201
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Zinc homeostasis in the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Front Med 2013; 7:31-52. [PMID: 23385610 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-013-0251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential mineral that is required for various cellular functions. Zn dyshomeostasis always is related to certain disorders such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes and diabetic complications. The associations of Zn with metabolic syndrome, diabetes and diabetic complications, thus, stem from the multiple roles of Zn: (1) a constructive component of many important enzymes or proteins, (2) a requirement for insulin storage and secretion, (3) a direct or indirect antioxidant action, and (4) an insulin-like action. However, whether there is a clear cause-and-effect relationship of Zn with metabolic syndrome, diabetes, or diabetic complications remains unclear. In fact, it is known that Zn deficiency is a common phenomenon in diabetic patients. Chronic low intake of Zn was associated with the increased risk of diabetes and diabetes also impairs Zn metabolism. Theoretically Zn supplementation should prevent the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and diabetic complications; however, limited available data are not always supportive of the above notion. Therefore, this review has tried to summarize these pieces of available information, possible mechanisms by which Zn prevents the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and diabetic complications. In the final part, what are the current issues for Zn supplementation were also discussed.
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202
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Zaksas N, Gluhcheva Y, Sedykh S, Madzharova M, Atanassova N, Nevinsky G. Effect of CoCl(2) treatment on major and trace elements metabolism and protein concentration in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:27-30. [PMID: 22944586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt (Co) is a transition metal and an essential trace element, required for vitamin B(12) biosynthesis, enzyme activation and other biological processes, but toxic in high concentrations. There is lack of data for the effect of long-term Co(II) treatment on the concentrations of other trace elements. We estimate the influence of cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) on the relative content of different metals in mouse plasma using two-jet arc plasmatron atomic emission and on the total protein content. On average, the content of different elements in the plasma of 2-month-old balb/c mice (control group) decreased in the order: Ca>Mg>Si>Fe>Zn>Cu≥Al≥B. The treatment of mice for 60 days with CoCl(2) (daily dose 125 mg/kg) did not appreciably change the relative content of Ca, Cu, and Zn, while a 2.4-fold statistically significant decrease in the content of B and significant increase in the content of Mg (1.4-fold), Al and Fe (2.0-fold) and Si (3.2-fold) was found. A detectable amount of Mo was observed only for two control mice, while the plasma of 9 out of 16 mice of the treated group contained this metal. The administration of Co made its concentration detectable in the plasma of all mice of the treated group, but the relative content varied significantly. The treatment led to a 2.2-fold decrease in the concentration of the total plasma protein. Chronic exposure to CoCl(2) affects homeostasis as well as the concentrations and metabolism of other essential elements, probably due to competition of Co ions for similar binding sites within cells, altered signal transduction and protein biosynthesis. Long-term treatment also leads to significant weight changes and reduces the total protein concentration. The data may be useful for an understanding of Co toxicity, its effect on the concentration of other metal ions and different physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Zaksas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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203
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Gaweł M, Librowski T, Lipkowska A. Influence of zinc hydroaspartate on the anti-inflammatory and gastric activity of ketoprofen in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)70981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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204
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Karak D, Das S, Lohar S, Banerjee A, Sahana A, Hauli I, Mukhopadhyay SK, Safin DA, Babashkina MG, Bolte M, Garcia Y, Das D. A naphthalene–thiophene hybrid molecule as a fluorescent AND logic gate with Zn2+ and OAc− ions as inputs: cell imaging and computational studies. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:6708-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50450f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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205
