The effect of an embodied intervention on responsibility: put a load on one's shoulder

Responsibility is an essential part of our social life. Although responsibility is an abstract concept, it can be represented with concrete ideas through conceptual metaphor. Expressions like "carry a lot of responsibility," "shoulder the responsibility" shows that responsibility can be understood as a load on shoulder that one has to carry. Accordingly, this study tests the question that does putting a burden on one's shoulder makes him/her more responsible or not. In order to investigate this, on each trial, we asked participants to decide between risky situations that vary in magnitude, probability of win/lose, and the ambiguity level in two conditions: "self" and 'group." Each subject wears a vest with a load on each shoulder in half of the trials. As expected, Most of participants choose to defer on the group trials more than on the self-trials. This difference between numbers of deferring in group and self conditions is called responsibility aversion. Results indicate that responsibility aversion scores are lower (responsibility-taking was greater) in the state of wearing the vest than in the form of not wearing the vest significantly. We provided evidence that the abstract concept of responsibility is linked to bodily experiences of feeling load on the shoulder consistent with an embodied cognition theory.

Predictors of Health Care Practitioners' Intention to Use AI-Enabled Clinical Decision Support Systems: Meta-Analysis Based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology

BACKGROUND

Artificial intelligence-enabled clinical decision support systems (AI-CDSSs) offer potential for improving health care outcomes, but their adoption among health care practitioners remains limited.

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis identified predictors influencing health care practitioners' intention to use AI-CDSSs based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Additional predictors were examined based on existing empirical evidence.

METHODS

The literature search using electronic databases, forward searches, conference programs, and personal correspondence yielded 7731 results, of which 17 (0.22%) studies met the inclusion criteria. Random-effects meta-analysis, relative weight analyses, and meta-analytic moderation and mediation analyses were used to examine the relationships between relevant predictor variables and the intention to use AI-CDSSs.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis results supported the application of the UTAUT to the context of the intention to use AI-CDSSs. The results showed that performance expectancy (r=0.66), effort expectancy (r=0.55), social influence (r=0.66), and facilitating conditions (r=0.66) were positively associated with the intention to use AI-CDSSs, in line with the predictions of the UTAUT. The meta-analysis further identified positive attitude (r=0.63), trust (r=0.73), anxiety (r=-0.41), perceived risk (r=-0.21), and innovativeness (r=0.54) as additional relevant predictors. Trust emerged as the most influential predictor overall. The results of the moderation analyses show that the relationship between social influence and use intention becomes weaker with increasing age. In addition, the relationship between effort expectancy and use intention was stronger for diagnostic AI-CDSSs than for devices that combined diagnostic and treatment recommendations. Finally, the relationship between facilitating conditions and use intention was mediated through performance and effort expectancy.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis contributes to the understanding of the predictors of intention to use AI-CDSSs based on an extended UTAUT model. More research is needed to substantiate the identified relationships and explain the observed variations in effect sizes by identifying relevant moderating factors. The research findings bear important implications for the design and implementation of training programs for health care practitioners to ease the adoption of AI-CDSSs into their practice.

Reduce negative life events to Increase satisfaction: A daily diary study on the relationship between negative life events and life satisfaction

Life satisfaction refers to an individual' s cognitive evaluation of the overall quality of their life considering the various aspects therein. Although the existing research has demonstrated the between-person relationship between negative life events and life satisfaction based on retrospective measures, less is known about this relationship at the within-person level. A daily diary method could examine this within-person relationship and decrease systematic recall biases. Therefore, this study investigated the link between daily negative life events and daily life satisfaction, as well as the mediating role of perceived stress and the moderating role of trait rumination in 146 young adults (Mage = 20.75, SD = 1.35) using a 14-day daily diary design. Multilevel regression analysis showed that daily negative life events had negative predictive effects on daily life satisfaction. In addition, the multilevel 1-1-1 mediation analysis indicated that daily perceived stress mediated the association between daily negative life events and daily life satisfaction. More importantly, the mediating effect of perceived stress was moderated by trait rumination, with the within-person mediating effect being stronger for individuals with higher than those with lower trait rumination tendencies. These findings contribute to the understanding of the underlying pathways in the relationship between daily negative life events and daily life satisfaction and provide a new perspective for improving individuals' life satisfaction.

Collective action within an environment of unknown unknowns: Experiences with the port of Mars Game

There is limited research about how groups solve collective action problems in uncertain environments, especially if groups are confronted with unknown unknowns. We aim to develop a more comprehensive view of the characteristics that allow both groups and individuals to navigate such issues more effectively. In this article, we present the results of a new online experiment where individuals make decisions of whether to contribute to the group or pursue self-interest in an environment with high uncertainty, including unknown unknowns. The behavioral game, Port of Mars is framed as a first-generation habitat on Mars where participants have to make decisions on how much to invest in the shared infrastructure to maintain system health and how much to invest in personal goals. Participants can chat during the game, and take surveys before and after the game in order to measure personality attributes and observations from the game. Initial results suggest that a higher average social value orientation and more communication are the key factors that explain why some groups are more successful than others in surviving Port of Mars. Neither other attributes of players nor the group's communication content explain the observed differences between groups.

Retirement preparedness: A study of gender, marital status, and motivation factors by using a theory of planned behavior model

Although working men and women share common retirement concerns, women encounter unique challenges in securing their retirement. These challenges arise from factors such as part-time work, intermittent work histories, and potential wealth disparities. Marital status also exerts a profound influence on retirement decisions. Marital status significantly impacts their financial security as they approach retirement. This study investigates the intricate relationship between gender, marital status, and theory of planned behavior factors that influence retirement planning among older adults. Utilizing data from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and RAND, the research analyzed 2,657 participants aged 50 to 62, all of whom reported full or part-time employment. Also, the research leveraged the theory of planned behavior to examine motivational factors affecting retirement planning. The study's findings highlight the significant association of gender with expected retirement timing, revealing that married women typically anticipate retiring earlier than both unmarried women and men. In addition, older adults who secure retirement resources tend to retire earlier. It is important to develop tailored policies and initiatives to address the specific retirement challenges women face. It is imperative to develop retirement support systems that consider the gender, marital statuses, and retirement resources of older adults, and to give special attention to those who are vulnerable. This study provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay of gender, marital status, retirement motivation factors and retirement planning among older adults.

Factors influencing recommendation intentions for autonomous vehicles: A path analysis in a pilot study

Over the past decade, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has propelled the transition of autonomous vehicles from laboratories to real-world applications. However, autonomous vehicles are a long way from fully integrating into most people's lives. Previous studies indicate that the word-of-mouth effect is often used by consumers to determine the quality of innovative technologies. Word-of-mouth recommendation can not only increase the income of enterprises by attracting new customers, but also greatly reduce the promotion and publicity expenses of enterprises. Through the word-of-mouth effect, the intention to recommend can contribute to the growth of the autonomous driving market. Therefore, current research explores the mechanisms among the perceived risk of privacy safety, perceived defect, perceived behavioral control, intention to use, and intention to recommend through path analysis. Our findings, based on 433 online questionnaires, indicate that the perceived risk of privacy safety, perceived defects, and perceived behavioral control influence the intention to recommend. Notably, perceived risk of privacy safety and perceived defect directly affects the intention to recommend and also correlates with perceived behavioral control. These findings provide some empirical evidence for the recommendation of autonomous vehicles and the expansion of consumer groups.

Behavioral change interventions, theories, and techniques to reduce physical inactivity and sedentary behavior in the general population: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Worldwide, physical inactivity (PIA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are recognized as significant challenges hindering the achievement of the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs). PIA and SB are responsible for 1.6 million deaths attributed to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has urged governments to implement interventions informed by behavioral theories aimed at reducing PIA and SB. However, limited attention has been given to the range of theories, techniques, and contextual conditions underlying the design of behavioral theories. To this end, we set out to map these interventions, their levels of action, their mode of delivery, and how extensively they apply behavioral theories, constructs, and techniques.

