The impact of chrysanthemi indici flos-enriched flavonoid part on the model of hyperuricemia based on inhibiting synthesis and promoting excretion of uric acid

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In recent years, in addition to hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia, the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) has increased considerably. Being the fourth major health risk factor, HUA can affect the kidneys and cardiovascular system. Chrysanthemi Indici Flos is a flavonoid-containing traditional Chinese patent medicine that exhibits a uric acid (UA)-lowering effect. However, the mechanisms underlying Chrysanthemi Indici Flos-enriched flavonoid part (CYM.E) mediated alleviation of HUA remain unelucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to elucidate the efficacy of CYM.E in preventing and treating HUA and its specific effects on UA-related transport proteins, to explore possible mechanism.

METHODS

The buddleoside content in CYM.E was determined through high-performance liquid chromatography. HUA was induced in mice models using adenine and potassium oxonate. Subsequently, mice were administered 10 mg/kg allopurinol, and 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg CYM.E to evaluate the effects of CYM.E on the of HUA mice model. Herein, plasma uric acid (UA), creatinine (CR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) contents, along with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were measured. Additionally, xanthine oxidase (XOD) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in the liver were determined. The histomorphologies of the liver and kidney tissues were examined through hematoxylin and eosin staining. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of facilitated glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), organic anion transporter (OAT)1, OAT3, and adenosine triphosphate binding cassette subfamily G2 (ABCG2) in the kidney was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the expression of urate transporter 1 (URAT1), GLUT9, OAT1, and OAT3 in the kidney, OAT4, and ABCG2 proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting.

RESULTS

The buddleoside content in CYM.E was approximately 32.77%. CYM.E improved body weight and autonomous activity in HUA mice. Additionally, it reduced plasma UA, BUN, and CR levels and serum ALT and AST activities, thus improving hepatic and renal functions, which further reduced the plasma UA content. CYM.E reduced histopathological damage to the kidneys. Furthermore, it lowered plasma TC, TG, and LDL-c levels, thereby improving lipid metabolism disorder. CYM.E administration inhibited hepatic XOD and ADA activities and reduced the mRNA expression of renal GLUT9. CYM.E inhibited the protein expression of renal URAT1, GLUT9, and OAT4, and increased the mRNA and protein expression of renal OAT1, OAT3, and ABCG2. Altogether, these results show that CYM.E could inhibit the production and promote reabsorption of UA and its excretion.

Uvaol ameliorates lipid deposition in hyperlipidemic hepatocytes by suppressing protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B/ER stress signaling

Uvaol (UV), a pentacyclic triterpene found in olives and virgin olive oil, is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in various disease models. While olive oil is reported to reduce obesity and insulin resistance, the specific impact of UV on liver lipid metabolism and its molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, hepatic lipid accumulation was measured using oil red O staining, and protein expression levels in liver cells were assessed via Western blot analysis. Apoptosis was evaluated through cell viability and caspase 3 activity assays. UV treatment reduced lipid accumulation, fatty acid uptake, apoptosis, and ER stress in palmitate-treated liver cells. Additionally, UV enhanced fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, increased SIRT6 expression and autophagy were observed in UV-treated cells. SIRT6-targeted siRNA or 3-methyladenine blocked the effects of UV in hyperlipidemic cells. In conclusion, UV improves SIRT6/autophagy signaling, reducing lipid deposition and apoptosis in liver cells under high lipid conditions. This in vitro study provides strong evidence for potential therapeutic strategies for hepatic steatosis.

Preliminary investigation on the effect of Vibrio splendidus stimulation on the intestinal flora of Strongylocentrotus intermedius

To better understand the effect of Vibrio splendidus infection on Strongylocentrotus intermedius, 16S rRNA sequencing was carried out to investigate the intestinal flora of S. intermedius stimulated by 0 CFU/mL (Con), 1.5 × 107 CFU/mL (Vib1) and 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL (Vib2) concentrations of V. splendidus. The results showed that there was significant difference in intestinal flora diversity between Con group and Vib1 group, but no significant difference between Con group and Vib2 group. However, there were significant differences in the composition of intestinal flora among all groups. Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phylum in the Con group. The abundance of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes decreased and Proteobacteria increased in Vib1 and Vib2 groups. The relative abundance of the potential probiotic bacteria Muribaculaceae and Alloprevotella was significantly lower in the Vib1 and Vib2 groups. In addition, the opportunistic pathogen Desulfovibrio was found in Vib1 and Vib2 groups. It is evident that V. splendidus infection not only alters the composition of the microbial community in the intestinal tract of S. intermedius, but may also lead to the production of opportunistic pathogens, which could be potentially harmful to the health of S. intermedius. The results of this study provide a foundation for exploring the diseases caused by V. splendidus stimulation leading to an imbalance in the intestinal flora of S. intermedius, and contribute to our further understanding of the role of Vibrio on the health of S. intermedius.

Synergistic risk in the gut and liver: Insights into the toxic mechanisms and molecular interactions of combined exposure to triazophos and fenvalerate in zebrafish

The simultaneous or sequential application of pesticides such as triazophos (TRI) and fenvalerate (FEN) in agriculture results in their residues co-existing in the environments. However, the impact of co-exposure to TRI and FEN on the gut-liver axis, along with the underlying mechanisms, remains unclear. Our results showed that exposure to FEN (96 h-LC50 value of 0.096 mg a.i. L-1) was more toxic to adult zebrafish compared to TRI (96 h-LC50 value of 6.75 mg a.i. L-1). Furthermore, the study aimed to reveal the toxic potencies of individual and combined exposure to TRI and FEN on the liver-gut axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our results also indicated that pesticide exposure decreased tight junction molecule expression and increased intestinal inflammatory molecule expression in D. rerio, with co-exposure demonstrating enhanced toxicity. Co-exposure altered gut flora structure and species abundance. RNA-Seq sequencing revealed changes in liver gene expressions, particularly enrichment of P53 signaling. Molecular docking demonstrated FEN's stronger binding to P53 and Caspase3, correlating with its higher toxicity. Liver pathology confirmed exacerbated liver damage by individual and co-exposures, with co-exposure inducing more severe liver injury. qPCR results showed increased pro-apoptotic gene expression and decreased anti-apoptotic gene expression, with co-exposure exhibiting an interactive effect. Overall, this study identifies specific targets and pathways influenced by these pesticides, revealing toxicity mechanisms involving the gut-liver axis, which is crucial for environmental risk assessment of pesticide mixtures.

Integrating ADMET, enrichment analysis, and molecular docking approach to elucidate the mechanism of Artemisia herba alba for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease-associated arthritis

Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Arthritis (IBD-associated arthritis) poses a significant challenge, intertwining the complexities of both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arthritis, significantly compromising patient quality of life. While existing medications offer relief, these drugs often initiate adverse effects, necessitating the requirement for safer therapeutic alternatives. Artemisia herba-alba, a traditional medicinal plant known for its anti-inflammatory properties, emerges as a potential candidate. Our computational study focused on examining 20 bioactive compounds derived from A. herba-alba for potential treatment of IBD-associated arthritis. These compounds detected in A. herba-alba include camphor, alpha-thujone, eucalyptol, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, vicenin-2, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, hispidulin, isoschaftoside, isovitexin, patuletin-3-glucoside, vanillic acid, rutin, schaftoside, lopinavir, nelfinavir, quercetin, artemisinin, gallic acid, and cinnamic acid. Following rigorous analysis encompassing pharmacokinetics, toxicity profiles, and therapeutic targets, compounds with favorable, beneficial characteristics were identified. In addition, comparative analysis with disease-gene associations demonstrated the interconnectedness of inflammatory pathways across diseases. Molecular docking studies provided mechanistic insights indicating this natural plant components potential to modulate critical inflammatory pathways. Overall, our findings indicate that A. herba-alba-derived compounds may be considered as therapeutic agents for IBD-associated arthritis, warranting further experimental validation and clinical exploration.