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Miao X, Sun W, Miao L, Fu Y, Wang Y, Su G, Liu Q. Zinc and diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:425854. [PMID: 23671870 PMCID: PMC3647550 DOI: 10.1155/2013/425854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an important nutrient that is involved in various physiological metabolisms. Zn dyshomeostasis is often associated with various pathogeneses of chronic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and related complications. Zn is present in ocular tissue in high concentrations, particularly in the retina and choroid. Zn deficiencies have been shown to affect ocular development, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and even diabetic retinopathy. However, the mechanism by which Zn deficiency increases the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy remains unclear. In addition, due to the negative effect of Zn deficiency on the eye, Zn supplementation should prevent diabetic retinopathy; however, limited available data do not always support this notion. Therefore, the goal of this paper was to summarize these pieces of available information regarding Zn prevention of diabetic retinopathy. Current theories and possible mechanisms underlying the role of Zn in the eye-related diseases are discussed. The possible factors that affect the preventive effect of Zn supplementation on diabetic retinopathy were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Miao
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Weixia Sun
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lining Miao
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yaowen Fu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
- *Guanfang Su: and
| | - Quan Liu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
- *Quan Liu:
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206
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Sırmalı M, Solak O, Tezel C, Sırmalı R, Ginis Z, Atik D, Agackıran Y, Koylu H, Delibas N. Comparative analysis of the protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on pulmonary contusion lung oxidative stress and serum copper and zinc levels in experimental rat model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 151:50-8. [PMID: 23011663 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in the lungs by biochemical and histopathological analyses in an experimental isolated lung contusion model. Eighty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The animals were divided randomly into four groups: group 1 (n = 9) was defined as without contusion and without CAPE injection. Group 2 (n = 9) was defined as CAPE 10 μmol/kg injection without lung contusion. Group 3 (n = 36) was defined as contusion without CAPE-administrated group which consisted of four subgroups that were created according to analysis between days 0, 1, 2, and 3. Group 4 (n = 27) was defined as CAPE 10 μmol/kg administrated after contusion group divided into three subgroups according to analysis on days 1, 2, and 3. CAPE 10 μmol/kg was injected intraperitoneally 30 min after trauma and on days 1 and 2. Blood samples were obtained to measure catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and for blood gas analysis. Trace elements such as zinc and copper were measured in serum. The lung tissue was also removed for histopathological examination. Isolated lung contusion increased serum and tissue SOD and CAT activities and MDA levels (p < 0.05). Both serum and tissue SOD, MDA, and CAT levels on day 3 were lower in group 4 compared to group 3 (p < 0.05). Further, the levels of SOD, MDA, and CAT in group 4 were similar compared to group 1 (p > 0.05). CAPE also had a significant beneficial effect on blood gases (p < 0.05). Both serum zinc and copper levels were (p < 0.05) influenced by the administration of CAPE. Histopathological examination revealed lower scores in group 4 compared to group 3 (p < 0.05) and no significant differences compared to group 1 (p > 0.05). CAPE appears to be effective in protecting against severe oxidative stress and tissue damage caused by pulmonary contusion in an experimental setting. Therefore, we conclude that administration of CAPE may be used for a variety of conditions associated with pulmonary contusion. Clinical use of CAPE may have the advantage of prevention of pulmonary contusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sırmalı
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul Medeniyet University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.
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207
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Hyacinth HI, Adekeye OA, Yilgwan CS. Malnutrition in Sickle Cell Anemia: Implications for Infection, Growth, and Maturation. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES 2013; 7:10.5590/JSBHS.2013.07.1.02. [PMID: 24312698 PMCID: PMC3848498 DOI: 10.5590/jsbhs.2013.07.1.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic disease that affects mostly individuals of African and/or Hispanic descent, with the majority of cases in sub-Saharan Africa. Individuals with this disease show slowed growth, delayed sexual maturity, and poor immunologic function. These complications could partly be explained by the state of undernutrition associated with the disease. Proposed mechanism of undernutrition include protein hypermetabolism, decreased dietary intake possibly from interleukin-6-related appetite suppression, increased cardiac energy demand/expenditure, and increased red cell turnover. All the above mechanisms manifest as increased resting energy expenditure. Nutritional intervention utilizing single or multiple nutrient supplementation has led to improved clinical outcome, growth, and sexual maturation. Studies are currently underway to determine the best possible approach to applying nutritional intervention in the management of SCA. Management of SCA will, of necessity, involve a nutritional component, given the sociodemographic distribution of those most affected by the disease, the ease of a nutritional approach, and the wider reach that such an approach will embody.
