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Adaptive Immunity to Viruses: What Did We Learn from SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213951. [PMID: 36430430 PMCID: PMC9694482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes various conditions, from asymptomatic infection to the fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An intact immune system can overcome SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Defective natural, mainly interferon I- and III-dependent, responses may lead to the spread of the virus to multiple organs. Adaptive B- and T-cell responses, including memory, highly influence the severity and outcome of COVID-19. With respect to B-cell immunity, germinal centre formation is delayed or even absent in the most severe cases. Extrafollicular low-affinity anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody production will occur instead of specific, high-affinity antibodies. Helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells become hyperactivated and then exhausted, leading to ineffective viral clearance from the body. The dysregulation of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, as well as lymphocyte hyperreactivity, might lead to the robust production of inflammatory mediators, also known as cytokine storm. Eventually, the disruption of this complex network of immune cells and mediators leads to severe, sometimes fatal COVID-19 or another viral disease.
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202
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Durability and cross-reactivity of immune responses induced by a plant-based virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6905. [PMID: 36371408 PMCID: PMC9653456 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic evolves, vaccine evaluation needs to include consideration of both durability and cross-reactivity. This report expands on previously reported results from a Phase 1 trial of an AS03-adjuvanted, plant-based coronavirus-like particle (CoVLP) displaying the spike (S) glycoprotein of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus in healthy adults (NCT04450004). Humoral and cellular responses against the ancestral strain were evaluated 6 months post-second dose (D201) as secondary outcomes. Independent of dose, all vaccinated individuals retain binding antibodies, and ~95% retain neutralizing antibodies (NAb). Interferon gamma and interleukin-4 responses remain detectable in ~94% and ~92% of vaccinees respectively. In post-hoc analyses, variant-specific (Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma and Omicron) NAb were assessed at D42 and D201. Using a live virus neutralization assay, broad cross-reactivity is detectable against all variants at D42. At D201, cross-reactive antibodies are detectable in almost all participants against Alpha, Gamma and Delta variants (94%) and the Beta variant (83%) and in a smaller proportion against Omicron (44%). Results are similar with the pseudovirion assay. These data suggest that two doses of 3.75 µg CoVLP+AS03 elicit a durable and cross-reactive response that persists for at least 6 months post-vaccination.
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203
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Gobeil P, Pillet S, Boulay I, Charland N, Lorin A, Cheng MP, Vinh DC, Boutet P, Van Der Most R, Roman F, Ceregido MA, Landry N, D'Aoust MA, Ward BJ. Durability and cross-reactivity of immune responses induced by a plant-based virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6905. [PMID: 36371408 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.04.21261507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic evolves, vaccine evaluation needs to include consideration of both durability and cross-reactivity. This report expands on previously reported results from a Phase 1 trial of an AS03-adjuvanted, plant-based coronavirus-like particle (CoVLP) displaying the spike (S) glycoprotein of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus in healthy adults (NCT04450004). Humoral and cellular responses against the ancestral strain were evaluated 6 months post-second dose (D201) as secondary outcomes. Independent of dose, all vaccinated individuals retain binding antibodies, and ~95% retain neutralizing antibodies (NAb). Interferon gamma and interleukin-4 responses remain detectable in ~94% and ~92% of vaccinees respectively. In post-hoc analyses, variant-specific (Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma and Omicron) NAb were assessed at D42 and D201. Using a live virus neutralization assay, broad cross-reactivity is detectable against all variants at D42. At D201, cross-reactive antibodies are detectable in almost all participants against Alpha, Gamma and Delta variants (94%) and the Beta variant (83%) and in a smaller proportion against Omicron (44%). Results are similar with the pseudovirion assay. These data suggest that two doses of 3.75 µg CoVLP+AS03 elicit a durable and cross-reactive response that persists for at least 6 months post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe Gobeil
- Medicago Inc., Suite 600, 1020 route de l'Église, Québec, QC, G1V 3V9, Canada
| | - Stéphane Pillet
- Medicago Inc., Suite 600, 1020 route de l'Église, Québec, QC, G1V 3V9, Canada
| | - Iohann Boulay
- Medicago Inc., Suite 600, 1020 route de l'Église, Québec, QC, G1V 3V9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Charland
- Medicago Inc., Suite 600, 1020 route de l'Église, Québec, QC, G1V 3V9, Canada
| | - Aurélien Lorin
- Medicago Inc., Suite 600, 1020 route de l'Église, Québec, QC, G1V 3V9, Canada
| | - Matthew P Cheng
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Street, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Donald C Vinh
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Street, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Philippe Boutet
- GlaxoSmithKline (Vaccines), Avenue Fleming 20, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Robbert Van Der Most
- GlaxoSmithKline (Vaccines), rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - François Roman
- GlaxoSmithKline (Vaccines), Avenue Fleming 20, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
| | | | - Nathalie Landry
- Medicago Inc., Suite 600, 1020 route de l'Église, Québec, QC, G1V 3V9, Canada
| | - Marc-André D'Aoust
- Medicago Inc., Suite 600, 1020 route de l'Église, Québec, QC, G1V 3V9, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Medicago Inc., Suite 600, 1020 route de l'Église, Québec, QC, G1V 3V9, Canada.
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Street, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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204
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Tizazu AM, Mengist HM, Demeke G. Aging, inflammaging and immunosenescence as risk factors of severe COVID-19. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2022; 19:53. [PMID: 36369012 PMCID: PMC9650172 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is characterized by having a heterogeneous disease course, ranging from asymptomatic and mild symptoms to more severe and critical cases. In most cases the severity of COVID-19 is related to host factors, especially deregulation of the immune response in patients. Even if COVID-19 indiscriminately affects individuals of different age group, ethnicity and economic status; most severe cases and disproportional mortality occur in elderly individuals. This point out that aging is one risk factor for unfavourable clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients. The biology of aging is a complex process; Aging can alter the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs resulting in impaired response to stress. Alongside with other systems, the immune system is also affected with the aging process. Immunosenescence is an age associated change in the immune system that affects the overall response to immunological challenges in the elderly. Similarly, apart from the normal inflammatory process, aging is associated with a low grade, sterile, chronic inflammation which is termed as inflammaging. We hypothesized that inflammaging and immunosenescence could play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and poor recovery from COVID-19 in elderly individuals. This review summarizes the changes in the immune system with age and how these changes play part in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical outcome of COVID-19 which could add to the understanding of age associated targeted immunotherapy in the elderly.
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205
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Safety and immunogenicity of an AS03-adjuvanted plant-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Adults with and without Comorbidities. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:142. [DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 continues to impact humanity on a global scale with rising total morbidity and mortality. Despite the development of several effective vaccines, new products are needed to supply ongoing demand and to fight variants. We report herein a pre-specified interim analysis of the phase 2 portion of a Phase 2/3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a coronavirus virus-like particle (CoVLP) vaccine candidate, produced in plants that displays the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, adjuvanted with AS03 (NCT04636697). A total of 753 participants were recruited between 25th November 2020 and 24th March 2021 into three groups: Healthy Adults (18–64 years: N = 306), Older Adults (≥65 years: N = 282) and Adults with Comorbidities (≥18 years: N = 165) and randomized 5:1 to receive two intramuscular doses of either vaccine (3.75 µg CoVLP/dose+AS03) or placebo, 21 days apart. This report presents safety, tolerability and immunogenicity data up to 6 months post-vaccination. The immune outcomes presented include neutralizing antibody (NAb) titres as measured by pseudovirion assay at days 21 and 42 as well as neutralizing antibody cross-reactivity to several variants of concern (VOCs): Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1), up to 201 days post-immunization. Cellular (IFN-γ and IL-4 ELISpot) response data in day 21 and 42 peripheral blood are also presented. In this study, CoVLP+AS03 was well-tolerated and adverse events (AE) after each dose were generally mild to moderate and transient. Solicited AEs in Older Adults and Adults with Comorbidities were generally less frequent than in Healthy Adults and the reactogenicity was higher after the second dose. CoVLP+AS03 induced seroconversion in >35% of participants in each group after the first dose and in ~98% of participants, 21 days after the second dose. In all cohorts, 21-days after the second dose, NAb levels in sera against the vaccine strain were ~10-times those in a panel of convalescent sera. Cross-reactivity to Alpha, Beta and Delta variants was generally retained to day 201 (>80%) while cross-reactivity to the Gamma variant was reduced but still substantial at day 201 (73%). Cross-reactivity to the Omicron variant fell from 72% at day 42 to 20% at day 201. Almost all participants in all groups (>88%) had detectable cellular responses (IFN-γ, IL-4 or both) at 21 days after the second dose. A Th1-biased response was most evident after the first dose and was still present after the second dose. These data demonstrated that CoVLP+AS03 is well-tolerated and highly immunogenic, generating a durable (at least 6 months) immune response against different VOCs, in adults ≥18 years of age, with and without comorbidities.
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206
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Jasim SA, Mahdi RS, Bokov DO, Najm MAA, Sobirova GN, Bafoyeva ZO, Taifi A, Alkadir OKA, Mustafa YF, Mirzaei R, Karampoor S. The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID-19 pathogenesis: An update. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5128-5148. [PMID: 35835586 PMCID: PMC9350195 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID-19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS-CoV-2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in-depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roaa Salih Mahdi
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of BabylonHillaIraq
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of PharmacySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation,Laboratory of Food ChemistryFederal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food SafetyMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Mazin A. A. Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of PharmacyAl‐Ayen UniversityThi‐QarIraq
| | - Guzal N. Sobirova
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | - Zarnigor O. Bafoyeva
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | | | | | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyUniversity of MosulMosulIraq
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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207
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Mucosal immunization with a delta-inulin adjuvanted recombinant spike vaccine elicits lung-resident immune memory and protects mice against SARS-CoV-2. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1405-1415. [PMID: 36411332 PMCID: PMC9676795 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have been approved for use and have had a major impact on the COVID-19 pandemic. There remains, however, a significant need for vaccines that are safe, easily transportable and protective against infection, as well as disease. Mucosal vaccination is favored for its ability to induce immune memory at the site of infection, making it appealing for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies. In this study we performed in-depth analysis of the immune responses in mice to a subunit recombinant spike protein vaccine formulated with the delta-inulin adjuvant Advax when administered intratracheally (IT), versus intramuscular delivery (IM). Both routes produced robust neutralizing antibody titers (NAb) and generated sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2. IT delivery, however, produced significantly higher systemic and lung-local NAb that resisted waning up to six months post vaccination, and only IT delivery generated inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT), a site of lymphocyte antigen presentation and proliferation. This was coupled with robust and long-lasting lung tissue-resident memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were not observed in IM-vaccinated mice. This study provides a detailed view of the lung-resident cellular response to IT vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrates the importance of delivery site selection in the development of vaccine candidates.