Advancing the predictive accuracy of PNTML in rectal prolapse: An ongoing quest

Fecal incontinence is a common symptom among patients with rectal prolapse. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) testing can serve as a reference indicator for predicting the outcomes of rectal prolapse surgery, thereby assisting surgeons in formulating more appropriate surgical plans. The direct correlation between preoperative PNTML testing results and postoperative fecal incontinence in patients with rectal prolapse remains a contentious issue, necessitating further clarification. Thus, we analyze the existing publications from both clinical and statistical perspectives to comprehensively evaluate the accuracy of preoperative PNTML testing in rectal prolapse and provide some feasible statistical solutions.

Comprehensive interventions for adult cyclic vomiting syndrome complicated by superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A case report

BACKGROUND

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder involving the gut–brain interaction that is characterized by recurring episodes of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and interspersed complete normal periods. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome (SMAS) is a vascular condition in which the horizontal portion of the duodenum is compressed due to a reduced angle between the aorta and the SMA. This condition presents with symptoms similar to CVS, posing challenges in distinguishing between the two and often resulting in misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatment.

CASE SUMMARY

A 20-year-old female patient presented with recurrent episodes of vomiting and experienced a persistent fear of vomiting for the past 2 years. She adopted conscious dietary restrictions, which led to severe malnutrition. Initially, she was diagnosed with SMAS, as revealed by computed tomography angiography. Despite efforts to increase the angle between the aorta and the SMA through weight gain, her vomiting did not improve. Finally, she was diagnosed with comorbidities including CVS, SMAS and anxiety disorder. She underwent comprehensive interventions, including enteral and parenteral nutritional supplementation, administration of antiemetic and anti-anxiety agents, and participation in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The patient eventually experienced a notable improvement in both body weight and clinical symptoms.

CONCLUSION

We present a rare case of CVS in an adult complicated with SMAS and propose additional treatment with nutritional support, pharmacological intervention, and psychotherapy.

Two glycosyl transferase 2 genes from the gram-positive bacterium Clostridium ventriculi encode (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthases

The exopolysaccharides of the Gram-positive bacterium Romboutsia ilealis have recently been shown to include (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans. In the present study, we examined another Clostridia bacterium Clostridium ventriculi that has long been considered to contain abundant amounts of cellulose in its exopolysaccharides. We treated alcohol insoluble residues of C. ventriculi that include the exopolysaccharides with the enzyme lichenase that specifically hydrolyses (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans, and examined the oligosaccharides released. This showed the presence of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans, which may have previously been mistaken for cellulose. Through genomic analysis, we identified the two family 2 glycosyltransferase genes CvGT2-1 and CvGT2-2 as possible genes encoding (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthases. Gain-of-function experiments in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated that both of these genes do indeed encode (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthases.

Amino acid metabolomics and machine learning-driven assessment of future liver remnant growth after hepatectomy in livers of various backgrounds

Accurate assessment of future liver remnant growth after partial hepatectomy (PH) in patients with different liver backgrounds is a pressing clinical issue. Amino acid (AA) metabolism plays a crucial role in liver regeneration. In this study, we combined metabolomics and machine learning (ML) to develop a generalized future liver remnant assessment model for multiple liver backgrounds. The liver index was calculated at 0, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h after 70 % PH in healthy mice and mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or liver fibrosis. The serum levels of 39 amino acids (AAs) were measured using UPLC-MS/MS. The dataset was randomly divided into training and testing sets at a 2:1 ratio, and orthogonal partial least squares regression (OPLS) and minimally biased variable selection in R (MUVR) were used to select a metabolite signature of AAs. To assess liver remnant growth, nine ML models were built, and evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The post-Pareto technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) was employed for ranking the ML algorithms, and a stacking technique was utilized to establish consensus among the superior algorithms. Compared with those of OPLS, the signature AAs set identified by MUVR (Thr, Arg, EtN, Phe, Asa, 3MHis, Abu, Asp, Tyr, Leu, Ser, and bAib) are more concise. Post-Pareto TOPSIS ranking demonstrated that the majority of ML algorithm in combinations with MUVR outperformed those with OPLS. The established SVM-KNN consensus model performed best, with an R2 of 0.79, an MAE of 0.0029, and an RMSE of 0.0035 for the testing set. This study identified a metabolite signature of 12 AAs and constructed an SVM-KNN consensus model to assess future liver remnant growth after PH in mice with different liver backgrounds. Our preclinical study is anticipated to establish an alternative and generalized assessment method for liver regeneration.

Exploring mechanisms of anhedonia in depression through neuroimaging and data-driven approaches

BACKGROUND

Anhedonia is a core symptom of depression that is closely related to prognosis and treatment outcomes. However, accurate and efficient treatments for anhedonia are lacking, mandating a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

A total of 303 patients diagnosed with depression and anhedonia were assessed by the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patients were categorized into a low-anhedonia group and a high-anhedonia group using the K-means algorithm. A data-driven approach was used to explore the differences in brain structure and function with different degrees of anhedonia based on MATLAB. A random forest model was used exploratorily to test the predictive ability of differences in brain structure and function on anhedonia in depression.

RESULTS

Structural and functional differences were apparent in several brain regions of patients with depression and high-level anhedonia, including in the temporal lobe, paracingulate gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior occipital gyrus, right insular gyrus, and superior parietal lobule. And changes in these brain regions were significantly correlated with scores of SHAPS.

CONCLUSIONS

These brain regions may be useful as biomarkers that provide a more objective assessment of anhedonia in depression, laying the foundation for precision medicine in this treatment-resistant, relatively poor prognosis group.

Effects of Aspergillus flavus infection on multi-scale structures and physicochemical properties of maize starch during storage

This study systematically analyzed the effect of Aspergillus flavus infection on the maize starch multi-scale structure, physicochemical properties, processing characteristics, and synthesis regulation. A. flavus infection led to a decrease in the content of starch, an increase in the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), a significant decrease in the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, A. flavus infection had a significant destructive effect on the double helix structure, relative crystallinity and lamellar structure of starch, resulting in the reduction of starch viscosity, affecting the viscoelastic properties of starch, and complicating the gel formation process. However, the eugenol treatment group significantly inhibited the growth of A. flavus during maize storage, protecting the multi-scale structure and processing characteristics of maize starch from being damaged. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes involved in carbohydrate synthesis in maize were significantly downregulated and genes involved in energy synthesis were significantly upregulated, indicating that maize converted its energy storage into energy synthesis to fight the invasion of A. flavus. These results of this study enriched the mechanism of quality deterioration during maize storage, and provide theoretical and technical support for the prevention of A. flavus infection during maize storage.

Recent advances on cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in preventing obesity-related metabolic disorders: A comprehensive review

Anthocyanins, found in various pigmented plants as secondary metabolites, represent a class of dietary polyphenols known for their bioactive properties, demonstrating health-promoting effects against several chronic diseases. Among these, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is one of the most prevalent types of anthocyanins. Upon consumption, C3G undergoes phases I and II metabolism by oral epithelial cells, absorption in the gastric epithelium, and gut transformation (phase II & microbial metabolism), with limited amounts reaching the bloodstream. Obesity, characterized by excessive body fat accumulation, is a global health concern associated with heightened risks of disability, illness, and mortality. This comprehensive review delves into the biodegradation and absorption dynamics of C3G within the gastrointestinal tract. It meticulously examines the latest research findings, drawn from in vitro and in vivo models, presenting evidence underlining C3G's bioactivity. Notably, C3G has demonstrated significant efficacy in combating obesity, by regulating lipid metabolism, specifically decreasing lipid synthesis, increasing fatty acid oxidation, and reducing lipid accumulation. Additionally, C3G enhances energy homeostasis by boosting energy expenditure, promoting the activity of brown adipose tissue, and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, C3G shows potential in managing various prevalent obesity-related conditions. These include cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and hypertension through the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhancement of endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels, and inhibition of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and by exercising its cardioprotective and vascular effects by decreasing pulmonary artery thickness and systolic pressure which enhances vascular relaxation and angiogenesis. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR) are also managed by reducing gluconeogenesis via AMPK pathway activation, promoting autophagy, protecting pancreatic β-cells from oxidative stress and enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Additionally, C3G improves insulin sensitivity by upregulating GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 expression and regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. C3G exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and shifting macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. C3G demonstrates antioxidative effects by enhancing the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reducing ROS production, and activating the Nrf2/AMPK signaling pathway. Moreover, these mechanisms also contribute to attenuating inflammatory bowel disease and regulating gut microbiota by decreasing Firmicutes and increasing Bacteroidetes abundance, restoring colon length, and reducing levels of inflammatory cytokines. The therapeutic potential of C3G extends beyond metabolic disorders; it has also been found effective in managing specific cancer types and neurodegenerative disorders. The findings of this research can provide an important reference for future investigations that seek to improve human health through the use of naturally occurring bioactive compounds.