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208
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Zhang X, Liang D, Guo B, Sun L, Chi ZH, Cai Y, Wang L, Ma J. Zinc transporter 7 induced by high glucose attenuates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of peritoneal mesothelial cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 151:138-47. [PMID: 23104082 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient and cytoprotectant involved in preventing many types of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-driven fibrosis in vivo. The zinc-transporter family SLC30A (ZnT) is a pivotal factor in the regulation of Zn homeostasis. However, its function in EMT in peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) remains unknown. This study explored the regulation of zinc transporters and the role they play in cell EMT, particularly in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMCs), surrounding glucose concentrations and the molecular mechanism involved. The effects of high glucose (HG) on zinc transporter gene expression were measured in RPMCs by real-time PCR. We explored ZnT7 (Slc30A7): the effect of ZnT7 over-expression and siRNA-mediated knock-down on HG-induced EMT was investigated as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Over-expression of ZnT7 resulted in significantly inhibited HG-induced EMT in RPMCs, while inhibition of ZnT7 expression using a considerable siRNA-mediated knock-down of RPMCs increased the levels of EMT. Furthermore, over-expression of ZnT7 is accompanied by down-regulation of TGF-β/Smad pathway, phospho-Smad3,4 expression levels. The finding suggests that the zinc-transporting system in RPMCs is influenced by the exposure to HG. The ZnT7 may account for the inhibition of HG-induced EMT in RPMCs, likely through targeting TGF-β/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 155th Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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209
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Lin YS, Caffrey JL, Lin JW, Bayliss D, Faramawi MF, Bateson TF, Sonawane B. Increased risk of cancer mortality associated with cadmium exposures in older Americans with low zinc intake. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:1-15. [PMID: 23151207 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.722185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure has been associated with increased cancer risk, and zinc (Zn) appears to reduce that risk. However, little is known about the combined influence of Cd and Zn on cancer risk. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between Cd exposure, Zn intake, and cancer mortality risks. The analyses used 5204 subjects aged 50 yr or older from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994) and the mortality follow-up through December 31, 2006. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test associations. In total, 569 cancer deaths were recorded during an average follow-up of 12.4 yr, including 155 from lung, 61 from prostate, and 26 from breast cancer. A positive association between Cd and cancer mortality risk was identified for both genders. Despite limited cause-specific deaths, the increased risk associated with Cd was significant for lung cancer in men. All-cause cancer mortality risk was significantly elevated among women with Zn intakes below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) compared with women who met the RDA. The effect of low dietary Zn was not observed in men. Similar trends for prostate and breast cancer deaths were not significant. There was a significant inverse association between cancer deaths and the Zn-to-Cd ratio for both genders. Cd exposure is an important independent risk factor of cancer mortality in older Americans and the risk appears exaggerated in those with inadequate dietary Zn. Additional studies are required to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which Zn participates in the carcinogenic influence of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Lin
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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210
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Legostaeva GA, Zaksas NP, Gluhcheva YG, Sedykh SE, Madzharova ME, Atanassova NN, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Effect of CoCl2on the content of different metals and a relative activity of DNA-hydrolyzing abzymes in the blood plasma of mice. J Mol Recognit 2012; 26:10-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galina A. Legostaeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; 8 Lavrentiev Ave.; Novosibirsk; 630090; Russia
| | - Nataliya P. Zaksas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; 10 Lavrentiev Ave.; Novosibirsk; 630090; Russia
| | - Yordanka G. Gluhcheva
- Institute of Experimental Morphology; Pathology and Anthropology with Museum-BAS; Acad. G. Bonchev, Str., Bl. 25; 1113; Sofia; Bulgaria
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; 8 Lavrentiev Ave.; Novosibirsk; 630090; Russia
| | - Maria E. Madzharova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology; Pathology and Anthropology with Museum-BAS; Acad. G. Bonchev, Str., Bl. 25; 1113; Sofia; Bulgaria
| | - Nina N. Atanassova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology; Pathology and Anthropology with Museum-BAS; Acad. G. Bonchev, Str., Bl. 25; 1113; Sofia; Bulgaria
| | - Valentina N. Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; 8 Lavrentiev Ave.; Novosibirsk; 630090; Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; 8 Lavrentiev Ave.; Novosibirsk; 630090; Russia
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211