METHODS

Following the scoping review methodology of Arksey and O'Malley (2005), we included peer-reviewed articles on behavioral theories interventions centered on PIA and SB, published between 2010 and 2023 in Arabic, French, and English in four databases (Scopus, Web of Science [WoS], PubMed, and Google Scholar). We adopted a framework thematic analysis based on the upper-level ontology of behavior theories interventions, Behavioral theories taxonomies, and the first version (V1) taxonomy of behavior change techniques(BCTs).

RESULTS

We included 29 studies out of 1,173 that were initially screened/searched. The majority of interventions were individually focused (n = 15). Few studies have addressed interpersonal levels (n = 6) or organizational levels (n = 6). Only two interventions can be described as systemic (i.e., addressing the individual, interpersonal, organizational, and institutional factors)(n = 2). Most behavior change interventions use four theories: The Social cognitive theory (SCT), the socioecological model (SEM), SDT, and the transtheoretical model (TTM). Most behavior change interventions (BCIS) involve goal setting, social support, and action planning with various degrees of theoretical use (intensive [n = 15], moderate [n = 11], or low [n = 3]).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Our review suggests the need to develop systemic and complementary interventions that entail the micro-, meso- and macro-level barriers to behavioral changes. Theory informed BCI need to integrate synergistic BCTs into models that use micro-, meso- and macro-level theories to determine behavioral change. Future interventions need to appropriately use a mix of behavioral theories and BCTs to address the systemic nature of behavioral change as well as the heterogeneity of contexts and targeted populations.

Comparing the Efficacy and Efficiency of Human and Generative AI: Qualitative Thematic Analyses

BACKGROUND

Qualitative methods are incredibly beneficial to the dissemination and implementation of new digital health interventions; however, these methods can be time intensive and slow down dissemination when timely knowledge from the data sources is needed in ever-changing health systems. Recent advancements in generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and their underlying large language models (LLMs) may provide a promising opportunity to expedite the qualitative analysis of textual data, but their efficacy and reliability remain unknown.

OBJECTIVE

The primary objectives of our study were to evaluate the consistency in themes, reliability of coding, and time needed for inductive and deductive thematic analyses between GenAI (ie, ChatGPT and Bard) and human coders.

METHODS

The qualitative data for this study consisted of 40 brief SMS text message reminder prompts used in a digital health intervention for promoting antiretroviral medication adherence among people with HIV who use methamphetamine. Inductive and deductive thematic analyses of these SMS text messages were conducted by 2 independent teams of human coders. An independent human analyst conducted analyses following both approaches using ChatGPT and Bard. The consistency in themes (or the extent to which the themes were the same) and reliability (or agreement in coding of themes) between methods were compared.

RESULTS

The themes generated by GenAI (both ChatGPT and Bard) were consistent with 71% (5/7) of the themes identified by human analysts following inductive thematic analysis. The consistency in themes was lower between humans and GenAI following a deductive thematic analysis procedure (ChatGPT: 6/12, 50%; Bard: 7/12, 58%). The percentage agreement (or intercoder reliability) for these congruent themes between human coders and GenAI ranged from fair to moderate (ChatGPT, inductive: 31/66, 47%; ChatGPT, deductive: 22/59, 37%; Bard, inductive: 20/54, 37%; Bard, deductive: 21/58, 36%). In general, ChatGPT and Bard performed similarly to each other across both types of qualitative analyses in terms of consistency of themes (inductive: 6/6, 100%; deductive: 5/6, 83%) and reliability of coding (inductive: 23/62, 37%; deductive: 22/47, 47%). On average, GenAI required significantly less overall time than human coders when conducting qualitative analysis (20, SD 3.5 min vs 567, SD 106.5 min).

CONCLUSIONS

The promising consistency in the themes generated by human coders and GenAI suggests that these technologies hold promise in reducing the resource intensiveness of qualitative thematic analysis; however, the relatively lower reliability in coding between them suggests that hybrid approaches are necessary. Human coders appeared to be better than GenAI at identifying nuanced and interpretative themes. Future studies should consider how these powerful technologies can be best used in collaboration with human coders to improve the efficiency of qualitative research in hybrid approaches while also mitigating potential ethical risks that they may pose.

The Association Between the We Can Do This Campaign and Vaccination Beliefs in the United States, January 2021-March 2022

Public health campaigns addressing COVID-19 vaccination beliefs may be effective in changing COVID-19 vaccination behaviors, particularly among people who remain vaccine hesitant. The "We Can Do This" COVID-19 public education campaign (the Campaign) was designed to increase COVID-19 vaccine confidence and uptake. This study aims to evaluate whether Campaign dose was associated with changes in vaccination beliefs related to COVID-19 vaccine concerns and perceived risks, the importance of COVID-19 vaccines, the perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination, normative beliefs about COVID-19 vaccination, and perceptions about general vaccine safety and effectiveness. The study linked data from four waves of a nationally representative longitudinal panel of U.S. adults (January 2021-March 2022) with Campaign paid digital media data (April 2021-May 2022). We used mixed-effects linear regressions to examine the association between Campaign paid digital impressions and changes in vaccination beliefs. The results provide evidence that Campaign digital impressions were significantly associated with changes in respondent beliefs regarding COVID-19 vaccine concerns and perceived risks, perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination, and perceptions about general vaccine safety and effectiveness. Findings suggest that public education campaigns may influence vaccine confidence and uptake by increasing positive vaccination beliefs and reducing vaccine concerns.

A closer look at how experience, task domain, and self-confidence influence reliance towards algorithms

Prior research has demonstrated experience with a forecasting algorithm decreases reliance behaviors (i.e., the action of relying on the algorithm). However, the influence of model experience on reliance intentions (i.e., an intention or willingness to rely on the algorithm) has not been explored. Additionally, other factors such as self-confidence and domain knowledge are posited to influence algorithm reliance. The objective of this research was to examine how experience with a statistical model, task domain (used car sales, college grade point average (GPA), GitHub pull requests), and self-confidence influence reliance intentions, reliance behaviors, and perceived accuracy of one's own estimates and the model's estimates. Participants (N = 347) were recruited online and completed a forecasting task. Results indicate that there was a statistically significant effect of self-confidence and task domain on reliance intentions, reliance behaviors, and perceived accuracy. However, unlike previous findings, model experience did not significantly influence reliance behavior, nor did it lead to significant changes in reliance intentions or perceived accuracy of oneself or the model. Our data suggest that factors such as task domain and self-confidence influence algorithm use more so than model experience. Individual differences and situational factors should be considered important aspects that influence forecasters' decisions to rely on predictions from a model or to instead use their own estimates, which can lead to sub-optimal performance.

Cultivating Innovative Employees: The Influence of Regulatory Focus and Institutional Empowerment

The relationship between regulatory focus, a pivotal trait, and innovative behavior has been long recognized, with previous scholars often emphasizing the reluctance of individuals possessing a prevention focus to engage in innovation due to their risk-averse tendencies. This study introduces a research model proposing that the relationship between promotion focus, prevention focus, and innovation behavior, is positively mediated by knowledge sharing. Additionally, institutional empowerment is posited as a moderating variable that enhances the positive relationship between regulatory focus and knowledge sharing. Empirical investigation of a moderated-mediation model reveals that the impact of regulatory focus on innovation behaviors is mediated by knowledge sharing, with this mediation being more pronounced under conditions of elevated perceptions of institutional empowerment. This research significantly advances the understanding of regulatory focus and its implications for innovation behavior. In addition, it highlights the significance of institutional empowerment as a boundary condition that encourages individuals with diverse regulatory focus to expand their behavioral boundaries. It specifically emphasizes the managerial capacity to leverage the needs and motivations of individuals with a pronounced prevention focus through institutional empowerment, resulting in transformative outcomes even in unfavorable situations.