Role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cancer drug resistance: Insights into molecular aspects of major solid tumors

Adaptive resistance to conventional and targeted therapies remains one of the major obstacles in the effective management of cancer. Aberrant activation of key signaling mechanisms plays a pivotal role in modulating resistance to drugs. An evolutionarily conserved Wnt/β-catenin pathway is one of the signaling cascades which regulate resistance to drugs. Elevated Wnt signaling confers resistance to anticancer therapies, either through direct activation of its target genes or via indirect mechanisms and crosstalk over other signaling pathways. Involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cancer hallmarks like inhibition of apoptosis, promotion of invasion and metastasis and cancer stem cell maintenance makes this pathway a potential target to exploit for addressing drug resistance. Accumulating evidences suggest a critical role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in imparting resistance across multiple cancers including PDAC, NSCLC, TNBC, etc. Here we present a comprehensive assessment of how Wnt/β-catenin pathway mediates cancer drug resistance in majority of the solid tumors. We take a deep dive into the Wnt/β-catenin signaling-mediated modulation of cellular and downstream molecular mechanisms and their impact on cancer resistance.

Probing the alterations in mice cecal content due to high-fat diet

The global prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1990 and 2022. By 2022, 2.5 billion adults aged 18 and older were overweight, with over 890 million of them living with obesity. The urgent need for understanding the impact of high-fat diet, together with the demanding of analytical methods with low energy/chemicals consumption, can be fulfilled by rapid, high-throughput spectroscopic techniques. To understand the impact of high-fat diet on the metabolic signatures of mouse cecal contents, we characterized metabolite variations in two diet-groups (standard vs high-fat diet) using FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Their cecal content showed distinct spectral features corresponding to high- and low-molecular-weight metabolites. Further quantification of 13 low-molecular-weight metabolites using liquid chromatography showed significant reduction in the production of short chain fatty acids and amino acids associated with high-fat diet samples. These findings demonstrated the potential of spectroscopy to follow changes in gut metabolites.

Manipulation of feeding patterns in high fat diet fed rats improves microbiota composition dynamics, inflammation and gut-brain signaling

Chronic consumption of high fat (HF) diets has been shown to increase meal size and meal frequency in rodents, resulting in overeating. Reducing meal frequency and establishing periods of fasting, independently of caloric intake, may improve obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Additionally, diet-driven changes in microbiota composition have been shown to play a critical role in the development and maintenance of metabolic disorders. In this study, we used a pair-feeding paradigm to reduce meal frequency and snacking episodes while maintaining overall intake and body weight in HF fed rats. We hypothesized that manipulation of feeding patterns would improve microbiota composition and metabolic outcomes. Male Wistar rats were placed in three groups consuming either a HF, low fat diet (LF, matched for sugar), or pair-fed HF diet for 7 weeks (n = 11-12/group). Pair-fed animals received the same amount of food consumed by the HF fed group once daily before dark onset (HF-PF). Rats underwent oral glucose tolerance and gut peptide cholecystokinin sensitivity tests. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the feces collected during both dark and light cycles and sequenced via Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S V4 region. Our pair-feeding paradigm reduced meal numbers, especially small meals in the inactive phase, without changing total caloric intake. This shift in feeding patterns reduced relative abundances of obesity-associated bacteria and maintained circadian fluctuations in microbial abundances. These changes were associated with improved gastrointestinal (GI) function, reduced inflammation, and improved glucose tolerance and gut to brain signaling. We concluded from these data that targeting snacking may help improve metabolic outcomes, independently of energy content of the diet and hyperphagia.

Identification of chronic non-atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia stages in the Correa's cascade through machine learning analyses of SERS spectral signature of non-invasively-collected human gastric fluid samples

The progression of gastric cancer involves a complex multi-stage process, with gastroscopy and biopsy being the standard procedures for diagnosing gastric diseases. This study introduces an innovative non-invasive approach to differentiate gastric disease stage using gastric fluid samples through machine-learning-assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). This method effectively identifies different stages of gastric lesions. The XGBoost algorithm demonstrates the highest accuracy of 96.88% and 91.67%, respectively, in distinguishing chronic non-atrophic gastritis from intestinal metaplasia and different subtypes of gastritis (mild, moderate, and severe). Through blinded testing validation, the model can achieve more than 80% accuracy. These findings offer new possibilities for rapid, cost-effective, and minimally invasive diagnosis of gastric diseases.

Review of Codonopsis Radix biological activities: A plant of traditional Chinese tonic

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Codonopsis Radix, commonly known as Dangshen in Chinese, is frequently used to treat deficiencies of spleen and lung Qi, gastrointestinal discomfort, fatigue, asthmatic breathing, sallow complexion, lack of strength, shortness of breath, deficiencies of both Qi and blood, as well as impairments to both Qi and body fluids in suboptimal health status.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review systematically expounds on the modern pharmacological studies related to the use of Codonopsis Radix in invigorating Qi and nourishing the body in recent years. The aim is to provide theoretical research and reference for the in-depth and systematic exploration and development of the applications of Codonopsis Radix in the fields of food and medicine.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study employs "Codonopsis Radix," "Codonopsis," and "Dangshen" as keywords to gather pertinent information on Codonopsis Radix medicine through electronic searches of classical literature and databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Wiley, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Baidu Scholar.

RESULTS

From previous studies, activities such as immune system modulation, gastrointestinal motility regulation, cardiac function revitalization, lung function improvement, blood circulation enhancement, aging process deceleration, learning and memory augmentation, fatigue resistance enhancement, and liver and kidney damage protection of Codonopsis Radix have been reported. Recognized as an important medicine and food homologous traditional Chinese herbal remedy for supplementing deficiencies, its mode of action is multi-elemental, multi-systemic, multi-organ, multi-mechanistic, and multi-targeted. Furthermore, the benefits of its tonic surpass its therapeutic value, establishing it as an extraordinary preventive and therapeutic medicine.

CONCLUSIONS

With its long history of traditional applications and the revelations of contemporary pharmacological research, Codonopsis Radix exhibits great potential as both a therapeutic agent and a dietary supplement for further research in medicine, nutrition, and healthcare.

Casearia sylvestris var. lingua (Càmbess.) Eichler leaves aqueous extract improves colon inflammation through mucogenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions in TNBS- induced IBD rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Casearia sylvestris var. lingua (Cambess.) Eichler, a member of the Salicaceae family, holds a prominent place in traditional medicine across various cultures due to its versatile therapeutic properties. Historically, indigenous communities have utilized different parts of the plant, including leaves, bark, and roots, to address a wide array of health conditions. Traditional uses of C. sylvestris var. lingua encompasses the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections, wound healing, inflammation, and stomach ulcers. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated the plant's antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, gastroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. This signifies the first scientific validation report for C. sylvestris var. lingua regarding its effectiveness against ulcerative colitis. The report aims to affirm the traditional use of this plant through pre-clinical experiments.

AIM OF THE RESEARCH

This work uses an aqueous extract from C. sylvestris var. lingua leaves (AECs) to evaluate the acute anti-ulcerative colitis efficacy in rat and HT-29 (human colorectal cancer cell line) models.

METHODS

To determine the secondary metabolites of AECs, liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (LC-DAD) study was carried out. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS, 30 mg/0.25 mL EtOH 30% v/v) was used as an enema to cause acute colitis. Three days were spent giving the C. sylvestris var. lingua extract orally by gavage at dosages of 3, 30, and 300 mg/kg. The same route was used to deliver distilled water to the vehicle and naïve groups. After the animals were sacrificed on the fourth day, intestinal tissues were taken for histological examination and evaluation of biochemical tests such as those measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite/nitrate, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Additionally, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 10 (IL-10), were conducted on the intestinal tissues. Additionally, an MTT assay was used to evaluate the effect of AECs on the viability of HT-29 cells. Additionally, a molecular docking study was carried out to compare some potential target proteins with identified chemicals found in AECs.