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Zhang X, Wang J, Fan Y, Yang L, Wang L, Ma J. Zinc supplementation attenuates high glucose-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of peritoneal mesothelial cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150:229-35. [PMID: 22639383 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) plays an important role in preventing many types of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-driven fibrosis in vivo. But its function in the EMT of the peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) remains unknown. Here, we studied the Zn effect on the high glucose (HG)-induced EMT in the rat PMCs (RPMCs) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that Zn supplementation significantly inhibited TGF-β1 and ROS production, and attenuated the HG-induced EMT in the RPMCs, likely through inhibition of MAPK, NF-κB, and TGF-β/Smad pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 155th Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
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212
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Garufi A, Pistritto G, Ceci C, Di Renzo L, Santarelli R, Faggioni A, Cirone M, D’Orazi G. Targeting COX-2/PGE(2) pathway in HIPK2 knockdown cancer cells: impact on dendritic cell maturation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48342. [PMID: 23144866 PMCID: PMC3492329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is a multifunctional protein that exploits its kinase activity to modulate key molecular pathways in cancer to restrain tumor growth and induce response to therapies. For instance, HIPK2 knockdown induces upregulation of oncogenic hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activity leading to a constitutive hypoxic and angiogenic phenotype with increased tumor growth in vivo. HIPK2 inhibition, therefore, releases pathways leading to production of pro-inflammatory molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Tumor-produced inflammatory mediators other than promote tumour growth and vascular development may permit evasion of anti-tumour immune responses. Thus, dendritic cells (DCs) dysfunction induced by tumor-produced molecules, may allow tumor cells to escape immunosurveillance. Here we evaluated the molecular mechanism of PGE2 production after HIPK2 depletion and how to modulate it. Methodology/Principal findings We show that HIPK2 knockdown in colon cancer cells resulted in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) upregulation and COX-2-derived PGE2 generation. At molecular level, COX-2 upregulation depended on HIF-1 activity. We previously reported that zinc treatment inhibits HIF-1 activity. Here, zinc supplementation to HIPK2 depleted cells inhibited HIF-1-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2/VEGF production. At translational level, while conditioned media of both siRNA control and HIPK2 depleted cells inhibited DCs maturation, conditioned media of only zinc-treated HIPK2 depleted cells efficiently restored DCs maturation, seen as the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, cytokine IL-10 release, and STAT3 phosphorylation. Conclusion/Significance These findings show that: 1) HIPK2 knockdown induced COX-2 upregulation, mostly depending on HIF-1 activity; 2) zinc treatment downregulated HIF-1-induced COX-2 and inhibited PGE2/VEGF production; and 3) zinc treatment of HIPK2 depleted cells restored DCs maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Garufi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Pistritto
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Pharmacology, University “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Ceci
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Pharmacology, University “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Di Renzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute Pasteur-Foundation Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Santarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute Pasteur-Foundation Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute Pasteur-Foundation Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute Pasteur-Foundation Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (GD); (MC)
| | - Gabriella D’Orazi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
- * E-mail: (GD); (MC)
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213
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AboEl-Maaty AM, Shata FY, Mahmoud MBE, Gabr FI. Oxidant/antioxidant status during foal heat in Arab mares and their relation to ovarian hormones. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(13)60077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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214
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Veenemans J, Schouten LRA, Ottenhof MJ, Mank TG, Uges DRA, Mbugi EV, Demir AY, Kraaijenhagen RJ, Savelkoul HFJ, Verhoef H. Effect of preventive supplementation with zinc and other micronutrients on non-malarial morbidity in Tanzanian pre-school children: a randomized trial. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22870238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pome.0041630.epub] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of preventive zinc supplementation against diarrhea and respiratory illness may depend on simultaneous supplementation with other micronutrients. We aimed to assess the effect of supplementation with zinc and multiple micronutrients on diarrhea and other causes of non-malarial morbidity. METHODS AND FINDINGS Rural Tanzanian children (n = 612) aged 6-60 months and with height-for-age z-score < -1.5 SD were randomized to daily supplementation with zinc (10 mg) alone, multi-nutrients without zinc, multi-nutrients with zinc, or placebo. Children were followed for an average of 45 weeks. During follow-up, we recorded morbidity episodes. We found no evidence that concurrent supplementation with multi-nutrients influenced the magnitude of the effect of zinc on rates of diarrhea, respiratory illness, fever without localizing signs, or other illness (guardian-reported illness with symptoms involving skin, ears, eyes and abscesses, but excluding trauma or burns). Zinc supplementation reduced the hazard rate of diarrhea by 24% (4%-40%). By contrast, multi-nutrients seemed to increase this rate (HR; 95% CI: 1.19; 0.94-1.50), particularly in children with asymptomatic Giardia infection at baseline (2.03; 1.24-3.32). Zinc also protected against episodes of fever without localizing signs (0.75; 0.57-0.96), but we found no evidence that it reduced the overall number of clinic visits. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that the efficacy of zinc supplements in reducing diarrhea rates is enhanced by concurrent supplementation with other micronutrients. By reducing rates of fever without localizing signs, supplementation with zinc may reduce inappropriate drug use with anti-malarial medications and antibiotics. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00623857.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobien Veenemans
