Natural biopolymers in the fabrication and coating of ureteral stent: An overview

Ureteral stents are indwelling medical devices that are most commonly used in treating different urinary tract complications like ureteral obstruction, kidney stones, and strictures, and allow normal urine flow from the kidney to the bladder. Tremendous work has been done in ureteral stent technology to meet the clinical demands, however, till-date a gold standard material for ureteral stents has not yet been developed. Many materials such as metal, and synthetic polymers have been published, however, the role of natural biopolymers has not yet been summarized and discussed. There is no detailed review published to explain the role of natural biopolymers in ureteral stent technology. This is the first review that explains and summarizes the role of natural polymer in ureter stent technology. In this review alginate and chitosan polymers are discussed in detail in the fabrications and coating of ureteral stents. It was summarized that alginate polymer alone or in combination with other polymers have been successfully used by many researchers for the manufacturing of ureteral stents with satisfactory results in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. However, alginate is rarely used to coat the surface of ureteral stent. On the other hand, only two reports are available on chitosan polymers for the manufacturing of ureteral stents, however, chitosan is largely used to coat the existing ureteral stents owing to their good antibacterial characteristics. Coating procedures can inhibit encrustation and biofilm formation. Nevertheless, the lack of antibacterial efficiency and inadequate coating limit their applications, however, natural biopolymers like chitosan showed significant promises in coating. Overall, the renewable nature, abundant, biocompatible, and biodegradable potential of natural polymer can be established with significant aspects as the ideal ureteral stent. To fully utilize the potential of the natural biopolymers in the ureteral stent design or coatings, an in-depth study is required to understand and identify their performance both in vitro and in vivo in the urinary tract.

Microbiome interactions: Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms as a co-factor in oral cancer progression

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) has long been recognized primarily as a hospital-acquired pathogen. However, recent studies have uncovered a potential link between this bacterium and oral cancer, necessitating a deeper exploration of this relationship. This review examines the relevance of A. baumannii biofilms in the context of oral cancer development. By synthesizing current knowledge, we seek to provide a comprehensive understanding of this emerging area of research and identify critical directions for future investigations. The review emphasizes the remarkable adaptability, environmental resilience, and antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii, delves into the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation, and their potential connection to oral cancer progression. The review also evaluates how biofilm colonization on oral surfaces and medical devices, along with its role in chronic infections, inflammation, and increased antimicrobial resistance, could contribute to creating a microenvironment favourable for tumor development. This review underscores the broader healthcare implications of A. baumannii biofilms, evaluates current strategies for their prevention and eradication, and calls for interdisciplinary research in this emerging field. By shedding light on the complex interactions between A. baumannii biofilms and oral cancer, it aims to stimulate further research and guide the development of new diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies in both microbiology and oncology.

Isolation and characterization of Salmonella enteritidis bacteriophage Salmp-p7 isolated from slaughterhouse effluent and its application in food

Salmonella enteritidis is one of the most common pathogens that cause foodborne disease outbreaks and food spoilage, which seriously threatens human health. Bacteriophages have shown broad application prospects in controlling harmful microorganisms during food processing and preservation due to their ability to specifically infect bacteria. In this study, Salmonella enteritidis bacteriophage Salmp-p7 was isolated and characterized from slaughterhouse wastewater. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that Salmp-p7 belonged to the Siphoviridae family and was active against Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli. Whole genome sequence analysis showed that Salmp-p7 was a lytic bacteriophage with a total length of 60,066 bp of sequence. Salmp-p7 has a short incubation period and a long burst duration, with a burst volume of 55 PFU/cell and a good lysis effect. It can maintain a stable state within the temperature range of 30-60℃ and pH range of 4-12 and has the potential for application in food. In vitro, antimicrobial curves and inhibition of biofilm removal experiments showed that Salmp-p7 could effectively inhibit and eliminate Salmonella enteritidis. The application of Salmp-p7 to the whole liquid of infected eggs resulted in a significant reduction of viable bacteria. And Salmp-p7 has high stability and lytic activity and has the potential to become a new biological control agent for Salmonella enteritidis in eggs.

Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Activities of Leonotis ocymifolia (L. ocymifolia)-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles Annealed at Different Temperatures

This research achieved the successful synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs through an eco-friendly method, utilizing the leaf extract of Leonotis ocymifolia (L.O.). This innovative approach not only highlights the potential of green synthesis but also underscores the effectiveness of natural resources in nanoparticle production. The influence of annealing temperature on the properties and performance of the synthesized ZnO NPs was evaluated by varying the annealing temperatures as follows: unannealed (000), 350 °C (350), 550 °C (550), and 750 °C (750). The XRD analysis of L.O-mediated ZnO NPs confirmed the synthesis of highly crystalline wurtzite-structured ZnO NPs, with calculated average crystallite sizes that ranged between 13.8 and 20.4 nm. The UV-Vis spectra revealed a single strong absorption peak ranging from 354 to 375 nm, and the absorption peaks red-shifted with an increase in annealing temperature. The SEM micrographs showed that annealing temperature had an effect on the morphology, particle size, and distribution, with the average particle of 53.7-66.3 nm. The BET analysis revealed that the surface area of the prepared ZnO NPs was between 31.6 and 13.2 m2/g. In addition to its significant impact on the characteristics of the L.O-mediated, annealing temperature notably boosts the L.O-mediated capacity to photodegrade Methylene blue (MB) dye. Moreover, it exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The photodegradation studies under UV irradiation and in 180 min revealed 750 (71.1%) had the highest degradation efficiency compared to 000, 350, and 550. The antibacterial tests showed that 000 had greater antibacterial efficacy than 350, 550, and 750. The results from this work suggest that annealing temperature had a significant effect on the structural, morphological, and optical properties and performance of L.O-mediated ZnO NPs.

Antibiofilm Effects of Novel Compounds in Otitis Media Treatment: Systematic Review

Otitis media (OM) is a frequent disease with incidence rate of 5300 cases per 100,000 people. Recent studies showed that polymicrobial biofilm formation represents a significant pathogenic mechanism in recurrent and chronic forms of OM. Biofilm enables bacteria to resist antibiotics that would typically be recommended in guidelines, contributing to the ineffectiveness of current antimicrobial strategies. Given the challenges of successfully treating bacterial biofilms, there is an growing interest in identifying novel and effective compounds to overcome antibacterial resistance. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of the novel compounds with antibiofilm effects on bacterial biofilm formed by clinical isolates of OM. The systematic review included studies that evaluated antibiofilm effect of novel natural or synthetic compounds on bacterial biofilm formed from clinical isolates obtained from patients with OM. The eligibility criteria were defined using the PICOS system: (P) Population: all human patients with bacterial OM; (I) Intervention: novel natural or synthetic compound with biofilm effect; (C) Control standard therapeutic antimicrobial agents or untreated biofilms, (O) Outcome: antibiofilm effect (biofilm inhibition, biofilm eradication), (S) Study design. The PRISMA protocol for systematic reviews and meta-analysis was followed. From 3564 potentially eligible studies, 1817 duplicates were removed, and 1705 were excluded according to defined exclusion criteria. A total of 41 studies with available full texts were retrieved by two independent authors. Fifteen articles were selected for inclusion in the systematic review which included 125 patients with OM. A total of 17 different novel compounds were examined, including N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), tea tree oil, xylitol, eugenol, Aloe barbadensis, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Acacia arabica, antisense peptide nucleic acids, probiotics Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus oralis, Sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA), bioactive glass, green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles, radish, silver nanoparticles and acetic acid. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly studied pathogen, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae. Biofilm inhibition only by an examined compound was assessed in six studies; biofilm eradication in four studies, and both biofilm inhibition and biofilm eradication were examined in five studies. This systematic review indicates that some compounds like NAC, prebiotics, nanoparticles and MESNA that have significant effects on biofilm are safe and could be researched more extensively for further clinical use. However, a lack of data about reliable and efficient compounds used in therapy of different types of otitis media still remains in the literature.