RESULTS

LC-DAD analysis identified five compounds (caffeic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, and quercetin) in AECs. Pre-administration of AECs (3; 30; 300 mg/kg) and mesalazine (500 mg/kg) reduced macroscopic scores (55%, 47%, 45%, and 52%, p < 0.001) and ulcerated areas (70.3%, 70.5%, 57%, and 56%, p < 0.001), respectively. It also increased SOD, GSH, and CAT activities (p < 0.01), while decreasing MDA (p < 0.001), nitrite/nitrate (p < 0.05), and MPO (p < 0.001) activities compared to the colitis group. Concerning inflammatory markers, significant modulations were observed: AECs (3, 30, and 300 mg/kg) lowered levels of IL-1β and TNF-α (p < 0.001) and increased IL-10 levels (p < 0.001) compared to the colitis groups. The viability of HT-29 cells was suppressed by AECs with an IC50 of 195.90 ± 0.01 μg/mL (48 h). During the molecular docking analysis, quercetin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and ellagic acid demonstrated consistent binding affinities, forming stable interactions with the 3w3l (TLR8) and the 3ds6 (MAPK14) complexes.

CONCLUSION

These results imply that the intestinal mucogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of the C. sylvestris var. lingua leaf extract may be involved in its therapeutic actions for ulcerative colitis. The results of the in silico study point to the possibility of quercetin and ellagic acid interacting with P38 and TLR8, respectively, in a beneficial way.

A convenient smartphone-assisted colorimetric for 6-Mercaptopurine detection using enhanced oxidase-like activity of β-cyclodextrin modified MnO2 nanosheets

6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) is widely used in the treatment of many diseases, but exhibits some serious side effects due to its toxicity. Therefore, it is important and imperative to effectively control and monitoring concentration of 6-MP. Herein, we designed a smartphone-assisted colorimetric sensing platform for 6-MP detection, based on an excellent β-cyclodextrin modified MnO2 nanosheets (β-CD@MnO2 NNS) mediated oxidase-like activity. β-CD@MnO2 NNS can directly oxidizes 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into oxidized TMB with color changes, yielding more than 3-fold higher oxidase-like catalytic activity compared with individual MnO2 NNS. After adding 6-MP, β-CD@MnO2 NNS can be reduced to Mn2+ and lose their oxidase-like properties, resulting in a color and absorbance change for sensitive and selectivity detection of 6-MP. Meanwhile, the smartphone-based color recognition application can intuitively and simply measure the concentration of 6-MP. The limits of detection UV-vis instrument and smartphone were 0.35 μM and 0.86 μM, respectively. This method has also been successfully applied to the detection of real samples. Finally, this study provides a new promising platform for detection of 6-MP and is expected to be used in application of pharmaceutical analysis and biomedicine.

Anti-atherogenic role of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in South Indian smokers

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a popular beverage consumed all over the world due to its health benefits. Many of these beneficial effects of green tea are attributed to polyphenols, particularly catechins.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study focuses on underlying anti-platelet aggregation, anti-thrombotic, and anti-lipidemic molecular mechanisms of green tea in South Indian smokers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We selected 120 South Indian male volunteers for this study to collect the blood and categorised them into four groups; control group individuals (Controls), smokers, healthy control individuals consuming green tea, and smokers consuming green tea. Smokers group subjects have been smoking an average 16-18 cigarettes per day for the last 7 years or more. The subjects (green tea consumed groups) consumed 100 mL of green tea each time, thrice a day for a one-year period.

RESULTS

LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of multiple phytocompounds along with catechins in green tea extract. Increased plasma lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyls, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol with decreased HDL-cholesterol levels were observed in smokers compared to the control group and the consumption of green tea showed beneficial effect. Furthermore, docking studies revealed that natural compounds of green tea had high binding capacity with 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA) when compared to their positive controls, whereas (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (-) epicatechin-gallate (ECG) had high binding capacity with sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1c). Further, our ex vivo studies showed that green tea extract (GTE) significantly inhibited platelet aggregation and increased thrombolytic activity in a dose dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, in smokers, catechins synergistically lowered oxidative stress, platelet aggregation and modified the aberrant lipid profile. Furthermore, molecular docking studies supported green tea catechins' antihyperlipidemic efficacy through strong inhibitory activity on HMG-CoA reductase and SREBP1c. The mitigating effects of green tea on cardiovascular disease risk factors in smokers that have been reported can be attributed majorly to catechins or to their synergistic effects.

Metabonomics and pharmacodynamics studies of Gentiana radix and wine-processed Gentiana radix in damp-heat jaundice syndrome rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gentiana radix (GR) and wine-processed Gentiana radix (WGR) have been commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of bile or liver disorders, including jaundice, hepatitis, swelling and inflammation for thousands of years. However, the therapeutic effects of gentian root (GR) and wine-made gentian root (WGR) treatment on damp-heat jaundice syndrome (DHJS) have not been studied in animal experiments.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of GR and WGR on DHJS in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a high-fat and high-sugar diet in a humidified hot environment, hepatic injury induced by giving alpha-naphthalene isothiocyanate (ANIT) in rats were used as a DHJS model. Histological analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), PCR analysis, and metabolomics were used to elucidate the mechanism of GR and WGR for DHJS.

RESULTS

The results indicated that GR and WGR affected DHJS by inhibiting the release of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin (D-BIL), total bilirubin (TBIL), total bile acid (TBA), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST) (P < 0.05). In addition, they significantly reduced the gene expression levels of Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), bile salt export pump (BESP), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3) (P < 0.05). The WGR group improved the above function indicators better than the GR group. GR and WGR could restore 11 potential biomarkers in rats with DHJS tended to return to normal levels, these biomarkers were involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, retinol metabolism, arginine biosynthesis. The results of the metabolic pathway showed that WGR was significantly better than GR in the improvement of porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that treatment with GR and WGR has a beneficial effect on DHJS in rats, the major mechanisms may be involved in improving functional indicators of the body and endogenous metabolism, and WGR is more effective than GR. It provides important evidence for the clinical application of GR and WGR in the treatment of DHJS.

A smart tablet-phone-based high-performance pancreatic cancer cell biosensing system for drug screening

Exploring more efficient pancreatic cancer drug screening platforms is of significant importance for accelerating the drug development process. In this study, we developed a high-sensitivity bioluminescence system based on smartphones and smart tablets, and constructed a pancreatic cancer drug screening platform (PCDSP) by combining the pancreatic cancer cell sensing model (PCCSM) on the multiwell plates (MTP). A smart tablet was used as the light source and a smartphone as the colorimetric sensing device. The smartphone dynamically controls the color and brightness displayed on the smart tablet to achieve lower LOD and wider detection ranges. We constructed PCCSM for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h , and performed colorimetric experiments using both PCDSP and a commercial plate reader (CPR). The results showed that the PCDSP had a lower LOD than that of CPR. Moreover, PCDSP even exhibited a lower LOD for 24 h PCCSM testing compared to CPR for 48 h PCCSM testing, effectively shortening the drug evaluation process. Additionally, the PCDSP offers higher portability and efficiency compared with CPR, making it a promising platform for efficient pancreatic cancer drug screening.

Prognostic value of nutrition and immune‑related biomarkers in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy

The ability of nutrition and immune-related biomarkers to predict outcomes in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery remains controversial due to the lack of evidence regarding the accuracy and reliability of these biomarkers in predicting outcomes for such patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prognostic potential of nutrition and immune-related biomarkers in patients with LARC who underwent chemoradiotherapy followed by curative surgery. The clinical data of patients with LARC treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery between January 2010 and December 2019 were analyzed. In total, 214 consecutive patients were enrolled into the present study, who were then categorized into low and high prognostic nutritional index (PNI) groups. The X-tile 3.6.1 program was used to calculate and then determine the optimal cut-off values for PNI. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between the low and high PNI groups. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that low PNI and high post-chemoradiotherapy carcinoembryonic antigen levels were significantly associated with reduced disease-free survival and overall survival. Specifically, a low PNI was associated with inferior 5-year DFS (P=0.025) and OS (P=0.018). These findings suggest that amongst the nutritional and immune-related biomarkers, PNI is a significant predictive factor for disease recurrence and mortality in patients with LARC treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery.