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208
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Schwarz M, Torre D, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Tan AT, Tabaglio T, Mzoughi S, Sanchez-Tarjuelo R, Le Bert N, Lim JME, Hatem S, Tuballes K, Camara C, Lopez-Granados E, Paz-Artal E, Correa-Rocha R, Ortiz A, Lopez-Hoyos M, Portoles J, Cervera I, Gonzalez-Perez M, Bodega-Mayor I, Conde P, Oteo-Iglesias J, Borobia AM, Carcas AJ, Frías J, Belda-Iniesta C, Ho JSY, Nunez K, Hekmaty S, Mohammed K, Marsiglia WM, Carreño JM, Dar AC, Berin C, Nicoletti G, Della Noce I, Colombo L, Lapucci C, Santoro G, Ferrari M, Nie K, Patel M, Barcessat V, Gnjatic S, Harris J, Sebra R, Merad M, Krammer F, Kim-Schulze S, Marazzi I, Bertoletti A, Ochando J, Guccione E. Rapid, scalable assessment of SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity by whole-blood PCR. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1680-1689. [PMID: 35697804 PMCID: PMC10603792 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fast, high-throughput methods for measuring the level and duration of protective immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are needed to anticipate the risk of breakthrough infections. Here we report the development of two quantitative PCR assays for SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell activation. The assays are rapid, internally normalized and probe-based: qTACT requires RNA extraction and dqTACT avoids sample preparation steps. Both assays rely on the quantification of CXCL10 messenger RNA, a chemokine whose expression is strongly correlated with activation of antigen-specific T cells. On restimulation of whole-blood cells with SARS-CoV-2 viral antigens, viral-specific T cells secrete IFN-γ, which stimulates monocytes to produce CXCL10. CXCL10 mRNA can thus serve as a proxy to quantify cellular immunity. Our assays may allow large-scale monitoring of the magnitude and duration of functional T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2, thus helping to prioritize revaccination strategies in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Schwarz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denis Torre
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony T Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tommaso Tabaglio
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, IMCB, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Slim Mzoughi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rodrigo Sanchez-Tarjuelo
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- National Center for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joey Ming Er Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandra Hatem
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Tuballes
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carmen Camara
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital La Paz-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Department of Immunology, Research Institution, Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Research Institute Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Lopez-Hoyos
- Department of Immunology, Hospital University of Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Jose Portoles
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cervera
- National Center for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irene Bodega-Mayor
- National Center for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Conde
- National Center for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Oteo-Iglesias
- National Center for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto M Borobia
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital La Paz-IDIPAZ, Platform of Clinical Research Units and Clinical Trials, Spain Faculty of Medicine Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J Carcas
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital La Paz-IDIPAZ, Platform of Clinical Research Units and Clinical Trials, Spain Faculty of Medicine Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Frías
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital La Paz-IDIPAZ, Platform of Clinical Research Units and Clinical Trials, Spain Faculty of Medicine Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jessica S Y Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kemuel Nunez
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saboor Hekmaty
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Mohammed
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - William M Marsiglia
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arvin C Dar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cecilia Berin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kai Nie
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manishkumar Patel
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Barcessat
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jocelyn Harris
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seunghee Kim-Schulze
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivan Marazzi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- National Center for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Shared Resource Facility, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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209
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Zhao J, Zhu J, Huang C, Zhu X, Zhu Z, Wu Q, Yuan R. Uncovering the information immunology journals transmitted for COVID-19: A bibliometric and visualization analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035151. [PMID: 36405695 PMCID: PMC9670819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the global epidemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a large number of immunological studies related to COVID-19 have been published in various immunology journals. However, the results from these studies were discrete, and no study summarized the important immunological information about COVID-19 released by these immunology journals. This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the knowledge structure and research hotspots of COVID-19 published in major immunology journals through bibliometrics. METHODS Publications on COVID-19 in major immunology journals were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and R-bibliometrix were comprehensively used for bibliometric and visual analysis. RESULTS 1,331 and 5,000 publications of 10 journals with high impact factors and 10 journals with the most papers were included, respectively. The USA, China, England, and Italy made the most significant contributions to these papers. University College London, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School, University California San Diego, and University of Pennsylvania played a central role in international cooperation in the immunology research field of COVID-19. Yuen Kwok Yung was the most important author in terms of the number of publications and citations, and the H-index. CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES and FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY were the most essential immunology journals. These immunology journals mostly focused on the following topics: "Delta/Omicron variants", "cytokine storm", "neutralization/neutralizing antibody", "T cell", "BNT162b2", "mRNA vaccine", "vaccine effectiveness/safety", and "long COVID". CONCLUSION This study systematically uncovered a holistic picture of the current research on COVID-19 published in major immunology journals from the perspective of bibliometrics, which will provide a reference for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Center for Digestive Disease, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qinrong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Yingtan City People’s Hospital, Yingtan, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rongfa Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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210
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Kombe Kombe AJ, Biteghe FAN, Ndoutoume ZN, Jin T. CD8 + T-cell immune escape by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Front Immunol 2022; 13:962079. [PMID: 36389664 PMCID: PMC9647062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.962079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the efficacy of antiviral drug repositioning, convalescent plasma (CP), and the currently available vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still challenging because of the ongoing emergence of certain new SARS-CoV-2 strains known as variants of concern (VOCs). Mutations occurring within the viral genome, characterized by these new emerging VOCs, confer on them the ability to efficiently resist and escape natural and vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses. Consequently, these VOCs have enhanced infectivity, increasing their stable spread in a given population with an important fatality rate. While the humoral immune escape process is well documented, the evasion mechanisms of VOCs from cellular immunity are not well elaborated. In this review, we discussed how SARS-CoV-2 VOCs adapt inside host cells and escape anti-COVID-19 cellular immunity, focusing on the effect of specific SARS-CoV-2 mutations in hampering the activation of CD8+ T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | | | - Zélia Nelly Ndoutoume
- The Second Clinical School, Medical Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Chinese Academic of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Chinese Academic of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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211
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Diani S, Leonardi E, Cavezzi A, Ferrari S, Iacono O, Limoli A, Bouslenko Z, Natalini D, Conti S, Mantovani M, Tramonte S, Donzelli A, Serravalle E. SARS-CoV-2-The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6272. [PMID: 36362500 PMCID: PMC9655392 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 may be useful to reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot of controversy exists. AIMS This narrative review analyzes the literature regarding these two immunitary processes and more specifically: (a) the duration of natural immunity; (b) cellular immunity; (c) cross-reactivity; (d) the duration of post-vaccination immune protection; (e) the probability of reinfection and its clinical manifestations in the recovered patients; (f) the comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated as to the possible reinfections; (g) the role of hybrid immunity; (h) the effectiveness of natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Omicron variant; (i) the comparative incidence of adverse effects after vaccination in recovered individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS through multiple search engines we investigated COVID-19 literature related to the aims of the review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also the previous articles pertinent to the investigated topics. RESULTS nearly 900 studies were collected, and 246 pertinent articles were included. It was highlighted that the vast majority of the individuals after suffering from COVID-19 develop a natural immunity both of cell-mediated and humoral type, which is effective over time and provides protection against both reinfection and serious illness. Vaccine-induced immunity was shown to decay faster than natural immunity. In general, the severity of the symptoms of reinfection is significantly lower than in the primary infection, with a lower degree of hospitalizations (0.06%) and an extremely low mortality. CONCLUSIONS this extensive narrative review regarding a vast number of articles highlighted the valuable protection induced by the natural immunity after COVID-19, which seems comparable or superior to the one induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Consequently, vaccination of the unvaccinated COVID-19-recovered subjects may not be indicated. Further research is needed in order to: (a) measure the durability of immunity over time; (b) evaluate both the impacts of Omicron BA.5 on vaccinated and healed subjects and the role of hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Diani
- School of Musictherapy, Université Européenne Jean Monnet, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Oriana Iacono
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Mirandola Hospital, 41037 Mirandola, Italy
| | - Alice Limoli
- ARPAV (Regional Agency for the Environment Protection), 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Zoe Bouslenko
- Cardiology Department, Valdese Hospital, 10100 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Silvano Tramonte
- Environment and Health Commission, National Bioarchitecture Institute, 20121 Milano, Italy
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Chen Q, Zhang J, Wang P, Zhang Z. The mechanisms of immune response and evasion by the main SARS-CoV-2 variants. iScience 2022; 25:105044. [PMID: 36068846 PMCID: PMC9436868 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 carries a unique group of mutations, and the transmission of the virus has led to the emergence of other mutants such as Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Kappa (B.1.617.1), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529). The advent of a vaccine has raised hopes of ending the pandemic. However, the mutation variants of SARS-CoV-2 have raised concerns about the effectiveness of vaccines because the data showed that the vaccine was less effective against mutation variants compared to the previous variants. Mutation variants could easily mutate the N-segment structure and receptor domain of its spike glycoprotein (S) protein to escape antibody recognition. Therefore, it is vital to understand the potential immune response and evasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this review, immune response and evasion mechanisms of several SARS-CoV-2 variants are described, which could provide some helpful advice for future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Zhejiang Zhongwei Medical Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Zhejiang Zhongwei Medical Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Zuyong Zhang
- The Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
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213
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Proinflammatory Innate Cytokines and Distinct Metabolomic Signatures Shape the T Cell Response in Active COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101762. [PMID: 36298628 PMCID: PMC9609972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying factors contributing to the evolution of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses during COVID-19 infection remain unidentified. To address this, we characterized innate and adaptive immune responses with metabolomic profiling longitudinally at three different time points (0–3, 7–9, and 14–16 days post-COVID-19 positivity) from young, mildly symptomatic, active COVID-19 patients infected during the first wave in mid-2020. We observed that anti-RBD IgG and viral neutralization are significantly reduced against the delta variant, compared to the ancestral strain. In contrast, compared to the ancestral strain, T cell responses remain preserved against the delta and omicron variants. We determined innate immune responses during the early stage of active infection, in response to TLR 3/7/8-mediated activation in PBMCs and serum metabolomic profiling. Correlation analysis indicated PBMCs-derived proinflammatory cytokines, IL-18, IL-1β, and IL-23, and the abundance of plasma metabolites involved in arginine biosynthesis were predictive of a robust SARS-CoV-2-specific Th1 response at a later stage (two weeks after PCR positivity). These observations may contribute to designing effective vaccines and adjuvants that promote innate immune responses and metabolites to induce a long-lasting anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response.