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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215
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Veenemans J, Schouten LRA, Ottenhof MJ, Mank TG, Uges DRA, Mbugi EV, Demir AY, Kraaijenhagen RJ, Savelkoul HFJ, Verhoef H. Effect of preventive supplementation with zinc and other micronutrients on non-malarial morbidity in Tanzanian pre-school children: a randomized trial. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41630. [PMID: 22870238 PMCID: PMC3411720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of preventive zinc supplementation against diarrhea and respiratory illness may depend on simultaneous supplementation with other micronutrients. We aimed to assess the effect of supplementation with zinc and multiple micronutrients on diarrhea and other causes of non-malarial morbidity. Methods and Findings Rural Tanzanian children (n = 612) aged 6–60 months and with height-for-age z-score < –1.5 SD were randomized to daily supplementation with zinc (10 mg) alone, multi-nutrients without zinc, multi-nutrients with zinc, or placebo. Children were followed for an average of 45 weeks. During follow-up, we recorded morbidity episodes. We found no evidence that concurrent supplementation with multi-nutrients influenced the magnitude of the effect of zinc on rates of diarrhea, respiratory illness, fever without localizing signs, or other illness (guardian-reported illness with symptoms involving skin, ears, eyes and abscesses, but excluding trauma or burns). Zinc supplementation reduced the hazard rate of diarrhea by 24% (4%–40%). By contrast, multi-nutrients seemed to increase this rate (HR; 95% CI: 1.19; 0.94–1.50), particularly in children with asymptomatic Giardia infection at baseline (2.03; 1.24–3.32). Zinc also protected against episodes of fever without localizing signs (0.75; 0.57–0.96), but we found no evidence that it reduced the overall number of clinic visits. Conclusions We found no evidence that the efficacy of zinc supplements in reducing diarrhea rates is enhanced by concurrent supplementation with other micronutrients. By reducing rates of fever without localizing signs, supplementation with zinc may reduce inappropriate drug use with anti-malarial medications and antibiotics. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00623857
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobien Veenemans
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Laura R. A. Schouten
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J. Ottenhof
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. Mank
- Department of Parasitology, Public Health Laboratory, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Donald R. A. Uges
- Laboratory for Clinical and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erasto V. Mbugi
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ayşe Y. Demir
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. Kraaijenhagen
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Verhoef
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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216
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Hashmi GMM, Shah MH. Comparative assessment of essential and toxic metals in the blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 146:13-22. [PMID: 21965111 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the comparative evaluation of essential and toxic metals in rheumatoid arthritis and healthy donors. Blood samples collected from rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy subjects were analysed for selected essential and toxic metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb). The samples were digested in nitric acid and perchloric acid mixture, followed by quantification of the metals using atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean levels of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn were significantly higher in the blood of healthy donors; however, elevated levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Pb were observed in blood of the patients. The correlation coefficients among the selected metals in the blood of arthritis patients were significantly different compared with the healthy counterparts. Multivariate cluster analysis revealed mutual apportionment of the essential and toxic metals in blood of the patients, whereas, in controls, the essential and toxic metals revealed diverse apportionment. Variations in the metal levels with gender, residence and smoking habits were also evaluated in both donor groups. Relative distribution, correlation and apportionment of the essential and toxic metals in the blood of the patients were significantly different than of controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Mujtba Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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217