Effects of different dietary fiber supplement strategies on incidence of acute gastrointestinal injury in ICU patients: A prospective observational study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the effects of dietary fiber (DF) supplement strategies on the incidence of acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) in critically ill patients.

DESIGN

A prospective observational study.

SETTING

The study was conducted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from April 2021 to March 2023.

METHODS

Using a five-day dietary log counted the amount of DF supplement. The best fitting trajectories of DF supplement were determined based on the latent class trajectory modelling (LCTM). The data of AGI were evaluated on the day 5 (D5) and day 7 (D7) after intensive care unit admission.

RESULTS

A total of 179 patients were included in the study. The LCTM yielded a four-trajectories of models, named; Sustained Low - Group, Slowly Rising - Group, Early Supplement & Slowly Rising - Group and Rapidly Rising - Group, respectively. The incidences of AGI on D5 and D7 were 51.4 % and 40.0 %, respectively. There was an increased risk in the grade of AGI in the Sustained Low - Group compared with the Rapidly Rising - Group on D5 [odds ratio (OR), 4.8; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.9-12.1] and D7 (OR, 12.0; 95 % CI, 3.9-37.0); and an increased risk in the Slowly Rising - Group on D5 (OR, 3.6; 95 % CI, 1.3-9.9).

CONCLUSION

The supplement of DF in critically ill patients may be insufficient and the incidence of AGI is high. Sustained low and slow rising DF supplement may be associated with an increased risk in the AGI.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE

The clinical staff could focus on the supplementation of not only the three macronutrients, but also DF in critically ill patients.

m6A epitranscriptomic and epigenetic crosstalk in liver fibrosis: Special emphasis on DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs

Liver fibrosis is a pathological process caused by a variety of chronic liver diseases. Currently, therapeutic options for liver fibrosis are very limited, highlighting the urgent need to explore new treatment approaches. Epigenetic modifications and epitranscriptomic modifications, as reversible regulatory mechanisms, are involved in the development of liver fibrosis. In recent years, researches in epitranscriptomics and epigenetics have opened new perspectives for understanding the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Exploring the epigenetic mechanisms of liver fibrosis may provide valuable insights into the development of new therapies for chronic liver diseases. This review primarily focus on the regulatory mechanisms of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, non-coding RNA, and DNA methylation in organ fibrosis. It discusses the interactions between m6A modification and DNA methylation, as well as between m6A modification and non-coding RNA, providing a reference for understanding the interplay between epitranscriptomics and epigenetics.

Mitochondrial signaling pathways and their role in cancer drug resistance

Mitochondria, traditionally known as cellular powerhouses, now emerge as critical signaling centers influencing cancer progression and drug resistance. The review highlights the role that apoptotic signaling, DNA mutations, mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism play in the development of resistance mechanisms and the advancement of cancer. Targeted approaches are discussed, with an emphasis on managing mitophagy, fusion, and fission of the mitochondria to make resistant cancer cells more susceptible to traditional treatments. Additionally, metabolic reprogramming can be used to effectively target metabolic enzymes such GLUT1, HKII, PDK, and PKM2 in order to avoid resistance mechanisms. Although there are potential possibilities for therapy, the complex structure of mitochondria and their subtle role in tumor development hamper clinical translation. Novel targeted medicines are put forth, providing fresh insights on combating drug resistance in cancer. The study also emphasizes the significance of glutamine metabolism, mitochondrial respiratory complexes, and apoptotic pathways as potential targets to improve treatment effectiveness against drug-resistant cancers. Combining complementary and nanoparticle-based techniques to target mitochondria has demonstrated encouraging results in the treatment of cancer, opening doors to reduce resistance and enable individualized treatment plans catered to the unique characteristics of each patient. Suggesting innovative approaches such as drug repositioning and mitochondrial drug delivery to enhance the efficacy of mitochondria-targeting therapies, presenting a pathway for advancements in cancer treatment. This thorough investigation is a major step forward in the treatment of cancer and has the potential to influence clinical practice and enhance patient outcomes.

Left side appendiceal abscess in a patient with intestinal nonrotation: Case report

Intestinal nonrotation is the most common type of mid-gut anomaly where the small bowel predominantly occupies the right side of the peritoneal cavity, while the colon primarily resides on the left. The occurrence of acute appendicitis in mid-gut anomalies poses a serious diagnostic challenge due to unprecedented clinical and imaging features. Here we present a 20-year-old female who came to the hospital with left lower abdominal pain of 3 weeks duration, referred with a diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess. Further evaluation with an abdominopelvic CT scan revealed ileocecal junction in the left lower quadrant with a well-defined appendiceal abscess. The absence of a prior diagnosis of nonrotation, combined with the atypical presentation of pain, complicates the diagnosis of appendicitis. We emphasize the significance of considering left-sided appendicitis as a potential diagnosis for left-sided abdominal pain and recommend early cross-sectional imaging to prevent complications and improve surgical outcomes.

Hepatitis E virus and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection in an immunocompromised patient: A case report

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, immunocompromised individuals face an increased risk of HEV and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) co-infection, posing a threat of liver failure and prolonged illness. A 69-year-old male, with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, was co-infected with HEV and SARS-CoV-2. Given the progressive decline in liver function post-admission, steroid therapy was initiated, which led to treatment-related complications. Additionally, the patient experienced an aggravation of COVID-19 symptoms due to persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection, effectively managed through a combination of antiviral medications and corticosteroids. This case describes the intricate clinical trajectory and therapeutic approach for managing HEV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection, underscoring the potential efficacy of short-term corticosteroid intervention alongside comprehensive antiviral treatment.

Diagnosis and treatment of biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms: A single-center experience

BACKGROUND

Biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms (BMCNs) are rare hepatobiliary cystic tumors, which can be divided into noninvasive and invasive types. This study aimed to investigate the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of BMCNs in a large single center.

METHODS

We analyzed 49 patients with BMCNs confirmed by postoperative pathology at the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine between January 2007 and December 2021.

RESULTS

Among the 49 patients, 37 were female (75.5%), and the average age was 57.04 years. Common symptoms included abdominal discomfort, jaundice and fever, while 22 patients (44.9%) had no symptoms. Serum carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 and CA125 concentrations were elevated in 34.8% and 19.6% of patients, respectively. Forty-eight patients had tumors in the intrahepatic bile ducts and only one had a tumor in the extrahepatic bile duct. Forty-eight patients with noninvasive intrahepatic BMCNs were further analyzed in terms of pathological features: 34 (70.8%) had low-grade intraepithelial neoplasms (LGINs), and 14 (29.2%) had high-grade intraepithelial neoplasms (HGINs). The potential immunohistochemical markers of BMCNs were cytokeratin (CK) 19, CK7, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. Follow-up data for 37 patients with intrahepatic BMCNs were obtained. The median overall survival (OS) of BMCNs was not reached. The longest survival time was 137 months.The 5- and 10-year OS rates were 100% and 85.4%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 93.9% and 80.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

BMCNs are rare cystic neoplasms that commonly occur in middle-aged females. BMCNs can only be diagnosed and classified by postoperative pathology, as there are no specific clinical presentations, serological indicators or imaging modalities for preoperative diagnosis. Complete surgical resection is necessary for BMCNs, and the postoperative prognosis is favorable.