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214
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Agallou M, Koutsoni OS, Michail M, Zisimopoulou P, Tsitsilonis OE, Karagouni E. Antibody and T-Cell Subsets Analysis Unveils an Immune Profile Heterogeneity Mediating Long-term Responses in Individuals Vaccinated Against SARS-CoV-2. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:353-363. [PMID: 36259394 PMCID: PMC9620767 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the fact that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still spreading despite worldwide vaccine administration, there is an imperative need to understand the underlying mechanisms of vaccine-induced interindividual immune response variations. METHODS We compared humoral and cellular immune responses in 127 individuals vaccinated with either BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vaccine. RESULTS Both mRNA vaccines induced faster and stronger humoral responses as assessed by high spike- and RBD-specific antibody titers and neutralizing efficacy in comparison to ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vaccine. At 7 months postvaccination, a decreasing trend in humoral responses was observed, irrespective of the vaccine administered. Correlation analysis between anti-S1 IgG and interferon- (IFN-) production unveiled a heterogeneous immune profile among BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals. Specifically, vaccination in the high-responder group induced sizable populations of polyfunctional memory CD4 helper T cells (TH1), follicular helper T cells (TFH), and T cells with features of stemness (TSCM), along with high neutralizing antibody production that persisted up to 7 months. In contrast, low responders were characterized by significantly lower antibody titers and memory T cells and a considerably lower capacity for interleukin-2 and IFN- production. CONCLUSIONS We identified that long-term humoral responses correlate with the individuals ability to produce antigen-specific persistent memory T-cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga S Koutsoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Michail
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece,Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Zisimopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania E Tsitsilonis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Correspondence: Evdokia Karagouni, PhD, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave, 115 21 Athens, Greece ()
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215
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Biological and Exploitable Crossroads for the Immune Response in Cancer and COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102628. [PMID: 36289890 PMCID: PMC9599827 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exacted a disproportionate toll on cancer patients. The effects of anticancer treatments and cancer patients’ characteristics shared significant responsibilities for this dismal outcome; however, the underlying immunopathological mechanisms are far from being completely understood. Indeed, despite their different etiologies, SARS-CoV-2 infection and cancer unexpectedly share relevant immunobiological connections. In the pathogenesis and natural history of both conditions, there emerges the centrality of the immune response, orchestrating the timed appearance, functional and dysfunctional roles of multiple effectors in acute and chronic phases. A significant number (more than 600) of observational and interventional studies have explored the interconnections between COVID-19 and cancer, focusing on aspects as diverse as psychological implications and prognostic factors, with more than 4000 manuscripts published so far. In this review, we reported and discussed the dynamic behavior of the main cytokines and immune system signaling pathways involved in acute vs. early, and chronic vs. advanced stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cancer. We highlighted the biological similarities and active connections within these dynamic disease scenarios, exploring and speculating on possible therapeutic crossroads from one setting to the other.
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216
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SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific IFN-γ T-cell Response After COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease, on Dialysis, or Living With a Kidney Transplant. Transplant Direct 2022; 8:e1387. [PMID: 36284929 PMCID: PMC9584182 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies have shown that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is associated with a lower humoral response in vulnerable kidney patients. Here, we investigated the T-cell response following COVID-19 vaccination in kidney patients compared with controls. METHODS Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage G4/5 [estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2], on dialysis, or living with a kidney transplant and controls received 2 doses of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at baseline and 28 d after the second vaccination. In 398 participants (50% of entire cohort; controls n = 95, CKD G4/5 n = 81, dialysis n = 78, kidney transplant recipients [KTRs] n = 144)' SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were measured using an IFN-γ enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot assay. RESULTS A significantly lower SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response was observed after vaccination of patients on dialysis (54.5%) and KTRs (42.6%) in contrast to CDK G4/5 (70%) compared with controls (76%). The use of calcineurin inhibitors was associated with a low T-cell response in KTRs. In a subset of 20 KTRs, we observed waning of the cellular response 6 mo after the second vaccination, which was boosted to some extent after a third vaccination, although T-cell levels remained low. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that vaccination is less effective in these patient groups, with humoral nonresponders also failing to mount an adequate cellular response, even after the third vaccination. Given the important role of T cells in protection against disease and cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 variants, alternative vaccination strategies are urgently needed in these high-risk patient groups.
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217
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Schenz J, Rump K, Siegler BH, Hemmerling I, Rahmel T, Thon JN, Nowak H, Fischer D, Hafner A, Tichy L, Bomans K, Meggendorfer M, Koos B, von Groote T, Zarbock A, Fiedler MO, Zemva J, Larmann J, Merle U, Adamzik M, Müller-Tidow C, Haferlach T, Leuschner F, Weigand MA. Increased prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968778. [PMID: 36311800 PMCID: PMC9614713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) leads to higher mortality, carries a cardiovascular risk and alters inflammation. All three aspects harbor overlaps with the clinical manifestation of COVID-19. This study aimed to identify the impact of CHIP on COVID-19 pathophysiology. 90 hospitalized patients were analyzed for CHIP. In addition, their disease course and outcome were evaluated. With a prevalence of 37.8%, the frequency of a CHIP-driver mutation was significantly higher than the prevalence expected based on median age (17%). CHIP increases the risk of hospitalization in the course of the disease but has no age-independent impact on the outcome within the group of hospitalized patients. Especially in younger patients (45 – 65 years), CHIP was associated with persistent lymphopenia. In older patients (> 65 years), on the other hand, CHIP-positive patients developed neutrophilia in the long run. To what extent increased values of cardiac biomarkers are caused by CHIP independent of age could not be elaborated solely based on this study. In conclusion, our results indicate an increased susceptibility to a severe course of COVID-19 requiring hospitalization associated with CHIP. Secondly, they link it to a differentially regulated cellular immune response under the pressure of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hence, a patient’s CHIP-status bears the potential to serve as biomarker for risk stratification and to early guide treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schenz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Judith Schenz,
| | - Katharina Rump
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- CovidDataNet.NRW, Germany
| | | | - Inga Hemmerling
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Rahmel
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan N. Thon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hartmuth Nowak
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- CovidDataNet.NRW, Germany
| | - Dania Fischer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Hafner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucas Tichy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Bomans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Björn Koos
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- CovidDataNet.NRW, Germany
| | - Thilo von Groote
- CovidDataNet.NRW, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- CovidDataNet.NRW, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mascha O. Fiedler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Zemva
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Larmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Adamzik
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- CovidDataNet.NRW, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Florian Leuschner
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus A. Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Center for ARDS and Weaning, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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218
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van den Dijssel J, Hagen RR, de Jongh R, Steenhuis M, Rispens T, Geerdes DM, Mok JY, Kragten AHM, Duurland MC, Verstegen NJM, van Ham SM, van Esch WJE, van Gisbergen KPJM, Hombrink P, ten Brinke A, van de Sandt CE. Parallel detection of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes reveals dynamic immunodominance profiles of CD8 + T memory cells in convalescent COVID-19 donors. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1423. [PMID: 36254196 PMCID: PMC9568370 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives High-magnitude CD8+ T cell responses are associated with mild COVID-19 disease; however, the underlying characteristics that define CD8+ T cell-mediated protection are not well understood. The antigenic breadth and the immunodominance hierarchies of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells remain largely unexplored and are essential for the development of next-generation broad-protective vaccines. This study identified a broad spectrum of conserved SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T cell epitopes and defined their respective immunodominance and phenotypic profiles following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods CD8+ T cells from 51 convalescent COVID-19 donors were analysed for their ability to recognise 133 predicted and previously described SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides restricted by 11 common HLA class I allotypes using heterotetramer combinatorial coding, which combined with phenotypic markers allowed in-depth ex vivo profiling of CD8+ T cell responses at quantitative and phenotypic levels. Results A comprehensive panel of 49 mostly conserved SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes, including five newly identified low-magnitude epitopes, was established. We confirmed the immunodominance of HLA-A*01:01/ORF1ab1637-1646 and B*07:02/N105-113 and identified B*35:01/N325-333 as a third epitope with immunodominant features. The magnitude of subdominant epitope responses, including A*03:01/N361-369 and A*02:01/S269-277, depended on the donors' HLA-I context. All epitopes expressed prevalent memory phenotypes, with the highest memory frequencies in severe COVID-19 donors. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a predominant CD8+ T memory response directed against a broad spectrum of conserved SARS-CoV-2 epitopes, which likely contributes to long-term protection against severe disease. The observed immunodominance hierarchy emphasises the importance of T cell epitopes derived from nonspike proteins to the overall protective and cross-reactive immune response, which could aid future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet van den Dijssel
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ruth R Hagen
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rivka de Jongh
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Juk Yee Mok
- Sanquin Reagents B.V.AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Mariël C Duurland
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Niels JM Verstegen
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Klaas PJM van Gisbergen
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMC location University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
