Study 1 found that more negative fantasies about COVID-19 impact and less negative fantasies about vaccine side effects interactively predicted lower vaccine hesitancy and more vaccine-related behaviors among unvaccinated people; no such interaction was observed between respective expectations. Study 2 replicated these results of Study 1. Additionally, for vaccinated people, low expectations of negative COVID-19 impact and high expectations of negative vaccine impact interactively predicted higher vaccine hesitancy, whereas no such interaction was observed for respective fantasies. CONCLUSIONS Research on vaccine hesitancy should explore interactions between future thinking about disease and about vaccine side effects. Importantly, there is much to be gained by distinguishing expectations versus fantasies: vaccination interventions aiming to boost vaccine uptake among unvaccinated people should tap into their negative future fantasies regarding both disease and vaccine side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SunYoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter M Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Oettingen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Yip L, Thomas EF, Bliuc AM, Boza M, Kende A, Lizzio-Wilson M, Reese G, Smith LGE. Motivations to engage in collective action: A latent profile analysis of refugee supporters. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38979945 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
What motivates people to participate in collective action? Some actions such as symbolic or online actions are often critiqued as performative allyship, motivated by personal gain rather than genuine concern for the cause. We aim to adjudicate this argument by examining the quality of motivations for acting, drawing on the insights of self-determination theory and the social identity approach. Using latent profile analysis, we examined whether there are different types of supporters of refugees based on their underlying motives. In Study 1, we surveyed supporters of Syrian refugees from six nations (N = 936) and measured autonomous and controlled motivation, pro-refugee identification and collective action. In Study 2 (N = 1994), we surveyed supporters of Ukrainian refugees in Romania, Hungary and the UK. We found 4-5 profiles in each sample and consistently found that supporters with high autonomous motivation take more action than disengaged or ambivalent supporters (low/neutral on all motives). However, contrary to the tenets of self-determination theory, those high in both autonomous and controlled motives were the most engaged. We conclude that the most committed supporters are those with multiple motives, but further research is needed on the role of controlled motivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Yip
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma F Thomas
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Anna Kende
- Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gerhard Reese
- University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern and Landau, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Maxwell C, Selvanathan HP, Hames S, Crimston CR, Jetten J. A mixed-methods approach to understand victimization discourses by opposing feminist sub-groups on social media. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38967403 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Opposing social movements are groups that have conflicting objectives on a shared social justice issue. To maximize the probability of their movement's success, groups can strategically portray their group in a favourable manner while discrediting their opposition. One such approach involves the construction of victimization discourses. In this research, we combined topic modelling and critical discursive psychology to explore how opposing groups within the feminist movement used victimization as a lens to understand their movements in relation to transgender women. We compiled a dataset of over 40,000 tweets from 14 UK-based feminist accounts that included transgender women as women (the pro-inclusion group) and 13 accounts, that excluded transgender women (the anti-inclusion group). Our results revealed differences in how victimization was employed by the opposing movements: pro-inclusion groups drew on repertoires that created a sense of shared victimhood between cisgender women and transgender women, while anti-inclusion groups invoked a competitive victimhood repertoire. Both groups also challenged and delegitimised their oppositions' constructions of feminism and victimhood. These findings add to our understanding of the communication strategies used by opposing movements to achieve their mobilization goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sam Hames
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charlie R Crimston
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Skelton J, Templeton A, Dang Guay J, MacInnes L, Clegg G. Developing and evaluating a brief, socially primed video intervention to enable bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A randomised control trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297598. [PMID: 38968194 PMCID: PMC11226058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 30,000 people experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United Kingdom annually, with only 7-8% of patients surviving. One of the most effective methods of improving survival outcomes is bystander intervention in the form of calling the emergency services and initiating chest compressions. Additionally, the public must feel empowered to act and use this knowledge in an emergency. This study aimed to evaluate an ultra-brief CPR familiarisation video that uses empowering social priming language to frame CPR as a norm in Scotland. METHODS In a randomised control trial, participants (n = 86) were assigned to view an ultra-brief CPR video intervention or a traditional long-form CPR video intervention. Following completion of a pre-intervention questionnaire examining demographic variables and prior CPR knowledge, participants completed an emergency services-led resuscitation simulation in a portable simulation suite using a CPR manikin that measures resuscitation quality. Participants then completed questionnaires examining social identity and attitudes towards performing CPR. RESULTS During the simulated resuscitation, the ultra-brief intervention group's cumulative time spent performing chest compressions was significantly higher than that observed in the long-form intervention group. The long-form intervention group's average compressions per minute rate was significantly higher than the ultra-brief intervention group, however both scores fell within a clinically acceptable range. No other differences were observed in CPR quality. Regarding the social identity measures, participants in the ultra-brief condition had greater feelings of expected emergency support from other Scottish people when compared to long-form intervention participants. There were no significant group differences in attitudes towards performing CPR. CONCLUSIONS Socially primed, ultra-brief CPR interventions hold promise as a method of equipping the public with basic resuscitation skills and empowering the viewer to intervene in an emergency. These interventions may be an effective avenue for equipping at-risk groups with resuscitation skills and for supplementing traditional resuscitation training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Skelton