Colistin Resistance Mechanism and Management Strategies of Colistin-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infections

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a pressing threat in clinical settings. Colistin is currently a widely used treatment for multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, serving as the last line of defense. However, reports of colistin-resistant strains of A. baumannii have emerged, underscoring the urgent need to develop alternative medications to combat these serious pathogens. To resist colistin, A. baumannii has developed several mechanisms. These include the loss of outer membrane lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) due to mutation of LPS biosynthetic genes, modification of lipid A (a constituent of LPSs) structure through the addition of phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) moieties to the lipid A component by overexpression of chromosomal pmrCAB operon genes and eptA gene, or acquisition of plasmid-encoded mcr genes through horizontal gene transfer. Other resistance mechanisms involve alterations of outer membrane permeability through porins, the expulsion of colistin by efflux pumps, and heteroresistance. In response to the rising threat of colistin-resistant A. baumannii, researchers have developed various treatment strategies, including antibiotic combination therapy, adjuvants to potentiate antibiotic activity, repurposing existing drugs, antimicrobial peptides, nanotechnology, photodynamic therapy, CRISPR/Cas, and phage therapy. While many of these strategies have shown promise in vitro and in vivo, further clinical trials are necessary to ensure their efficacy and widen their clinical applications. Ongoing research is essential for identifying the most effective therapeutic strategies to manage colistin-resistant A. baumannii. This review explores the genetic mechanisms underlying colistin resistance and assesses potential treatment options for this challenging pathogen.

Biofilm-Forming Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Water From Distribution Systems: Occurrence and Public Health Implications

Biofilm is a structurally-connected microbial community, covered by a self-produced polymeric matrix and adhered to biotic or abiotic surfaces. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of biofilm-producing antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water from distribution systems. Water samples were taken from 32 tanks across Ondo City and Akure metropolis, Nigeria. Information regarding the sanitation status of the tanks was gathered by observation and oral interviews. The physicochemical properties were determined using standard methods. Using the pour plate technique. Agars included serially diluted water samples were inoculated onto plate count agar, mannitol salt agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar, MacConkey agar, and cetrimide nutrient agar to assess total viable bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Shigella, coliforms, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Eosin-methylene blue agar was used to cultivate Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. Pure isolates were characterised using API kits and assessed for antibiotic resistance and biofilm production employing the Kirby-Bauer and tissue culture plate techniques, respectively. The ages of the water tanks ranged from 1 to 25 years old; all tanks had cover-lids; 13 (40.63%) had water guards while 12 (37.5%) underwent water treatment. The physicochemical properties chiefly fell within WHO standards for drinking water. One hundred and eighty-seven isolates were obtained. S. aureus (15.51%) had the highest frequency while Salmonella enterica (3.2%) had the lowest frequency. Thirty-six percent of the isolates were strong biofilm producers, while 20.67% Gram-negative and 18.69% Gram-positive bacterial isolates were antibiotic-resistant. This study revealed a high occurrence of biofilm-forming bacteria and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water distribution systems, emphasizing the urgency of improving water quality for public health protection.

Harnessing luciferase chemistry in regulated cell death modalities and autophagy: overview and perspectives

Regulated cell death is a fate of cells in (patho)physiological conditions during which extrinsic or intrinsic signals or redox equilibrium pathways following infection, cellular stress or injury are coupled to cell death modalities like apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis or ferroptosis. An immediate survival response to cellular stress is often induction of autophagy, a process that deals with removal of aggregated proteins and damaged organelles by a lysosomal recycling process. These cellular processes and their regulation are crucial in several human diseases. Exploiting high-throughput assays which discriminate distinct cell death modalities and autophagy are critical to identify potential therapeutic agents that modulate these cellular responses. In the past few years, luciferase-based assays have been widely developed for assessing regulated cell death and autophagy pathways due to their simplicity, sensitivity, known chemistry, different spectral properties and high-throughput potential. Here, we review basic principles of bioluminescent reactions from a mechanistic perspective, along with their implication in vitro and in vivo for probing cell death and autophagy pathways. These include applying luciferase-, luciferin-, and ATP-based biosensors for investigating regulated cell death modalities. We discuss multiplex bioluminescence platforms which simultaneously distinguish between the various cell death phenomena and cellular stress recovery processes such as autophagy. We also highlight the recent technological achievements of bioluminescent tools for the prediction of drug effectiveness in pathways associated with regulated cell death.

PA-Win2: In Silico-Based Discovery of a Novel Peptide with Dual Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity

Background: The emergence and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) have become a serious global threat, as the morbidity and mortality associated with ARB infections are continuously rising. The activation of quorum sensing (QS) genes can promote biofilm formation, which contributes to the acquisition of drug resistance and increases virulence. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents to control ARB and prevent further development. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are naturally occurring defense molecules in organisms known to suppress pathogens through a broad range of antimicrobial mechanisms. Methods: In this study, we utilized a previously developed deep-learning model to identify AMP candidates from the venom gland transcriptome of the spider Pardosa astrigera, followed by experimental validation. Results: PA-Win2 was among the top-scoring predicted peptides and was selected based on physiochemical features. Subsequent experimental validation demonstrated that PA-Win2 inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MRPA) strain CCARM 2095. The peptide exhibited strong bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa, and MRPA CCARM 2095 through the depolarization of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and alteration of gene expression associated with bacterial survival. In addition, PA-Win2 effectively inhibited biofilm formation and degraded pre-formed biofilms of P. aeruginosa. The gene expression study showed that the peptide treatment led to the downregulation of QS genes in the Las, Pqs, and Rhl systems. Conclusions: These findings suggest PA-Win2 as a promising drug candidate against ARB and demonstrate the potential of in silico methods in discovering functional peptides from biological data.

An inducible RIPK3-driven necroptotic system enhances cancer cell-based immunotherapy and ensures safety

Recent progress in cancer cell-based therapies has led to effective targeting and robust immune responses against cancer. However, the inherent safety risks of using live cancer cells necessitate the creation of an optimized safety switch without hindering the efficacy of immunotherapy. The existing safety switches typically induce tolerogenic cell death, potentially leading to an immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which is counterproductive to the goals of immunotherapy. Here, we developed and characterized an inducible receptor-interacting protein kinase 3-driven (RIPK3-driven) necroptotic system that serves a dual function of safety switch as well as inducer of immunogenic cell death, which in turn stimulates antitumor immune responses. We show that activation of the RIPK3 safety switch triggered immunogenic responses marked by an increased release of ATP and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Compared with other existing safety switches, incorporating the RIPK3 system inhibited tumor growth, improved survival outcomes in tumor-bearing mice, and fostered long-term antitumor immunity. Moreover, the RIPK3 system reinvigorated the TIME by promoting DC maturation, polarizing the macrophages toward a M1 phenotype, and reducing the exhaustion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Our study highlights the dual role of the RIPK3-driven necroptotic system in improving the safety and efficacy of cancer cell-based therapy, with broader implications for cellular therapies.

Exploring the dual role of anti-nutritional factors in soybeans: a comprehensive analysis of health risks and benefits

Soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) are a globally significant crop, valued for their high protein content and nutritional versatility. However, they contain anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) that can interfere with nutrient absorption and pose health risks. This comprehensive review examines the presence and impact of key ANFs in soybeans, such as trypsin inhibitors, lectins, oxalates, phytates, tannins, and soybean polysaccharides, based on recent literature. The physiological roles, potential health hazards of the ANFs, and the detailed balance between their harmful and beneficial effects on human health, as well as the efficacy of deactivation or removal techniques in food processing, were discussed. The findings highlight the dual nature of ANFs in soybeans. Some ANFs have been found to offer health benefits include acting as antioxidants, potentially reducing the risk of cancer, and exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. However, it is important to note that the same ANFs can also have negative impacts. For instance, trypsin inhibitors, lectins, and tannins may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort and contribute to mineral deficiencies when consumed in excess or without proper processing. This review will provide a clear understanding of the role of ANFs in soybean-based diets and to inform future research and food processing strategies.

