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Abstract
Drug withdrawal is often conceptualized as an aversive state that motivates drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors in humans. Stress is more difficult to define, but is also frequently associated with aversive states. Here we describe evidence for the simple theory that drug withdrawal is a stress-like state, on the basis of common effects on behavioral, neurochemical, and molecular endpoints. We also describe data suggesting a more complex relationship between drug withdrawal and stress. As one example, we will highlight evidence that, depending on drug class, components of withdrawal can produce effects that have characteristics consistent with mood elevation. In addition, some stressors can act as positive reinforcers, defined as having the ability to increase the probability of a behavior that produces it. As such, accumulating evidence supports the general principles of opponent process theory, whereby processes that have an affective valence are followed in time by an opponent process that has the opposite valence. Throughout, we identify gaps in knowledge and propose future directions for research. A better understanding of the similarities, differences, and overlaps between drug withdrawal and stress will lead to the development of improved treatments for addiction, as well as for a vast array of neuropsychiatric conditions that are triggered or exacerbated by stress.
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202
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Baladi MG, Horton RE, Owens WA, Daws LC, France CP. Eating high fat chow decreases dopamine clearance in adolescent and adult male rats but selectively enhances the locomotor stimulating effects of cocaine in adolescents. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv024. [PMID: 25805560 PMCID: PMC4540111 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding conditions can influence dopamine neurotransmission and impact behavioral and neurochemical effects of drugs acting on dopamine systems. This study examined whether eating high fat chow alters the locomotor effects of cocaine and dopamine transporter activity in adolescent (postnatal day 25) and adult (postnatal day 75) male Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS Dose-response curves for cocaine-induced locomotor activity were generated in rats with free access to either standard or high fat chow or restricted access to high fat chow (body weight matched to rats eating standard chow). RESULTS Compared with eating standard chow, eating high fat chow increased the sensitivity of adolescent, but not adult, rats to the acute effects of cocaine. When tested once per week, sensitization to the locomotor effects of cocaine was enhanced in adolescent rats eating high fat chow compared with adolescent rats eating standard chow. Sensitization to cocaine was not different among feeding conditions in adults. When adolescent rats that previously ate high fat chow ate standard chow, sensitivity to cocaine returned to normal. As measured by chronoamperometry, dopamine clearance rate in striatum was decreased in both adolescent and adult rats eating high fat chow compared with age-matched rats eating standard chow. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that high fat diet-induced reductions in dopamine clearance rate do not always correspond to increased sensitivity to the locomotor effects of cocaine, suggesting that mechanisms other than dopamine transporter might play a role. Moreover, in adolescent but not adult rats, eating high fat chow increases sensitivity to cocaine and enhances the sensitization that develops to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Baladi
- Departments of Pharmacology (Drs Baladi, Daws, and France), Psychiatry (Dr France), and Physiology (Ms. Horton, Mr. Owens, and Dr. Daws), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rebecca E Horton
- Departments of Pharmacology (Drs Baladi, Daws, and France), Psychiatry (Dr France), and Physiology (Ms. Horton, Mr. Owens, and Dr. Daws), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - William A Owens
- Departments of Pharmacology (Drs Baladi, Daws, and France), Psychiatry (Dr France), and Physiology (Ms. Horton, Mr. Owens, and Dr. Daws), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lynette C Daws
- Departments of Pharmacology (Drs Baladi, Daws, and France), Psychiatry (Dr France), and Physiology (Ms. Horton, Mr. Owens, and Dr. Daws), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Charles P France
- Departments of Pharmacology (Drs Baladi, Daws, and France), Psychiatry (Dr France), and Physiology (Ms. Horton, Mr. Owens, and Dr. Daws), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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203
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Bajic D, Soiza-Reilly M, Spalding AL, Berde CB, Commons KG. Endogenous cholinergic neurotransmission contributes to behavioral sensitization to morphine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117601. [PMID: 25647082 PMCID: PMC4315441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system is critical for behavioral adaptations associated with opioid reward and addiction. These processes may be influenced by cholinergic transmission arising from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), a main source of acetylcholine to mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons. To examine this possibility we asked if chronic systemic morphine administration affects expression of genes in ventral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray at the level of the LDTg using rtPCR. Specifically, we examined gene expression changes in the area of interest using Neurotransmitters and Receptors PCR array between chronic morphine and saline control groups. Analysis suggested that chronic morphine administration led to changes in expression of genes associated, in part, with cholinergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, using a quantitative immunofluorescent technique, we found that chronic morphine treatment produced a significant increase in immunolabeling of the cholinergic marker (vesicular acetylcholine transporter) in neurons of the LDTg. Finally, systemic administration of the nonselective and noncompetitive neuronal nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (0.5 or 2 mg/kg) dose-dependently blocked the expression, and to a lesser extent the development, of locomotor sensitization. The same treatment had no effect on acute morphine antinociception, antinociceptive tolerance or dependence to chronic morphine. Taken together, the results suggest that endogenous nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission selectively contributes to behavioral sensitization to morphine and this process may, in part, involve cholinergic neurons within the LDTg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Bajic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
| | - Mariano Soiza-Reilly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
| | - Allegra L. Spalding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Berde
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
| | - Kathryn G. Commons
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
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204
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Lavezzi HN, Parsley KP, Zahm DS. Modulation of locomotor activation by the rostromedial tegmental nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:676-87. [PMID: 25164249 PMCID: PMC4289956 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) is a strong inhibitor of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) reported to influence neurobiological and behavioral responses to reward omission, aversive and fear-eliciting stimuli, and certain drugs of abuse. Insofar as previous studies implicate ventral mesencephalic dopamine neurons as an essential component of locomotor activation, we hypothesized that the RMTg also should modulate locomotion activation. We observed that bilateral infusions into the RMTg of the gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) agonist, muscimol, indeed activate locomotion. Alternatively, bilateral RMTg infusions of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, suppress robust activations of locomotion elicited in two distinct ways: (1) by disinhibitory stimulation of neurons in the lateral preoptic area and (2) by return of rats to an environment previously paired with amphetamine administration. The possibility that suppressive locomotor effects of RMTg bicuculline infusions were due to unintended spread of drug to the nearby VTA was falsified by a control experiment showing that bilateral infusions of bicuculline into the VTA produce activation rather than suppression of locomotion. These results objectively implicate the RMTg in the regulation of locomotor activation. The effect is important because much evidence reported in the literature suggests that locomotor activation can be an involuntary behavioral expression of expectation and/or want without which the willingness to execute adaptive behaviors is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Lavezzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth P Parsley
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel S Zahm
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological, Science, St Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S., Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA, Tel: +1 314 977 8003, Fax: +1 314 977 6411, E-mail:
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205
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Cui X, Lefevre E, Turner KM, Coelho CM, Alexander S, Burne THJ, Eyles DW. MK-801-induced behavioural sensitisation alters dopamine release and turnover in rat prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:509-17. [PMID: 25066360 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repeated exposure to psychostimulants that either increase dopamine (DA) release or target N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors can induce behavioural sensitisation, a phenomenon that may be important for the processes of addiction and even psychosis. A critical component of behavioural sensitisation is an increase in DA release within mesocorticolimbic circuits. In particular, sensitisation to amphetamine leads to increased DA release within well-known sub-cortical brain regions and also regulatory regions such as prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, it is unknown how DA release within the PFC of animals is altered by sensitisation to NMDA receptor antagonists. OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were twofold, firstly to examine whether a single dose of dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) could induce long-term behavioural sensitisation and secondly to examine DA release in the PFC of sensitised rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Behavioural sensitisation was assessed by measuring locomotion after drug exposure. DA release in the PFC was measured using freely moving microdialysis. RESULTS We show that a single dose of MK-801 can induce sensitisation to subsequent MK-801 exposure in a high percentage of rats (66 %). Furthermore, rats sensitised to MK-801 have altered DA release and turnover in the PFC compared with non-sensitised rats. CONCLUSION Schizophrenia patients have been postulated to have 'endogenous sensitisation' to psychostimulants. MK-801-induced sensitised rats, in particular when compared with non-sensitised rats, provide a useful model for studying PFC dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Cui
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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206