Eye tracking insights into physician behaviour with safe and unsafe explainable AI recommendations

We studied clinical AI-supported decision-making as an example of a high-stakes setting in which explainable AI (XAI) has been proposed as useful (by theoretically providing physicians with context for the AI suggestion and thereby helping them to reject unsafe AI recommendations). Here, we used objective neurobehavioural measures (eye-tracking) to see how physicians respond to XAI with N = 19 ICU physicians in a hospital's clinical simulation suite. Prescription decisions were made both pre- and post-reveal of either a safe or unsafe AI recommendation and four different types of simultaneously presented XAI. We used overt visual attention as a marker for where physician mental attention was directed during the simulations. Unsafe AI recommendations attracted significantly greater attention than safe AI recommendations. However, there was no appreciably higher level of attention placed onto any of the four types of explanation during unsafe AI scenarios (i.e. XAI did not appear to 'rescue' decision-makers). Furthermore, self-reported usefulness of explanations by physicians did not correlate with the level of attention they devoted to the explanations reinforcing the notion that using self-reports alone to evaluate XAI tools misses key aspects of the interaction behaviour between human and machine.

The moderating role of workplace spirituality on the effect of organizational justice on job satisfaction

The study's goal is to investigate the moderating effect of the workplace spirituality of employee on the relationship between their organization's justice perception and job satisfaction. The study included a sample of 360 employees from two Turkish airline companies. The findings show a relationship between organizational justice and job satisfaction. The study also finds that workplace spirituality moderates the effect of organizational justice on job satisfaction. Employees with high workplace spirituality are more satisfied than those with low workplace spirituality. The study is important, especially in examining the moderator role of workplace spirituality between these two variables, and fills a gap in the literature. Empirical data of Turkiye's two largest airline companies, which aim to become and remain competitive in the aviation industry, were shared. This research-based approach provides guidelines for this industry on the effects of workplace spirituality on job satisfaction and organizational justice.

"You Need to be Able to Stand Up for What is Right": MTV Shuga Naija's Transformative Impact on Youth Attitudes Toward Sexual Violence in Nigeria

In Nigeria, approximately 10% of women of reproductive age report experiencing sexual violence in the past year, with potentially enduring health and social consequences. The effects can be especially severe for younger women and adolescents. MTV Shuga Naija utilizes an entertainment-education TV serial drama to promote gender equality and challenge norms around sexual violence. Using a two-wave panel survey of Nigerian youth (574 females; 317 males) aged 15 to 24 years, this study explores the impact of MTV Shuga Naija on disclosing experiences of sexual violence, reducing stigma, and fostering dialogue. Baseline data were collected in person, while endline data were collected by telephone due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey, informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), examined shifts in self-reported sexual harassment and attitudes toward victims of sexual violence. A doubly robust, difference-in-differences (DID) analysis compares changes in outcomes in treatment versus comparison areas, adjusting for observed and unobserved differences and using inverse probability weighting to enhance the precision of impact estimates. DID models show significant attitude shifts and increased disclosure of sexual violence among youth exposed to MTV Shuga Naija. Agreement with victim-blaming statements dropped significantly for both men and women in treatment versus comparison areas. However, contrary to hypotheses, respondents in comparison areas were more likely to discuss sexual violence with family, although the context and content of these discussions could not be examined. This study therefore confirms that MTV Shuga Naija's entertainment-education effectively improves attitudes and behaviors concerning sexual violence. Even so, victim-blaming norms and experiences of sexual violence remain prevalent. While the program has made progress in addressing this sensitive issue in Nigeria, further research is needed to improve family and community dialogues and to enhance support for victims.

Nonphysician Evaluators and Recording-Based Tools in Surgical Skill Assessment: A Feasibility Study

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the feasibility of nonmedically trained evaluators and image- and video-based tools in the assessment of surgical skills in a key orthopedic procedure.

DESIGN

Orthopedic surgeons at varying skill levels were evaluated by their ability to repair a cadaveric bi-malleolar ankle fracture. Nonphysician viewers and expert orthopedic surgeons independently scored video recordings and fluoroscopy images of the procedure through Global Rating Scales (GRS) and procedure-specific checklist tools. Statistical analysis was used to determine if the evaluators and assessment tools were able to differentiate skill level.

SETTING

An academic tertiary care hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

The surgical procedure was completed by 3 orthopedic residents, 3 orthopedic trauma fellows, and 4 orthopedic trauma attending surgeons. The procedure was independently evaluated by 2 orthopedic surgeons and 2 nonphysicians.

RESULTS

Operating participants were stratified by ≤ or >10 bimalleolar ankle fracture cases performed alone (inexperienced, n = 5 vs experienced, n = 5). Expert surgeon viewers could effectively stratify skill group through the GRS for video and fluoroscopy analysis (p < 0.05), and the video procedure-specific checklist (p < 0.05), but not the fluoroscopy procedure-specific checklist. Nonphysician viewers generally recognized skill groupings, although with less separation than surgeon viewers. These evaluators performed the best when aided by video and fluoroscopy procedure-specific checklists. Meanwhile, breakdowns of each tool into critical zones for improvement and evaluator-independent metrics such as case experience, self-reported confidence, and surgical time also indicated some skill differentiation.

CONCLUSIONS

The feasibility of using video recordings and fluoroscopic imaging based surgical skills assessment tools in orthopedic trauma was demonstrated. The tools highlighted in this study are applicable to both cadaver laboratory settings and live surgeries. The degree of training that is required by the evaluators and the utility of measuring surgical times of specific tasks should be the subject of future studies.

Conceptualizing Fit in Surgical Residency Selection: The Experience in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery

OBJECTIVE

Fit is a crucial factor in surgical residency selection, but how this abstract concept is applied in practice is poorly understood. Person-environment (PE) fit theory suggests that there are multiple fit domains that can clarify usage: person-job, person-organization, and person-workgroup fit. We used PE fit theory to explore how otolaryngology residency selection committee (RSC) members operationalize the concept of fit.

DESIGN

One-hour focus groups were conducted in November 2022. Interview questions explored participants' definitions and uses of fit in the resident selection process. Transcripts were analyzed using directed qualitative content analysis to generate themes and evaluate how these align with PE fit domains.

SETTING

Society of University Otolaryngologists Annual Meeting breakout session in November 2022.

PARTICIPANTS

21 RSC members from 20 different otolaryngology-head and neck surgery departments participated in three seven-person focus groups.

RESULTS

Participants described aspects of fit that aligned with PE fit domains. Person-job included how applicants fit as both surgeons and residents. Person-organization included how applicants fit with the program's characteristics, program's mission, and the local community. Person-workgroup emphasized how applicants fit with current residents. Various challenges in the selection process limited the extent to which PE fit was operationalized, including 1) ambiguous uses of fit, 2) unique features of the match process, 3) lack of outcomes data for selection decisions, and 4) interactions with diversity, equity, and inclusion goals.

CONCLUSIONS

Fit manifests in various ways during the surgical residency selection process that parallel domains of PE fit theory. Recommendations are made to assist programs in using fit in resident selection, including clearly articulating definitions of fit to increase transparency in conversations. Further work on selection challenges is needed to maximize the utility of fit in practice.

Validating a forced-choice method for eliciting quality-of-reasoning judgments

In this paper we investigate the criterion validity of forced-choice comparisons of the quality of written arguments with normative solutions. Across two studies, novices and experts assessing quality of reasoning through a forced-choice design were both able to choose arguments supporting more accurate solutions-62.2% (SE = 1%) of the time for novices and 74.4% (SE = 1%) for experts-and arguments produced by larger teams-up to 82% of the time for novices and 85% for experts-with high inter-rater reliability, namely 70.58% (95% CI = 1.18) agreement for novices and 80.98% (95% CI = 2.26) for experts. We also explored two methods for increasing efficiency. We found that the number of comparative judgments needed could be substantially reduced with little accuracy loss by leveraging transitivity and producing quality-of-reasoning assessments using an AVL tree method. Moreover, a regression model trained to predict scores based on automatically derived linguistic features of participants' judgments achieved a high correlation with the objective accuracy scores of the arguments in our dataset. Despite the inherent subjectivity involved in evaluating differing quality of reasoning, the forced-choice paradigm allows even novice raters to perform beyond chance and can provide a valid, reliable, and efficient method for producing quality-of-reasoning assessments at scale.