Emission and Transcriptional Regulation of Aroma Variation in Oncidium Twinkle 'Red Fantasy' Under Diel Rhythm

Oncidium hybridum is one of the important cut-flowers in the world. However, the lack of aroma in its cut-flower varieties greatly limits the sustainable development of the Oncidium hybridum cut-flowers industry. This paper is an integral investigation of the diel pattern and influencing factors of the aroma release of Oncidium Twinkle 'Red Fantasy'. GC-MS analysis revealed that the release of 3-Carene peaked at 10:00, while Butyl tiglate and Prenyl senecioate did so at 14:00, with a diel rhythm. By analyzing the correlation network between aroma component synthesis and differentially expressed genes, 15 key structural genes were detected and regulated by multiple circadian rhythm-related transcription factors. Cluster-17371.18_TPS, Cluster-65495.1_TPS, Cluster-46699.0_TPS, Cluster-60935.10_DXS, Cluster-47205.4_IDI, and Cluster-65313.7_LOX were key genes in the terpenoid and fatty acid derivative biosynthetic pathway, which were co-expressed with aroma release. Constant light/dark treatments revealed that the diurnal release of 3-Carene may be influenced by light and the circadian clock, and Butyl tiglate and Prenyl senecioate may be mainly determined by endogenous circadian clock. Under constant light treatment, the TPS, DXS, IDI, and LOX genes seem to lose their regulatory role in the release of aroma compounds from Oncidium Twinkle 'Red Fantasy'. Under constant dark treatment, the TPS genes were consistent with the release pattern of 3-Carene, which may be a key factor in regulating the diel rhythm of 3-Carene biosynthesis. These results laid a theoretical foundation for the study of floral transcriptional regulation and genetic engineering technology breeding of Oncidium hybridum.

Supplemented Gegen Qinlian Decoction Formula attenuates podocyte mitochondrial fission and renal fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting TNF-α-mediated necroptosis, compared with empagliflozin

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Recently, podocyte mitochondrial dysfunction and necroptosis have been shown to play critical roles in renal fibrosis (RF) in diabetic kidney disease (DKD); however, these conditions lack effective treatment. In China, the supplemented Gegen Qinlian Decoction Formula (SGQDF), which originates from the classical prescription Gegen Qinlian Decoction, has been widely used to treat patients with DKD. However, it remains unclear whether SGQDF alleviates podocyte injury-associated RF in patients with DKD.

AIM OF STUDY

This study aimed to clarify the therapeutic effects of SGQDF compared with those of empagliflozin (EMPA) on podocyte mitochondrial fission and RF in DKD and its necroptosis-related mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Modified DKD rat models were developed through a combination of uninephrectomy, streptozotocin administration through intraperitoneal injection, and exposure to a high-fat diet. Following RF formation, the DKD rat models received either a high dose of SGQDF (H-SGQDF), a low dose of SGQDF (L-SGQDF), EMPA, or vehicle for 4 weeks. In our in vitro study, we subjected cultured murine podocytes to a high-glucose environment and various treatments including Mdivi-1, adalimumab, and necrostatin-1, with or without H-SGQDF or EMPA. SGQDF target prediction and molecular docking verification were performed. For the in vivo study, we focused on examining changes in the parameters associated with renal injury, RF, and oxidative stress (OS)-induced injuries in podocytes. Both in vivo and in vitro studies included an analysis of changes in podocyte mitochondrial fission, TNF-α-induced podocyte necroptosis, and the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling pathway activation.

RESULTS

SGQDF improved renal injury markers, including body weight, blood glucose, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urinary albumin, in a dose-dependent manner. The beneficial effects of H-SGQDF in vivo were greater than those of L-SGQDF alone in vivo. Interestingly, similar to EMPA, H-SGQDF ameliorated RF and reduced OS-induced podocyte injury in diabetic kidneys. Furthermore, TNF-α signaling was shown to be important in the network construction of "the SGQDF-component-target." Based on this, we also showed that the beneficial effects in vivo and in vitro of H-SGQDF were closely related to the improvement in mitochondrial dysfunction and the inhibition of TNF-α-induced necroptosis in podocytes.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, we showed that H-SGQDF, similar to EMPA, attenuates podocyte mitochondrial fission and RF, and that the underlying therapeutic mechanisms are closely related to inhibiting the activation of the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling axis in diabetic kidneys. Our findings provide new pharmacological evidence for the application of H-SGQDF in the RF treatment of DKD.

Genetically engineered bacterial biofilm materials enhances portable whole cell sensing

In recent years, whole-cell biosensors (WCBs) have emerged as a potent approach for environmental monitoring and on-site analyte detection. These biosensors harness the biological apparatus of microorganisms to identify specific analytes, offering advantages in sensitivity, specificity, and real-time monitoring capabilities. A critical hurdle in biosensor development lies in ensuring the robust attachment of cells to surfaces, a crucial step for practical utility. In this study, we present a comprehensive approach to tackle this challenge via engineering Escherichia coli cells for immobilization on paper through the Curli biofilm pathway. Furthermore, incorporating a cellulose-binding peptide domain to the CsgA biofilm protein enhances cell adhesion to paper surfaces, consequently boosting biosensor efficacy. To demonstrate the versatility of this platform, we developed a WCB for copper, optimized to exhibit a discernible response, even with the naked eye. To confirm its suitability for practical field use, we characterized our copper sensor under various environmental conditions-temperature, salinity, and pH-to mimic real-world scenarios. The biosensor-equipped paper discs can be freeze-dried for deployment in on-site applications, providing a practical method for long-term storage without loss of sensitivity paper discs demonstrate sustained functionality and viability even after months of storage with 5 μM limit of detection for copper with visible-to-naked-eye signal levels. Biofilm-mediated surface attachment and analyte sensing can be independently engineered, allowing for flexible utilization of this platform as required. With the implementation of copper sensing as a proof-of-concept study, we underscore the potential of WCBs as a promising avenue for the on-site detection of a multitude of analytes.

Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Northern Jiangsu Province and Correlation to Drug Resistance and Biofilm Formability

This study aimed to provide experimental support for the prevention and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and to elucidate the epidemiological distribution of resistance and virulence genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from mastitis in dairy cows in the northern part of Jiangsu Province and their relationship with the biofilm-forming ability of the strains. Mastitis presents a significant challenge within dairy farming, adversely impacting the health of dairy cows and precipitating substantial economic losses in milk production. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) was isolated and identified from mastitis milk samples in Jiangsu Province, China. In order to characterize the isolates, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), drug resistance phenotypes, virulence genes, and biofilm formations were detected. The isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria from 168 clinical mastitis milk samples using 16S rRNA and PCR revealed 63 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were determined to be highly homologous according to phylogenetic tree analysis. In addition, the MLST indicated five major ST types, namely ST277, ST450, ST571, ST641, and ST463. The susceptibility to 10 antimicrobials was determined, and it was found that 63 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not have a strong resistance to the antimicrobials in general. However, there were differences in the phenotypes' resistance to antimicrobials among the different ST types. It was also found that the more resistant the strains were to antimicrobials, the lower the carriage of virulence genes detected. The biofilm content was measured using the semi-quantitative crystal violet method. It was found that there were a few strains with medium or strong biofilm-forming abilities. However, the number of virulence genes carried by the 63 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was inversely proportional to the biofilm-forming ability. It was also found that there were significantly more Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the biofilm state than in the planktonic state and that strains with strong biofilm-forming abilities were more resistant to antimicrobials.

The impact of 9-azaglycophymine and phenylguanidine derivatives on the proliferation of various breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo

Quinazolinones, particularly 9-azaglycophymines, and closely related derivatives and precursors were tested in vitro against various breast cancer cell lines representing the major types of breast tumors. Among the 49 compounds tested, azaglycophymine derivative 19 with an electron-withdrawing substituent demonstrated the most significant anti-proliferative effects, with IC50 values of around 4 µM. Extensive cell-based investigations revealed that compound 19 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in HCC1937 (human TNBC), BT-474 (human HER2+/HR+), and 4T1 (mouse TNBC) cells. In contrast, in MDA-MB-468 (human TNBC) and MCF-7 (human HR+) cells, the cell death was induced via a non-apoptotic pathway. The in vivo efficacy of compound 19 was validated using a syngeneic orthotopic 4T1 model in BALB/c mice, resulting in significant reduction of 4T1 breast tumor growth upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) application of doses of 5 or 20 mg/kg. These findings highlight the potential of compound 19 as a promising scaffold for the development of new therapeutic agents for various types of breast cancer and a first structure-activity insight.

The protective role of Cordyceps cicadae and its active ingredient myriocin against sodium iodate-induced age-related macular degeneration via an anti-necroptotic TNF-RIPK1/3 pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cordyceps cicadae (C.cicadae), named "Chan Hua", an anamorph of Isaria cicadae Miquel, is an entomogenous complex formed by fungi parasitizing on the larvae of cicadas and belongs to the Claviciptaceae family and the genus Codyceps, which traditionally holds a significant place in Chinese ethnopharmacology, specifically for eye clarity and as a remedy for age-related ocular conditions. The underlying mechanisms contributing to its eyesight enhancement and potential effectiveness against Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remain unexplored.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to elucidate the protective role of C.cicadae and its active ingredient, Myriocin (Myr), against AMD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A chemical inducer was employed to make retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage in vitro and in vivo. The key ingredients of C.cicadae and their related mechanisms for anti-AMD were studied through bioinformatic analysis and molecular biological approaches.