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Belda X, Fuentes S, Daviu N, Nadal R, Armario A. Stress-induced sensitization: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and beyond. Stress 2015; 18:269-79. [PMID: 26300109 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1067678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to certain acute and chronic stressors results in an immediate behavioral and physiological response to the situation followed by a period of days when cross-sensitization to further novel stressors is observed. Cross-sensitization affects to different behavioral and physiological systems, more particularly to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It appears that the nature of the initial (triggering) stressor plays a major role, HPA cross-sensitization being more widely observed with systemic or high-intensity emotional stressors. Less important appears to be the nature of the novel (challenging) stressor, although HPA cross-sensitization is better observed with short duration (5-15 min) challenging stressors. In some studies with acute immune stressors, HPA sensitization appears to develop over time (incubation), but most results indicate a strong initial sensitization that progressively declines over the days. Sensitization can affect other physiological system (i.e. plasma catecholamines, brain monoamines), but it is not a general phenomenon. When studied concurrently, behavioral sensitization appears to persist longer than that of the HPA axis, a finding of interest regarding long-term consequences of traumatic stress. In many cases, behavioral and physiological consequences of prior stress can only be observed following imposition of a new stressor, suggesting long-term latent effects of the initial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Belda
- a Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- b Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- c Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain , and
| | - Silvia Fuentes
- a Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- c Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain , and
- d Unitat de Psicobiologia (Facultat de Psicologia), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Nuria Daviu
- a Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- b Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- c Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain , and
| | - Roser Nadal
- a Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- c Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain , and
- d Unitat de Psicobiologia (Facultat de Psicologia), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- a Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- b Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- c Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain , and
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207
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Filip M, Frankowska M, Sadakierska-Chudy A, Suder A, Szumiec Ł, Mierzejewski P, Bienkowski P, Przegaliński E, Cryan JF. GABAB receptors as a therapeutic strategy in substance use disorders: Focus on positive allosteric modulators. Neuropharmacology 2015; 88:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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208
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Shen MYF, Perreault ML, Fan T, George SR. The dopamine D1-D2 receptor heteromer exerts a tonic inhibitory effect on the expression of amphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 128:33-40. [PMID: 25444866 PMCID: PMC4460003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A role for the dopamine D1-D2 receptor heteromer in the regulation of reward and addiction-related processes has been previously implicated. In the present study, we examined the effects of D1-D2 heteromer stimulation by the agonist SKF 83959 and its disruption by a selective TAT-D1 peptide on amphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization, a behavioral model widely used to study the neuroadaptations associated with psychostimulant addiction. D1-D2 heteromer activation by SKF 83959 did not alter the acute locomotor effects of amphetamine but significantly inhibited amphetamine-induced locomotor responding across the 5day treatment regimen. In addition, a single injection of SKF 83959 was sufficient to abolish the expression of locomotor sensitization induced by a priming injection of amphetamine after a 72-hour withdrawal. Conversely, inhibition of D1-D2 heteromer activity by the TAT-D1 peptide enhanced subchronic amphetamine-induced locomotion and the expression of amphetamine locomotor sensitization. Treatment solely with the TAT-D1 disrupting peptide during the initial 5day treatment phase was sufficient to induce a sensitized locomotor phenotype in response to the priming injection of amphetamine. Together these findings demonstrate that the dopamine D1-D2 receptor heteromer exerts a tonic inhibitory control on neurobiological processes involved in sensitization to amphetamine, indicating that the dopamine D1-D2 receptor heteromer may be a novel molecular substrate in addiction processes involving psychostimulants.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/analogs & derivatives
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Amphetamine/pharmacology
- Amphetamine-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Amphetamine-Related Disorders/psychology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Male
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry
- Multiprotein Complexes/physiology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/chemistry
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/chemistry
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Reward
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Y F Shen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa L Perreault
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa Fan
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan R George
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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209
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Huertas A, Wessinger WD, Kucheryavykh YV, Sanabria P, Eaton MJ, Skatchkov SN, Rojas LV, Maldonado-Martínez G, Inyushin MY. Quinine enhances the behavioral stimulant effect of cocaine in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 129:26-33. [PMID: 25482328 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Na(+)-dependent dopamine transporter (DAT) is primarily responsible for regulating free dopamine (DA) concentrations in the brain by participating in the majority of DA uptake; however, other DA transporters may also participate, especially if cocaine or other drugs of abuse compromise DAT. Recently, such cocaine-insensitive low-affinity mono- and poly-amine OCT transporters were described in astrocytes which use DA as a substrate. These transporters are from a different transporter family and while insensitive to cocaine, they are specifically blocked by quinine and some steroids. Quinine is inexpensive and is often found in injected street drugs as an "adulterant". The present study was designed to determine the participation of OCTs in cocaine dependent behavioral and physiological changes in mice. Using FVB mice we showed, that daily single injections of quinine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) co-administered with cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) for 10 days significantly enhanced cocaine-induced locomotor behavioral sensitization. Quinine had no significant effect on the time course of behavioral activation. In astrocytes from the ventral tegmental area of mice, transporter currents of quinine-sensitive monoamine transporters were also augmented after two weeks of cocaine administration. The importance of low-affinity high-capacity transporters for DA clearance is discussed, explaining the known ability of systemically administered DAT inhibitors to anomalously increase DA clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mikhail Y Inyushin
- Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 60-327, Bayamón 00960-6032, Puerto Rico.
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210
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Tran S, Gerlai R. Recent advances with a novel model organism: alcohol tolerance and sensitization in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 55:87-93. [PMID: 24593943 PMCID: PMC4225077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and dependence are a rapidly growing problem with few treatment options available. The zebrafish has become a popular animal model for behavioral neuroscience. This species may be appropriate for investigating the effects of alcohol on the vertebrate brain. In the current review, we examine the literature by discussing how alcohol alters behavior in zebrafish and how it may affect biological correlates. We focus on two phenomena that are often examined in the context of alcohol-induced neuroplasticity. Alcohol tolerance (a progressive decrease in the effect of alcohol over time) is often observed following continuous (chronic) exposure to low concentrations of alcohol. Alcohol sensitization also called reverse tolerance (a progressive increase in the effect of alcohol over time) is often observed following repeated discrete exposures to higher concentrations of alcohol. These two phenomena may underlie the development and maintenance of alcohol addiction. The phenotypical characterization of these responses in zebrafish may be the first important steps in establishing this species as a tool for the analysis of the molecular and neurobiological mechanisms underlying human alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tran
- University of Toronto, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Canada
| | - Robert Gerlai
- University of Toronto, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Canada; University of Toronto at Mississauga, Department of Psychology, Canada.
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211
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The mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in the basolateral amygdala is critical for nicotine-induced behavioural sensitization. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1881-94. [PMID: 24916432 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to nicotine increases psychomotor activity. Long-lasting neural plasticity changes that contribute to the nicotine-induced development of locomotor sensitization have been identified. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling pathway is involved in regulating the neuroplasticity of the central nervous system. In this study, we examined the role of mTORC1 in the amygdala in nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTORC1, was infused into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and central amygdala (CeA) or systemically administered to investigate the role of the mTORC1 in the development and expression of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. We found that locomotor activity progressively increased during the initiation of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization and the expression of nicotine sensitization was induced by nicotine challenge injection (0.35 mg/kg s.c.) after five days of withdrawal. The initiation of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization was accompanied by the increased phosphorylated level of mTORC1 downstream target proteins including p-p70s6k and p-4EBP in the BLA, but not CeA. Intra-BLA infusion or systemic administration of rapamycin blocked locomotor activity. Increased p-p70s6k and p-4EBP were also observed in the expression of nicotine sensitization, which was demonstrated to be inhibited by systemic rapamycin administration. Our findings indicated that mTORC1 activity in the BLA, but not the CeA, mediated the initiation and expression of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization, and may become a potential target for the treatment of nicotine addiction.