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Özbay Kurt FG, Lepper A, Gerhards C, Roemer M, Lasser S, Arkhypov I, Bitsch R, Bugert P, Altevogt P, Gouttefangeas C, Neumaier M, Utikal J, Umansky V. Booster dose of mRNA vaccine augments waning T cell and antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012526. [PMID: 36311732 PMCID: PMC9597683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A gradual decay in humoral and cellular immune responses over time upon SAR1S-CoV-2 vaccination may cause a lack of protective immunity. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of antibodies, T cells, and monocytes in 25 participants vaccinated with mRNA or ChAdOx1-S up to 12 weeks after the 3rd (booster) dose with mRNA vaccine. We observed a substantial increase in antibodies and CD8 T cells specific for the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination. Moreover, vaccination induced activated T cells expressing CD69, CD137 and producing IFN-γ and TNF-α. Virus-specific CD8 T cells showed predominantly memory phenotype. Although the level of antibodies and frequency of virus-specific T cells reduced 4-6 months after the 2nd dose, they were augmented after the 3rd dose followed by a decrease later. Importantly, T cells generated after the 3rd vaccination were also reactive against Omicron variant, indicated by a similar level of IFN-γ production after stimulation with Omicron peptides. Breakthrough infection in participants vaccinated with two doses induced more SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells than the booster vaccination. We found an upregulation of PD-L1 expression on monocytes but no accumulation of myeloid cells with MDSC-like immunosuppressive phenotype after the vaccination. Our results indicate that the 3rd vaccination fosters antibody and T cell immune response independently from vaccine type used for the first two injections. However, such immune response is attenuated over time, suggesting thereby the need for further vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Gül Özbay Kurt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alisa Lepper
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Catharina Gerhards
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathis Roemer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Samantha Lasser
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ihor Arkhypov
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rebekka Bitsch
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Bugert
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Viktor Umansky,
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220
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Silva MJA, Ribeiro LR, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001198. [PMID: 36300105 PMCID: PMC9589156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that the adaptive or acquired immune system is one of the crucial variables in differentiating the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This work aimed to analyze the immunopathological aspects of adaptive immunity that are involved in the progression of this disease. Methods This is a systematic review based on articles that included experimental evidence from in vitro assays, cohort studies, reviews, cross-sectional and case-control studies from PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE, and Lilacs databases in English, Portuguese, or Spanish between January 2020 and July 2022. Results Fifty-six articles were finalized for this review. CD4+ T cells were the most resolutive in the health-disease process compared with B cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes. The predominant subpopulations of T helper lymphocytes (Th) in critically ill patients are Th1, Th2, Th17 (without their main characteristics) and regulatory T cells (Treg), while in mild cases there is an influx of Th1, Th2, Th17 and follicular T helper cells (Tfh). These cells are responsible for the secretion of cytokines, including interleukin (IL) - 6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-7, IL-22, IL-21, IL-15, IL-1α, IL-23, IL-5, IL-13, IL-2, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), CXC motivating ligand (CXCL) 8, CXCL9 and tumor growth factor beta (TGF-β), with the abovementioned first 8 inflammatory mediators related to clinical benefits, while the others to a poor prognosis. Some CD8+ T lymphocyte markers are associated with the severity of the disease, such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Among the antibodies produced by SARS-CoV-2, Immunoglobulin (Ig) A stood out due to its potent release associated with a more severe clinical form. Conclusions It is concluded that through this study it is possible to have a brief overview of the main immunological biomarkers and their function during SARS-CoV-2 infection in particular cell types. In critically ill individuals, adaptive immunity is varied, aberrantly compromised, and late. In particular, the T-cell response is also an essential and necessary component in immunological memory and therefore should be addressed in vaccine formulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology and Health Surveillance (PPGEVS), Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva,
| | - Layana Rufino Ribeiro
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Luana Nepomuceno Gondim Costa Lima
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology and Health Surveillance (PPGEVS), Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
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221
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Ameratunga R, Woon ST, Steele R, Lehnert K, Leung E, Brooks AES. Critical role of diagnostic SARS-CoV-2 T cell assays for immunodeficient patients. J Clin Pathol 2022; 75:793-797. [PMID: 36216482 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2022-208305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
After almost 3 years of intense study, the immunological basis of COVID-19 is better understood. Patients who suffer severe disease have a chaotic, destructive immune response. Many patients with severe COVID-19 produce high titres of non-neutralising antibodies, which are unable to sterilise the infection. In contrast, there is increasing evidence that a rapid, balanced cellular immune response is required to eliminate the virus and mitigate disease severity. In the longer term, memory T cell responses, following infection or vaccination, play a critical role in protection against SARS-CoV-2.Given the pivotal role of cellular immunity in the response to COVID-19, diagnostic T cell assays for SARS-CoV-2 may be of particular value for immunodeficient patients. A diagnostic SARS-CoV-2 T cell assay would be of utility for immunocompromised patients who are unable to produce antibodies or have passively acquired antibodies from subcutaneous or intravenous immunoglobulin (SCIG/IVIG) replacement. In many antibody-deficient patients, cellular responses are preserved. SARS-CoV-2 T cell assays may identify breakthrough infections if reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) or rapid antigen tests (RATs) are not undertaken during the window of viral shedding. In addition to utility in patients with immunodeficiency, memory T cell responses could also identify chronically symptomatic patients with long COVID-19 who were infected early in the pandemic. These individuals may have been infected before the availability of reliable RT-qPCR and RAT tests and their antibodies may have waned. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 have greater durability than antibodies and can also distinguish patients with infection from vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Ameratunga
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand .,Department of Clinical Immunology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - See-Tarn Woon
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Steele
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Klaus Lehnert
- Centre for brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Cancer Research, Faculty of Medical and health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna E S Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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222
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Lim JME, Hang SK, Hariharaputran S, Chia A, Tan N, Lee ES, Chng E, Lim PL, Young BE, Lye DC, Le Bert N, Bertoletti A, Tan AT. A comparative characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells induced by mRNA or inactive virus COVID-19 vaccines. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100793. [PMID: 36257326 PMCID: PMC9534788 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Unlike mRNA vaccines based only on the spike protein, inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines should induce a diversified T cell response recognizing distinct structural proteins. Here, we perform a comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in healthy individuals following vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 or mRNA vaccines. Relative to spike mRNA vaccination, inactivated vaccines elicit a lower magnitude of spike-specific T cells, but the combination of membrane, nucleoprotein, and spike-specific T cell response is quantitatively comparable with the sole spike T cell response induced by mRNA vaccine, and they efficiently tolerate the mutations characterizing the Omicron lineage. However, this multi-protein-specific T cell response is not mediated by a coordinated CD4 and CD8 T cell expansion but by selective priming of CD4 T cells. These findings can help in understanding the role of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the efficacy of the different vaccines to control severe COVID-19 after Omicron infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Ming Er Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Shou Kit Hang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Smrithi Hariharaputran
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Adeline Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Nicole Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Eng Sing Lee
- Clinical Research Unit, National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore 138543, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Edwin Chng
- Parkway Shenton Pte Ltd, Singapore 048583, Singapore
| | - Poh Lian Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore,National Center of Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Barnaby E. Young
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore,National Center of Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - David Chien Lye
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore,National Center of Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore,Singapore Immunology Network, A∗STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore,Corresponding author
| | - Anthony T. Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore,Corresponding author
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223
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Palacios-Pedrero MÁ, Jansen JM, Blume C, Stanislawski N, Jonczyk R, Molle A, Hernandez MG, Kaiser FK, Jung K, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF, Saletti G. Signs of immunosenescence correlate with poor outcome of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in older adults. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:896-905. [PMID: 37118289 PMCID: PMC10154205 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is effective in preventing COVID-19 hospitalization and fatal outcome. However, several studies indicated that there is reduced vaccine effectiveness among older individuals, which is correlated with their general health status1,2. How and to what extent age-related immunological defects are responsible for the suboptimal vaccine responses observed in older individuals receiving SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine, is unclear and not fully investigated1,3-5. In this observational study, we investigated adaptive immune responses in adults of various ages (22-99 years old) receiving 2 doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Vaccine-induced Spike-specific antibody, and T and memory B cell responses decreased with increasing age. These responses positively correlated with the percentages of peripheral naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and negatively with CD8+ T cells expressing signs of immunosenescence. Older adults displayed a preferred T cell response to the S2 region of the Spike protein, which is relatively conserved and a target for cross-reactive T cells induced by human 'common cold' coronaviruses. Memory T cell responses to influenza virus were not affected by age-related changes, nor the SARS-CoV-2-specific response induced by infection. Collectively, we identified signs of immunosenescence correlating with the outcome of vaccination against a new viral antigen to which older adults are immunologically naïve. This knowledge is important for the management of COVID-19 infections in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina M Jansen
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nils Stanislawski
- Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Leibniz University, Hanover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Jonczyk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University, Hanover, Germany
| | - Antonia Molle
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mariana Gonzalez Hernandez
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Franziska K Kaiser
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
- Global Virus Network, Center of Excellence, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Giulietta Saletti
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.