RESULTS

Myr was identified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as an active ingredient in C.cicadae, and demonstrated a protective effect on RPE cells, reducing the structural damage and cell death induced by sodium iodate (SI). Further, Myr reduced eyelid secretions in AMD mice and restored their retinal structure and function. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Myr treatment are primarily associated with TNF and Necroptosis signaling pathways. Molecular docking indicated a strong affinity between TNF and Myr. Myr inhibited the TNF signaling pathway thereby reducing the expression of inflammatory factors in ARPE-19 cells. Additionally, Myr had consistent action with the necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), inhibited the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway thereby protecting ARPE-19 cells.

CONCLUSION

The findings present Myr, as a potent protector against SI-induced AMD, predominantly through modulation of the TNF-RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling pathway, offering the insights of therapeutic C.cicadae as viable candidates for AMD treatment.

Relative fitness of wild-type and phage-resistant pyomelanogenic P. aeruginosa and effects of combinatorial therapy on resistant formation

Bacteriophages, the natural predators of bacteria, are incredibly potent candidates to counteract antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, the rapid development of phage-resistant mutants challenges the potential of phage therapy. Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial adaptations to phage predation is crucial for phage-based prognostic applications. Phage cocktails and combinatorial therapy, using optimized dosage patterns of antibiotics, can negate the development of phage-resistant mutations and prolong therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we describe the characterization of a novel bacteriophage and the physiology of phage-resistant mutant developed during infection. M12PA is a P. aeruginosa-infecting bacteriophage with Myoviridae morphology. We observed that prolonged exposure of P. aeruginosa to M12PA resulted in the selection of phage-resistant mutants. Among the resistant mutants, pyomelanin-producing mutants, named PA-M, were developed at a frequency of 1 in 16. Compared to the wild-type, we show that PA-M mutant is severely defective in virulence properties, with altered motility, biofilm formation, growth rate, and antibiotic resistance profile. The PA-M mutant exhibited reduced pathogenesis in an allantoic-infected chick embryo model system compared to the wild-type. Finally, we provide evidence that combinatory therapy, combining M12PA with antibiotics or other phages, significantly delayed the emergence of resistant mutants. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of combinatory phage therapy to delay the development of phage-resistant mutants and enhance the efficacy of phage-based treatments against P. aeruginosa.

Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Anti-inflammatory Effects of a Novel Thrombin-Derived Peptide in Sepsis Models: Insights into Underlying Mechanisms

We developed two short helical antimicrobial peptides, HVF18-a3 and its d-enantiomer, HVF18-a3-d, derived from the thrombin C-terminal peptide HVF18. These peptides exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against various bacteria by compromising both the outer and inner membranes, with low hemolytic activity. They are stable in the presence of physiological salts and human serum, exhibiting a low potential for developing drug resistance and excellent antibiofilm activity against Gram-negative bacteria. HVF18-a3-d also neutralized lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through direct binding interactions and suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines through the inflammatory signaling pathway mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. Both pre- and post-treatment with HVF18-a3-d significantly protected mice against fatal septic shock induced by carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. These findings suggest HVF18-a3 and HVF18-a3-d are promising candidates for developing antibiotics against Gram-negative sepsis.

Environmental Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications for Food Safety and Public Health

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global health issue, aggravated by antibiotic overuse and misuse in human medicine, animal care, and agriculture. This study looks at the different mechanisms that drive AMR, such as environmental contamination, horizontal gene transfer, and selective pressure, as well as the severe implications of AMR for human and animal health. This study demonstrates the need for concerted efforts across the scientific, healthcare, agricultural, and policy sectors to control the emergence of AMR. Some crucial strategies discussed include developing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs, encouraging targeted narrow-spectrum antibiotic use, and emphasizing the significance of strict regulatory frameworks and surveillance systems, like the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) and the Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification. This study also emphasizes the need for national and international action plans in combating AMR and promotes the One Health strategy, which unifies environmental, animal, and human health. This study concludes that preventing the spread of AMR and maintaining the effectiveness of antibiotics for future generations requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and internationally coordinated strategy.

Apoptosis: A Comprehensive Overview of Signaling Pathways, Morphological Changes, and Physiological Significance and Therapeutic Implications

Cell survival and death are intricately governed by apoptosis, a meticulously controlled programmed cell death. Apoptosis is vital in facilitating embryonic development and maintaining tissue homeostasis and immunological functioning. It is a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways that ultimately converges on executing the apoptotic program. The extrinsic pathway is initiated by the binding of death ligands such as TNF-α and Fas to their respective receptors on the cell surface. In contrast, the intrinsic pathway leads to increased permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane and the release of apoptogenic factors like cytochrome c, which is regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Once activated, these pathways lead to a cascade of biochemical events, including caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and the dismantling of cellular components. Dysregulation of apoptosis is implicated in various disorders, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. This article focuses on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis regulation, to develop targeted therapeutic strategies. Modulating apoptotic pathways holds immense potential in cancer treatment, where promoting apoptosis in malignant cells could lead to tumor regression. This article demonstrates the therapeutic potential of targeting apoptosis, providing options for treating cancer and neurological illnesses. The safety and effectiveness of apoptosis-targeting drugs are being assessed in ongoing preclinical and clinical trials (phase I-III), opening the door for more effective therapeutic approaches and better patient outcomes.

Ultrasmall Enzyodynamic PANoptosis Nano-Inducers for Ultrasound-Amplified Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy and Lung Metastasis Inhibition

Addressing the inefficiency of current therapeutic approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma is an urgent and pressing challenge. PANoptosis, a form of inflammatory programmed cell death, presents a dependable strategy for combating cancer by engaging multiple cell death pathways (apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis). In this study, an ultrasmall Bi2Sn2O7 nanozyme with ultrasound-magnified multienzyme-mimicking properties is designed and engineered as a PANoptosis inducer through destroying the mitochondrial function of tumor cells and enhancing the intracellular accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species, finally triggering the activation of PANoptosis process. The role of PANoptosis inducer has been verified by the expression of related proteins, including cleaved Caspase 3, NLRP3, N-GSDMD, cleaved Caspase 1, p-MLKL, and RIPK3. The inclusion of external ultrasonic irradiation significantly augments the enzyodynamic therapeutic efficiency. In vitro and in vivo antineoplastic efficacy, along with inhibition of lung metastasis, validate the benefits of the Bi2Sn2O7-mediated PANoptosis pathway. This study not only elucidates the intricate mechanisms underlying Bi2Sn2O7 as a PANoptosis inducer, but also offers a novel perspective for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Lysosome-Targeted Bifunctional Therapeutics Induce Autodynamic Cancer Therapy

Autodynamic cancer therapy possesses tremendous potential for enhancing therapeutic efficacy by initiating the treatment process autonomously within targeted cells. However, challenges related to biocompatibility and targeted delivery have hindered its clinical translation owing to the induction of adverse effects and cytotoxicity in healthy cells. In this study, a novel approach for auto-initiated dynamic therapy by conjugating zwitterionic near-infrared fluorophores to a cell-penetrating peptide is proposed. This enables efficient cellular uptake and specific targeting of therapy to desired cells while avoiding off-target uptake. The zwitterionic bioconjugate causes cancer-specific toxicity following its internalization into the targeted cells, triggered by specific intracellular conditions in lysosomes. This innovative approach enables selective targeting of lysosomes in malignant cells while minimizing cytotoxic effects on normal cells. By targeting lysosomes, the method overcomes inherent risks and side effects associated with conventional cancer treatments, offering a selective and effective approach to cancer therapy.