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212
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Frolov A, Reyes-Vasquez C, Dafny N. Behavioral and neuronal recording of the nucleus accumbens in adolescent rats following acute and repetitive exposure to methylphenidate. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:369-79. [PMID: 25318764 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00633.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been shown to play a key role in the brain's response to methylphenidate (MPD). The present study focuses on neuronal recording from this structure. The study postulates that repetitive exposure to the same dose of MPD will elicit in some rats behavioral sensitization and in others tolerance. Furthermore, the study postulates that NAc neuronal activity recorded from animals expressing behavioral tolerance after repetitive MPD exposure will be significantly different from NAc neuronal activity recorded from animals expressing behavioral sensitization after repetitive MPD exposure at doses of 0.6, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg. To test this, behavioral and neuronal activity was recorded concomitantly from the NAc of freely behaving adolescent rats (postnatal day 40) before and after acute and repetitive administration of four different MPD doses. Comparing the acute MPD effect to the repetitive MPD effect revealed that the acute response to MPD exhibited dose-response characteristics: an increase in behavioral activity correlated with increasing MPD doses. On the other hand, following repetitive MPD exposure, some animals exhibited attenuated behavior (tolerance), while others exhibited further increases in the recorded behavior (sensitization). Moreover, the neuronal activity following repetitive MPD exposure recorded in animals exhibiting behavioral sensitization was significantly different from neuronal activity recorded in animals exhibiting behavioral tolerance. This implies that when studying the effects of repetitive MPD administration on adolescent rats, it is advisable to simultaneously record both neuronal and behavioral activity and to evaluate all data based on the animals' behavioral response to the repetitive MPD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Frolov
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Cruz Reyes-Vasquez
- Departmento de Fisiologia, Devivion de Investigacion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nachum Dafny
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas; and
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213
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Role of the D1 receptor for the dopamine agonist-induced one-trial behavioral sensitization of preweanling rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4167-77. [PMID: 24740494 PMCID: PMC4194248 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The neural mechanisms mediating the ontogeny of behavioral sensitization are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of the D1 receptor for the induction of dopamine agonist-induced behavioral sensitization during the preweanling period. METHODS In the first experiment, the early ontogeny of R-propylnorapomorphine (NPA)-induced behavioral sensitization was examined by pretreating male and female rats with saline or NPA (0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (IP)) before placement in activity chambers on postnatal day (PD) 12, 16, 20, or 24. One day later, rats were tested with lower doses of NPA and the occurrence of locomotor sensitization was determined. In subsequent experiments, rats were injected with saline or the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.1, 0.5, 1, or 5 mg/kg, IP) 0, 15, 30, or 60 min before cocaine, methamphetamine (METH), or NPA pretreatment. The next day, rats were tested with the same dopamine agonist again and sensitized responding was assessed. RESULTS NPA produced one-trial behavioral sensitization at all ages tested. In preweanling rats, SCH23390, regardless of dose, was ineffective at preventing the induction of cocaine-, METH-, or NPA-induced one-trial behavioral sensitization. CONCLUSIONS The present results are in partial contrast to adult rodent studies, in which SCH23390 blocks the induction of METH- and apomorphine-induced behavioral sensitization, but not cocaine sensitization. When these findings are considered together, it appears that D1 receptor stimulation is not necessary for the induction of behavioral sensitization during the preweanling period, although D1 receptors may play a more important role in adulthood.
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214
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O'Daly OG, Joyce D, Tracy DK, Stephan KE, Murray RM, Shergill S. Amphetamine sensitisation and memory in healthy human volunteers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:857-65. [PMID: 24671338 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114527360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine sensitisation (AS) is an established animal model of the hypersensitivity to psychostimulants seen in patients with schizophrenia. AS also models the dysregulation of mesolimbic dopamine signalling which has been implicated in the development of psychotic symptoms. Recent data suggest that the enhanced excitability of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in AS is driven by a hyperactivity of hippocampal (subiculum) neurons, consistent with a strong association between hippocampal dysfunction and schizophrenia. While AS can be modelled in human volunteers, its functional consequences on dopaminoceptive brain regions (i.e. striatum and hippocampus) remains unclear. Here we describe the effects of a sensitising dosage pattern of dextroamphetamine on the neural correlates of motor sequence learning in healthy volunteers, within a randomised, double-blind, parallel-groups design. Behaviourally, sensitisation was characterised by enhanced subjective responses to amphetamine but did not change performance (i.e. learning rate) during an explicit sequence learning task. In contrast, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements showed that repeated intermittent amphetamine exposure was associated with increased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) (subiculum/entorhinal cortex) and midbrain, in the vicinity of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) during sequence encoding. Importantly, MTL hyperactivity correlated with the sensitisation of amphetamine-induced attentiveness. The MTL-midbrain hyperactivity reported here mirrors observations in sensitised rodents and is consistent with contemporary models of schizophrenia and behavioural sensitisation. These findings of meso-hippocampal hyperactivity during AS thus link pathophysiological concepts of dopamine dysregulation to cognitive models of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen G O'Daly
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, King's College London, London, UK Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK o.o'
| | - Daniel Joyce
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Derek K Tracy
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, King's College London, London, UK Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Klaas E Stephan
- Department of Economics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sukhwinder Shergill
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, King's College London, London, UK The National Psychosis Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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215
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Antoniazzi CT, Boufleur N, Dolci G, Roversi K, Kuhn F, Pase CS, Dias VT, Roversi K, Barcelos R, Benvegnú DM, Bürger ME. Influence of neonatal tactile stimulation on amphetamine preference in young rats: Parameters of addiction and oxidative stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:341-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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216
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Berro L, Hollais A, Patti C, Fukushiro D, Mári-Kawamoto E, Talhati F, Costa J, Zanin K, Lopes-Silva L, Ceccon L, Santos R, Procópio-Souza R, Trombin T, Yokoyama T, Wuo-Silva R, Tufik S, Andersen M, Frussa-Filho R. Sleep deprivation impairs the extinction of cocaine-induced environmental conditioning in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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217
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Kameda SR, Fukushiro DF, Trombin TF, Sanday L, Wuo-Silva R, Saito LP, Tufik S, D'Almeida V, Frussa-Filho R. The effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in adult and adolescent mice. Psychiatry Res 2014; 218:335-40. [PMID: 24844977 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced behavioral sensitization (BS), paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and adolescence in rodents are associated with changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. We compared the effects of PSD on amphetamine-induced BS in adult and adolescent mice. Adult (90 days old) and adolescent (45 days old) Swiss mice were subjected to PSD for 48h. Immediately after PSD, mice received saline or 2.0mg/kg amphetamine intraperitoneally (i.p.), and their locomotion was quantified in activity chambers. Seven days later, all the animals were challenged with 2.0mg/kg amphetamine i.p., and their locomotion was quantified again. Acute amphetamine enhanced locomotion in both adult and adolescent mice, but BS was observed only in adolescent mice. Immediately after its termination, PSD decreased locomotion of both saline- and amphetamine-treated adolescent mice. Seven days later, previous PSD potentiated both the acute stimulatory effect of amphetamine and its sensitization in adolescent mice. In adult animals, previous PSD revealed BS. Our data suggest that adolescent mice are more vulnerable to both the immediate and long-term effects of PSD on amphetamine-induced locomotion. Because drug-induced BS in rodents shares neuroplastic changes with drug craving in humans, our findings also suggest that both adolescence and PSD could facilitate craving-related mechanisms in amphetamine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Kameda
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 3° andar, 04024002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela F Fukushiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thaís F Trombin
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Sanday
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphael Wuo-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis P Saito
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 3° andar, 04024002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 3° andar, 04024002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 3° andar, 04024002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Frussa-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 3° andar, 04024002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Cedillo LN, Miranda F. Effects of co-administration of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen and a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor, CGP7930, on the development and expression of amphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1132-43. [PMID: 24399709 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several of the behavioral effects of amphetamine (AMPH) are mediated by an increase in dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens. However, evidence shows that γ-aminobutyric acid B (GABAB) receptors are involved in the behavioral effects of psychostimulants, including AMPH. Here, we examined the effects of co-administration of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen and a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor, CGP7930, on AMPH-induced locomotor sensitization. METHODS In a series of experiments, we examined whether baclofen (2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/kg), CGP7930 (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg), or co-administration of CGP7930 (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) with a lower dose of baclofen (2.0 mg/kg) could prevent the development and expression of locomotor sensitization produced by AMPH (1.0 mg/kg). RESULTS The results showed that baclofen treatment prevented both the development and expression of AMPH-induced locomotor sensitization in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor, CGP7930, increased the effects of a lower dose of baclofen on AMPH-induced locomotor sensitization under both conditions. CONCLUSION These data provide further evidence that GABAB receptor ligands may modulate psychostimulant-induced behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Cedillo
- FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of México, Av. de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México 54090, México.