How Terminology Affects Users' Responses to System Failures

OBJECTIVE

The objective of our research is to advance the understanding of behavioral responses to a system's error. By examining trust as a dynamic variable and drawing from attribution theory, we explain the underlying mechanism and suggest how terminology can be used to mitigate the so-called algorithm aversion. In this way, we show that the use of different terms may shape consumers' perceptions and provide guidance on how these differences can be mitigated.

BACKGROUND

Previous research has interchangeably used various terms to refer to a system and results regarding trust in systems have been ambiguous.

METHODS

Across three studies, we examine the effect of different system terminology on consumer behavior following a system failure.

RESULTS

Our results show that terminology crucially affects user behavior. Describing a system as "AI" (i.e., self-learning and perceived as more complex) instead of as "algorithmic" (i.e., a less complex rule-based system) leads to more favorable behavioral responses by users when a system error occurs.

CONCLUSION

We suggest that in cases when a system's characteristics do not allow for it to be called "AI," users should be provided with an explanation of why the system's error occurred, and task complexity should be pointed out. We highlight the importance of terminology, as this can unintentionally impact the robustness and replicability of research findings.

APPLICATION

This research offers insights for industries utilizing AI and algorithmic systems, highlighting how strategic terminology use can shape user trust and response to errors, thereby enhancing system acceptance.

Empathy with nature promotes pro-environmental attitudes in preschool children

This study aimed to explore whether empathy with nature (i.e., the tendency to understand and share the emotional experience of the natural world) contributes to pro-environmental attitudes in early childhood. In a correlational investigation (Study 1), 138 (Mage = 57.78 months) preschool children completed a battery of tasks to measure their pro-environmental attitudes, empathy with nature, and empathy with humans. We found that empathy with nature positively predicts pro-environmental attitudes, even beyond the predictive power of empathy with humans. In a quasi-experimental investigation (Study 2), 46 children from two parallel classes in the same preschool were recruited as the intervention (n = 23, Mage = 66.74 months) and control (n = 23, Mage = 67.61 months) groups. An intervention session that aimed to induce empathy with nature was applied to the intervention group, whereas an active control teaching session was applied to the control group. After the intervention, the intervention group demonstrated greater pro-environmental attitudes than did the control group. Together, our studies provide converging evidence that empathy with nature promotes pro-environmental attitudes in early childhood, further implying the value of integrating empathy with nature in early childhood environmental education.

It is not a vacation of leisure: The effect of maternity-leave stigma on fertility intentions in China

In response to the public's puzzle about why maternity leave has unexpectedly failed to improve fertility problem in the Chinese context of a widespread extension of maternity leave, our study concentrates on a prevailing stigmatization phenomenon of maternity leave in the workplace, proposes the construct "maternity-leave stigma", operationalizes it, and examines its probable detrimental effect on working individuals' fertility intentions drawing on conservation of resources theory, self-verification theory, and research on stigma and psychological contract violation. Conceptually, maternity-leave stigma is a kind of workplace stigma that primarily depicts the extent to which working individuals in the reproductive period view maternity leave or the event of taking maternity leave in a biased way. It mainly consists of four subdimensions called cognitive stigma, emotional stigma, moral stigma, and consequence stigma. Based on multiple analyses of the three-stage questionnaire survey data from working individuals of childbearing age in China, Study 1 (N1 = 296, N2 = 340) acquires a 12-item maternity-leave stigma scale with good reliability and validity and Study 2 (N2 = 340) substantiates that, working individuals' maternity-leave stigma tends to directly and indirectly inhibit their fertility intentions and their anticipatory psychological contract violation from organization is the crucial mediator. Moreover, working women are inclined to display a much stronger inhibiting effect of maternity-leave stigma on fertility intentions compared to working men. Our findings therefore resolve the public's puzzle, enrich workplace stigma, deepen the implementation effectiveness research of maternity leave policy, and are of practical implications for building a fertility-friendly society.

Effect of gamification with a support partner to increase physical activity in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease: The STEP 4Life randomized clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Physical activity is associated with reduced risk of cognitive and functional decline but scalable, sustainable interventions for populations at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD and related dementias (ADRD) are lacking.

METHODS

A 12-week randomized-controlled trial was conducted with a 3-week follow-up using a national AD prevention registry (GeneMatch). The control group (n = 50) set step goals and received daily feedback. The intervention group (n = 44) also received a behaviorally designed game based on achieving step goals and reinforced by a support partner.

RESULTS

Intervention participants (94 participants, mean age 70, 78% female) had greater change in mean daily step count than control of 1699 steps/day (95% confidence interval [CI], 1149-2249), P < 0.0001, which was sustained in the follow-up period at 1219 steps/day (95% CI, 455-1983), P = 0.0018. Carriers of the apolipoprotein E ε4 gene (high risk) did not perform differently than non-carriers; however, high self-reported risk perception was associated with higher activity.

DISCUSSION

A gamified intervention was effective in promoting and sustaining higher physical activity in older adults at genetic risk for AD/ADRD.

HIGHLIGHTS

A simple game played with a support partner increased walking in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The game also increased minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day. Perception of lifelong AD risk was associated with increased activity but genetic risk (apolipoprotein E ε4+) was not.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05069155.

Self-efficacy mediates the effect of professional identity on learning engagement for nursing students in higher vocational colleges: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Learning engagement is a crucial predictor of academic achievement. It is essential to understand the factors influencing learning engagement among nursing students, especially from the learner's perspective, which is notably scarce but vital for designing effective educational interventions.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to investigate the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between professional identity and learning engagement for nursing students in higher vocational colleges.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted.

SETTING

The study was conducted in four higher vocational colleges located in Guangdong Province, China.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 944 first- and second-year nursing students participated in the study between October and November 2022.

METHODS

Data were collected with questionnaires on general information, professional identity, self-efficacy, and learning engagement and analyzed with SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS v4.1 (Model 4), exploring relationships among professional identity, self-efficacy, and learning engagement through Pearson correlations, multivariate regression, and mediation analysis with 5000 bootstrap samples.

RESULTS

The participants exhibited moderate levels of professional identity (85.37 ± 13.52), self-efficacy (25.58 ± 5.74), and learning engagement (71.26 ± 16.17), which were all significantly correlated with each other (P < 0.01). In the model of the mediating effect, professional identity directly (β = 0.811, t = 27.484, P < 0.001) and indirectly [β = 0.112,95%CI (0.074-0.154)] significantly predicts college students' learning engagement; professional identity has a significant positive predictive effect on self-efficacy (β = 0.182, t = 14.459, P < 0.001) and self-efficacy significantly predicts learning engagement (β = 0.614, t = 8.292, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the direct effect of professional identity on learning engagement (0.699) and its mediating effect (0.112) account for 86.19 % and 13.81 % of the total effect (0.811), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Participants exhibited moderate levels of professional identity, self-efficacy, and learning engagement. Professional identity and self-efficacy are interconnected and positively correlated, influencing learning engagement among nursing students, which highlights the need to foster these qualities to enhance education and future practice.

Evaluating Real-World Implementation of INFORM (Improving Nursing Home Care through Feedback on Performance Data): An Improvement Initiative in Canadian Nursing Homes

BACKGROUND

INFORM (Improving Nursing Home Care through Feedback on Performance Data) was a research intervention that equipped nursing home managers with skills to conduct local improvement projects and supported them in improving performance through modifiable elements in their units. Prior reports have found positive and sustained outcomes from INFORM intervention. In this article, the authors report findings from a formative service evaluation of INFORM as modified for implementation in real-world settings.

METHODS

INFORM was transformed for real-world implementation with an initial cohort of 26 nursing homes in British Columbia, Canada (INFORM BC). Three stakeholder groups were involved: nursing home teams, an academic team that modified INFORM for implementation, and a BC team that implemented INFORM and coached participating nursing home teams in applying it locally. Service evaluation was conducted drawing on participants from all three stakeholder groups, using convenience sampling, with numbers varying by data source. Using a mixed methods design, outcome data included qualitative and quantitative assessment of surveys, discussions, observations, and a review of documents and resources.