Hypervirulent and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: A global public health threat

The evolution of hypervirulent and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae can be categorized into three main patterns: the evolution of KL1/KL2-hvKp strains into CR-hvKp, the evolution of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKp) strains into hv-CRKp, and the acquisition of hybrid plasmids carrying carbapenem resistance and virulence genes by classical K. pneumoniae (cKp). These strains are characterized by multi-drug resistance, high virulence, and high infectivity. Currently, there are no effective methods for treating and surveillance this pathogen. In addition, the continuous horizontal transfer and clonal spread of these bacteria under the pressure of hospital antibiotics have led to the emergence of more drug-resistant strains. This review discusses the evolution and distribution characteristics of hypervirulent and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, the mechanisms of carbapenem resistance and hypervirulence, risk factors for susceptibility, infection syndromes, treatment regimens, real-time surveillance and preventive control measures. It also outlines the resistance mechanisms of antimicrobial drugs used to treat this pathogen, providing insights for developing new drugs, combination therapies, and a "One Health" approach. Narrowing the scope of surveillance but intensifying implementation efforts is a viable solution. Monitoring of strains can be focused primarily on hospitals and urban wastewater treatment plants.

The emerging roles of necroptosis in skeletal muscle health and disease

Necroptosis is a regulated form of cell death with implications in various physiological and pathological processes in multiple tissues. However, the relevant findings from post-mitotic tissues, such as skeletal muscle, are scarce. This review summarizes the potential contributions of necroptosis to skeletal muscle health and diseases. It first discusses the physiological roles of necroptosis in muscle regeneration and development. It then summarizes the contributions of necroptosis to the pathogenesis of multiple muscle diseases, including muscular dystrophies, inflammatory myopathies, cachexia, and neuromuscular disorders. Lastly, it unravels the gaps in our understanding and therapeutic challenges of inhibiting necroptosis as a potential intervention for muscle diseases. Specifically, the findings from the transgenic animal models and the use of pharmacological inhibitors of necroptosis are discussed with relevance to improving the structure and/or function of skeletal muscle in various diseases. Recent developments from experimental animal models and clinical data are presented to discuss the roles of necroptosis in skeletal muscle health and diseases.

Differential Abundance of Protein Acylation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Under Exposure to Nitrosative Stress

BACKGROUND

Human macrophages generate antimicrobial reactive nitrogen species in response to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Exposure to these redox-reactive compounds induces stress response in Mtb, which can affect posttranslational modifications (PTM).

METHODS

Here, we present the global analysis of the PTM acylation of Mtb proteins in response to a sublethal dose of nitrosative stress in the form of nitric oxide (NO) using label free quantification.

RESULTS

A total of 6437 acylation events were identified on 1496 Mtb proteins, and O-acylation accounted for 92.2% of the events identified, while 7.8% were N-acylation events. About 22% of the sites identified were found to be acylated by more than one acyl-group. Furthermore, the abundance of each acyl-group decreased as their molecular weight increased. Quantitative PTM analysis revealed differential abundance of acylation in proteins involved in stress response, iron ion homeostasis, growth, energy metabolism, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) induced by nitrosative stress over time.

CONCLUSIONS

The results reveal a potential role of Mtb protein acylation in the bacterial stress responses and AMR. To our knowledge, this is the first report on global O-acylation profile of Mtb in response to NO. This will significantly improve our understanding of the changes in Mtb acylation under nitrosative stress, highly relevant for global health.

Organic extracts from sustainable hybrid poplar hairy root cultures as potential natural antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents

In order to meet growing consumer demands in terms of naturalness, the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries are looking for active molecules of plant origin. In this context, hairy roots are considered a promising biotechnological system for the sustainable production of compounds of interest. Poplars (genus Populus, family Salicaceae) are trees of ecological interest in temperate alluvial forests and are also cultivated for their industrial timber. Poplar trees also produce specialized metabolites with a wide range of bioactive properties. The present study aimed to assess the hybrid poplar hairy root extracts for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against four main life-threatening strains of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Ethyl acetate extracts from two hairy root lines (HP15-3 and HP A4-12) showed significant antibacterial properties as confirmed by disc diffusion assay. Antibiofilm activities were found to be dose dependent with significant biofilm inhibition (75-95%) recorded at 1000 µg.mL-1 in all the bacterial strains tested. Dose-dependent enhancement in the release of exopolysaccharides was observed in response to treatment with extracts, possibly because of stress and bacterial cell death. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed loss of cell viability of treated bacterial cells concomitant with increased production of reactive oxygen species compared to the untreated control. Overall, this study demonstrates for the first time a high potential of poplar hairy root extracts as a natural and safe platform to produce antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical, food, industrial water management, or cosmetic industries.

Discovery of a Highly Promising Disulfide Derivative Scaffold as Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

The main protease (Mpro) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) represents a promising target for antiviral drugs aimed at combating COVID-19. Consequently, the development of Mpro inhibitor is an ideal strategy for combating the virus. In this study, we identified twenty-two dithiocarbamates (1 a-h), dithiocarbamate-Cu(II) complexes (2 a-hCu) and disulfide derivatives (2 a-e, 2 i) as potent inhibitors of Mpro, with IC50 value range of 0.09-0.72, 0.9-24.7, and 15.1-111 μM, respectively, through FRET screening. The enzyme kinetics, inhibition mode, jump dilution, and DTT assay revealed that 1 g may be a partial reversible inhibitor, while 2 d and 2 f-Cu are the irreversible and dose- and time-dependent inhibitors, potentially covalently binding to the target. Binding of 2 d, 2 f-Cu, and 1 g to Mpro was found to decrease the stability of the protein. Additionally, DTT assays and thermal shift assays indicated that 2 f-Cu and 2 d are the nonspecific and promiscuous cysteine protease inhibitor. ICP-MS implied that the inhibitory activity of 2 f-Cu may stem from the uptake of Cu(II) by the enzyme. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that 2 d and 1 g exhibit low cytotoxicity, whereas 2 f-Cu show certain cytotoxicity in L929 cells. Overall, this work presents two promising scaffolds for the development of Mpro inhibitors to combat COVID-19.

Cellulase exhibited a therapeutic potential to inhibit Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi biofilm by targeting multiple regulatory proteins of biofilm

Biofilm-mediated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Ser. Typhi) infections are a growing global health issue due to the formation of antibiotic resistance. The study aimed to discover some of the druggable target proteins of Salmonella Ser. Typhi biofilm and antibiofilm enzyme to prevent Salmonella Ser. Typhi biofilm-mediated infection. Enzymatic therapy has demonstrated effective therapeutic results against bacterial infections due to its specificity and high binding capacity to the target. Therefore, this study focused on the computational interaction between the cellulase enzyme and Salmonella Ser. Typhi biofilm targets proteins with help of the various computational experiments such as ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), protein-protein interactions, MMGBSA, etc. Further, in vitro validations of the typhoidal biofilm and cellulose presence in Salmonella Ser. Typhi biofilm was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman analysis. Additionally, a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration assay for cellulase was conducted and find out the optimized cellulase concentration which showed its inhibitory effect on the Salmonella Ser. Typhi. The cellulase antibiofilm effect was analyzed with the help of SEM analysis. Further, the cellulose content in Salmonella Ser. Typhi was quantified before and after treatment of cellulase enzyme. As a result, 58.82 % cellulose content was decreased due to cellulase treatment in Salmonella Ser. Typhi. From the seven selected typhoidal biofilm regulatory proteins of Salmonella Ser. Typhi, we identified only five potential druggable targets: BcsA, CsgE, OmpR, CsgF, and CsgD. The BcsA protein is responsible for cellulose production in Salmonella Ser. Typhi biofilm. Consequently, cellulose worked as a fascinating drug target in Salmonella Ser. Typhi biofilm. Therefore, we used cellulase as a potential antibiofilm enzyme for target-based disruption of biofilm. The cellulase showed a high binding affinity with all five identified target proteins [BcsA(-205.62 kcal/mol) > CsgE(-108.20 kcal/mol) > OmpR(-107.58 kcal/mol) > CsgF(-73.74 kcal/mol) > CsgD(-66.61 kcal/mol)] in the protein-protein interaction analysis. Our computational analysis suggests that the cellulase enzyme may be used as a potential antibiofilm enzyme against Salmonella Ser. Typhi biofilm.

Harnessing microbial biofilms in soil ecosystems: Enhancing nutrient cycling, stress resilience, and sustainable agriculture

Soil ecosystems are complex networks of microorganisms that play pivotal roles in nutrient cycling, stress resilience, and the provision of ecosystem services. Among these microbial communities, soil biofilms, and complex aggregations of microorganisms embedded within extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) exert significant influence on soil health and function. This review delves into the dynamics of soil biofilms, highlighting their structural intricacies and the mechanisms by which they facilitate nutrient cycling, and discusses how biofilms enhance the degradation of pollutants through the action of extracellular enzymes and horizontal gene transfer, contributing to soil detoxification and fertility. Furthermore, the role of soil biofilms in stress resilience is underscored, as they form symbiotic relationships with plants, bolstering their growth and resistance to environmental stressors. The review also explores the ecological functions of biofilms in enhancing soil structure stability by promoting aggregate formation, which is crucial for water retention and aeration. By integrating these insights, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted benefits of biofilms in soil ecosystems. This knowledge is essential for developing strategies to manipulate soil biofilms to improve agricultural productivity and ecological sustainability. This review also identifies research gaps and emphasizes the need for practical applications of biofilms in sustainable agriculture.