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219
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Taracha E, Kaniuga E, Chrapusta SJ, Maciejak P, Śliwa L, Hamed A, Krząścik P. Diverging frequency-modulated 50-kHz vocalization, locomotor activity and conditioned place preference effects in rats given repeated amphetamine treatment. Neuropharmacology 2014; 83:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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220
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Hough LB, Nalwalk JW, Cleary RA, Phillips JG, Fang C, Yang W, Ding X. Deficits in neuronal cytochrome P450 activity attenuate opioid analgesia but not opioid side effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:255-62. [PMID: 25062792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Morphine-like analgesics act on µ opioid receptors in the CNS to produce highly effective pain relief, but the same class of receptors also mediates non-therapeutic side effects. The analgesic properties of morphine were recently shown to require the activity of a brain neuronal cytochrome P450 epoxygenase, but the significance of this pathway for opioid side effects is unknown. Here we show that brain P450 activity is not required for three of morphine׳s major side effects (respiratory depression, constipation, and locomotor stimulation). Following systemic or intracerebroventricular administration of morphine, transgenic mice with brain neuron - specific reductions in P450 activity showed highly attenuated analgesic responses as compared with wild-type (control) mice. However, brain P450-deficient mice showed normal morphine-induced side effects (respiratory depression, locomotor stimulation, and inhibition of intestinal motility). Pretreatment of control mice with the P450 inhibitor CC12 similarly reduced the analgesia, but not these side effects of morphine. Because activation of brain µ opioid receptors produces both opioid analgesia and opioid side effects, dissociation of the mechanisms for the therapeutic and therapy-limiting effects of opioids has important consequences for the development of analgesics with reduced side effects and/or limited addiction liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Hough
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Julia W Nalwalk
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rachel A Cleary
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Cheng Fang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Weizhu Yang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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221
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Paz MC, Marchese NA, Stroppa MM, Gerez de Burgos NM, Imboden H, Baiardi G, Cancela LM, Bregonzio C. Involvement of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the neuroadaptive responses induced by amphetamine in a two-injection protocol. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:314-23. [PMID: 25046593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A single or repeated exposure to psychostimulants induces long-lasting neuroadaptative changes. Different neurotransmitter systems are involved in these responses including the neuropeptide angiotensin II. Our study tested the hypothesis that the neuroadaptative changes induced by amphetamine produce alterations in brain RAS components that are involved in the expression of the locomotor sensitization to the psychostimulant drug. Wistar male rats, pretreated with amphetamine were used 7 or 21 days later to study AT1 receptors by immunohistochemistry and western blot and also angiotensinogen mRNA and protein in caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. A second group of animals was used to explore the possible role of Ang II AT1 receptors in the expression of behavioral sensitization. In these animals treated in the same way, bearing intra-cerebral cannula, the locomotor activity was tested 21 days later, after an amphetamine challenge injection and the animals received an AT1 blocker, losartan, or saline 5min before the amphetamine challenge. An increase of AT1 receptor density induced by amphetamine was found in both studied areas and a decrease in angiotensinogen mRNA and protein only in CPu at 21 days after treatment; meanwhile, no changes were established in NAcc. Finally, the increased locomotor activity induced by amphetamine challenge was blunted by losartan administration in CPu. No differences were detected in the behavioral sensitization when the AT1 blocker was injected in NAcc. Our results support the hypothesis of a key role of brain RAS in the neuroadaptative changes induced by amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Constanza Paz
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - Natalia Andrea Marchese
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - Maria Mercedes Stroppa
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, Argentina
| | | | - Hans Imboden
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Baiardi
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT- CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba
| | - Liliana Marina Cancela
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - Claudia Bregonzio
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina.
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222
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Sorting nexin 27 regulation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K⁺ channels attenuates in vivo cocaine response. Neuron 2014; 82:659-69. [PMID: 24811384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular pathways that regulate G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK or Kir3) channels are important for controlling the excitability of neurons. Sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) is a PDZ-containing protein known to bind GIRK2c/GIRK3 channels, but its function in vivo is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of SNX27 in regulating GIRK currents in dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Mice lacking SNX27 in DA neurons exhibited reduced GABABR-activated GIRK currents but had normal Ih currents and DA D2R-activated GIRK currents. Expression of GIRK2a, an SNX27-insensitive splice variant, restored GABABR-activated GIRK currents in SNX27-deficient DA neurons. Remarkably, mice with significantly reduced GABABR-activated GIRK currents in only DA neurons were hypersensitive to cocaine and could be restored to a normal locomotor response with GIRK2a expression. These results identify a pathway for regulating excitability of VTA DA neurons, highlighting SNX27 as a promising target for treating addiction.
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223
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Marasco CC, Goodwin CR, Winder DG, Schramm-Sapyta NL, McLean JA, Wikswo JP. Systems-level view of cocaine addiction: the interconnection of the immune and nervous systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1433-42. [PMID: 24903164 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214537747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is a complex assembly of physiological systems designed to manage the multidirectional transport of both information and nutrients. An intricate interplay between the nervous, circulatory, and secretory systems is therefore necessary to sustain life, allow delivery of nutrients and therapeutic drugs, and eliminate metabolic waste products and toxins. These systems also provide vulnerable routes for modification by substances of abuse. Addictive substances are, by definition, neurologically active, but as they and their metabolites are spread throughout the body via the nervous, circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems, there is abundant opportunity for interaction with numerous cell and tissue types. Cocaine is one such substance that exerts a broad physiological effect. While a great deal of the research concerning addiction has addressed the neurological effects of cocaine use, only a few studies have been aimed at delineating the role that cocaine plays in various body systems. In this paper, we probe the current research regarding cocaine and the immune system, and map a systems-level view to outline a broader perspective of the biological response to cocaine. Specifically, our overview of the neurological and immunomodulatory effects of the drug will allow a broader perspective of the biological response to cocaine. The focus of this review is on the connection between the nervous and immune systems and the role this connection plays in the long-term complications of cocaine use. By describing the multiplicity of these connections, we hope to inspire detailed investigations into the immunological interplay in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Marasco
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Cody R Goodwin
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Danny G Winder
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - John A McLean
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Patogeneza uzależnień – problem wciąż aktualny. ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0867-4361(14)70011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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225
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Leyton M, Vezina P. Dopamine ups and downs in vulnerability to addictions: a neurodevelopmental model. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:268-76. [PMID: 24794705 PMCID: PMC4041845 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Addictions are commonly presaged by problems in childhood and adolescence. For many individuals this starts with the early expression of impulsive risk-taking, social gregariousness, and oppositional behaviors. Here we propose that these early diverse manifestations reflect a heightened ability of emotionally salient stimuli to activate dopamine pathways that foster behavioral approach. If substance use is initiated, these at-risk youth can also develop heightened responses to drug-paired cues. Through conditioning and drug-induced sensitization, these effects strengthen and accumulate, leading to responses that exceed those elicited by other rewards. At the same time, cues not paired with drug become associated with comparatively lower dopamine release, accentuating further the difference between drug and non-drug rewards. Together, these enhancing and inhibiting processes steer a pre-existing vulnerability toward a disproportionate concern for drugs and drug-related stimuli. Implications for prevention and treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Paul Vezina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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226
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Dimatelis JJ, Russell VA, Stein DJ, Daniels WM. Methamphetamine reversed maternal separation-induced decrease in nerve growth factor in the ventral hippocampus. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:433-9. [PMID: 24407463 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stress has been suggested to predispose individuals to drug abuse. The early life stress of maternal separation (MS) is known to alter the response to drugs of abuse later in life. Exposure to either stress or methamphetamine has been shown to alter neurotrophic factors in the brain. Changes in neurotrophin levels may contribute to the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for drug use- and stress-induced behaviours. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the individual effects of MS and methamphetamine administration during adolescence and the combined effects of both stressors on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus (HC) in adulthood. Methamphetamine administration (1 mg/kg, daily from postnatal day (PND) 33 to 36 and from PND 39 to 42), MS and the combination of the two stressors resulted in decreased BDNF levels in both the dorsal and ventral HC. MS decreased NGF levels in the ventral HC which was restored by methamphetamine administration in adolescence. In the dorsal HC, NGF remained unaltered by either stressor alone or in combination. We propose that the restoration of NGF levels in the ventral HC may reflect a possible compensatory mechanism in response to methamphetamine exposure in adolescence following the early life stress of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Dimatelis
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925,
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227
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Quarta D, Smolders I. Rewarding, reinforcing and incentive salient events involve orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides regulating mesolimbic dopaminergic neurotransmission. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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228