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Templeton
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Dang Guay
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa MacInnes
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Clegg
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Scottish Ambulance Service, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Paruzel-Czachura M, Workman CI, El Toukhy N, Chatterjee A. First impressions: Do faces with scars and palsies influence warmth, competence and humanization? Br J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38963684 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
A glance is enough to assign psychological attributes to others. Attractiveness is associated with positive attributes ('beauty-is-good' stereotype). Here, we raise the question of a similar but negative bias. Are people with facial anomalies associated with negative personal characteristics? We hypothesized that biases against faces with anomalies arise because of negative stereotypes (less warmth and competence) and forms of dehumanization (animalistic and mechanistic). We enrolled 1493 mTurk participants (N = 1306 after exclusion) to assess 31 traits of photographed people using 60 pairs of photographs of the same person before and after plastic surgery. Half anomalous faces had a scar and the other half had a palsy. To calculate warmth and competence, we conducted a principal components analysis of the 31 attributes. Animalistic dehumanization was assessed by averaging reverse-scored ratings corresponding to moral sensibility and rationality/logic, and mechanistic dehumanization by averaging across reverse-scored ratings corresponding to emotional responsiveness and interpersonal warmth. We found that both kinds of anomalous faces were seen as less warm, competent and were dehumanized. Our findings suggest that an 'anomalous-is-bad' stereotype generalizes regardless of the aetiology of the anomaly. This effect may be related to a reverse halo effect, that is, the horn effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Paruzel-Czachura
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Brain Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Clifford I Workman
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Noha El Toukhy
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Brain Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anjan Chatterjee
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Brain Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Lim D, Poulin MJ, Shaffer-Morrison CD, Ministero LM, Silver RC. Investigating the role of adversity and benevolence beliefs in predicting prosociality. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38962876 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Does experiencing adversity engender kindness, and if so, for whom? Two studies tested the hypothesis that adversity predicts increased pro-social outcomes, and that this relationship is strongest for individuals who view others as good and trustworthy, or benevolent. METHOD In Study 1, a cross-sectional survey design was utilized, and in Study 2 a longitudinal survey was conducted. RESULTS In Study 1 (N = 359), the number of lifetime adverse life events was associated with increased volunteering, empathic concern, and self-reported altruism. The association of adversity and altruism was stronger for those with greater benevolence beliefs. In Study 2 (N = 1157), benevolence beliefs were assessed, and in subsequent years, adverse life events were reported. The number of past-year adverse life events predicted more volunteering and charitable involvement, but only among people with high benevolence beliefs. CONCLUSION Exposure to adversity may be associated with increased pro-social behavior among those with higher benevolence beliefs. In part, this could be due to benevolence beliefs increasing the expectation that one's efforts will be appreciated and reciprocated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lim
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael J Poulin
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Roxane Cohen Silver
- Department of Psychological Science, Program in Public Health, and Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Rw R, Joyce N. Impacts of Racial and Gender Identities on Individuals' Intentions to Seek a Counselor. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024. [PMID: 38963771 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
To understand the theoretical impact of racial and gender identities on counselor selection, an online experiment was conducted with 527 participants in which both the race and gender of a perspective counselor's online profile were manipulated. Results showed that participants had a higher intention to seek counseling when the counselor was from the same racial and/or gender group. These preferences existed above and beyond other identity-based evaluative metrics, such as those tied to group stereotypes (e.g., warmth and competence). The results advocate for the development and evaluation of culturally tailored digital health interventions and underscore the importance of further formative research in this area to enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of healthcare resources for all.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romy Rw
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nick Joyce
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Decker KA, Lord CG, Holland CJ. Communicating beyond the information given can make the communicator's attitudes toward a social group more extreme. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 164:531-548. [PMID: 36226679 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2133678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments tested how communicating attributes of initially liked or disliked groups might create more extreme attitudes. We gave non-neutral participants information about previously unknown groups and asked them to write social media posts describing the group to others. Participants who wrote social media posts to friends (Experiment 1, n = 332) or undecided strangers (Experiments 2 and 3, ns = 113 and 816) exaggerated and elaborated on initial information, subsequently reporting more extreme attitudes. These effects, mediated by extremity of associations to the target group, were interpreted as consistent with theory and research on going beyond the information given. (100 words).
Collapse
|