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224
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Rajput RV, Ma X, Boswell KL, Gaudinski M, Gordon I, Novik L, Groarke EM, Lotter J, Superata J, Rios OJ, Darden I, Lin BC, Jean-Baptiste N, Carroll R, Moore C, Trost J, Naisan M, Willis J, Serebryannyy L, Wang JL, Prabhakaran M, Narpala SR, Koup RA, McDermott A, Wu CO, Young NS, Patel BA. Clinical outcomes and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in severe aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 2022; 199:679-687. [PMID: 36128909 PMCID: PMC9538485 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) are often not vaccinated against viruses due to concerns of ineffective protective antibody response and potential for pathogenic global immune system activation, leading to relapse. We evaluated the impact of COVID‐19 vaccination on haematological indices and disease status and characterized the humoural and cellular responses to vaccination in 50 SAA patients, who were previously treated with immunosuppressive therapy (IST). There was no significant difference in haemoglobin (p = 0.52), platelet count (p = 0.67), absolute lymphocyte (p = 0.42) and neutrophil (p = 0.98) counts prior to and after completion of vaccination series. Relapse after vaccination, defined as a progressive decline in counts requiring treatment, occurred in three patients (6%). Humoural response was detectable in 90% (28/31) of cases by reduction in an in‐vitro Angiotensin II Converting Enzyme (ACE2) binding and neutralization assay, even in patients receiving ciclosporin (10/11, 90.1%). Comparison of spike‐specific T‐cell responses in 27 SAA patients and 10 control subjects revealed qualitatively similar CD4+ Th1‐dominant responses to vaccination. There was no difference in CD4+ (p = 0.77) or CD8+ (p = 0.74) T‐cell responses between patients on or off ciclosporin therapy at the time of vaccination. Our data highlight appropriate humoural and cellular responses in SAA previously treated with IST and true relapse after vaccination is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma V Rajput
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Ma
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin L Boswell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin Gaudinski
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ingelise Gordon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Novik
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emma M Groarke
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Lotter
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeanine Superata
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga J Rios
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivana Darden
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazaire Jean-Baptiste
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robin Carroll
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Moore
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Trost
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mursal Naisan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Willis
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leonid Serebryannyy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Madhu Prabhakaran
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Colin O Wu
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bhavisha A Patel
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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225
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Lee HK, Hoechstetter MA, Buchner M, Pham TT, Huh JW, Müller K, Zange S, von Buttlar H, Girl P, Wölfel R, Brandmeier L, Pfeuffer L, Furth PA, Wendtner CM, Hennighausen L. Comprehensive analysis of immune responses in CLL patients after heterologous COVID-19 vaccination. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.09.21.22280205. [PMID: 36172132 PMCID: PMC9516861 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.21.22280205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with B-cell pathway inhibitors and anti-CD20 antibodies exhibit low humoral response rate (RR) following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. To investigate the relationship between the initial transcriptional response to vaccination with ensuing B and T cell immune responses, we performed a comprehensive immune transcriptome analysis flanked by antibody and T cell assays in peripheral blood prospectively collected from 15 CLL/SLL patients vaccinated with heterologous BNT162b2/ChAdOx1 with follow up at a single institution. The two-dose antibody RR was 40% increasing to 53% after booster. Patients on BTKi, venetoclax ± anti-CD20 antibody within 12 months of vaccination responded less well than those under BTKi alone. The two-dose T cell RR was 80% increasing to 93% after booster. Transcriptome studies revealed that seven patients showed interferon-mediated signaling activation within 2 days and one at 7 days after vaccination. Increasing counts of COVID-19 specific IGHV genes correlated with B-cell reconstitution and improved humoral RR. T cell responses in CLL patients appeared after vaccination regardless of treatment status. A higher humoral RR was associated with BTKi treatment and B-cell reconstitution. Boosting was particularly effective when intrinsic immune status was improved by CLL-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Lee
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Manuela A. Hoechstetter
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Buchner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Trang Thu Pham
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jin Won Huh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Katharina Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Zange
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Girl
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Brandmeier
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Pfeuffer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Priscilla A. Furth
- Departments of Oncology & Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Clemens-Martin Wendtner
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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226
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Heyer A, Günther T, Robitaille A, Lütgehetmann M, Addo MM, Jarczak D, Kluge S, Aepfelbacher M, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Fischer N, Grundhoff A. Remdesivir-induced emergence of SARS-CoV2 variants in patients with prolonged infection. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100735. [PMID: 36075217 PMCID: PMC9378267 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
We here investigate the impact of antiviral treatments such as remdesivir on intra-host genomic diversity and emergence of SARS-CoV2 variants in patients with a prolonged course of infection. Sequencing and variant analysis performed in 112 longitudinal respiratory samples from 14 SARS-CoV2-infected patients with severe disease progression show that major frequency variants do not generally arise during prolonged infection. However, remdesivir treatment can increase intra-host genomic diversity and result in the emergence of novel major variant species harboring fixed mutations. This is particularly evident in a patient with B cell depletion who rapidly developed mutations in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene following remdesivir treatment. Remdesivir treatment-associated emergence of novel variants is of great interest in light of current treatment guidelines for hospitalized patients suffering from severe SARS-CoV2 disease, as well as the potential use of remdesivir to preventively treat non-hospitalized patients at high risk for severe disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heyer
- I. Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- I. Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Germany; Institute of Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Jarczak
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- I. Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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227
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Vaccine-Induced T-Cell and Antibody Responses at 12 Months after Full Vaccination Differ with Respect to Omicron Recognition. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091563. [PMID: 36146641 PMCID: PMC9500953 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than a year after the first vaccines against the novel SARS-CoV-2 were approved, many questions still remain about the long-term protection conferred by each vaccine. How long the effect lasts, how effective it is against variants of concern and whether further vaccinations will confer additional benefits remain part of current and future research. For this purpose, we examined 182 health care employees-some of them with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection-12 months after different primary immunizations. To assess antibody responses, we performed an electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLIA) to determine anti-spike IgGs, followed by a surrogate virus neutralization assay against Wuhan-Hu-1 and B.1.1.529/BA.1 (Omicron). T cell response against wild-type and the Omicron variants of concern were assessed via interferon-gamma ELISpot assays and T-cell surface and intracellular cytokine staining. In summary, our results show that after the third vaccination with an mRNA vaccine, differences in antibody quantity and functionality observed after different primary immunizations were equalized. As for the T cell response, we were able to demonstrate a memory function for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells alike. Importantly, both T and antibody responses against wild-type and omicron differed significantly; however, antibody and T cell responses did not correlate with each other and, thus, may contribute differentially to immunity.
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228
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Terahara K, Sato T, Adachi Y, Tonouchi K, Onodera T, Moriyama S, Sun L, Takano T, Nishiyama A, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Matano T, Matsumura T, Shinkai M, Isogawa M, Takahashi Y. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + T cell longevity correlates with Th17-like phenotype. iScience 2022; 25:104959. [PMID: 35992306 PMCID: PMC9384329 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Determinants of memory T cell longevity following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remain unknown. In addition, phenotypes associated with memory T cell longevity, antibody titers, and disease severity are incompletely understood. Here, we longitudinally analyzed SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and antibody responses of a unique cohort with similar numbers of mild, moderate, and severe coronavirus disease 2019 cases. The half-lives of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were longer than those of antibody titers and showed no clear correlation with disease severity. When CD4+ T cells were divided into Th1-, Th2-, Th17-, and Tfh-like subsets, the Th17-like subset showed a longer half-life than other subsets, indicating that Th17-like cells are most closely correlated with T cell longevity. In contrast, Th2- and Tfh-like T cells were more closely correlated with antibody titers than other subsets. These results suggest that distinct CD4+ T cell subsets are associated with longevity and antibody responses. Th17-like CD4+ T cells showed a longer half-life than other CD4+ T cell subsets Anti-RBD-IgG titers were associated with Th2- and Tfh-like CD4 T cells CD45RA+CD8+ T cells were correlated with disease severity during the early phase
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Terahara
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital; Tokyo, 140-8522, Japan
| | - Yu Adachi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tonouchi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Taishi Onodera
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Saya Moriyama
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Lin Sun
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takano
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ayae Nishiyama
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ai Kawana-Tachikawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumura
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Isogawa
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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229
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Zalewska M, Fus W, Konka A, Wystyrk K, Bochenek A, Botor H, Fronczek M, Zembala-John J, Adamek B. An Immune Response to Heterologous ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 Vaccination against COVID-19: Evaluation of the anti-RBD Specific IgG Antibodies Titers and Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) Test Results. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091546. [PMID: 36146624 PMCID: PMC9506411 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the magnitude of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers and Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) test results following administration of booster BNT162b2 in 48 ChAd-primed participants (vaccination schedule: ChAd/ChAd/BNT). Whole blood samples were collected: first, before and second, 21 days after the booster dose. The IgG level was measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay; the intensity of the T-cell response—IFNγ concentration—was assessed using IGRA test. At 21 days after the booster, all subjects achieved reactive/positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, and IGRA test results showed a significant increase compared to the results before booster administration. We compared the results before and after the booster between participants with and without prior history of COVID-19. The IFNγ concentrations in both cohorts were higher in convalescents (both before booster and 21 days after). The IgG titers were subtly lower in COVID-19 convalescents than in naïve but without statistical significance. Data on cell-mediated immunity are scarce, especially with regard to the general population. A better understanding of the complexity of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 could contribute to developing more effective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Zalewska
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, H. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wiktoria Fus
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Adam Konka
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Karolina Wystyrk
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aneta Bochenek
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Hanna Botor
- Acellmed Ltd., M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Martyna Fronczek
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, H. Jordana 38, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Joanna Zembala-John
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Medicine and Environmental Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, H. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, M. Curie—Skłodowskiej 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Brygida Adamek
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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230