Modified reconstruction approach after pancreaticoduodenectomy optimizes postoperative outcomes: Results from a multivariate cohort analysis

Despite technical advances in recent decades and a decrease in hospital mortality (<5%), pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is still associated with major postoperative complications, even in high-volume centers. The present study aimed to assess the effect of a modified reconstruction technique on postoperative morbidity and mortality. A cohort study of all patients (n=218) undergoing PD between January 2010 and December 2019 was performed at Attikon University Hospital (Athens, Greece). Several variables were studied, including demographic data, past medical history, perioperative parameters, tumor markers and pathology, duration of hospitalization, postoperative complications, 30-day-survival, postoperative mortality and overall survival using multivariate logistic regression and survival analysis techniques. In this cohort, 123 patients [modified PD (mPD) group] underwent a modified reconstruction after a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, which consisted of gastrojejunostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy on the same loop and an isolated hepaticojejunostomy on another loop. In the standard PD (StPD) group, 95 patients underwent standard reconstruction. The median age was 67 years, ranging from 25 to 89 years. Compared with in the StPD group, the mPD group had significantly lower rates of grade B and C pancreatic fistula (4.9% vs. 28.4%), delayed gastric emptying (7.3% vs. 42.1%), postoperative hemorrhage (3.3% vs. 20%), intensive care unit admission (8.1% vs. 18.9%), overall morbidity (Clavien-Dindo grade III-V: 14.7% vs. 42.0%), perioperative mortality (4.1% vs. 14.7%), and shorter hospitalization stay (11 days vs. 20 days). However, no difference was noted regarding median survival (35 months vs. 30 months). In this single-center series, a modified reconstruction after PD appears to be associated with improved postoperative outcomes. However, further evaluation in larger multi-center trials is required.

Metformin in combination with chemotherapy increases apoptosis in gastric cancer cells and counteracts senescence induced by chemotherapy

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the world, and there is a demand for new therapeutic agents to treat GC. Metformin has been demonstrated to be an antineoplastic agent in some types of cancer; however, it has not been sufficiently valued in treating GC because the effect of metformin in combination with chemotherapy regimens has not yet been evaluated. The present study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms underlying cell death induced by metformin alone or when combined with chemotherapy. The cytogenetic characteristics of the NCI-N87 cell line were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To determine viability, the cells were treated with metformin, epirubicin, cisplatin, docetaxel and 5-fluorouracil (individually and at different concentrations). Subsequently, the cells were treated with metformin alone, and in combination with the chemotherapeutic drugs and the epirubicin + cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil, docetaxel + cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil regimens. Cell viability, proliferation and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Apoptosis, caspase activity and cell cycle progression were assessed by flow cytometry. Finally, light microscopy was used to evaluate senescence and clonogenicity. The results revealed that metformin, alone and when combined with chemotherapy, increased the proportion of apoptotic cells, promoted the loss of ΔΨm, and induced apoptosis through caspase activity in GC cells. Moreover, metformin decreased cell proliferation. In addition, metformin alone did not induce senescence and it counteracted the effects of chemotherapy-induced senescence in GC cells. Additionally, metformin, alone and when combined with chemotherapy, decreased the clonogenic capacity of NCI-N87 GC cells. In conclusion, metformin may increase the effects of chemotherapy on NCI-N87 cell death and could represent an option to improve the treatment of GC.

Targeting SMYD2 promotes ferroptosis and impacts the progression of pancreatic cancer through the c-Myc/NCOA4 axis-mediated ferritinophagy

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is characterized by a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Ferroptosis plays an important role in cancer, SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) is widely expressed in various cancers. However, the role of SMYD2 in regulating ferroptosis in PC remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the role of SMYD2 in mediating ferroptosis and its mechanistic implications in PC progression.

METHODS

The levels of SMYD2, c-Myc, and NCOA4 were assessed in PC tissues, and peritumoral tissues. SMYD2 expression was further analyzed in human PC cell lines. In BxPC3 cells, the expression of c-Myc, NCOA4, autophagy-related proteins, and mitochondrial morphology, was evaluated following transfection with si-SMYD2 and treatment with autophagy inhibitors and ferroptosis inhibitors. Ferroptosis levels were quantified using flow cytometry and ELISA assays. RNA immunoprecipitation was conducted to elucidate the interaction between c-Myc and NCOA4 mRNA. A xenograft mouse model was constructed to validate the impact of SMYD2 knockdown on PC growth.

RESULTS

SMYD2 and c-Myc were found to be highly expressed in PC tissues, while NCOA4 showed reduced expression. Among the PC cell lines studied, BxPC3 cells exhibited the highest SMYD2 expression. SMYD2 knockdown led to decreased c-Myc levels, increased NCOA4 expression, reduced autophagy-related protein expression, mitochondrial shrinkage, and heightened ferroptosis levels. Additionally, an interaction between c-Myc and NCOA4 was identified. In vivo, SMYD2 knockdown inhibited tumor growth.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting SMYD2 inhibits PC progression by promoting ferritinophagy-dependent ferroptosis through the c-Myc/NCOA4 axis. These findings provide insights into potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for PC.

Effects of psilocybin on body weight, body composition, and metabolites in male and female mice

There is growing interest in the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for the treatment of a wide variety of medical problems, and even for the promotion of wellbeing among healthy individuals. Interestingly, among the many proposed indications, both obesity and anorexia nervosa (AN) have been discussed. However, the effect of psilocybin on appetitive behavior and metabolism is not well known. Here, we report the effects of psilocybin on body weight, intake and output, body composition, and metabolic function among lean male and female wild-type mice. In the days immediately following treatment, both male and female mice receiving a single intraperitoneal dose of psilocybin were consistently heavier than saline controls, with no effect of psilocybin on intake or output. Co-administration of the 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist ketanserin had no effect on this outcome. Body composition analysis revealed that psilocybin significantly increased lean and water mass among males, with a similar trend among females. A metabolic panel revealed increased creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and chloride among male and female psilocybin treated mice. Together, these findings begin to investigate the potential mechanisms of psilocybin's effects on body weight and metabolic measures. Such understanding will be critical for the safe, efficacious, and well-informed use of psilocybin in clinical and non-clinical settings.

Growth differentiation factor 15: Emerging role in liver diseases

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cell stress-response cytokine within the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily. It is known to exert diverse effects on many metabolic pathways through its receptor GFRAL, which is expressed in the hindbrain, and transduces signals through the downstream receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. Since the liver is the core organ of metabolism, summarizing the functions of GDF15 is highly important. In this review, we assessed the relevant literature regarding the main metabolic, inflammatory, fibrogenic, tumorigenic and other effects of GDF15 on different liver diseases, including Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD), alcohol and drug-induced liver injury, as well as autoimmune and viral hepatitis, with a particular focus on the pathogenesis of MASLD progression from hepatic steatosis to MASH, liver fibrosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Finally, we discuss the prospects of the clinical application potential of GDF15 along with its research and development progress. With better knowledge of GDF15, increasing in-depth research will lead to a new era in the field of liver diseases.

Lenvatinib acts on platelet‑derived growth factor receptor β to suppress the malignant behaviors of gastric cancer cells

Given the limited treatment options and high mortality rates associated with gastric cancer, there is a need to explore novel therapeutic options. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of lenvatinib, a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in mitigating the progress of gastric cancer in vitro. Comprehensive analyses were conducted to assess the impact of lenvatinib on gastric cancer cells, focusing on the inhibition of viability, suppression of proliferation, induction of apoptosis and reduction of metastatic potential. The effects of lenvatinib on these activities were determined using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine staining, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, scratch assay and Transwell assay. In addition, bioinformatics analyses were employed to identify key regulatory targets of lenvatinib, with particular attention given to platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRB). In addition, the effects of PDGFRB overexpression on the regulation of lenvatinib were explored. Lenvatinib demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on the viability, proliferation and metastatic capabilities of MKN45 and HGC27 gastric cancer cell lines. Bioinformatics analyses identified PDGFRB as a crucial target of lenvatinib, with its downregulation showing promise in enhancing overall survival rates of patients with gastric cancer. By contrast, PDGFRB overexpression reversed the effects of lenvatinib on cells. The present findings underscore the potential of lenvatinib as a promising therapeutic option in the treatment of gastric cancer. By elucidating its mechanism of action and identifying PDGFRB as a primary target, the present study may aid further clinical advancements.