N-acetylcysteine effects on extracellular polymeric substances of Xylella fastidiosa: A spatiotemporal investigation with implications for biofilm disruption

BACKGROUND

The matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) present in biofilms greatly amplifies the problem of bacterial infections, protecting bacteria against antimicrobial treatments and eventually leading to bacterial resistance. The need for alternative treatments that destroy the EPS matrix becomes evident. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is one option that presents diverse effects against bacteria; however, the different mechanisms of action of NAC in biofilms have yet to be elucidated.

OBJECTIVES

In this work, we performed microscopy studies at micro and nano scales to address the effects of NAC at single cell level and early-stage biofilms of the Xylella fastidiosa phytopathogen.

METHODS

We show the physical effects of NAC on the adhesion surface and the different types of EPS, as well as the mechanical response of individual bacteria to NAC concentrations between 2 and 20 mg/mL.

RESULTS

NAC modified the conditioning film on the substrate, broke down the soluble EPS, resulting in the release of adherent bacteria, decreased the volume of loosely bound EPS, and disrupted the biofilm matrix. Tightly bound EPS suffered structural alterations despite no solid evidence of its removal. In addition, bacterial force measurements upon NAC action performed with InP nanowire arrays showed an enhanced momentum transfer to the nanowires due to increased cell mobility resulting from EPS removal.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results clearly show that conditioning film and soluble EPS play a key role in cell adhesion control and that NAC alters EPS structure, providing solid evidence that NAC actuates mainly on EPS removal, both at single cell and biofilm levels.

Omics-driven bioinformatics for plant lectins discovery and functional annotation - A comprehensive review

Lectins are known for their specific and reversible binding capacity to carbohydrates. These molecules have been particularly explored in plants due to their reported properties, highlighting antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and immunoregulatory actions. The increasing availability of lectin and lectin-like sequences in omics data banks provides an opportunity to identify important candidates, inferring their roles in essential signaling pathways and processes in plants. Bioinformatics enables a fast and low-cost scenario for elucidating sequences and predicting functions in the lectinology universe. Thus, this review addresses the state of the art of annotation, structural characterization, classification, and predicted applications of plant lectins. Their allergenic and toxic properties are also discussed, as well as tools for predicting such effects from the primary structure. This review uncovers a promising scenario for plant lectins and new study possibilities, particularly for studies in lectinology in the omics era.

New clinical approach in facial mild-moderate acne: Re-stabilization of skin microbiota balance with a topical biotechnological phytocomplex

OBJECTIVES

Dysbiosis of the skin microbiota has been identified as a key factor in the development of acne. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of a facial cream gel containing a biotechnological phytocomplex, niacinamide and succinic acid on the bacterial diversity of subjects with mild-moderate acne and its clinical benefits due to microbiota changes.

METHODS

Open-label, clinical study in 44 subjects with mild-moderate acne treated with a facial cream gel for 8 weeks. Bacterial diversity was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of skin samples. Clinical effects were evaluated using the IGA acne severity scale, biometric measurements, and safety.

RESULTS

After 56 days of product's use, an increase in alpha and beta diversity was found (p < 0.01), with a decrease in the relative abundance of C. acnes (48.99% vs. 38.83%, p < 0.001). Regarding clinical results, a decrease in acne severity on the IGA scale (27.33%, p < 0.001), number of non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesions (respectively: 31.12%, p = 0.05; 47.27%, p < 0.001), amount of sebum (89.00%, p < 0.01) and erythema (15.35%, p < 0.01), was found. [Correction added on 19 September 2024, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, "42.27%" has been changed to "47.27%" in this version.] Responder analysis of the IGA score showed that 61.36% of patients improved by at least one point at day 56. The product was well tolerated throughout the study.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of the facial cream gel on skin was effective in rebalancing the microbiota, inhibiting biofilm formation and other virulence factors, reducing the number of mild-moderate acne lesions and sebum secretion, and consequently improving acne's severity.

Circular RNAs in programmed cell death: Regulation mechanisms and potential clinical applications in cancer: A review

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of non-coding RNAs with covalently closed structures formed by reverse splicing of precursor mRNAs. The widespread expression of circRNAs across species has been revealed by high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics approaches, indicating their unique properties and diverse functions including acting as microRNA sponges and interacting with RNA-binding proteins. Programmed cell death (PCD), encompassing various forms such as apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis, is an essential process for maintaining normal development and homeostasis in the human body by eliminating damaged, infected, and aging cells. Many studies have demonstrated that circRNAs play crucial roles in tumourigenesis and development by regulating PCD in tumor cells, showing that circRNAs have the potential to be biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the intricate associations between circRNAs and diverse PCD pathways in tumor cells, which play crucial roles in cancer development. Additionally, this review provides a detailed overview of the underlying mechanisms by which circRNAs modulate various forms of PCD for the first time. The ultimate objective is to offer valuable insights into the potential clinical significance of developing novel strategies based on circRNAs and PCD for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

Olink proteomics and lipidomics analysis of serum from patients infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

BACKGROUND

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections are difficult to diagnose and treat, significantly burdening global health. The host immune status is generally believed to be associated with the onset and progression of NTM and MTB infections, but its specific impact remains unclear.

METHODS

In the present study, proteomics and lipidomics analysis of serum from normal controls (n = 26) and patients with MTB (n = 26), rapidly growing NTM (RGM, n = 15), and slowly growing NTM (SGM, n = 21) were conducted using the Olink technique based on a highly sensitive and specific neighborhood extension assay and the lipidomics technique.

RESULTS

IFN-γ, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL13, etc. were simultaneously upregulated in MTB, RGM, and SGM, while lipids FAHFA 22:3, FAHFA 26:4, FAHFA 24:4, FAHFA 20:5, FAHFA 18:2 simultaneously downregulated. IL8, CCL3, CXCL5, and MCP-2, etc. were simultaneously upregulated in RGM and SGM compared to MTB, as well as PCs, LPCs, PEs, and LPEs. Compared with RGM, IL7, CD27, CCL17, CXCL12, and LPC 28:7-SN2 were downregulated in SGM. Pathway analyses revealed that tuberculosis, sphingolipid signaling pathway, and adipocytokine signaling pathway were regulated at the protein level and metabolite level. Diagnostic panels comprising immune-associated proteins and lipids greatly enhance diagnostic specificity and sensitivity.

CONCLUSION

This integrated multi-omics analysis provides a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular landscape of NTM and MTB, which may provide molecular targets for specialized therapies.

The Role of the Microbiome and of Radiotherapy-Derived Metabolites in Breast Cancer

The gut microbiome has emerged as a crucial player in modulating cancer therapies, including radiotherapy. In the case of breast cancer, the interplay between the microbiome and radiotherapy-derived metabolites may enhance therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects. In this review, we explore the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and breast cancer. We explain how gut microbiome composition influences cancer progression and treatment response, and how breast cancer and its treatments influence microbiome composition. A dual role for radiotherapy-derived metabolites is explored in this article, highlighting both their therapeutic benefits and potential hazards. By integrating genomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics tools, we present a comprehensive overview of these interactions. The study provides real-world insight through case studies and clinical trials, while therapeutic innovations such as probiotics, and dietary interventions are examined for their potential to modulate the microbiome and enhance treatment effectiveness. Moreover, ethical considerations and patient perspectives are discussed, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Towards revolutionizing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes, the review concludes with future research directions. It also envisions integrating microbiome and metabolite research into personalized breast cancer therapy.