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Kudryavtsev I, Matyushenko V, Stepanova E, Vasilyev K, Rudenko L, Isakova-Sivak I. In Vitro Stimulation with Live SARS-CoV-2 Suggests Th17 Dominance In Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cell Response after COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091544. [PMID: 36146622 PMCID: PMC9502469 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses are the main causes of human respiratory tract infections with similar disease manifestation but distinct mechanisms of immunopathology and host response to the infection. In this study, we investigated the SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell phenotype in comparison with H1N1 influenza-specific CD4+ T cells. We determined the levels of SARS-CoV-2- and H1N1-specific CD4+ T cell responses in subjects recovered from COVID-19 one to 15 months ago by stimulating PBMCs with live SARS-CoV-2 or H1N1 influenza viruses. We investigated phenotypes and frequencies of main CD4+ T cell subsets specific for SARS-CoV-2 using an activation induced cell marker assay and multicolor flow cytometry, and compared the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2- and H1N1-specific CD4+ T cells. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells were detected 1–15 months post infection and the frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific central memory CD4+ T cells was increased with the time post-symptom onset. Next, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells predominantly expressed the Th17 phenotype, but the level of Th17 cells in this group was lower than in H1N1-specific CD4+ T cells. Finally, we found that the lower level of total Th17 subset within total SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells was linked with the low level of CCR4+CXCR3– ‘classical’ Th17 cells if compared with H1N1-specific Th17 cells. Taken together, our data suggest the involvement of Th17 cells and their separate subsets in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2- and influenza-induced pneumonia; and a better understanding of Th17 mediated antiviral immune responses may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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231
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Wei X, Rong N, Liu J. Prospects of animal models and their application in studies on adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993754. [PMID: 36189203 PMCID: PMC9523127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in the antiviral process and can protect the body from the threat of infection for a certain period of time. However, owing to the limitations of clinical studies, the antiviral mechanisms, protective thresholds, and persistence of the immune memory of adaptive immune responses remain unclear. This review summarizes existing research models for SARS-CoV-2 and elaborates on the advantages of animal models in simulating the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in humans. In addition, we systematically summarize the research progress on the SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immune response and the remaining key issues, as well as the application and prospects of animal models in this field. This paper provides direction for in-depth analysis of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of the adaptive immune response and lays the foundation for the development and application of vaccines and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiangning Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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232
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Bertoletti A, Le Bert N, Tan AT. Act Early and at the Right Location: SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Kinetics and Tissue Localization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10679. [PMID: 36142588 PMCID: PMC9505719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 lineages able to escape antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination based on the Spike protein of the Wuhan isolates has reduced the ability of Spike-specific antibodies to protect previously infected or vaccinated individuals from infection. Therefore, the role played by T cells in the containment of viral replication and spread after infection has taken a more central stage. In this brief review, we will discuss the role played by T cells in the protection from COVID-19, with a particular emphasis on the kinetics of the T cell response and its localization at the site of primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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233
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SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell and humoral immune responses upon vaccination with BNT162b2: a 9 months longitudinal study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15447. [PMID: 36104370 PMCID: PMC9472721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral and cellular immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) upon the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination remain to be clarified. Hence, we aimed to investigate the long-term chronological changes in SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibody, neutralizing antibody, and T cell responses during and after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine. We performed serological, neutralization, and T cell assays among 100 hospital workers aged 22–73 years who received the vaccine. We conducted seven surveys up to 8 months after the second vaccination dose. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific IgG (IgG-S) titers and T cell responses increased significantly following the first vaccination dose. The highest titers were observed on day 29 and decreased gradually until the end of the follow-up period. There was no correlation between IgG-S and T cell responses. Notably, T cell responses were detected on day 15, earlier than the onset of neutralizing activity. This study demonstrated that both IgG-S and T cell responses were detected before acquiring sufficient levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. These immune responses are sustained for approximately 6 to 10 weeks but not for 7 months or later following the second vaccination, indicating the need for the booster dose (i.e., third vaccination).
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234
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Lai G, Liu H, Deng J, Li K, Xie B. A Novel 3-Gene Signature for Identifying COVID-19 Patients Based on Bioinformatics and Machine Learning. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091602. [PMID: 36140771 PMCID: PMC9498787 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many biomarkers associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were found, a novel signature relevant to immune cells has not been developed. In this work, the “CIBERSORT” algorithm was used to assess the fraction of immune infiltrating cells in GSE152641 and GSE171110. Key modules associated with important immune cells were selected by the “WGCNA” package. The “GO” enrichment analysis was used to reveal the biological function associated with COVID-19. The “Boruta” algorithm was used to screen candidate genes, and the “LASSO” algorithm was used for collinearity reduction. A novel gene signature was developed based on multivariate logistic regression analysis. Subsequently, M0 macrophages (PRAUC = 0.948 in GSE152641 and PRAUC = 0.981 in GSE171110) and neutrophils (PRAUC = 0.892 in GSE152641 and PRAUC = 0.960 in GSE171110) were considered as important immune cells. Forty-three intersected genes from two modules were selected, which mainly participated in some immune-related activities. Finally, a three-gene signature comprising CLEC4D, DUSP13, and UNC5A that can accurately distinguish COVID-19 patients and healthy controls in three datasets was constructed. The ROCAUC was 0.974 in the training set, 0.946 in the internal test set, and 0.709 in the external test set. In conclusion, we constructed a three-gene signature to identify COVID-19, and CLEC4D, DUSP13, and UNC5A may be potential biomarkers for COVID-19 patients.
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235
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Jonny J, Putranto TA, Irfon R, Sitepu EC. Developing dendritic cell for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: Breakthrough in the pandemic. Front Immunol 2022; 13:989685. [PMID: 36148241 PMCID: PMC9485669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.989685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding a vaccine that can last a long time and effective against viruses with high mutation rates such as SARS-CoV-2 is still a challenge today. The various vaccines that have been available have decreased in effectiveness and require booster administration. As the professional antigen presenting cell, Dendritic Cells can also activate the immune system, especially T cells. This ability makes dendritic cells have been developed as vaccines for some types of diseases. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, T cells play a vital role in eliminating the virus, and their presence can be detected in the long term. Hence, this condition shows that the formation of T cell immunity is essential to prevent and control the course of the disease. The construction of vaccines oriented to induce strong T cells response can be formed by utilizing dendritic cells. In this article, we discuss and illustrate the role of dendritic cells and T cells in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and summarizing the crucial role of dendritic cells in the formation of T cell immunity. We arrange the basis concept of developing dendritic cells for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. A dendritic cell-based vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to be an effective vaccine that solves existing problems.
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236
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Long-term memory CD8 + T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 in individuals who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5251. [PMID: 36068240 PMCID: PMC9447987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory T cells have not been well analyzed in individuals vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine although analysis of these T cells is necessary to evaluate vaccine efficacy. Here, investigate HLA-A*24:02-restricted CD8+ T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2-derived spike (S) epitopes in individuals immunized with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. T cells specific for the S-QI9 and S-NF9 immunodominant epitopes have higher ability to recognize epitopes than other epitope-specific T cell populations. This higher recognition of S-QI9-specific T cells is due to the high stability of the S-QI9 peptide for HLA-A*24:02, whereas that of S-NF9-specific T cells results from the high affinity of T cell receptor. T cells specific for S-QI9 and S-NF9 are detectable >30 weeks after the second vaccination, indicating that the vaccine induces long-term memory T cells specific for these epitopes. Because the S-QI9 epitope is highly conserved among SARS-CoV-2 variants, S-QI9-specific T cells may help prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants. mRNA vaccines have been shown to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and reduce hospitalization and mortality rates. Here, the authors show evidence of long-term memory CD8 + T cells in individuals who received the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine.
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237
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Young A. T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2022; 10:25151355221115011. [PMID: 36051003 PMCID: PMC9425900 DOI: 10.1177/25151355221115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While antibodies garner the lion’s share of attention in SARS-CoV-2 immunity, cellular immunity (T cells) may be equally, if not more important, in controlling infection. Both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are elicited earlier and are associated with milder disease, than antibodies, and T-cell activation appears to be necessary for control of infection. Variants of concern (VOCs) such as Omicron have escaped the neutralizing antibody responses after two mRNA vaccine doses, but T-cell immunity is largely intact. The breadth and patient-specific nature of the latter offers a formidable line of defense that can limit the severity of illness, and are likely to be responsible for most of the protection from natural infection or vaccination against VOCs which have evaded the antibody response. Comprehensive searches for T-cell epitopes, T-cell activation from infection and vaccination of specific patient groups, and elicitation of cellular immunity by various alternative vaccine modalities are here reviewed. Development of vaccines that specifically target T cells is called for, to meet the needs of patient groups for whom cellular immunity is weaker, such as the elderly and the immunosuppressed. While VOCs have not yet fully escaped T-cell immunity elicited by natural infection and vaccines, some early reports of partial escape suggest that future VOCs may achieve the dreaded result, dislodging a substantial proportion of cellular immunity, enough to cause a grave public health burden. A proactive, rather than reactive, solution which identifies and targets immutable sequences in SARS-CoV-2, not just those which are conserved, may be the only recourse humankind has to disarm these future VOCs before they disarm us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Young
- InvVax, 2265 E. Foohill Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
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238
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Zlei M, Sidorov IA, Joosten SA, Heemskerk MHM, Myeni SK, Pothast CR, de Brouwer CS, Boomaars-van der Zanden AL, van Meijgaarden KE, Morales ST, Wessels E, Janse JJ, Goeman JJ, Cobbaert CM, Kroes ACM, Cannegieter SC, Roestenberg M, Visser LG, Kikkert M, Feltkamp MCW, Arbous SM, Staal FJT, Ottenhoff THM, van Dongen JJM, Roukens AHE, de Vries JJC. Immune Determinants of Viral Clearance in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients: Reduced Circulating Naïve CD4+ T Cell Counts Correspond with Delayed Viral Clearance. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172743. [PMID: 36078151 PMCID: PMC9455062 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific cellular and humoral responses are major determinants for protection from critical illness after SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the magnitude of the contribution of each of the components to viral clearance remains unclear. Here, we studied the timing of viral clearance in relation to 122 immune parameters in 102 hospitalised patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 in a longitudinal design. Delayed viral clearance was associated with more severe disease and was associated with higher levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific (neutralising) antibodies over time, increased numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, and a range of pro-inflammatory cyto-/chemokines illustrating ongoing, partially Th2 dominating, immune activation. In contrast, early viral clearance and less critical illness correlated with the peak of neutralising antibodies, higher levels of CD4 T cells, and in particular naïve CD4+ T cells, suggesting their role in early control of SARS-CoV-2 possibly by proving appropriate B cell help. Higher counts of naïve CD4+ T cells also correlated with lower levels of MIF, IL-9, and TNF-beta, suggesting an indirect role in averting prolonged virus-induced tissue damage. Collectively, our data show that naïve CD4+ T cell play a critical role in rapid viral T cell control, obviating aberrant antibody and cytokine profiles and disease deterioration. These data may help in guiding risk stratification for severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Zlei