Hepatic WDR23 proteostasis mediates insulin homeostasis by regulating insulin-degrading enzyme capacity

Maintaining insulin homeostasis is critical for cellular and organismal metabolism. In the liver, insulin is degraded by the activity of the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). Here, we establish a hepatic regulatory axis for IDE through WDR23-proteostasis. Wdr23KO mice have increased IDE expression, reduced circulating insulin, and defective insulin responses. Genetically engineered human cell models lacking WDR23 also increase IDE expression and display dysregulated phosphorylation of insulin signaling cascade proteins, IRS-1, AKT2, MAPK, FoxO, and mTOR, similar to cells treated with insulin, which can be mitigated by chemical inhibition of IDE. Mechanistically, the cytoprotective transcription factor NRF2, a direct target of WDR23-Cul4 proteostasis, mediates the enhanced transcriptional expression of IDE when WDR23 is ablated. Moreover, an analysis of human genetic variation in WDR23 across a large naturally aging human cohort in the US Health and Retirement Study reveals a significant association of WDR23 with altered hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels in older adults, supporting the use of WDR23 as a new molecular determinant of metabolic health in humans.

A spotlight on the role of copper in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition

The complex process known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a fundamental role in several biological settings, encompassing embryonic development, wound healing, and pathological conditions such as cancer and fibrosis. In recent years, a bulk of research has brought to light the key role of copper, a trace element with essential functions in cellular metabolism, cancer initiation and progression. Indeed, copper, besides functioning as cofactor of enzymes required for essential cellular processes, such as energy production and oxidation reactions, has emerged as an allosteric regulator of kinases whose activity is required to fulfill cancer dissemination through the EMT. In this comprehensive review, we try to describe the intricate relationship between the transition metal copper and EMT, spanning from the earliest foundational studies to the latest advancements. Our aim is to shed light on the multifaceted roles undertaken by copper in EMT in cancer and to unveil the diverse mechanisms by which copper homeostasis exerts its influence over EMT regulators, signaling pathways, cell metabolic reprogramming and transcription factors ultimately contributing to the spread of cancer. Therefore, this review not only may contribute to a deeper comprehension of copper-mediated mechanisms in EMT but also supports the hypothesis that targeting copper may contribute to counteract the progression of EMT-associated pathologies.

Discovery and evolution of berberine analogues as anti-Helicobacter pylori agents with multi-target mechanisms

Thirty protoberberine derivatives, of which twenty five were new, were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-Helicobacter pylori (HP) activities, taking 2,3,10-trimethoxy-9-p-methylbenzylaminoprotopalmatine chloride 1 as the lead. Among them, berberine (BBR) derivative 7c displayed the highest potency against six tested metronidazole (MTZ)-resistant strains and two tested MTZ-susceptible strains with the MIC values of 0.4-1.6 μg/mL with favorable druglike profiles including low toxicity and high stabilities in plasma and artificial gastric fluid. Mechanistic study revealed that 7c might target HP urease with IC50 value of 0.27 μg/mL against Jack bean urease. Furthermore, 7c might change the permeability of the bacterial membrane and direct interact with HP DNA, which also contribute to its bactericidal activity. Therefore, BBR derivatives constituted a new family of anti-HP candidates, with the advantage of good safety profile and multi-target mechanisms, and are worthy for further investigation.

Visceral adipose tissue predicts severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis in obese patients

Acute pancreatitis is a common systemic inflammatory disease, manifested by a spectrum of severity, ranging from mild in the majority of patients to severe acute pancreatitis. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis suffer from severe local and systemic complications and organ failure, leading to a poor prognosis. The early recognition of the severe condition is important to improve prognosis. Obesity has risen in tandem with an increase in the severity of acute pancreatitis in recent years. Studies have revealed that adipose tissue, particularly visceral adipose tissue is associated with the prognosis of acute pancreatitis. This review discussed the role of visceral adipose tissue in obese patients with acute pancreatitis and explored the possible mechanism involved.

The role of nonesterified fatty acids in cancer biology: Focus on tryptophan and related metabolism

Plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) are elevated in cancer, because of decreased albumin levels and of fatty acid oxidation, and increased fatty acid synthesis and lipolysis. Albumin depletion and NEFA elevation maximally release albumin-bound tryptophan (Trp) and increase its flux down the kynurenine pathway, leading to increased production of proinflammatory kynurenine metabolites, which tumors use to undermine T-cell function and achieve immune escape. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by kynurenic acid promotes extrahepatic Trp degradation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and leads to upregulation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, activation of which and also of SIRT1 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1) could lead to depletion of NAD+ and ATP, resulting in cell death. NEFA also modulate heme synthesis and degradation, changes in which impact homocysteine metabolism and production of reduced glutathione and hydrogen sulphide. The significance of the interactions between heme and homocysteine metabolism in cancer biology has received little attention. Targeting Trp disposition in cancer to prevent the NEFA effects is suggested.

Multiple intra-abdominal splenosis with imaging correlative findings: A case report and review of literature

We present a case of a 31-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with a history of abdominal pain localized to the lower abdomen. The patient had undergone splenectomy 2 years ago for splenic injury following a road traffic accident. Computerized tomography showed multiple well-defined, homogeneously enhancing soft tissue density nodules of varying sizes distributed throughout the abdomen and pelvis. A diagnosis of splenosis was made based on imaging findings and history. Abdominal splenosis is an uncommon entity of which radiologists need to be aware, and this case serves to shed further light on this condition.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography using a pediatric colonoscope in patients with Roux‑en‑Y gastrectomy and an intact major duodenal papilla

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with Roux-en-Y gastrectomy and an intact major duodenal papilla is challenging and difficult, with unsatisfactory outcomes using various endoscopes. Limited data are available regarding the outcomes of ERCP using a pediatric colonoscope in such patients. To evaluate the efficacy of a pediatric colonoscope in patients with Roux-en-Y gastrectomy and an major duodenal intact papilla, 93 consecutive patients with Roux-en-Y gastrectomy and an intact major duodenal papilla who underwent ERCP using a pediatric colonoscope at the Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, (Nanjing, China) between January 2018 and December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Following the failure of bile duct cannulation, a double-guidewire or precut technique was utilized for advanced cannulation. Interventions were performed using standard ERCP therapeutic accessories. The results indicated that distal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction was performed in 38 out of 93 patients, while 55 patients underwent total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction. The success rates associated with endoscope insertion, endoscopic cannulation and therapeutic ERCP were 88.17% (82/93), 85.37% (70/82) and 95.71% (67/70), respectively, while the clinical intervention success and complication rates were 72.04% (67/93) and 7.53% (7/93), respectively. The endoscope insertion time was 40.78±10.04 min, and the ERCP procedure time was 88.55±16.38 min. Student's t-test showed that the endoscope insertion time and the ERCP procedure time in patients undergoing distal gastrectomy were longer than those in patients undergoing total gastrectomy (P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age and number of previous abdominal surgeries were independent risk factors associated with endoscope insertion failure. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the use of a pediatric colonoscope is efficacious and safe for patients with Roux-en-Y gastrectomy and an intact major duodenal papilla undergoing ERCP.

Differences in the molecular organisation of tumours along the colon are linked to interactions within the tumour ecosystem

Tumours exhibit significant heterogeneity in their molecular profiles across patients, largely influenced by the tissue of origin, where certain driver gene mutations are predominantly associated with specific cancer types. Here, we unveil an additional layer of complexity: some cancer types display anatomic location-specific mutation profiles akin to tissue-specificity. To better understand this phenomenon, we concentrate on colon cancer. While prior studies have noted changes of the frequency of molecular alterations along the colon, the underlying reasons and whether those changes occur rather gradual or are distinct between the left and right colon, remain unclear. Developing and leveraging stringent statistical models on molecular data from 522 colorectal tumours from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we reveal disparities in molecular properties between the left and right colon affecting many genes. Interestingly, alterations in genes responsive to environmental cues and properties of the tumour ecosystem, including metabolites which we quantify in a cohort of 27 colorectal cancer patients, exhibit continuous trends along the colon. Employing network methodologies, we uncover close interactions between metabolites and genes, including drivers of colon cancer, showing continuous abundance or alteration profiles. This underscores how anatomic biases in the composition and interactions within the tumour ecosystem help explaining gradients of carcinogenesis along the colon.