Biofilm-mediated antibiotic tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus from spinal cord stimulation device-related infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a predominant cause of infections in individuals with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) devices. Biofilm formation complicates these infections, commonly requiring both surgical and antibiotic treatments. This study explored the biofilm matrix composition and antimicrobial susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm-growing S. aureus isolates from individuals with SCS-related infections. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) examined genotypes, virulome, resistome, and the pan-genome structure. The study also analyzed biofilm matrix composition, early surface adhesion, hemolytic activity, and antibiotic-susceptibility testing. WGS revealed genetic diversity among isolates. One isolate, though oxacillin susceptible, contained the mecA gene. The median number of virulence factor genes per isolate was 58. All isolates harbored the biofilm-related icaA/D genes. When assessing phenotypic characteristics, all strains demonstrated the ability to form biofilms in vitro. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile indicated that oxacillin, rifampin, and teicoplanin showed the highest efficacy against S. aureus biofilm. Conversely, high biofilm tolerance was observed for vancomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin. These findings suggest that S. aureus isolates are highly virulent and produce robust biofilms. In cases of suspected biofilm infections caused by S. aureus, vancomycin should not be the primary choice due to its low activity against biofilm. Instead, oxacillin, rifampin, and teicoplanin appear to be more effective options to manage SCS infections.IMPORTANCESCS devices are increasingly used to manage chronic pain, but infections associated with these devices, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, present significant clinical challenges. These infections are often complicated by biofilm formation, which protects bacteria from immune responses and antibiotic treatments, making them difficult to eradicate. Understanding the genetic diversity, virulence, and biofilm characteristics of S. aureus isolates from SCS infections is critical to improving treatment strategies. Our study highlights the need to reconsider commonly used antibiotics like vancomycin, which shows reduced activity against biofilm-growing cells. Identifying more effective alternatives, such as oxacillin, rifampin, and teicoplanin, provides valuable insight for clinicians when managing biofilm-related S. aureus infections in patients with SCS implants. This research contributes to the growing evidence that biofilm formation is crucial in treating device-related infections, emphasizing the importance of tailoring antimicrobial strategies to the biofilm phenotype.

Inhibition of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus

The human pathobiont Streptococcus pyogenes forms biofilms and causes infections, such as pharyngotonsillitis and necrotizing fasciitis. Bacterial biofilms are more resilient to antibiotic treatment, and new therapeutic strategies are needed to control biofilm-associated infections, such as recurrent pharyngotonsillitis. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus are two bacterial commensals used for their probiotic properties. This study aimed to elucidate the anti-biofilm properties of L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus cell-free supernatants (LPSN and LRSN, respectively) on S. pyogenes biofilms grown in vitro in supplemented minimal medium. When planktonic or biofilm S. pyogenes were exposed to LPSN or LRSN, S. pyogenes survival was reduced significantly in a concentration-dependent manner, and the effect was more pronounced on preformed biofilms. Enzymatic digestion of LPSN and LRSN suggested that glycolipid compounds might cause the antimicrobial effect. In conclusion, this study indicates that L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus produce glycolipid bioactive compounds that reduce the viability of S. pyogenes in planktonic and biofilm cultures.IMPORTANCEStreptococcus pyogenes infections are a significant concern for populations at risk, such as children and the elderly, as non-invasive conditions such as impetigo and strep throat can lead to severe invasive diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis. Despite its susceptibility to current antibiotics, the formation of biofilm by this pathogen decreases the efficacy of antibiotic treatment alone. The ability of commensal lactobacillus to kill S. pyogenes has been documented by previous studies using in vitro settings. The relevance of our study is in using a physiological setup and a more detailed understanding of the nature of the lactobacillus molecule affecting the viability of S. pyogenes. This additional knowledge will help for a better comprehension of the molecules' characteristics and kinetics, which in turn will facilitate new avenues of research for its translation to new therapies.

Management of biofilm-associated infections in diabetic wounds – from bench to bedside

Biofilms are complex bacterial colonies embedded in an extracellular matrix. These pose a major obstacle to wound healing and are noticeable in chronic wounds. It protects the bacteria from the host’s immune system and conventional antibiotic treatments. The biofilm’s protective matrix prevents essential nutrients and oxygen from diffusing into the surrounding healthy tissue. In addition, microbes living in biofilms naturally have increased resistance to antibiotics, which reduces the effectiveness of traditional therapies. As such, biofilms serve as persistent reservoirs of infection, which further disrupts the normal course of wound healing. In this review, the current formulation strategies such as hydrogels, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanofibers that are used in wound healing to counteract biofilms have been comprehensively discussed. The formulations have been meticulously designed and developed to disturb the biofilm matrix, prevent the growth of microorganisms, and increase the potency of antimicrobials and antibiotics. The mechanism of action, advantages and limitations associated with the existing formulation strategies have been reviewed. The formulation strategies that have been translated into clinical applications and patented are also discussed in this paper.

Cytocompatibility, Antibacterial, and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy of Grape Seed Extract and Quercetin Hydrogels Against a Mature Endodontic Biofilm Ex Vivo Model

Background/Objectives: To assess the cytocompatibility, antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) and quercetin hydrogels versus calcium hydroxide (CH) as intracanal medications (ICMs) against an endodontic ex vivo biofilm model. Methods: Single-rooted teeth (n = 50) were prepared and sterilized before being infected with E. faecalis to develop a mature biofilm. They were divided into five equal groups according to the ICM used: G1: medicated with CH paste, G2: medicated with GSE hydrogel, G3: medicated with quercetin hydrogel, G4: positive control group that was infected and not medicated, and G5: negative control group that was neither infected nor medicated. After 1 week, the ICM was removed, and the root canals were cultured to assess the antibacterial efficacy by counting the colony-forming units and the anti-biofilm efficacy by the crystal violet assay. Dead/live bacterial viability was assessed by CFLSM examination, while the cytocompatibility was assessed using the MTT assay. Results: CH had the best antibacterial efficacy, followed by GSE and quercetin hydrogels (p < 0.001). Regarding the anti-biofilm efficacy, GSE was superior, followed by quercetin and CH (p < 0.001). CFLSM examination showed CH and GSE hydrogel to be highly effective in comparison to the positive control (p < 0.0001), with no statistical difference between them (p > 0.05). CH showed significantly higher cell viability percentages using a 500 μg/mL, while quercetin and GSE started to show cell viability > 70% at concentrations of 125 μg/mL and 62.5 μg/mL. Conclusions: CH fulfilled the ideal requirements of ICM as being both antibacterial and non-cytotoxic compared to the other materials tested.

Advancements in skin cancer treatment: focus on photodynamic therapy: a review

Some of these include basal cell carcinoma (BCCs), squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs), and melanoma; skin cancer is a leading global health problem due to its high prevalence and possibly due to its serious health implications. Conventional and known therapies like surgeries, radiation therapies and chemotherapy although helpful are sometime deleterious and do not specifically attack the cancers. New advancement is half-breed technique has recently been recognized that photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be considered as a potentially effective modality by using photosensitizers which work through the generation of localized ROS on exposure to light. This review analyzes the recent progress in PDT and evaluation of its effectiveness in the cure of skin malignancies: with the emphasis on its applicability to BCCs and SCCs, as well as the limitations concerning the cure of melanomas. This review gives an insight to how PDT works and how it can be combined with other forms of therapy, and the prospects of photosensitizer carriers with special reference to nanotechnology. Also, the optimization of the parameters associated with the use of PDT is explored in an attempt to improve on its safety and efficacy in treatment. As such, the purpose of this systematic review of the literature is to advance the knowledge of PDT usage in contemporary dermatologic oncology and to contribute to the eventual expansion of this therapy into other skin diseases and potential use as a first-line treatment for skin neoplasia.

NRICM101 prevents kainic acid-induced seizures in rats by modulating neuroinflammation and the glutamatergic system

Taiwan Chingguan Yihau (NRICM101) is a Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula used to treat coronavirus disease 2019; however, its impact on epilepsy has not been revealed. Therefore, the present study evaluated the anti-epileptogenic effect of orally administered NRICM101 on kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures in rats and investigated its possible mechanisms of action. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered NRICM101 (300 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 7 consecutive days before receiving an intraperitoneal injection of KA (15 mg/kg). NRICM101 considerably reduced the seizure behavior and electroencephalographic seizures induced by KA in rats. NRICM101 also significantly decreased the neuronal loss and glutamate increase and increased GLAST, GLT-1, GAD67, GDH and GS levels in the cortex and hippocampus of KA-treated rats. In addition, NRICM101 significantly suppressed astrogliosis (as determined by decreased GFAP expression); neuroinflammatory signaling (as determined by reduced HMGB1, TLR-4, IL-1β, IL-1R, IL-6, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, TNF-α, TNFR1 and p-IκB levels, and increased cytosolic p65-NFκB levels); and necroptosis (as determined by decreased p-RIPK3 and p-MLKL levels) in the cortex and hippocampus of KA-treated rats. The effects of NRICM101 were similar to those of carbamazepine, a well-recognized antiseizure drug. Furthermore, no toxic effects of NRICM101 on the liver and kidney were observed in NRICM101-treated rats. The results indicate that NRICM101 has antiepileptogenic and neuroprotective effects through the suppression of the inflammatory cues (HMGB1/TLR4, Il-1β/IL-1R1, IL-6/p-JAK2/p-STAT3, and TNF-α/TNFR1/NF-κB) and necroptosis signaling pathways (TNF-α/TNFR1/RIP3/MLKL) associated with glutamate level regulation in the brain and is innocuous. Our findings highlight the promising role of NRICM101 in the management of epilepsy.