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Igor A. Sidorov
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam H. M. Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cilia R. Pothast
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline S. de Brouwer
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. Linda Boomaars-van der Zanden
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Krista E. van Meijgaarden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shessy T. Morales
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els Wessels
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline J. Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J. Goeman
- Medical Statistics Section, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christa M. Cobbaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aloys C. M. Kroes
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C. Cannegieter
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardus G. Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariet C. W. Feltkamp
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sesmu M. Arbous
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. T. Staal
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna H. E. Roukens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jutte J. C. de Vries
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Goldblatt D, Alter G, Crotty S, Plotkin SA. Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. Immunol Rev 2022; 310:6-26. [PMID: 35661178 PMCID: PMC9348242 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP against infection by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies by neutralization or binding assays both have predictive value, with binding antibody titers giving the highest statistical correlation. However, the protective functions of antibodies are multiple. Antibodies with multiple functions other than neutralization influence efficacy. The role of cellular responses can be discerned with respect to CD4+ T cells and their augmentation of antibodies, and with respect to CD8+ cells with regard to control of viral replication, particularly in the presence of insufficient antibody. More information is needed on mucosal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Galit Alter
- Massachusetts General HospitalRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine ResearchLa Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI)La JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public HealthUniversity of California San Diego (UCSD)La JollaCaliforniaUSA
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Davitt E, Davitt C, Mazer MB, Areti SS, Hotchkiss RS, Remy KE. COVID-19 disease and immune dysregulation. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2022; 35:101401. [PMID: 36494149 PMCID: PMC9568269 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2022.101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has complex and divergent immune alterations in differing hosts and over disease evolution. Much of the nuanced COVID-19 disease immune dysregulation was originally dominated by innate cytokine changes, which has since been replaced with a more complex picture of innate and adaptive changes characterized by simultaneous hyperinflammatory and immunosuppressive phenomena in effector cells. These intricacies are summarized in this review as well as potential relevance from acute infection to a multisystem inflammatory syndrome commonly seen in children. Additional consideration is made for the influence of variant to variant host cellular changes and the impact of potential vaccination upon these phenotypes. Finally, therapeutic benefit for immune alterations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Davitt
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Colin Davitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monty B. Mazer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sathya S. Areti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard S. Hotchkiss
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Remy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Corresponding author.Department of Internal Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA
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241
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Ameratunga R, Leung E, Woon ST, Chan L, Steele R, Lehnert K, Longhurst H. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Light at the End of the Long Pandemic Tunnel or Another False Dawn for Immunodeficient Patients? THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:2267-2273. [PMID: 35752434 PMCID: PMC9220855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has had a disastrous impact on the world. Apart from at least 6 million deaths, countless COVID-19 survivors are suffering long-term physical and psychiatric morbidity. Hundreds of millions have been plunged into poverty caused by economic misery, particularly in developing nations. Early in the pandemic, it became apparent certain groups of individuals such as the elderly and those with comorbidities were more likely to suffer severe disease. In addition, patients with some forms of immunodeficiency, including those with T-cell and innate immune defects, were at risk of poor outcomes. Patients with immunodeficiencies are also disadvantaged as they may not respond optimally to COVID-19 vaccines and often have pre-existing lung damage. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.529) and its subvariants (BA.1, BA.2, etc) have emerged recently and are dominating COVID-19 infections globally. Omicron is associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization and appears to have a lower case fatality rate compared with previous SARS-CoV-2 variants. Omicron has offered hope the pandemic may finally be coming to an end, particularly for vaccinated, healthy individuals. The situation is less clear for individuals with vulnerabilities, particularly immunodeficient patients. This perspective offers insight into potential implications of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant for patients with immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Ameratunga
- Department of Clinical immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. E%
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - See-Tarn Woon
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lydia Chan
- Department of Clinical immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Steele
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Klaus Lehnert
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary Longhurst
- Department of Clinical immunology, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Olea B, Albert E, Giménez E, Torres I, Amat P, Remigia MJ, Alberola J, Carbonell N, Ferreres J, Blasco ML, Navarro D. SARS-CoV-2-reactive IFN-γ-producing CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in blood do not correlate with clinical severity in unvaccinated critically ill COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14271. [PMID: 35995830 PMCID: PMC9395536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationship between peripheral blood levels of SARS-CoV-2 S (Spike protein)1/M (Membrane protein)-reactive IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, serum levels of biomarkers of clinical severity, and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The potential association between SARS-CoV-2-S-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD)-specific IgG levels in sera and mortality was also investigated. SARS-CoV-2 T cells and anti-RBD IgG levels were monitored in 71 non-consecutive patients (49 male and 22 female; median age, 65 years) by whole-blood flow cytometry and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively (326 specimens). SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads in paired tracheal aspirates [TA] (n = 147) were available from 54 patients. Serum levels of interleukin-6, ferritin, D-Dimer, lactose dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein in paired sera were known. SARS-CoV-2 T cells (either CD4+, CD8+ or both) were detectable in 70 patients. SARS-CoV-2 IFN-γ CD4+ T-cell responses were documented more frequently than their CD8+ counterparts (62 vs. 56 patients) and were of greater magnitude overall. Detectable SARS-CoV-2 S1/M-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses were associated with higher SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads in TA. SARS-CoV-2 RNA load in TA decreased over time, irrespective of the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. No correlation was found between SARS-CoV-2 IFN-γ T-cell counts, anti-RBD IgG concentrations and biomarker serum levels (Rho ≤ 0.3). The kinetics of both T cell subsets was comparable between those who died or survived, whereas anti-RBD IgG levels were higher across different time points in deceased patients than in survivors. Enumeration of peripheral blood levels of SARS-CoV-2-S1/M-reactive IFN-γ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells does not predict viral clearance from the lower respiratory tract or poor clinical outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients. In contrast, anti-RBD IgG levels were directly associated with increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Olea
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eliseo Albert
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estela Giménez
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Torres
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Amat
- Hematology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Remigia
- Hematology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Alberola
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nieves Carbonell
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Ferreres
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Luisa Blasco
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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243
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Chiuppesi F, Zaia JA, Faircloth K, Johnson D, Ly M, Karpinski V, La Rosa C, Drake J, Marcia J, Acosta AM, Dempsey S, Taplitz RA, Zhou Q, Park Y, Ortega Francisco S, Kaltcheva T, Frankel PH, Rosen S, Wussow F, Dadwal S, Diamond DJ. Vaccine-induced spike- and nucleocapsid-specific cellular responses maintain potent cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants. iScience 2022; 25:104745. [PMID: 35846380 PMCID: PMC9272674 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity may contribute to providing protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern (VOC). We developed COH04S1, a synthetic multiantigen modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-based COVID-19 vaccine that stimulated potent spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity in a phase 1 clinical trial in healthy adults. Here, we show that individuals vaccinated with COH04S1 or mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 maintain robust cross-reactive cellular immunity for six or more months post-vaccination. Although neutralizing antibodies induced in COH04S1- and BNT162b2-vaccinees showed reduced activity against Delta and Omicron variants compared to ancestral SARS-CoV-2, S-specific T cells elicited in both COH04S1- and BNT162b2-vaccinees and N-specific T cells elicited in COH04S1-vaccinees demonstrated potent and equivalent cross-reactivity against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and the major VOC. These results suggest that vaccine-induced T cells to S and N antigens may constitute a critical second line of defense to provide long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - John A. Zaia
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Katelyn Faircloth
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Daisy Johnson
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Minh Ly
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Veronica Karpinski
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Corinna La Rosa
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jennifer Drake
- Clinical Trials Office, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Joan Marcia
- Clinical Trials Office, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ann Marie Acosta
- Clinical Trials Office, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Shannon Dempsey
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Randy A. Taplitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yoonsuh Park
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sandra Ortega Francisco
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Teodora Kaltcheva
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Paul H. Frankel
- Department of Biostatistics, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Steven Rosen
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sanjeet Dadwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Don J. Diamond
- Department of Hematology and HCT and Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Corresponding author
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244
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Almendro-Vázquez P, Chivite-Lacaba M, Utrero-Rico A, González-Cuadrado C, Laguna-Goya R, Moreno-Batanero M, Sánchez-Paz L, Luczkowiak J, Labiod N, Folgueira MD, Delgado R, Paz-Artal E. Cellular and humoral immune responses and breakthrough infections after three SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine doses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:981350. [PMID: 36059485 PMCID: PMC9428395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has proven the most effective measure to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Booster doses are being administered with limited knowledge on their need and effect on immunity. Objective To determine the duration of specific T cells, antibodies and neutralization after 2-dose vaccination, to assess the effect of a third dose on adaptive immunity and to explore correlates of protection against breakthrough infection. Methods 12-month longitudinal assessment of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, IgG and neutralizing antibodies triggered by 2 BNT162b2 doses followed by a third mRNA-1273 dose in a cohort of 77 healthcare workers: 17 with SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination (recovered) and 60 naïve. Results Peak levels of cellular and humoral response were achieved 2 weeks after the second dose. Antibodies declined thereafter while T cells reached a plateau 3 months after vaccination. The decline in neutralization was specially marked in naïve individuals and it was this group who benefited most from the third dose, which resulted in a 20.9-fold increase in neutralization. Overall, recovered individuals maintained higher levels of T cells, antibodies and neutralization 1 to 6 months post-vaccination than naïve. Seventeen asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections were reported during follow-up, only in naïve individuals. This viral exposure boosted adaptive immunity. High peak levels of T cells and neutralizing antibodies 15 days post-vaccination associated with protection from breakthrough infections. Conclusion Booster vaccination in naïve individuals and the inclusion of viral antigens other than spike in future vaccine formulations could be useful strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Almendro-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Patricia Almendro-Vázquez,