Poly(p-coumaric acid) nanoparticles alleviate temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis by inhibiting chondrocyte ferroptosis

Oxidative stress and inflammation are key drivers of osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis and disease progression. Herein we report the synthesis of poly(p-coumaric) nanoparticles (PCA NPs) from p-courmaic acid (p-CA), a naturally occurring phytophenolic acid, to be a multifunctional and drug-free therapeutic for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA). Compared to hyaluronic acid (HA) that is clinically given as viscosupplementation, PCA NPs exhibited long-term efficacy, superior anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in alleviating TMJOA and repairing the TMJ cartilage and subchondral bone in a rat model of TMJOA. Notably, TMJ repair mediated by PCA NPs could be attributed to their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in enhancing cell proliferation and matrix synthesis, while reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, matrix degradation, and chondrocyte ferroptosis. Overall, our study demonstrates a multifunctional nanoparticle, synthesized from natural p-coumaric acid, that is stable and possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties and ferroptosis inhibition, beneficial for treatment of TMJOA.

Regulation of Fuzheng Huayu capsule on inhibiting the fibrosis-associated hepatocellular carcinogenesis

In the current study, bioinformatics analysis of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) dataset was conducted with the hepatoprotective effect of the Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) capsule against the diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC progression analyzed. Eight cell clusters were defined and tanshinone IIA, arachidonic acid, and quercetin, compounds of the FZHY capsule, inhibit HCC progression-related fibrosis by regulating the expression of PLAU and IGFBP3. Combined with the ameliorative effect of the FZHY capsule against liver dysfunctions and expression of PLAU and IGFBP3, our study confirmed the effect of the FZHY capsule on inhibiting the fibrosis-associated HCC progression via regulating the expression of PLAU and IGFBP3.

Environmental Cadmium Exposure Exacerbated Bone Loss in NAFLD Mice

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, Cadmium (Cd) contamination is widespread. Meanwhile, the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing. Cd is linked to bone damage. However, the osteotoxicity of environmental Cd exposure in NAFLD remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of Cd on bone metabolism in NAFLD mice. NAFLD mice were treated with 50 mg/L cadmium chloride in drinking water for 12 weeks. Bone microstructures were scanned by Micro-CT. Liver lipid droplets and fibrosis were measured by histopathological staining. Insulin tolerance tests were performed in mice. RT-PCR and Western blot were performed to analyse hepatic inflammation factors. Results show no damage in healthy mice exposed to Cd. However, Cd exacerbated liver fibrosis and significantly reduced cancellous bone mineral density and decreased the number and thickness of trabecular bone in NAFLD mice. Additionally, the morphology of trabecular bone transformed from a plate structure to a rod structure in NAFLD mice after Cd exposure. The underlying mechanism appears to be related to the Cd-induced direct or indirect toxicity. Exacerbated liver fibrosis, increased inflammatory factors (TGF-β and IL-1β), and reduced lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) might contribute to bone damages. Collectively, our study illustrates that despite lower dosing Cd exposure did not induce bone damages in healthy mice, Cd caused bone loss in NAFLD mice. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals with metabolic disorders should avoid working in Cd pollution environment and consuming cadmium-contaminated food and water.

Association of serum lipid profile with liver fibrosis in HCV‑coinfected HIV patients on suppressive anti‑retroviral therapy

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection in individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) may affect lipid metabolism and accelerate the progression of chronic hepatitis. Therefore, the identification of risk factors for progressive liver disease is needed. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence and clinical features associated with liver fibrosis in HCV-coinfected HIV patients, including metabolic markers. A total of 105 patients coinfected with HIV and HCV were recruited and liver fibrosis was assessed using the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI). Logistic regression analyses indicated that patients aged >50 years and with a CD4+ cell count <350 cells/µl had an 11.4-times higher (P=0.001) and a 5.7-times higher (P=0.017) risk of liver fibrosis, as determined by FIB-4 score, compared to patients aged ≤40 years and a CD4+ cell count of ≥350 cells/µl, respectively. In addition, patients naïve to HCV treatment or receiving treatment had 5.4- and 12.7-times higher risks for liver fibrosis, as determined by APRI, than those with sustained virologic response (SVR) (P=0.003 and P=0.033, respectively). Univariate analysis indicated lower risks of liver fibrosis, as determined by APRI, in the patients with abnormally high levels of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) than those with normal levels [odds ratio (OR) 0.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1-0.9, P=0.037; OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9, P=0.041; OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.5, P=0.001] and multivariate analysis suggested only patients with high levels of LDL had a lower risk for liver fibrosis determined by APRI (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.3-0.8, P=0.029). Consistently, serum levels of cholesterol, HDL and LDL were significantly lower in the patient groups with more advanced fibrosis, evaluated by FIB-4 score and APRI, than those without liver fibrosis and the levels of cholesterol and LDL in the patients achieving SVR were higher than those with no response or not receiving treatment (all P<0.05). In conclusion, the present study identified serum lipid levels as associated factors of hepatic fibrosis, together with age, CD4+ cell count and HCV treatment status, in HCV-coinfected PLWH on long-term suppressive anti-retroviral therapy.

Shared and distinct aberrations in frontal-striatal system functional patterns among patients with irritable bowel syndrome and major depressive disorder

BACKGROUND

Considering the high comorbidity, shared risk factors, and genetic pathways between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and major depressive disorder (MDD), we hypothesized that there would be both shared and disorder-specific alterations in brain function.

METHODS

A total of 39 IBS patients, 39 MDD patients, and 40 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled and matched for sex, age, and educational level. All subjects underwent resting-state functional MRI. The clinical variables of anxiety, depression, gastrointestinal symptoms and alexithymia were recorded. The 12 subregions of the striatum were employed as seeds to assess their functional connectivity (FC) with every voxel throughout the whole brain.

RESULTS

Compared to HC, IBS and MDD patients exhibited aberrant frontal-striatal circuitry. We observed a common decrease in FC between the dorsal striatum and regions of the hippocampus, sensorimotor cortex, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in both IBS and MDD patients. Patients with IBS exhibited disorder-specific decreases in FC within the striatum, along with reduced connectivity between the ventral striatum and sensorimotor cortex. In contrast, MDD patients showed disorder-specific hyperconnectivity in the medial PFC-limbic system. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that frontal-striatal FC values could serve as transdiagnostic markers of IBS and MDD. Within the IBS group, striatal connectivity was not only negatively associated with weekly abdominal pain days but also negatively correlated with the levels of anxiety and alexithymia.

CONCLUSIONS

This exploratory analysis indicated that patients with IBS and MDD exhibited both shared and disorder-specific frontal-striatal circuit impairments, potentially explaining both comorbidity and distinct phenotypes.

Radiomics-based analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance image: A prediction nomogram for lymphovascular invasion in breast cancer

OBJECTIVE

To develop and validate a nomogram for quantitively predicting lymphovascular invasion (LVI) of breast cancer (BC) based on dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) radiomics and morphological features.

METHODS

We retrospectively divided 238 patients with BC into training and validation cohorts. Radiomic features from DCE-MRI were subdivided into A1 and A2, representing the first and second post-contrast images respectively. We utilized the minimal redundancy maximal relevance filter to extract radiomic features, then we employed the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression to screen these features and calculate individualized radiomics score (Rad score). Through the application of multivariate logistic regression, we built a prediction nomogram that integrated DCE-MRI radiomics and MR morphological features (MR-MF). The diagnostic capabilities were evaluated by comparing C-indices and calibration curves.

RESULTS

The diagnostic efficiency of the A1/A2 radiomics model surpassed that of the A1 and A2 alone. Furthermore, we incorporated the MR-MF (diffusion-weighted imaging rim sign, peritumoral edema) and optimized Radiomics into a hybrid nomogram. The C-indices for the training and validation cohorts were 0.868 (95% CI: 0.839-0.898) and 0.847 (95% CI: 0.787-0.907), respectively, indicating a good level of discrimination. Moreover, the calibration plots demonstrated excellent agreement in the training and validation cohorts, confirming the effectiveness of the calibration.

CONCLUSION

This nomogram combined MR-MF and A1/A2 Radiomics has the potential to preoperatively predict LVI in patients with BC.