RESULTS

The majority of nursing home teams reported positive outcomes relative to the usefulness and relevance of the initiative for local needs despite a number of operational challenges during implementation. A key factor in their success was combining targeted external support with the opportunity to set goals and measure success locally. Challenges included a lack of time at the nursing home level, COVID-19-related disruptions, and issues with role clarity and alignment of expectations among the academic and BC teams.

CONCLUSION

INFORM BC advanced the processes of change planning and transferable learning among nursing home managers and their local teams. Success was facilitated externally but defined and achieved locally. Future iterations should probe outcome sustainability and how nursing home teams adapt the INFORM approach in practice.

A review of the peak-end rule in mental health contexts

The peak-end rule, a memory heuristic in which the most emotionally salient part of an experience (i.e., peak) and conclusion of an experience (i.e., end) are weighted more heavily in summary evaluations, has been understudied in mental health contexts. The recent growth of intensive longitudinal methods has provided new opportunities for examining the peak-end rule in the retrospective recall of mental health symptoms, including measures often used in measurement-based care initiatives. Additionally, principles of the peak-end rule have significant potential to be applied to exposure-based therapy procedures. Additional research is needed to better understand the contexts in which, and persons for whom, the peak-end rule presents a greater risk of bias, to ultimately improve assessment strategies and clinical care.

Growth language mindset and willingness to communicate: Contributions of linguistic risk taking and learning experience

As various contextual and individual difference factors determine how and when mindsets may influence learning outcomes, burgeoning L2 research has recently addressed the role of growth language mindset (GLM) in different learning outcomes such as L2 Willingness to Communicate (WTC). Since little is known about the underlying mechanism through which GLM may contribute to WTC, a highly desirable goal of L2 education and an important criterion for assessing its efficiency and success, the present study addresses this gap by investigating the possible mediating and moderating roles of linguistic risk taking and L2 learning experience, respectively. The participants were 392 Iranian L2 students chosen by multi-stage cluster sampling. Findings showed that GLM predicted WTC directly and positively, and their association was mediated and moderated by linguistic risk taking (an important affective factor) and L2 learning experience (an essential motivational factor), respectively. Suggestions for future studies and implications for promoting learners' GLM, linguistic risk taking, and L2 learning experience are presented.

Barriers and motivational factors for engaging in novel opioid and medication disposal-related services in community pharmacies

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore and identify motivational factors and barriers for pharmacy personnel participation in specific opioid mitigation programs, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as an investigational framework.

METHODS

A naturalistic inquiry method was employed involving semi-structured interviews with pharmacy personnel to assess their intentions, attitudes, normative beliefs, and behaviors towards participating in naloxone dispensing and provision of at-home drug disposal solutions. Purposive sampling was utilized to recruit participants, with saturation achieved after 12 interviews. Interviews were transcribed and coded to identify recurring themes.

RESULTS

Four primary themes emerged: 1) the value and benefits of helping others, emphasizing societal, patient, and environmental benefits; 2) limits and barriers to participation, including financial concerns, management support, and time constraints; 3) pharmacists' intrinsic motivators, highlighting personal motivations and differentiation between programs for specific patient types; and 4) program implementation challenges and strategies.

CONCLUSION

The findings underscore the applicability of the TPB in understanding pharmacy engagement in opioid abatement programs. Despite facing barriers such as financial considerations and time constraints, the overall positive attitudes towards the programs indicate a strong motivation to contribute to public health efforts. Addressing identified barriers and leveraging motivators could enhance participation, potentially mitigating the opioid crisis. Future research should incorporate patient perspectives to fully understand the impact and effectiveness of pharmacy-led interventions, such as naloxone dispensing and disposal solutions, in opioid misuse prevention.

Factors That Influence the Intention of Smallholder Rice Farmers to Adopt Cleaner Production Practices: An Empirical Study of Precision Agriculture Adoption

Sustainable agriculture is crucial for achieving SDG2 and building a resilient climate-food system. This study provides a nuanced understanding of factors that influence the adoption of precision agriculture technology by Vietnamese smallholder rice farmers as a sustainable agricultural solution. The study's objectives are: (1) to provide a nuanced understanding of factors that influence adoption of precision agriculture technology by Vietnamese smallholder rice farmers; and (2) to identify factors associated with agricultural practice in Vietnam that may impact the adoption of precision agriculture technology. The study conducted 35 semi-structured interviews with smallholder rice farmers and agriculture experts. Data were analyzed using iterative thematic analysis. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model was used for empirical analysis. The UTAUT constructs of Performance expectancy, Effort expectancy, Government support, and Social influence were found to be determinants of adoption. Trialability and Observability impact Effort expectancy and Performance expectancy. We also discovered that the performance of agricultural cooperatives and support of lead firms play a crucial role in facilitating agricultural technology adoption by Vietnamese smallholder rice farmers. The results confirm the applicability of UTAUT in defining smallholders' behavioural intention and predicting agricultural technology adoption. The study also provides constructive feedback on the UTAUT model by highlighting the effect of agricultural cooperatives' performance as innovation intermediaries and of the support of lead firms.

Electrophysiological correlates of (mis)judging social information

Social information can be used to optimize decision-making. However, the simultaneous presentation of multiple sources of advice can lead to a distinction bias in judging the validity of the information. While the involvement of event-related potential (ERP) components in social information processing has been studied, how they are modulated by (mis)judging an advisor's information validity remains unknown. In two experiments participants performed a decision-making task with highly accurate or inaccurate cues. Each experiment consisted of an initial, learning, and test phase. During the learning phase, three advice cues were simultaneously presented and the validity of them had to be assessed. The effect of different cue constellations on ERPs was investigated. In the subsequent test phase, the willingness to follow or oppose an advice cue was tested. Results demonstrated the distinction bias with participants over or underestimating the accuracy of the most uncertain cues. The P2 amplitude was significantly increased during cue presentation when advisors were in disagreement as compared to when all were in agreement, regardless of cue validity. Further, a larger P3 amplitude during outcome presentation was found when advisors were in disagreement and increased with more informative cues. As such, the most uncertain cues were related to the smallest P3 amplitude. The findings hint at the possible role of P3 in judging and learning the predictability of social cues. This study provides novel insights into the role of P2 and P3 components during the judgment of social information validity.

Indicators of Dietary Behavior and Physical Activity Change Associated with Metabolic Control of Obesity, Hypertension, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Mexican Adults: National Nutrition and Health Survey in Mexico, 2016

Introduction: Obesity (OB), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), and hypertension (HTN) are health issues in Mexico linked to unhealthy behaviors. This study investigates the relationship between behavior change indicators and metabolic control in Mexican adults with OB, T2D, and HTN. Methods: We used data from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey Midway (ENSANUT MC-2016), representing ∼59.5 million Mexican adults aged 20-59 with these conditions. We assessed behavior change indicators, including stages of change, self-efficacy, and perceptions of benefits and barriers. In addition, we conducted descriptive analyses and used statistical tests, such as Pearson's chi-squared test and logistic regression models, adjusted for multiple variables. Results: We found that adults in the action and maintenance stages of physical activity (PA) were four times more likely to have adequate HTN control than those in the precontemplation stage. Self-efficacy for PA was related to better control in T2D and HTN. Self-efficacy for reducing the consumption of sugary beverages was positively associated with control in OB and T2D. No significant association was observed with self-efficacy for consuming fruits and vegetables. Conclusion: Behavior-change indicators are significantly linked to metabolic control in adults with HTN. These results support the importance of these indicators in managing chronic diseases such as HTN and their potential use in public health strategies.

Sexual health behaviours and partner notification practices related to sexually transmitted infections in young adults in Ireland

BACKGROUND

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) impose burdens on individuals and communities, while their prevalence in young people has risen continually in recent years. Partner notification is an effective public health strategy which can limit STI transmission.

AIMS

This study aimed to explore young adults' sexual health behaviours, attitudes toward STI testing, and feelings toward visiting a sexual health clinic. It also aimed to investigate preferences for partner notification and the role of self-efficacy in people's intentions to notify a partner for STIs including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

METHODS

A quantitative, cross-sectional design was applied. Participants were 400 adults aged 18-34 years (M = 23 years; SD = 4.27), recruited from the Republic of Ireland.