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Nikulina EM, Johnston CE, Wang J, Hammer RP. Neurotrophins in the ventral tegmental area: Role in social stress, mood disorders and drug abuse. Neuroscience 2014; 282:122-38. [PMID: 24875178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the impact of neurotrophins and other trophic factors, including fibroblast growth factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, on mood disorders, weight regulation and drug abuse, with an emphasis on stress- and drug-induced changes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Neurotrophins, comprising nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophins 3 and 4/5 play important roles in neuronal plasticity and the development of different psychopathologies. In the VTA, most research has focused on the role of BDNF, because other neurotrophins are not found there in significant quantities. BDNF originating in the VTA provides trophic support to dopamine neurons. The diverse intracellular signaling pathways activated by BDNF may underlie precise physiological functions specific to the VTA. In general, VTA BDNF expression increases after psychostimulant exposures, and enhanced BDNF level in the VTA facilitates psychostimulant effects. The impact of VTA BDNF on the behavioral effects of psychostimulants relies primarily on its action within the mesocorticolimbic circuit. In the case of opiates, VTA BDNF expression and effects seem to be dependent on whether an animal is drug-naïve or has a history of drug use, only the latter of which is related to dopamine mechanisms. Social defeat stress that is continuous in mice or intermittent in rats increases VTA BDNF expression, and is associated with depressive and social avoidance behaviors. Intermittent social defeat stress induces persistent VTA BDNF expression that triggers psychostimulant cross-sensitization. Understanding the cellular and molecular substrates of neurotrophin effects may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of substance use and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Nikulina
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - C E Johnston
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - J Wang
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - R P Hammer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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229
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Cohen A, Whitfield TW, Kreifeldt M, Koebel P, Kieffer BL, Contet C, George O, Koob GF. Virus-mediated shRNA knockdown of prodynorphin in the rat nucleus accumbens attenuates depression-like behavior and cocaine locomotor sensitization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97216. [PMID: 24816773 PMCID: PMC4016270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynorphins, endogenous opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin (Pdyn), are hypothesized to be involved in the regulation of mood states and the neuroplasticity associated with addiction. The current study tested the hypothesis that dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) mediates such effects. More specifically, we examined whether knockdown of Pdyn within the NAcc in rats would alter the expression of depressive-like and anxiety-like behavior, as well as cocaine locomotor sensitization. Wistar rats were injected with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors encoding either a Pdyn-specific short hairpin RNA (AAV-shPdyn) or a scrambled shRNA (AAV-shScr) as control. Four weeks later, rats were tested for anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze test and depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST). Finally, rats received one daily injection of saline or cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.), followed by assessment of locomotion for 4 consecutive days. Following 3 days of abstinence, the rats completed 2 additional daily cocaine/saline locomotor trials. Pdyn knockdown in the NAcc led to a significant reduction in depressive-like behavior in the FST, but had no effect on anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. Pdyn knockdown did not alter baseline locomotor behavior, the locomotor response to acute cocaine, or the initial sensitization of the locomotor response to cocaine over the first 4 cocaine treatment days. However, following 3 days abstinence the locomotor response to the cocaine challenge returned to their original levels in the AAV-shPdyn rats while remaining heightened in the AAV-shScr rats. These results suggest that dynorphin in a very specific area of the nucleus accumbens contributes to depressive-like states and may be involved in neuroadaptations in the NAcc that contribute to the development of cocaine addiction as a persistent and lasting condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Cohen
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy W. Whitfield
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Max Kreifeldt
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pascale Koebel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Translational Medicine and Neurogenetic Programme, UdS Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Brigitte L. Kieffer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Translational Medicine and Neurogenetic Programme, UdS Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Candice Contet
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Olivier George
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - George F. Koob
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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230
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Gerlai R. Social behavior of zebrafish: from synthetic images to biological mechanisms of shoaling. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 234:59-65. [PMID: 24793400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish strikes a good balance between system complexity and practical simplicity and as a result it is becoming increasingly frequently utilized in biomedical research as a translational tool. Numerous human brain disorders are associated with abnormal social behavior and the zebrafish has been suggested for modeling such disorders. To start this line of research, however, one may need to first thoroughly examine the laboratory organism, zebrafish, and its features, social behavior in this case. Proper methods need be developed to induce and quantify social behavior. These paradigms may be able to open a window to the brain and facilitate the understanding of the biological mechanisms of social behavior and its abnormalities. This review is based on an oral paper presented at the last Measuring Behavior Conference, and as such it is mainly focused on research conducted in my own laboratory. Tracing the temporal progression of our own work, it discusses questions including what shoaling is, how it can be induced and measured and how it can be utilized in the modeling of certain human brain disorders, for example, alcohol induced abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gerlai
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Psychology, Canada.
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231
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Choi FY, Ahn S, Wang YT, Phillips AG. Interference with AMPA receptor endocytosis: effects on behavioural and neurochemical correlates of amphetamine sensitization in male rats. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2014; 39:189-99. [PMID: 24290077 PMCID: PMC3997604 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.120257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioural sensitization has been linked to drug craving in both clinical and preclinical studies of addiction. Increased motor activity is accompanied by enhanced dopamine (DA) release, particularly in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). The neural bases of sensitization are linked to alterations in synaptic connections that also underlie learning and memory. The present study uses an "interference" peptide, Tat-GluA2(3Y), that blocks long-term depression (LTD) at glutamatergic synapses by disrupting the endocytosis of α- amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs), to explore the role of this form of synaptic plasticity in the induction and maintenance of sensitization. METHODS Rats were given 5 injections of d-amphetamine (d-AMPH, 1.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) every second day. Tat-GluA2(3Y), was administered by 2 different routes (intravenously and intracerebrally to the ventral tegmental area [VTA] or to the NAcc) before each injection of d-AMPH. After a 14-day drug-free period, expression of behavioural sensitization was evoked by a challenge injection of d-AMPH (0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Dopamine efflux in the NAcc was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection analyses of brain dialysates on days 1, 9 and 24 of the intravenous peptide experiment. RESULTS Systemic administration of Tat-GluA2(3Y) during the induction phase blocked maintenance of behavioural sensitization and attenuated the maintenance of neurochemical sensitization. Intra-VTA infusion of Tat-GluA2(3Y) before each administration of d-AMPH did not affect induction, but inhibited maintenance and subsequent expression of sensitization, whereas intra-NAcc infusion of the peptide did not affect induction or maintenance of sensitization. LIMITATIONS The relevance of behavioural sensitization in rodents is related to the development of craving and does not provide direct measures of drug reinforcement. CONCLUSION These findings confirm that drug-induced neuroplasticity is labile and may be subject to disruption at a time when long-lasting associations between drug reward and contextual stimuli are formed. Furthermore, the unique ability of Tat-GluA2(3Y) to block maintenance of behavioural sensitization implicates LTD in the consolidation of essential associative memories. Tat-GluA2(3Y) has the unique ability to disrupt functional neuroadaptations triggered by repeated psychostimulant exposure and therefore may protect against the development of craving and drug seeking behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony G. Phillips
- Correspondence to:A.G. Phillips, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 2A1;
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Nakanishi S, Hikida T, Yawata S. Distinct dopaminergic control of the direct and indirect pathways in reward-based and avoidance learning behaviors. Neuroscience 2014; 282:49-59. [PMID: 24769227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a pivotal role in reward and aversive learning and learning flexibility. Outputs of the NAc are transmitted through two parallel routes termed the direct and indirect pathways and controlled by the dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter. To explore how reward-based and avoidance learning is controlled in the NAc of the mouse, we developed the reversible neurotransmission-blocking (RNB) technique, in which transmission of each pathway could be selectively and reversibly blocked by the pathway-specific expression of transmission-blocking tetanus toxin and the asymmetric RNB technique, in which one side of the NAc was blocked by the RNB technique and the other intact side was pharmacologically manipulated by a transmitter agonist or antagonist. Our studies demonstrated that the activation of D1 receptors in the direct pathway and the inactivation of D2 receptors in the indirect pathway are key determinants that distinctly control reward-based and avoidance learning, respectively. The D2 receptor inactivation is also critical for flexibility of reward learning. Furthermore, reward and aversive learning is regulated by a set of common downstream receptors and signaling cascades, all of which are involved in the induction of long-term potentiation at cortico-accumbens synapses of the two pathways. In this article, we review our studies that specify the regulatory mechanisms of each pathway in learning behavior and propose a mechanistic model to explain how dynamic DA modulation promotes selection of actions that achieve reward-seeking outcomes and avoid aversive ones. The biological significance of the network organization consisting of two parallel transmission pathways is also discussed from the point of effective and prompt selection of neural outcomes in the neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakanishi
- Department of Systems Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.
| | - T Hikida
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53, Shogoin Kawahara-chou, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - S Yawata
- Department of Systems Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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233
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Effects of long-term exposure of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") on neuronal transmitter transport, brain immuno-regulatory systems and progression of experimental periodontitis in rats. Neurochem Int 2014; 72:30-6. [PMID: 24726767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of long-term exposure (4 weeks) to the widely used narcotic drug and putative neurotoxicant 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") on neuronal transmitter transport and progression of experimental periodontitis in male Wistar rats. The rats were exposed to MDMA (10mg/kg/day i.p.) or saline five days a week for four consecutive weeks. Exposure to MDMA induced a significant reduction in the synaptosomal reuptake of serotonin, while the uptake of dopamine was significantly increased 24h after the last injection of MDMA. In contrast, the synaptosomal uptake of noradrenaline and the vesicular uptake through the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 were not affected. In the experiments of periodontitis development, ligature-induced periodontitis was induced three days prior to MDMA administration. Compared to controls, MDMA-treated rats developed significantly more periodontitis. In conclusion, our results show that long-term exposure to MDMA affects the serotonergic and dopaminergic transport systems in the rat brain and increased the susceptibility to the psychosomatic ailment periodontitis following disturbances of brain immune-regulatory systems. These results are interesting with respect to recent research showing that changes in neurotransmitter signalling may alter the reactivity of brain-controlled immunoregulatory systems controlling pathogenic microorganisms colonizing mucosal surfaces.