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Bao B, Thakur A, Li Y, Ahmad A, Azmi AS, Banerjee S, Kong D, Ali S, Lum LG, Sarkar FH. The immunological contribution of NF-κB within the tumor microenvironment: a potential protective role of zinc as an anti-tumor agent. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1825:160-72. [PMID: 22155217 PMCID: PMC3811120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over decades, cancer treatment has been mainly focused on targeting cancer cells and not much attention to host tumor microenvironment. Recent advances suggest that the tumor microenvironment requires in-depth investigation for understanding the interactions between tumor cell biology and immunobiology in order to optimize therapeutic approaches. Tumor microenvironment consists of cancer cells and tumor associated reactive fibroblasts, infiltrating non-cancer cells, secreted soluble factors or molecules, and non-cellular support materials. Tumor associated host immune cells such as Th(1), Th(2), Th17, regulatory cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are major components of the tumor microenvironment. Accumulating evidence suggests that these tumor associated immune cells may play important roles in cancer development and progression. However, the exact functions of these cells in the tumor microenvironment are poorly understood. In the tumor microenvironment, NF-κB plays an important role in cancer development and progression because this is a major transcription factor which regulates immune functions within the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will focus our discussion on the immunological contribution of NF-κB in tumor associated host immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. We will also discuss the potential protective role of zinc, a well-known immune response mediator, in the regulation of these immune cells and cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment especially because zinc could be useful for conditioning the tumor microenvironment toward innovative cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Archana Thakur
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asfar S. Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shadan Ali
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lawrence G. Lum
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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218
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Rising intracellular zinc by membrane depolarization and glucose in insulin-secreting clonal HIT-T15 beta cells. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:190309. [PMID: 22536213 PMCID: PMC3318893 DOI: 10.1155/2012/190309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) appears to be intimately involved in insulin metabolism since insulin secretion is correlated with zinc secretion in response to glucose stimulation, but little is known about the regulation of zinc homeostasis in pancreatic beta-cells. This study set out to identify the intracellular zinc transient by imaging free cytosolic zinc in HIT-T15 beta-cells with fluorescent zinc indicators. We observed that membrane depolarization by KCl (30–60 mM) was able to induce a rapid increase in cytosolic concentration of zinc. Multiple zinc transients of similar magnitude were elicited during repeated stimulations. The amplitude of zinc responses was not affected by the removal of extracellular calcium or zinc. However, the half-time of the rising slope was significantly slower after removing extracellular zinc with zinc chelator CaEDTA, suggesting that extracellular zinc affect the initial rising phase of zinc response. Glucose (10 mM) induced substantial and progressive increases in intracellular zinc concentration in a similar way as KCl, with variation in the onset and the duration of zinc mobilization. It is known that the depolarization of beta-cell membrane is coupled with the secretion of insulin. Rising intracellular zinc concentration may act as a critical signaling factor in insulin metabolism of pancreatic beta-cells.
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219
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Mei X, Xu D, Xu S, Zheng Y, Xu S. Novel role of Zn(II)-curcumin in enhancing cell proliferation and adjusting proinflammatory cytokine-mediated oxidative damage of ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcers. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 197:31-9. [PMID: 22465177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption can induce gastric ulcers and zinc deficiency. Zinc complexes were reported to have anti-ulcer activity as it acts as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. Zn(II)-curcumin complex and its solid dispersions (SDs) were synthesized and evaluated for its gastroprotective activity and mechanism against ethanol-induced ulcer. The Swiss murine fibroblast cell line (3T3) was used as an alternative in vitro model to evaluate the effects of Zn(II)-curcumin on cell proliferation. Zn(II)-curcumin were administered orally for seven consecutive days prior to induction of ulcers using ethanol. Gross and microscopic lesions, immunological and biochemical parameters were taken into consideration. The results showed that solid dispersions (SDs) of Zn(II)-curcumin (2.5-20 μM) enhanced the proliferation of 3T3 cells more significantly than curcumin at the same concentrations (P<0.01). Oral administration of Zn(II)-curcumin (12, 24 and 48 mg/kg) SDs dose-dependently prevented formation of ulcer lesions induced by ethanol. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and oxidative stress superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX-Px), malonaldehyde (MDA) and H(+)-K(+)-ATPase were in the rats exposed to ethanol in ulceration have been altered. Zn(II)-curcumin prevented formation of ulcer lesions, significantly inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, increased the activity of SOD and GSH-Px, reduced MDA levels and H(+)-K(+)-ATPase in mucosa of rats compared to controls (P<0.05). These findings suggest that the gastroprotective activity of Zn(II)-curcumin complex might contribute in stimulating cell proliferation and adjusting the proinflammatory cytokine-mediated oxidative damage to the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Mei
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Marine Drugs, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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220