RESULTS

Over half of the participants reported never being tested for STIs. These young people placed less importance on undergoing regular STI testing and testing after unprotected sex than their counterparts who had been tested for STIs. Self-efficacy was significantly associated with intentions to notify partner(s) for STIs including HIV.

CONCLUSIONS

As STIs are becoming increasingly prevalent in young adults, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the interventions used to break the transmission chain and how different beliefs and attitudes may affect them. Self-efficacy was a key component in PN intentions, suggesting that the belief in someone's ability or skillset to perform a sexual health behaviour is positively related to their intention to perform the behaviour.

"Always online": How and when task interdependence and dispositional workplace anxiety affect workplace telepressure after hours

Information and communication technology (ICT) provides employees with convenience in communication. However, it also creates a preoccupation with and urges to respond quickly to work-related ICT messages during nonworking time, which is defined as workplace telepressure after hours (WTA). Drawing on the job demand-resource model, conservation of resource theory, and workplace anxiety theory, this study explores how and when task interdependence and dispositional workplace anxiety affect WTA and how individuals cope with WTA. A total of 269 full-time workers from an online survey panel completed questionnaires at three time-points. We found that both task interdependence and dispositional workplace anxiety are positively related to WTA. The perception of pay-for-responsiveness moderates the relationship between task interdependence and WTA, such that the relationship is significant only for employees with a strong perception of pay-for-responsiveness. Others' approval contingency of self-worth moderates the relationship between dispositional workplace anxiety and WTA, and the relationship is significant only for employees with high degrees of others' approval contingency of self-worth. Finally, WTA arising from external work requirements or the internal pursuit of achieving work goals prompts employees to generate responsiveness coping strategies. Overall, these findings suggest that task interdependence and dispositional workplace anxiety are important factors affecting employees' WTA and highlight the importance of being responsive to WTA.

Peer Influence on Motivation to Use Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Latino Sexual Minority Men in Miami, Florida: A Network Autocorrelation Model

Despite the availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), Latino sexual minority men (LSMM) continue to experience disparities in PrEP uptake and subsequently, HIV vulnerability. Social network norms are an underutilized solution to increase PrEP uptake. We used a peer influence model (network autocorrelation model) to examine the role of social network descriptive norms (i.e., actual behaviors) surrounding PrEP use. A total of 11 sociocentric networks of 13 friends (n = 143 LSMM) were recruited into our study from 2018 to 2019 in South Florida. Most participants were in PrEP pre-contemplation (n = 44), and almost one-third of our sample were using PrEP (n = 38). Three network autocorrelation models were estimated using an empirically informed Bayesian analysis. We found a positive association between participants' Motivational PrEP Cascade (MPC) position and their network members' (friends') cascade position based on three different measures of connection even when accounting for PrEP knowledge: friendship (ρ = 0.22; 95% CIa = 0.01-0.42), emotional closeness (ρ = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.03-0.44), and frequency of interaction (ρ = 0.22; CI = 0.03-0.42). Our findings highlight that an individual's progress in the MPC may be influenced by their network members' progress in the MPC, suggesting that LSMM using PrEP may serve as role models to their peers for PrEP use due to descriptive norms. Our findings further suggest that PrEP interventions for LSMM along the MPC can be implemented at the social network level.

Clicks and tricks: The dark art of online persuasion

Internet users are inundated with attempts to persuade, including digital nudges like defaults, friction, and reinforcement. When these nudges fail to be transparent, optional, and beneficial, they can become 'dark patterns', categorised here under the acronym FORCES (Frame, Obstruct, Ruse, Compel, Entangle, Seduce). Elsewhere, psychological principles like negativity bias, the curiosity gap, and fluency are exploited to make social content viral, while more covert tactics including astroturfing, meta-nudging, and inoculation are used to manufacture consensus. The power of these techniques is set to increase in line with technological advances such as predictive algorithms, generative AI, and virtual reality. Digital nudges can be used for altruistic purposes including protection against manipulation, but behavioural interventions have mixed effects at best.

Cancel culture in a developing country: A belief in a just world behavioral analysis among generation Z

Cancel culture is a prevalent boycotting practice used to exert pressure, express disapproval, and enforce consequences online. While multiple studies have been done on cancel culture's history, evolution, and effects, none of them were focused on Cancel Culture for Gen Z, the most socially aware and digitally inclined generation. The study aimed to uncover the factors that influence Gen Z's intention to participate and actual participation in cancel culture by utilizing a newly established integrated framework of Belief in a Just World (BJW) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A total of 677 valid survey responses from Gen Z respondents were collected to thoroughly evaluate the belief and behavioral dimensions of cancel culture through the utilization of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study's results showed that attitude towards cancel culture, the subjective norm of cancel culture, and perceived behavioral control, are strong facilitating conditions that drive Gen Z's intent and actual participation in canceling behavior. It was seen that BJW has no effect on actual canceling behavior and a reverse effect on the intention to participate in canceling behavior. For the canceling methods, 97 % will unsubscribe or unfollow accounts and 94.68 % will block or mute accounts. It was also discovered that Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube are the top social media platforms used by Gen Zs in the Philippines with at least a 94 % usage rate. The findings of this study may be utilized by businesses and policymakers on how to reduce the incidence and impact of cancel culture.

An empirical appraisal of eLife's assessment vocabulary

Research articles published by the journal eLife are accompanied by short evaluation statements that use phrases from a prescribed vocabulary to evaluate research on 2 dimensions: importance and strength of support. Intuitively, the prescribed phrases appear to be highly synonymous (e.g., important/valuable, compelling/convincing) and the vocabulary's ordinal structure may not be obvious to readers. We conducted an online repeated-measures experiment to gauge whether the phrases were interpreted as intended. We also tested an alternative vocabulary with (in our view) a less ambiguous structure. A total of 301 participants with a doctoral or graduate degree used a 0% to 100% scale to rate the importance and strength of support of hypothetical studies described using phrases from both vocabularies. For the eLife vocabulary, most participants' implied ranking did not match the intended ranking on both the importance (n = 59, 20% matched, 95% confidence interval [15% to 24%]) and strength of support dimensions (n = 45, 15% matched [11% to 20%]). By contrast, for the alternative vocabulary, most participants' implied ranking did match the intended ranking on both the importance (n = 188, 62% matched [57% to 68%]) and strength of support dimensions (n = 201, 67% matched [62% to 72%]). eLife's vocabulary tended to produce less consistent between-person interpretations, though the alternative vocabulary still elicited some overlapping interpretations away from the middle of the scale. We speculate that explicit presentation of a vocabulary's intended ordinal structure could improve interpretation. Overall, these findings suggest that more structured and less ambiguous language can improve communication of research evaluations.

The enhancement of temporal binding effect after negative social feedback

The present study investigated the effect of social feedback on the experiences of our actions and the outcomes (e.g. temporal binding between an action and its outcome, reflecting individuals' causal beliefs modulated by their agency judgments). In Experiment 1a, participants freely decided (voluntary action) their action timing to cause an outcome, which was followed by social feedback. A larger temporal binding (TB) following negative vs. positive events was found. This effect appeared neither in the random context where the causal belief between the action and outcome was absent (Experiment 1b) nor in the involuntary action context where participants' action timing was instructed (Experiment 1c). Experiments 2a and 2b examined the effect when the action-outcome was occluded, including reversing the order of outcome and feedback in Experiment 2b. Experiments 3a and 3b investigated the effect with only social feedback or only action-outcome presented. Results revealed that the effect found in Experiment 1 was driven by social feedback and independent of the availability of the action-outcome and the position of social feedback. Our findings demonstrate a stronger temporal integration of the action and its outcome following negative social feedback, reflecting fluctuations in sense of agency when faced with social feedback.