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234
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O’Daly OG, Joyce D, Tracy DK, Azim A, Stephan KE, Murray RM, Shergill SS. Amphetamine sensitization alters reward processing in the human striatum and amygdala. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93955. [PMID: 24717936 PMCID: PMC3981726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission is implicated in a number of psychiatric illnesses characterised by disruption of reward processing and goal-directed behaviour, including schizophrenia, drug addiction and impulse control disorders associated with chronic use of dopamine agonists. Amphetamine sensitization (AS) has been proposed to model the development of this aberrant dopamine signalling and the subsequent dysregulation of incentive motivational processes. However, in humans the effects of AS on the dopamine-sensitive neural circuitry associated with reward processing remains unclear. Here we describe the effects of acute amphetamine administration, following a sensitising dosage regime, on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in dopaminoceptive brain regions during a rewarded gambling task performed by healthy volunteers. Using a randomised, double-blind, parallel-groups design, we found clear evidence for sensitization to the subjective effects of the drug, while rewarded reaction times were unchanged. Repeated amphetamine exposure was associated with reduced dorsal striatal BOLD signal during decision making, but enhanced ventromedial caudate activity during reward anticipation. The amygdala BOLD response to reward outcomes was blunted following repeated amphetamine exposure. Positive correlations between subjective sensitization and changes in anticipation- and outcome-related BOLD signal were seen for the caudate nucleus and amygdala, respectively. These data show for the first time in humans that AS changes the functional impact of acute stimulant exposure on the processing of reward-related information within dopaminoceptive regions. Our findings accord with pathophysiological models which implicate aberrant dopaminergic modulation of striatal and amygdala activity in psychosis and drug-related compulsive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen G. O’Daly
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Joyce
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek K. Tracy
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Azim
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaas E. Stephan
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhwinder S. Shergill
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Psychosis Unit, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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235
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The effect of early environmental manipulation on locomotor sensitivity and methamphetamine conditioned place preference reward. Behav Brain Res 2014; 268:66-71. [PMID: 24713150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress leads to several effects on neurological development, affecting health and well-being later in life. Instances of child abuse and neglect are associated with higher rates of depression, risk taking behavior, and an increased risk of drug abuse later in life. This study used repeated neonatal separation of rat pups as a model of early life stress. Rat pups were either handled and weighed as controls or separated for 180 min per day during postnatal days 2-8. In adulthood, male and female rats were tested for methamphetamine conditioned place preference reward and methamphetamine induced locomotor activity. Tissue samples were collected and mRNA was quantified for the norepinephrine transporter in the prefrontal cortex and the dopamine transporter in the nucleus accumbens. Results indicated rats given methamphetamine formed a conditioned place preference, but there was no effect of early separation or sex. Separated males showed heightened methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity, but there was no effect of early separation for females. Overall females were more active than males in response to both saline and methamphetamine. No differences in mRNA levels were observed across any conditions. These results suggest early neonatal separation affects methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity in a sex-dependent manner but has no effects on methamphetamine conditioned place preference.
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236
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Selective action of an atypical neuroleptic on the mechanisms related to the development of cocaine addiction: a pre-clinical behavioural study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:613-23. [PMID: 24345415 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased function in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system has been extensively associated with the rewarding effects of both natural stimuli and drugs of abuse. Thus, dopamine receptor blockers, such as neuroleptic drugs, can be proposed as candidates for potential therapeutic approaches to treat drug dependence. Notwithstanding, this therapeutic potential of neuroleptics critically depends on a selective action on the specific mechanisms related to the development of addiction. We compared the effects of different doses of haloperidol, ziprasidone and aripiprazole (first-, second- and third-generation neuroleptics, respectively) on spontaneous locomotor activity of mice in a novel environment, hyperlocomotion induced by acute cocaine administration and cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization by a two-injection protocol. Whereas high doses of haloperidol abolished the three behavioural paradigms without selectivity, low doses of ziprasidone selectively abolished the development of the behavioural sensitization phenomenon. Finally, low doses of aripiprazole inhibited acute cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and behavioural sensitization without modifying spontaneous locomotor activity. Thus, aripiprazole at lower doses was the most selective antipsychotic drug concerning the inhibition of the development of behavioural sensitization to cocaine. Because locomotor sensitization in rodents has been proposed to share plastic mechanisms with drug addiction in humans, our data provide relevant suggestions to the clinical practice.
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Hernandez G, Oleson EB, Gentry RN, Abbas Z, Bernstein DL, Arvanitogiannis A, Cheer JF. Endocannabinoids promote cocaine-induced impulsivity and its rapid dopaminergic correlates. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:487-98. [PMID: 24138924 PMCID: PMC3943889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired decision making, a hallmark of addiction, is hypothesized to arise from maladaptive plasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. The endocannabinoid system modulates dopamine activity through activation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs). Here, we investigated whether impulsive behavior observed following cocaine exposure requires CB1R activation. METHODS We trained rats in a delay-discounting task. Following acquisition of stable performance, rats were exposed to cocaine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) every other day for 14 days and locomotor activity was measured. Two days later, delay-discounting performance was re-evaluated. To assess reversal of impulsivity, injections of a CB1R antagonist (1.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or vehicle were given 30 minutes before the task. During the second experiment, aimed at preventing impulsivity rather than reversing it, CB1Rs were antagonized before each cocaine injection. In this experiment, subsecond dopamine release was measured in the nucleus accumbens during delay-discounting sessions before and after cocaine treatment. RESULTS Blockade of CB1Rs reversed and prevented cocaine-induced impulsivity. Electrochemical results showed that during baseline and following disruption of endocannabinoid signaling, there was a robust increase in dopamine for immediate large rewards compared with immediate small rewards, but this effect reversed when the delay for the large reward was 10 seconds. In contrast, dopamine release always increased for one-pellet options at minimal or moderate delays in vehicle-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Endocannabinoids play a critical role in changes associated with cocaine exposure. Cannabinoid type 1 receptor blockade may thus counteract maladaptive alterations in afferents to dopamine neurons, thereby preventing changes in dopaminergic activity underlying a loss of self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik B. Oleson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, (Baltimore-Maryland)
| | - Ronny N. Gentry
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, (Baltimore-Maryland)
| | - Zarish Abbas
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University (Montréal-Quebec)
| | - David L. Bernstein
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, (Baltimore-Maryland)
| | - A. Arvanitogiannis
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University (Montréal-Quebec)
| | - Joseph F. Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, (Baltimore-Maryland),Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, (Baltimore-Maryland),Corresponding Author: 20 Penn Street, Baltimore MD, 21201. Phone: (410) 706 0112/Fax: (410) 706 2512.
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Chaperone heat shock protein 70 in nucleus accumbens core: a novel biological target of behavioural sensitization to morphine in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:469-84. [PMID: 24280010 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a major public health issue, yet the underlying adaptation of neural networks by drugs of abuse is not fully understood. We have previously linked chaperone heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) to drug-induced adaptations. Focusing on the NAc core and shell, the present study aims to provide further findings for our understanding of the relation between behavioural sensitization to morphine and Hsp70 at transcriptional and functional levels in rats. Firstly, we delineated the characteristics of behavioural sensitization induced by a single morphine exposure (1-10 mg/kg, s.c.). Secondly, Hsp70 protein expression in the NAc core was time- and dose-relatedly induced during the development of behavioural sensitization to a single morphine exposure in rats, and Pearson analysis indicated a positive correlation between behavioural sensitization and Hsp70 expression in NAc core. Thirdly, at the transcriptional level, intra-NAc core injection of the specific heat shock factor-I (HSF-I) inhibitor N-Formyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-benzylidine-γ-butyrolactam (KNK437) suppressed Hsp70 expression and the development of behavioural sensitization, while the HSF-I specific inducer geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) promoted both of them. Interestingly, intra-NAc shell injection of KNK437 or GGA did not affect the development of behavioural sensitization. Finally, both the functional inhibition of Hsp70 ATPase activity by methylene blue (MB), and the antagonism of Hsp70 substrate binding site (SBD) activity by pifithrin-μ (PES) impaired the development of behavioural sensitization when they were microinjected into the NAc core. Taken together, the critical involvement of chaperone Hsp70 in behavioural sensitization to morphine identifies a biological target for long-lasting adaptations with relevance to addiction.