Inulin-based nanoparticles for targeted siRNA delivery in acute kidney injury

RNA interference has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to tackle acute kidney injury (AKI). Development of targeted delivery systems is highly desired for selective renal delivery of RNA and improved therapeutic outcomes in AKI. Inulin is a plant polysaccharide traditionally employed to measure glomerular filtration rate. Here, we describe the synthesis of inulin modified with α-cyclam-p-toluic acid (CPTA) to form a novel renal-targeted polymer, Inulin-CPTA (IC), which is capable of selective siRNA delivery to the injured kidneys. We show that conjugating CPTA to inulin imparts IC with targeting properties for cells that overexpress the C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Self-assembled IC/siRNA nanoparticles (polyplexes) demonstrated rapid accumulation in the injured kidneys with selective uptake and prolonged retention in injured renal tubules overexpressing the CXCR4 receptor. Tumor-suppressor protein p53 contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of AKI. siRNA-induced silencing of p53 has shown therapeutic potential in several preclinical studies, making it an important target in the treatment of AKI. Systemically administered nanoparticles formulated using IC and siRNA against p53 selectively accumulated in the injured kidneys and potently silenced p53 expression. Selective p53 knockdown led to positive therapeutic outcomes in mice with cisplatin-induced AKI, as seen by reduced tubular cell death, renal injury, inflammation, and overall improved renal function. These findings indicate that IC is a promising new carrier for renal-targeted delivery of RNA for the treatment of AKI.

Phage-encoded depolymerases as a strategy for combating multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii, a predominant nosocomial pathogen, represents a grave threat to public health due to its multiple antimicrobial resistance. Managing patients afflicted with severe infections caused by multiple drug-resistant A. baumannii is particularly challenging, given the associated high mortality rates and unfavorable prognoses. The diminishing efficacy of antibiotics against this superbug underscores the urgent necessity for novel treatments or strategies to address this formidable issue. Bacteriophage-derived polysaccharide depolymerase enzymes present a potential approach to combating this pathogen. These enzymes target and degrade the bacterial cell's exopolysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide, and lipopolysaccharide, thereby disrupting biofilm formation and impairing the bacteria's defense mechanisms. Nonetheless, the narrow host range of phage depolymerases limits their therapeutic efficacy. Despite the benefits of these enzymes, phage-resistant strains have been identified, highlighting the complexity of phage-host interactions and the need for further investigation. While preliminary findings are encouraging, current investigations are limited, and clinical trials are imperative to advance this treatment approach for broader clinical applications. This review explores the potential of phage-derived depolymerase enzymes against A. baumannii infections.

Inhibition of Acinetobacter nosocomialis twitching motility by quinolones produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Twitching motility in A. nosocomialis is a key virulence factor linked to antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity. This study revealed that the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) and hydroxy-containing quinolones significantly inhibit motility without affecting bacterial growth, highlighting their potential as targets for controlling bacterial virulence.

Macrophages-derived high-mobility group box-1 protein induces endothelial progenitor cells pyroptosis

Endothelial dysfunction is an important factor in the progress of sepsis. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are the precursor cells of endothelial cells and play a crucial role in the prognosis and treatment of sepsis. EPCs in the peripheral blood of patients with sepsis undergo pyroptosis, but the mechanism remains much of unknown. Serum high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is significantly elevated in patients with sepsis, but whether it is related to EPCs pyroptosis is unknown. We used a cell model of sepsis in vitro to isolate EPCs for better observation. By detecting the pyroptosis-related indicators of EPCs and the level of release and acetylation of HMGB1 in inflammatory macrophages, it was found that HMGB1 released by inflammatory macrophages combined with receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a key pathway to induce pyroptosis of EPCs.

Targeting the neurovascular unit: Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of stroke

Stroke poses a significant global health challenge due to its elevated disability and mortality rates, particularly affecting developing nations like China. The neurovascular unit (NVU), a new concept encompassing neurons, brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and the extracellular matrix, has gained prominence in recent years. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), deeply rooted in Chinese history, employs a combination of acupuncture and herbal treatments, demonstrating significant efficacy across all stages of stroke, notably during recovery. The holistic approach of TCM aligns with the NVU's comprehensive view of treating stroke by addressing neurons, surrounding cells, and blood vessels collectively. This review examines the role of NVU in stroke and endeavors to elucidate the mechanisms through which traditional Chinese medicine exerts its anti-stroke effects within the NVU framework. The NVU contributes to neuroinflammation, immune infiltration, blood-brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, and Ca2+ overload during stroke occurs. Additionally, TCM targeting the NVU facilitates nerve repair post-stroke through various pathways and approaches. Specific herbs, including panax notoginseng, ginseng, and borneol, alleviate brain injury by enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and targeting astrocytes and microglia to yield anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Acupuncture, another facet of TCM, promotes brain injury repair by augmenting cerebral blood flow and improving circulation. This exploration aims to assess the viability of stroke treatment by directing TCM interventions toward the NVU, thus paving the way for its broader clinical application.

The Use of Long-term Antibiotics for Suppression of Bacterial Infections

Suppressive antibiotic therapy is prescribed when a patient has an infection that is presumed to be incurable by a defined course of therapy or source control. The cohort receiving suppressive antibiotic therapy is typically highly comorbid and the infections often involve retained prosthetic material. In part due to a lack of clear guidelines regarding the use of suppressive antibiotics, and in part due to the complex nature of the infections in question, patients are often prescribed suppressive antibiotics for extremely long, if not indefinite, courses. The risks of prolonged antibiotic exposure in this context are not fully characterized, but they include adverse drug effects ranging from mild to severe, the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms, and perturbations of the gastrointestinal microbiome. In this narrative review we present the available evidence for the use of suppressive antibiotic therapy in 4 common indications, examine the gaps in the current literature, and explore the known and potential risks of this therapy. We also make suggestions for improving the quality of evidence in future studies, particularly by highlighting the need for a standardized term to describe the use of long courses of antibiotics to suppress hard-to-treat infections.

Virulence-linked adhesin drives mutualist colonization of the bee gut via biofilm formation

Bacterial biofilms are stable multicellular structures that can enable long term host association. Yet, the role of biofilms in supporting gut mutualism is still not fully understood. Here, we investigate Snodgrassella alvi, a beneficial bacterial symbiont of honey bees, and find that biofilm formation is required for its colonization of the bee gut. We constructed fifteen S. alvi mutants containing knockouts of genes known to promote colonization with putative roles in biofilm formation. Genes required for colonization included staA and staB, encoding trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) and mltA, encoding a lytic transglycosylase. Intriguingly, TAAs are considered virulence factors in pathogens but support mutualism by the symbiont S. alvi. In vitro, biofilm formation was reduced in ΔstaB cells and abolished in the other two mutants. Loss of staA also reduced auto-aggregation and cell-cell connections. Based on structural predictions, StaA/B are massive (>300 nm) TAAs with many repeats in their stalk regions. Further, we find that StaA/B are conserved across Snodgrassella species, suggesting that StaA/B-dependent colonization is characteristic of this symbiont lineage. Finally, staA deletion increases sensitivity to bactericidal antimicrobials, suggesting that the biofilm indirectly buffers against antibiotic stress. In all, the inability of two biofilm-deficient strains (ΔstaA and ΔmltA) to effectively mono-colonize bees indicates that S. alvi biofilm formation is required for colonization of the bee gut. We envision the bee gut system as a genetically tractable model for studying the physical basis of biofilm-mutualist-gut interactions.