Countering technostress in virtual work environments: The role of work-based learning and digital leadership in enhancing employee well-being

Virtual work has been highlighted as an important business trend nowadays. Technostress caused by information and communication technology threatens employee well-being in a virtual context. We integrate insights from the Job Demands-Resources theory to explore the impact of technostress on employee well-being and examine work-based learning and digital leadership capability as buffers of this negative impact via the attenuating effect of work exhaustion. We collected multi-wave survey data from 300 virtual employees to test the theoretical model. Results revealed a significant negative impact of technostress on employee well-being. However, work-based learning and digital leadership capability buffered employees' well-being from this negative effect by reducing their work exhaustion. Our findings extend our understanding of work design and shed light on how to cope with virtual work demands.

Psychological network analysis of the relations between beliefs about smoking for smokers with and without a recent quit attempt

OBJECTIVE

Psychological network analysis was used to evaluate the relations between beliefs about cigarette smoking in current smokers with and without a recent quit attempt and determine if these networks differed in global strength (how strongly beliefs are related) or global structure (which beliefs are related).

DESIGN

Using two publicly available datasets, the California Smokers' Cohort (CSC; N = 933) and Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; N = 7855), we evaluated differences in global strength and global structure of the beliefs held by current smokers with and without a recent quit attempt.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Strength and structure of networks generated for current smokers with and without a recent quit attempt.

RESULTS

In the CSC dataset there were differences between smokers with and without a recent quit attempt in global structure and marginal differences in global strength; the PATH dataset suggested small differences in global strength and structure.

CONCLUSION

The present study suggests that consideration of relations among smoking beliefs may be a valuable contribution to characterizing smoking beliefs when assessing smoking quit attempts.

The Role of Leader-Member Exchange Relations and Individual Differences on Counterproductive Work Behavior

Although researchers have documented relations between abusive supervision and subordinate counterproductive work behavior (CWB), might CWB result from non-abusive treatment? We address the question by examining the relation between leader-member relations (LMX) and CWB as well as potential mediators and moderators of that relation. One hundred and eighty subordinates completed surveys assessing their LMX quality, entitlement, negative emotions, self-control, and CWB. Twenty-six supervisors also provided CWB data on 88 of those subordinates. We found that subordinates reporting lower quality relations with their supervisors were more likely to experience CWB than other subordinates and that anger mediated that relation. There was some support for the moderating effect of self-control on the negative emotion - CWB relation. Entitlement did not moderate the LMX - anger relation as hypothesized. One implication is that supervisors do not have to treat their subordinates poorly for the subordinates to react negatively and engage in behavior detrimental to their organization.

An Examination of the Inverse Relationship Between Dimensions of Political Skill and Interpersonal Conflict at Work: Exploring Perceived Control as a Mediating Factor

Political skill has been established as an antidote to workplace stress and strain. However, despite the scholarly attention it has attracted, we still know very little about mediating mechanisms that explain this relationship and the role of political skill dimensions in mitigating workplace stressors. Thus, in this study, we investigate the impact of perceived control as a mediating mechanism between the political skill dimensions (i.e., social astuteness, interpersonal influence, networking ability, apparent sincerity) and interpersonal conflict (i.e., stress arising due to social interactions). Structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the data collected from 370 employees in a textile organization. The study found that perceived control mediated the relationship of social astuteness, interpersonal influence, and networking ability with interpersonal conflict. It, however, did not mediate the link between apparent sincerity and interpersonal conflict. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research are also discussed.

The effect of approach and avoidance motivation on self-perception

This work addresses the link between motivation and self-perception by systematically studying visual self-representations. We propose that the way individuals perceive themselves may be associated with dispositional and situationally induced approach and avoidance motivation. First, we investigate how dispositional differences in approach/avoidance motivation and self-esteem relate to self-perception. Second, we investigate how state differences in approach/avoidance motivation relate to self-perception. Based on motivation literature, we predicted that self-perception would reflect psychological equanimity at the dispositional level (seeing the self in a favorable light), and motivational flexibility at the situational level (situational avoidance motivation results in a more realistic view of one's qualities). We use up-to-date face modeling methods to measure individuals' self-perceptions in a systematic, nuanced, and implicit way: Participants are repeatedly asked to indicate which of two portrait versions better represents themselves. Then we relate distortions in self-perceptions to agency and communion dimensions. We demonstrate that (1) participants low in self-esteem show more communion enhancement than participants high in self-esteem; (2) participants in an avoidance state show less agency enhancement (i.e., more realistic self-perceptions) than participants in an approach state. This research is first to demonstrate regularities in visual self-perception that are linked to approach and avoidance motivation.

Assessing Severity and Need for Delivery in Early Onset Preeclampsia Before 32 Weeks of Gestation: a Delphi Consensus Procedure

Background

Preeclampsia is a potentially life-threatening hypertensive pregnancy disorder that carries an acute risk of an unfavorable outcome of the pregnancy but also has consequences for the long-term health of the mother. Women who develop the early form of pre-eclampsia before the 32nd week of pregnancy have the highest risk and are also the most difficult to treat. The severity of pre-eclampsia is not characterized uniformly in Germany, so that the indication for delivery is rather individualized. The aim of this study was to reach a consensus on parameters that could serve as criteria for describing the severity of pre-eclampsia based on the urgency of delivery. To this end, a Delphi procedure was used to present a scenario in which a woman was admitted for preeclampsia before 32 gestational weeks and after completion of antenatal steroid therapy.

Methods

Clinicians specialized in maternal-fetal medicine from German-speaking countries completed five rounds of a modified Delphi questionnaire. Presented parameters were selected by the section "Hypertensive Pregnancy Diseases and Fetal Growth Restriction" of the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics after reviewing the literature. These included objectifiable laboratory or clinical parameters as well as subjective symptoms of the patient. In addition, nine fetal parameters were taken into account. The clinicians were asked to rate presented parameters as an indication for delivery on a Likert scale from 0 to 4 (no indication to absolute indication without delay). For each item, the predefined cut-off for group consensus was ≥ 70% agreement.

Results

A total of 126 experts were approached. Sixty-nine experts (54.8%) took part in the first round; of those 50 completed the entire Delphi procedure. A consensus was reached on 14 parameters to be considered rapid preparation for delivery without delay (4 points on the Likert scale). These were among others hepatic hematoma or liver capsule rupture, acute liver failure with fulminant coagulation disorder or disseminated intravascular coagulation, eclampsia, pathologic findings in imaging (e.g. cMRI) or electrocardiogram arranged for new onset of headache or retrosternal pain, respectively. Twenty-six parameters were rated as factors that should be considered in the decision without being absolute (1 to 3 points), and 13 parameters should have no influence on the decision to deliver (0 points). No consensus on severe hypertension as an indication for delivery could be reached for blood pressure values below 220/140 mmHg.

Conclusion

A consensus was reached on whether to deliver in preeclampsia typic clinical findings and symptoms. The results can serve as guidance for current clinical practice and for the definition of clinical endpoints in intervention studies. Nevertheless, the isolated criteria are a theoretical construction since the combined deterioration or summation of several factors rather than a single factor most likely influences the decision to deliver and reflect the severity of preeclampsia. Moreover, the degree of hypertension as an indication for delivery remains controversial, unless the patient suffers additionally from complaints. Future research should be enforced to incorporate long-term risks for the mother into a decision aid.

Extending the job demands-resources model to understand the effect of the interactions between home and work domains on work engagement

Scholars have extensively used the job demands-resources model to explain the dynamics underlying work engagement and proposed several versions of the model. However, in theoretical terms, nonwork elements have not been incorporated into the model. This study investigated the roles of home demands and resources in the model by testing the boost/buffer hypotheses for work engagement from the perspective of the work-home interface. We demonstrated that (1) the demands of a domain boost the positive impact of resources drawn from another domain on work engagement, (2) the resources of a domain buffer the negative impact of demands derived from another domain on work engagement; and (3) the buffering and boosting effects of home demands and resources impact work engagement. We conducted a diary study on a group of coffee shop employees in Ireland. The results partially supported the proposed hypotheses but nevertheless indicated support for the cross-domain boost/buffer hypotheses with regard to work engagement. The proposed model may serve as a theoretical foundation for research on issues related to the impact of work and nonwork domains on work engagement.