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Chen YW, Kao HY, Min MY, Lai WS. A sex- and region-specific role of Akt1 in the modulation of methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and striatal neuronal activity: implications in schizophrenia and methamphetamine-induced psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:388-98. [PMID: 23474853 PMCID: PMC3932084 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AKT1 (also known as protein kinase B, α), a serine/threonine kinase of AKT family, has been implicated in both schizophrenia and methamphetamine (Meth) use disorders. AKT1 or its protein also has epistatic effects on the regulation of dopamine-dependent behaviors or drug effects, especially in the striatum. The aim of this study is to investigate the sex-specific role of Akt1 in the regulation of Meth-induced behavioral sensitization and the alterations of striatal neurons using Akt1(-/-) mice and wild-type littermates as a model. A series of 4 Experiments were conducted. Meth-induced hyperlocomotion and Meth-related alterations of brain activity were measured. The neural properties of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) were also characterized. Further, 17β-estradiol was applied to examine its protective effect in Meth-sensitized male mice. Our findings indicate that (1) Akt1(-/-) males were less sensitive to Meth-induced hyperlocomotion during Meth challenge compared with wild-type controls and Akt1(-/-) females, (2) further sex differences were revealed by coinjection of Meth with raclopride but not SCH23390 in Meth-sensitized Akt1(-/-) males, (3) Meth-induced alterations of striatal activity were confirmed in Akt1(-/-) males using microPET scan with (18)F-flurodeoxyglucose, (4) Akt1 deficiency had a significant impact on the electrophysiological and neuromorphological properties of striatal MSNs in male mice, and (5) subchronic injections of 17β-estradiol prevented the reduction of Meth-induced hyperactivity in Meth-sensitized Akt1(-/-) male mice. This study highlights a sex- and region-specific effect of Akt1 in the regulation of dopamine-dependent behaviors and implies the importance of AKT1 in the modulation of sex differences in Meth sensitivity and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; tel: 886-2-3366-3112, fax: 886-2-3362-9909, e-mail:
| | - Hui-Yun Kao
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Min
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sung Lai
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; tel: 886-2-3366-3112, fax: 886-2-3362-9909, e-mail:
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Kiyatkin EA. Critical role of peripheral sensory systems in mediating the neural effects of nicotine following its acute and repeated exposure. Rev Neurosci 2014; 25:207-21. [PMID: 24535300 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the reinforcing properties of nicotine (NIC) depend on its action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed by brain neurons. However, when administered systemically, NIC first phasically activates nicotinic receptors located on the afferents of sensory nerves at the sites of drug administration before reaching the brain and directly interacting with central neurons. While this peripheral action of NIC has been known for years, it is usually neglected in any consideration of the drug's reinforcing properties and experience-dependent changes of its behavioral and physiological effects. The goal of this work was to review our recent behavioral, electrophysiological, and physiological data suggesting the critical importance of peripheral actions of NIC in mediating its neural effects following acute drug exposure and their involvement in alterations of NIC effects consistently occurring following repeated drug exposure. Because NIC, by acting peripherally, produces a rapid sensory signal to the central nervous system that is followed by slower, more prolonged direct drug actions in the brain, these two pharmacological actions interact in the central nervous system during repeated drug use with the development of Pavlovian conditioned association. This within-drug conditioning mechanism could explain the experience-dependent changes in the physiological, behavioral, and human psychoemotional effects of NIC, which, in drug-experienced individuals, always represent a combination of pharmacological and learning variables.
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241
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Kalueff AV, Stewart AM, Gerlai R. Zebrafish as an emerging model for studying complex brain disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:63-75. [PMID: 24412421 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 697] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is rapidly becoming a popular model organism in pharmacogenetics and neuropharmacology. Both larval and adult zebrafish are currently used to increase our understanding of brain function, dysfunction, and their genetic and pharmacological modulation. Here we review the developing utility of zebrafish in the analysis of complex brain disorders (including, e.g., depression, autism, psychoses, drug abuse, and cognitive deficits), also covering zebrafish applications towards the goal of modeling major human neuropsychiatric and drug-induced syndromes. We argue that zebrafish models of complex brain disorders and drug-induced conditions are a rapidly emerging critical field in translational neuroscience and pharmacology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- ZENEREI Institute and the International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- ZENEREI Institute and the International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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242
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Nickell JR, Siripurapu KB, Vartak A, Crooks PA, Dwoskin LP. The vesicular monoamine transporter-2: an important pharmacological target for the discovery of novel therapeutics to treat methamphetamine abuse. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:71-106. [PMID: 24484975 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine abuse escalates, but no approved therapeutics are available to treat addicted individuals. Methamphetamine increases extracellular dopamine in reward-relevant pathways by interacting at vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) to inhibit dopamine uptake and promote dopamine release from synaptic vesicles, increasing cytosolic dopamine available for reverse transport by the dopamine transporter (DAT). VMAT2 is the target of our iterative drug discovery efforts to identify pharmacotherapeutics for methamphetamine addiction. Lobeline, the major alkaloid in Lobelia inflata, potently inhibited VMAT2, methamphetamine-evoked striatal dopamine release, and methamphetamine self-administration in rats but exhibited high affinity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Defunctionalized, unsaturated lobeline analog, meso-transdiene (MTD), exhibited lobeline-like in vitro pharmacology, lacked nAChR affinity, but exhibited high affinity for DAT, suggesting potential abuse liability. The 2,4-dicholorophenyl MTD analog, UKMH-106, exhibited selectivity for VMAT2 over DAT, inhibited methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release, but required a difficult synthetic approach. Lobelane, a saturated, defunctionalized lobeline analog, inhibited the neurochemical and behavioral effects of methamphetamine; tolerance developed to the lobelane-induced decrease in methamphetamine self-administration. Improved drug-likeness was afforded by the incorporation of a chiral N-1,2-dihydroxypropyl moiety into lobelane to afford GZ-793A, which inhibited the neurochemical and behavioral effects of methamphetamine, without tolerance. From a series of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidine analogs, AV-2-192 emerged as a lead, exhibiting high affinity for VMAT2 and inhibiting methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release. Current results support the hypothesis that potent, selective VMAT2 inhibitors provide the requisite preclinical behavioral profile for evaluation as pharmacotherapeutics for methamphetamine abuse and emphasize selectivity for VMAT2 relative to DAT as a criterion for reducing abuse liability of the therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Nickell
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Ashish Vartak
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter A Crooks
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Linda P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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243
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Fox H, Sinha R. The role of guanfacine as a therapeutic agent to address stress-related pathophysiology in cocaine-dependent individuals. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:217-65. [PMID: 24484979 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of cocaine addiction is linked to changes within neural systems and brain regions that are critical mediators of stress system sensitivity and behavioral processes associated with the regulation of adaptive goal-directed behavior. This is characterized by the upregulation of core adrenergic and corticotropin-releasing factor mechanisms that subserve negative affect and anxiety and impinge upon intracellular pathways in the prefrontal cortex underlying cognitive regulation of stress and negative emotional state. Not only are these mechanisms essential to the severity of cocaine withdrawal symptoms, and hence the trajectory of clinical outcome, but also they may be particularly pertinent to the demography of cocaine dependence. The ability of guanfacine to target overlapping stress, reward, and anxiety pathophysiology suggests that it may be a useful agent for attenuating the stress- and cue-induced craving state not only in women but also in men. This is supported by recent research findings from our own laboratory. Additionally, the ability of guanfacine to improve regulatory mechanisms that are key to exerting cognitive and emotional control over drug-seeking behavior also suggests that guanfacine may be an effective medication for reducing craving and relapse vulnerability in many drugs of abuse. As cocaine-dependent individuals are typically polydrug abusers and women may be at a greater disadvantage for compulsive drug use than men, it is plausible that medications that target catecholaminergic frontostriatal inhibitory circuits and simultaneously reduce stress system arousal may provide added benefits for attenuating cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Fox
- Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut USA.