| | - Marta Chivite-Lacaba
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Utrero-Rico
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rocio Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC – Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Sánchez-Paz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joanna Luczkowiak
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Labiod
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Folgueira
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC – Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC – Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Medical School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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245
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Mullender C, da Costa KAS, Alrubayyi A, Pett SL, Peppa D. SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccine strategies in people with HIV. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:iqac005. [PMID: 36846557 PMCID: PMC9452103 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, based on the ancestral Wuhan strain, were developed rapidly to meet the needs of a devastating global pandemic. People living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH) have been designated as a priority group for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in most regions and varying primary courses (two- or three-dose schedule) and additional boosters are recommended depending on current CD4+ T cell count and/or detectable HIV viraemia. From the current published data, licensed vaccines are safe for PLWH, and stimulate robust responses to vaccination in those well controlled on antiretroviral therapy and with high CD4+ T cell counts. Data on vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity remain, however, scarce in PLWH, especially in people with advanced disease. A greater concern is a potentially diminished immune response to the primary course and subsequent boosters, as well as an attenuated magnitude and durability of protective immune responses. A detailed understanding of the breadth and durability of humoral and T cell responses to vaccination, and the boosting effects of natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2, in more diverse populations of PLWH with a spectrum of HIV-related immunosuppression is therefore critical. This article summarizes focused studies of humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLWH and provides a comprehensive review of the emerging literature on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses. Emphasis is placed on the potential effect of HIV-related factors and presence of co-morbidities modulating responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and the remaining challenges informing the optimal vaccination strategy to elicit enduring responses against existing and emerging variants in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mullender
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK
| | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah L Pett
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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246
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Agrati C, Carsetti R, Bordoni V, Sacchi A, Quintarelli C, Locatelli F, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR. The immune response as a double-edged sword: the lesson learnt during the COVID-19 pandemic. Immunology 2022; 167:287-302. [PMID: 35971810 PMCID: PMC9538066 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has represented an unprecedented challenge for the humanity, and scientists around the world provided a huge effort to elucidate critical aspects in the fight against the pathogen, useful in designing public health strategies, vaccines and therapeutic approaches. One of the first pieces of evidence characterizing the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection has been its breadth of clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic to severe/deadly disease, and the indication of the key role played by the immune response in influencing disease severity. This review is aimed at summarizing what the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection taught us about the immune response, highlighting its features of a double‐edged sword mediating both protective and pathogenic processes. We will discuss the protective role of soluble and cellular innate immunity and the detrimental power of a hyper‐inflammation‐shaped immune response, resulting in tissue injury and immunothrombotic events. We will review the importance of B‐ and T‐cell immunity in reducing the clinical severity and their ability to cross‐recognize viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, INMI L. Spallanzani, IRCCS
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B cell laboratory, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Molecular Virology and antimicrobial immunity Laboratory, Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS.,Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- General Directorate for Research and Health Innovation, Italian Ministry of Health
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital IRCCS, Negrar di Valpolicella (Verona).,Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome
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247
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Karsten H, Cords L, Westphal T, Knapp M, Brehm TT, Hermanussen L, Omansen TF, Schmiedel S, Woost R, Ditt V, Peine S, Lütgehetmann M, Huber S, Ackermann C, Wittner M, Addo MM, Sette A, Sidney J, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. High-resolution analysis of individual spike peptide-specific CD4 + T-cell responses in vaccine recipients and COVID-19 patients. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1410. [PMID: 35957961 PMCID: PMC9363231 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Potential differences in the breadth, distribution and magnitude of CD4+ T‐cell responses directed against the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein between vaccinees, COVID‐19 patients and subjects who experienced both ways of immunisation have not been comprehensively compared on a peptide level. Methods Following virus‐specific in vitro cultivation, we determined the T‐cell responses directed against 253 individual overlapping 15‐mer peptides covering the entire SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein using IFN‐γ ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining. In vitro HLA binding was determined for selected peptides. Results We mapped 955 single peptide‐specific CD4+ T‐cell responses in a cohort of COVID‐19 patients (n = 8), uninfected vaccinees (n = 16) and individuals who experienced both infection and vaccination (n = 11). Patients and vaccinees (two‐time and three‐time vaccinees alike) had a comparable number of CD4+ T‐cell responses (median 26 vs. 29, P = 0.7289). Most of these specificities were conserved in B.1.1.529 and the BA.4 and BA.5 sublineages. The highest magnitude of these in vitro IFN‐γ CD4+ T‐cell responses was observed in COVID‐19 patients (median 0.35%), and three‐time vaccinees showed a higher magnitude than two‐time vaccinees (median 0.091% vs. 0.175%, P < 0.0001). Twelve peptide specificities were each detected in at least 40% of subjects. In vitro HLA binding showed promiscuous presentation by DRB1 molecules for several peptides. Conclusion Both SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and vaccination prime broadly directed T‐cell responses directed against the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein. This comprehensive high‐resolution analysis of spike peptide specificities will be a useful resource for further investigation of spike‐specific T‐cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Karsten
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Leon Cords
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Tim Westphal
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Knapp
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Thomas Theo Brehm
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
| | - Lennart Hermanussen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Till Frederik Omansen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg Germany
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Robin Woost
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Vanessa Ditt
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Christin Ackermann
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
| | - Marylyn Martina Addo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg Germany
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) La Jolla CA USA
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) La Jolla CA USA
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
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248
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Grifoni A, Sette A. From Alpha to omicron: The response of T cells. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:146-150. [PMID: 35966178 PMCID: PMC9364680 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is critically important to understand how the adaptive immune response, elicited by vaccination or infection, recognizes SARS-CoV-2. This is especially true when considering the challenges to the immune response posed by variant evolution. Herein, we summarize our work aimed at characterizing the magnitude of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2, the proteins most frequently recognized, and the associated T cell epitope repertoire. This work formed the foundation for our most recent studies aimed at understanding and predicting the ability of T cell responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination to subsequently cross-recognize novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. We found that T cell responses are remarkably preserved and able to cross-recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants, from Alpha to Omicron. This is distinct from what has been observed for the SARS-CoV-2- specific antibody and B cell responses. This body of work, supported by independent studies carried out by other groups, suggests that T cells may contribute to a second line of defense against infection while also limiting viral spread and, thus, disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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249
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Govender M, Hopkins FR, Göransson R, Svanberg C, Shankar EM, Hjorth M, Nilsdotter-Augustinsson Å, Sjöwall J, Nyström S, Larsson M. T cell perturbations persist for at least 6 months following hospitalization for COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931039. [PMID: 36003367 PMCID: PMC9393525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is being extensively studied, and much remains unknown regarding the long-term consequences of the disease on immune cells. The different arms of the immune system are interlinked, with humoral responses and the production of high-affinity antibodies being largely dependent on T cell immunity. Here, we longitudinally explored the effect COVID-19 has on T cell populations and the virus-specific T cells, as well as neutralizing antibody responses, for 6-7 months following hospitalization. The CD8+ TEMRA and exhausted CD57+ CD8+ T cells were markedly affected with elevated levels that lasted long into convalescence. Further, markers associated with T cell activation were upregulated at inclusion, and in the case of CD69+ CD4+ T cells this lasted all through the study duration. The levels of T cells expressing negative immune checkpoint molecules were increased in COVID-19 patients and sustained for a prolonged duration following recovery. Within 2-3 weeks after symptom onset, all COVID-19 patients developed anti-nucleocapsid IgG and spike-neutralizing IgG as well as SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses. In addition, we found alterations in follicular T helper (TFH) cell populations, such as enhanced TFH-TH2 following recovery from COVID-19. Our study revealed significant and long-term alterations in T cell populations and key events associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Govender
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Francis R. Hopkins
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robin Göransson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svanberg
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Maria Hjorth
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nilsdotter-Augustinsson
- Divison of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Sjöwall
- Divison of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Marie Larsson,
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250
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Spreco A, Dahlström Ö, Jöud A, Nordvall D, Fagerström C, Blomqvist E, Gustafsson F, Hinkula J, Schön T, Timpka T. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Compared with Hybrid Immunity in Populations Prioritized and Non-Prioritized for COVID-19 Vaccination in 2021-2022: A Naturalistic Case-Control Study in Sweden. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081273. [PMID: 36016162 PMCID: PMC9414381 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The term hybrid immunity is used to denote the immunological status of vaccinated individuals with a history of natural infection. Reports of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern motivate continuous rethought and renewal of COVID-19 vaccination programs. We used a naturalistic case-control study design to compare the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to hybrid immunity 180 days post-vaccination in prioritized and non-prioritized populations vaccinated before 31 July 2021 in three Swedish counties (total population 1,760,000). Subjects with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test recorded within 6 months before vaccination (n = 36,247; 6%) were matched to vaccinated-only controls. In the prioritized population exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants post-vaccination, the odds ratio (OR) for breakthrough infection was 2.2 (95% CI, 1.6−2.8; p < 0.001) in the vaccinated-only group compared with the hybrid immunity group, while in the later vaccinated non-prioritized population, the OR decreased from 4.3 (95% CI, 2.2−8.6; p < 0.001) during circulation of the Delta variant to 1.9 (95% CI, 1.7−2.1; p < 0.001) with the introduction of the Omicron variant (B.1.617.2). We conclude that hybrid immunity provides gains in protection, but that the benefits are smaller for risk groups and with circulation of the Omicron variant and its sublineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Spreco
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Regional Executive Office, Region Östergötland, 58225 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Jöud
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Research and Education, Skåne University Hospital, 21421 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dennis Nordvall
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Qulturum Development Department, Region Jönköping County, 55592 Jönköping, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Blomqvist
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Gustafsson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas Schön
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, County of Östergötland and Kalmar, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Regional Executive Office, Region Östergötland, 58225 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-705-364357
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