When advisors do not know what is best for advisees: Uncertainty inhibits advice giving

While seeking advice can be beneficial for advisees, advisors may not always possess the necessary knowledge to provide appropriate guidance. Poor-quality advice can mislead advisees rather than offering assistance. Despite the research interest in advisees, few studies have investigated advisors' psychological and behavioral responses, especially when they faced uncertainty regarding the optimal course of action for advisees. To fill this gap, we developed novel paradigms aiming at manipulating advisors' uncertainty, allowing for a systematic investigation of advisors' behavior, motivation, and emotion. Across four studies, we consistently found that advisors under uncertainty give less advice. Furthermore, we observed that uncertainty modulates advisors' motivation to influence, worry about harm to others, and/or sense of power. The motivation to influence and/or worry about harm to others can mediate the effect of uncertainty on advice giving. Besides, we identified nuanced distinctions in the effects of ambiguity and risk, two distinct types of uncertainty, on advisors' psychological processes. Our findings shed light on advisors' self-monitoring of the quality of their advice, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of advisor-advisee communication from the perspective of advisors.

Perceptions of Telehealth-Based Cancer Support Groups at a Rural Community Oncology Program

Cancer peer support groups are crucial in improving quality of life outcomes and extending cancer survival. Using the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as guiding frameworks, this study examined perceptions of telehealth-based cancer support groups among individuals treated for cancer at a rural oncology program. We distributed online surveys to 34 survivors or individuals undergoing cancer treatment who actively participated in virtual cancer support groups, achieving a 79.4% response rate (27 participants). The survey, blending quantitative and qualitative methodologies, assessed demographic characteristics, overall telehealth satisfaction, satisfaction with telehealth-based peer support, and perceived social support. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative responses were examined through template analysis, focusing on the HBM and TPB constructs. Participants expressed general satisfaction with telehealth and indicated a willingness to use telehealth services again. Participants cited ease of use and broader access to cancer support groups with telehealth approaches. Barriers to telehealth included the lack of interpersonal connection, internet access, and technical difficulties. The findings underscore the nuanced perceptions of telehealth-based cancer support groups in a rural oncology setting. Despite acknowledging telehealth's limitations, participants appreciated its role in facilitating access to support. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing digital health interventions, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that considers both the potential and the challenges of telehealth in cancer care. This study offers critical guidance in optimizing digital health interventions and ensuring accessible, effective support for cancer patients in rural areas.

Social Support and Physical Activity in College and University Students: A Meta-Analysis

Although physical activity (PA) has a profound impact on health, many college and university students are still physically inactive. There is some evidence to suggest that social support (SS) could impact the PA levels of students, but the internal relationship and specific effects are not very clear. The purpose of this review was to determine the strength of the relationship between SS and PA and examine whether any potential associations differed in terms of age, gender, and region among college and university students. Studies were identified using the following electronic databases: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Sociological Abstracts. Moderator analyses investigating the effects of students' age, gender, and region (nation) were performed. This review included 19 articles. The results showed total SS was significantly associated with PA (r = 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.22, 0.37], p < .001). With respect to different types of support, friend support was more strongly associated with PA than family support. Gender factors had a significant moderating effect on the correlation between SS and PA (QM = 17.433, p < .001). Separate analyses examining the moderating effects of gender (percentage of females) found that the association between SS and PA was stronger with the increase in female percentage. In conclusion, SS is an important factor associated with PA levels and should foster SS within intervention programs according to types of SS and gender differences to increase PA levels among college and university students.

The decision-making task: Development and evaluation in a paediatric traumatic brain injury population

Assessment measures that quantify decision-making abilities in children and adolescents are limited. In the current study, a novel computerized Decision-Making Task (DMT), which identifies the process that is involved in decision-making, was developed based on an existing information-boards paradigm. The overall aim was to validate the DMT in a paediatric TBI population. This prospective study investigated the performance on the DMT for children post-TBI (n = 49; 7-15 years) compared to typically developing controls (n = 22; 7-15 years), and investigated the psychometric properties of the DMT by examining internal consistency-related reliability, convergent validity (measures of decision-making, working memory, functional outcomes, and behaviour), and divergent validity (vocabulary). Significant differences were detected for performance on the DMT between children post-TBI and the control group. Psychometric properties of the DMT were acceptable, with variable findings for convergent validity (working memory, functional outcomes, and behaviour). This is the first study to develop and investigate a novel computerised task to assess decision-making skills in a paediatric TBI population. Results cautiously suggest that the DMT is a valid and a reliable measure of decision-making in our clinical sample.

Psychology of AI: How AI impacts the way people feel, think, and behave

Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have transformed numerous facets of our lives. In this article, we summarize key themes in emerging AI research in behavioral science. In doing so, we aim to unravel the multifaceted impacts of AI on people's emotions, cognition, and behaviors, offering nuanced insights into this rapidly evolving landscape. This article concludes with proposing promising avenues for future research, outlining areas for further exploration and methodological approaches to consider.

Associations between levels of physical activity and satisfaction with life among Norwegian adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Background

A robust association between physical activity (PA) and satisfaction with life (SWL) has been established, wherein self-efficacy has been identified as a mediator across different populations. However, there is a need to further examine the relationship between PA and SWL and whether self-efficacy act a as mediator within different levels of PA among Norwegian adolescents. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the relationship between levels of PA and SWL by testing for self-efficacy as a possible mediator.

Methods

Cross-sectional data from the 2022 Norwegian Ungdata Survey was utilized. Data included demographics and various health data that was collected anonymously. The electronic survey took place in classrooms and was administered by the respective teacher. Permission to access and use data was approved by the Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research (SIKT). Statistical analyses were conducted using the PROCESS macro by Andrew Hayes for SPSS software.

Results

Descriptive findings revealed that girls reported lower self-efficacy than boys (14.2 vs. 15.5, with a maximum of 20) and lower SWL (6.8 vs. 7.6, with a maximum of 10). About one out of five girls and one out of seven boys reported no days of weekly PA, whereas 4% of girls and 9.5% of boys adhered to the PA-recommendation of 60-min of daily exercise. Associations between PA levels and SWL was mediated by self-efficacy (all p < 0.05), with the highest indirect effect (56.3%) revealed in the association between those adhering to the PA-recommendations and SWL.

Conclusions

Norwegian girls reported more sedentary behavior, less PA, lower self-efficacy, and lower SWL than boys across all grade levels. Mediation analysis revealed that up to 56.3% of the enhancement in SWL among those adhering to 60-min of PA recommendations was explained by increased self-efficacy. Norwegian government and policymakers should promote initiatives and regulations focusing on higher levels of PA to foster a resilient adolescent population with higher individual beliefs and higher subjective wellbeing.

Why creatives don't find the oddball odd: Neural and psychological evidence for atypical salience processing

Creativity has previously been linked with various attentional phenomena, including unfocused or broad attention. Although this has typically been interpreted through an executive functioning framework, such phenomena may also arise from atypical incentive salience processing. Across two studies, we examine this hypothesis both neurally and psychologically. First we examine the relationship between figural creativity and event-related potentials during an audio-visual oddball task, finding that rater creativity of drawings is associated with a diminished P300 response at midline electrodes, while abstractness and elaborateness of the drawings is associated with an altered distribution of the P300 over posterior electrodes. These findings support the notion that creativity may involve an atypical attribution of salience to prominent information. We further explore the incentive salience hypothesis by examining relationships between creativity and a psychological indicator of incentive salience captured by participants' ratings of enjoyment (liking) and their motivation to pursue (wanting) diverse real world rewards, as well as their positive spontaneous thoughts about those rewards. Here we find enhanced motivation to pursue activities as well as a reduced relationship between the overall tendency to enjoy rewards and the tendency to pursue them. Collectively, these findings indicate that creativity may be associated with atypical allocation of attentional and motivational resources to novel and rewarding information, potentially allowing more types of information access to attentional resources and motivating more diverse behaviors. We discuss the possibility that salience attribution in creatives may be less dependent on task-relevance or hedonic pleasure, and suggest that atypical salience attribution may represent a trait-like feature of creativity.