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut USA
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244
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Nona CN, Li R, Nobrega JN. Altered NMDA receptor subunit gene expression in brains of mice showing high vs. low sensitization to ethanol. Behav Brain Res 2013; 260:58-66. [PMID: 24315834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Repeated administration of ethanol (EtOH) in mice leads to behavioural sensitization, a progressive increase in locomotor activity. Since not all mice sensitize equally to EtOH, the objective of the present study was to determine whether variability in this response is associated with altered subunit gene expression of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a primary target of EtOH. We examined NR1, NR2A, and NR2B expression throughout the brain during the development phase of EtOH sensitization, as well as after a 14 day withdrawal period. Male DBA/2J mice received 5-6 injections of EtOH (2.2g/kg, i.p.) or saline (SAL) and were categorized as high- (HS) or low-sensitized (LS) on the basis of locomotor activity scores after the final injection. NMDAR subunits were analyzed by in situ hybridization in brains removed either immediately following the final EtOH injection or 14 days thereafter. At the end of development phase, LS mice showed increased NR2A expression in several brain areas compared to saline controls. LS animals also had greater NR1 expression in the nucleus accumbens core (+11%, p=0.05) and shell (+14%, p=0.04) compared to HS mice, and increased NR2B expression in hippocampal CA1 (+20%, p=0.05) relative to saline-treated animals. High-sensitized mice showed increased NR2A expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis when compared to controls (+54%, p=0.02). No differences in gene expression between the treatment groups were seen 14 days after the final injection. These findings suggest that region-specific NMDAR subunits may play an important role in the variability associated with the induction of EtOH sensitization. Low-sensitized mice may be more sensitive to the NMDAR inhibitory effects of EtOH, with the NR1 and NR2A subunits potentially playing a key role in the failure to sensitize upon repeated EtOH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Nona
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rui Li
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - José N Nobrega
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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245
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Jones Z, Dafny N. Acute and chronic dose-response effect of methylphenidate on ventral tegmental area neurons correlated with animal behavior. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:327-45. [PMID: 24249696 PMCID: PMC4743876 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) is used to treat ADHD and as a cognitive enhancement and recreationally. MPD's effects are not fully understood. One of the sites of psychostimulant action is the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The VTA neuronal activity was recorded from freely behaving rats using a wireless system. 51 animals were divided into groups: saline, 0.6, 2.5, and 10.0 mg/kg MPD. The same repetitive MPD dose can elicit either behavioral sensitization or tolerance; thus the evaluation of the VTA neuronal activity was based on the animals' behavioral response to chronic MPD exposure: animals exhibiting behavioral tolerance or sensitization. Acute MPD elicits dose-related increases in behavioral activity. About half of the animals exhibited behavioral sensitization or tolerance to each of the MPD doses. 361 units were recorded from the VTA and exhibited similar spike shape on experimental day 1 (ED1) and on ED10. 71, 84, and 79 % of VTA units responded to acute 0.6, 2.5, and 10.0 mg/kg MPD, respectively. The neuronal baseline activity at ED10 was significantly modified in 94, 95, and 100 % of VTA units following 0.6, 2.5 and 10.0 mg/kg MPD, respectively. Following chronic MPD exposure, 91, 98, and 100 % exhibit either electrophysiological tolerance or sensitization of 0.6, 2.6, or 10.0 mg/kg MPD, respectively. In conclusion, the chronic administration of the same dose of MPD caused some animals to exhibit behavioral sensitization and other animals to exhibit tolerance. The VTA units recorded from animals exhibiting behavioral sensitization responded significantly differently to MPD from animals that exhibited behavioral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030,
| | - Nachum Dafny
- Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Texas Medical School at Houston suite 7.208B
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246
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Brom M, Both S, Laan E, Everaerd W, Spinhoven P. The role of conditioning, learning and dopamine in sexual behavior: a narrative review of animal and human studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 38:38-59. [PMID: 24211372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many theories of human sexual behavior assume that sexual stimuli obtain arousing properties through associative learning processes. It is widely accepted that classical conditioning contributes to the etiology of both normal and maladaptive human behaviors. Despite the hypothesized importance of basic learning processes in sexual behavior, research on classical conditioning of the sexual response in humans is scarce. In the present paper, animal studies and studies in humans on the role of pavlovian conditioning on sexual responses are reviewed. Animal research shows robust, direct effects of conditioning processes on partner- and place preference. On the contrast, the empirical research with humans in this area is limited and earlier studies within this field are plagued by methodological confounds. Although recent experimental demonstrations of human sexual conditioning are neither numerous nor robust, sexual arousal showed to be conditionable in both men and women. The present paper serves to highlight the major empirical findings and to renew the insight in how stimuli can acquire sexually arousing value. Hereby also related neurobiological processes in reward learning are discussed. Finally, the connections between animal and human research on the conditionability of sexual responses are discussed, and suggestions for future directions in human research are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Brom
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical, Health and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Department of Psychosomatic Gynaecology and Sexology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephanie Both
- Department of Psychosomatic Gynaecology and Sexology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Laan
- Department of Sexology and Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Everaerd
- Department Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Spinhoven
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical, Health and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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247
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Haleem DJ, Ikram H, Haider S, Parveen T, Haleem MA. Enhancement and inhibition of apomorphine-induced sensitization in rats exposed to immobilization stress: Relationship with adaptation to stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 112:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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248
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Wakabayashi KT, Kiyatkin EA. Critical role of peripheral drug actions in experience-dependent changes in nucleus accumbens glutamate release induced by intravenous cocaine. J Neurochem 2013; 128:672-85. [PMID: 24111505 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies reveal that cocaine experience results in persistent neuroadaptive changes within glutamate (Glu) synapses in brain areas associated with drug reward. However, it remains unclear whether cocaine affects Glu release in drug-naive animals and how it is altered by drug experience. Using high-speed amperometry with enzyme-based and enzyme-free biosensors in freely moving rats, we show that an initial intravenous cocaine injection at a low self-administering dose (1 mg/kg) induces rapid, small and transient Glu release in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAc), which with subsequent injections rapidly becomes a much stronger, two-component increase. Using cocaine-methiodide, cocaine's analog that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, we confirm that the initial cocaine-induced Glu release in the NAc has a peripheral neural origin. Unlike cocaine, Glu responses induced by cocaine-methiodide rapidly habituate following repeated exposure. However, after cocaine experience this drug induces cocaine-like Glu responses. Hence, the interoceptive actions of cocaine, which essentially precede its direct actions in the brain, play a critical role in experience-dependent alterations in Glu release, cocaine-induced neural sensitization and may contribute to cocaine addiction. Using high-speed amperometry with enzyme-based biosensors in freely moving rats, we show that initial intravenous cocaine induces rapid, transient glutamate (Glu) release in the Nac (Nucleus accumbens), rapidly becoming a stronger, two-component increase with subsequent injections. We show that the peripheral actions of cocaine, which precedes its direct central actions, play a critical role in experience-dependent alterations in Glu release, possibly contributing to cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken T Wakabayashi
- In-Vivo Electrophysiology Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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249
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BDNF overexpression in the ventral tegmental area prolongs social defeat stress-induced cross-sensitization to amphetamine and increases ΔFosB expression in mesocorticolimbic regions of rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2286-96. [PMID: 23689674 PMCID: PMC3773680 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Social defeat stress induces persistent cross-sensitization to psychostimulants, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of cross-sensitization remain unclear. One candidate is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The present research examined whether ventral tegmental area (VTA) BDNF overexpression would prolong the time course of cross-sensitization after a single social defeat stress, which normally produces transient cross-sensitization lasting <1 week. ΔFosB, a classic molecular marker of addiction, was also measured in mesocorticolimbic terminal regions. Separate groups of intact male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a single episode of social defeat stress or control handling, followed by amphetamine (AMPH) challenge 3 or 14 days later. AMPH cross-sensitization was apparent 3, but not 14, days after stress. Intra-VTA infusion of adeno-associated viral (AAV-BDNF) vector resulted in a twofold increase of BDNF level in comparison to the group receiving the control virus (AAV-GFP), which lasted at least 45 days. Additionally, overexpression of BDNF in the VTA alone increased ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex. Fourteen days after viral infusions, a separate group of rats underwent a single social defeat stress or control handling and were challenged with AMPH 14 and 24 days after stress. AAV-BDNF rats exposed to stress showed prolonged cross-sensitization and facilitated sensitization to the second drug challenge. Immunohistochemistry showed that the combination of virally enhanced VTA BDNF, stress, and AMPH resulted in increased ΔFosB in the NAc shell compared with the other groups. Thus, elevation of VTA BDNF prolongs cross-sensitization, facilitates sensitization, and increases ΔFosB in mesocorticolimbic terminal regions. As such, elevated VTA BDNF may be a risk factor for drug sensitivity.
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250
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Haleem DJ. Extending therapeutic use of psychostimulants: focus on serotonin-1A receptor. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 46:170-80. [PMID: 23906987 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite a number of medicinally important pharmacological effects, the therapeutic use of psychostimulants is limited because of abuse potential and psychosis following long term use. Development of pharmacological agents for improving and extending therapeutic use of psychostimulants in narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, obesity and as cognitive enhancer is an important research imperative. In this regard, one potential target system is the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) neurotransmitter system. The focus of the present article is to evaluate a potential role of 5-HT-1A receptor in the alleviation of abuse potential and psychosis-induced by prescription psychostimulants amphetamines and apomorphine. METHOD Synaptic contacts between dopamine systems and 5-HT-1A receptors are traced. Studies on serotonin-1A influences on the modulation of dopamine neurotransmission and psychostimulant-induced behavioral sensitization are accumulated. RESULTS Inhibition of amphetamine and apomorphine-induced behavioral sensitization by co administration of 5-HT-1A agonists cannot be explained in terms of direct activation of 5-HT-1A receptors, because activation of pre- as well as postsynaptic 5-HT-1A receptors tends to increase dopamine neurotransmission. CONCLUSION Long term use of amphetamine and apomorphine produces adaptive changes in 5-HT-1A receptor mediated functions, which are prevented by the co-use of 5-HT-1A agonists. In view of extending medicinal use of psychostimulants, it is important to evaluate the effects of co-use of 5-HT-1A agonists on potential therapeutic profile of amphetamine and apomorphine in preclinical research. It is also important to evaluate the functional significance of 5-HT-1A receptors on psychostimulant-induced behaviors in other addiction models such as drug self-administration and reinstatement of drug seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Science (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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