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Karakonstantakis T, Papassotiriou I, Sergounioti A, Moraitis P, Theodoridou K, Afordakou D, Giannaki M, Theodoridou M. Evaluation of zinc and selenium alterations in children with acute infections: Correlation with markers of inflammation. Interv Med Appl Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/imas.4.2012.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate and assess selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) serum alterations in children with acute infections. Material and Methods: We determined Se, Zn, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and procalcitonin (PCT) in 80 children hospitalized with acute infections. The patients were divided in two groups: Bacterial infections: 40 children (mean age 4.8 years); viral infections: 40 children (mean age 5.7 years). Morning blood samples were collected from each patient in three different periods: (a) in the acute phase (admission), (b) during the inflammatory process (4th day of hospitalization), and (c) after recovery (28–33 days after the first sampling). Results: We found that patients with bacterial infections had significantly lower levels of Se (48.9±16.4 mg/L vs. 58.1±13.7 mg/L, p=0.014) and Zn (69.3±19.4 mg/dL vs. 79.9±13.1 mg/dL, p=0.008) than those with viral infections on admission. Zn and Se levels were significantly increased after remission and the 4th day of hospitalization in patients with bacterial infections. Se and Zn were inversely related with the inflammatory markers CRP (r=−0.480, p=0.002 and r=−0.380, p=0.02, respectively), and PCT (r=−0.670, p < 0.001 and r=−0.510, p<0.01, respectively), in the same patients group on admission. We also found a positive correlation between the two micronutrients (r = 0.400, p<0.01) in children with bacterial infections on admission. Conclusions: Zn and Se behave as negative acute phase reactants and their levels were inversely associated with the progress of infection in patients with bacterial infections. The changes of micronutrients (Se, Zn) during the inflammatory process are transient and resolve without any dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Athanassia Sergounioti
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Moraitis
- 2 First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Theodoridou
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Despoina Afordakou
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Giannaki
- 3 Department of Microbiology, “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Theodoridou
- 2 First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
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221
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineo Takei
- Pharmacological Research, Central Research Laboratories, Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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222
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Progressive severe lung injury by zinc oxide nanoparticles; the role of Zn2+ dissolution inside lysosomes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:27. [PMID: 21896169 PMCID: PMC3179432 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large production volumes of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) might be anticipated to pose risks, of accidental inhalation in occupational and even in consumer settings. Herein, we further investigated the pathological changes induced by ZnONP and their possible mechanism of action. Methods Two doses of ZnONP (50 and 150 cm2/rat) were intratracheally instilled into the lungs of rats with assessments made at 24 h, 1 wk, and 4 wks after instillation to evaluate dose- and time-course responses. Assessments included bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analysis, histological analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and IgE and IgA measurement in the serum and BAL fluid. To evaluate the mechanism, alternative ZnONP, ZnONP-free bronchoalveolar lavage exudate, and dissolved Zn2+ (92.5 μg/rat) were also instilled to rats. Acridine orange staining was utilized in macrophages in culture to evaluate the lysosomal membrane destabilization by NP. Results ZnONP induced eosinophilia, proliferation of airway epithelial cells, goblet cell hyperplasia, and pulmonary fibrosis. Bronchocentric interstitial pulmonary fibrosis at the chronic phase was associated with increased myofibroblast accumulation and transforming growth factor-β positivity. Serum IgE levels were up-regulated by ZnONP along with the eosinophilia whilst serum IgA levels were down-regulated by ZnONP. ZnONP are rapidly dissolved under acidic conditions (pH 4.5) whilst they remained intact around neutrality (pH 7.4). The instillation of dissolved Zn2+ into rat lungs showed similar pathologies (eg., eosinophilia, bronchocentric interstitial fibrosis) as were elicited by ZnONP. Lysosomal stability was decreased and cell death resulted following treatment of macrophages with ZnONP in vitro. Conclusions We hypothesise that rapid, pH-dependent dissolution of ZnONP inside of phagosomes is the main cause of ZnONP-induced diverse progressive severe lung injuries.
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223
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Kinazaki A, Chen H, Koizumi K, Kawanai T, Oyama TM, Satoh M, Ishida S, Okano Y, Oyama Y. Putative role of intracellular Zn(2+) release during oxidative stress: a trigger to restore cellular thiol content that is decreased by oxidative stress. J Physiol Sci 2011; 61:403-9. [PMID: 21744294 PMCID: PMC10717562 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the ability of zinc to retard the oxidative process has been recognized for many years, zinc itself has been reported to induce oxidative stress. In order to give some insights into elucidating the role of intracellular Zn(2+) in cells suffering from oxidative stress, the effects of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and ZnCl(2) on cellular thiol content and intracellular Zn(2+) concentration were studied by use of 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (5-CMF-DA) and FluoZin-3 pentaacetoxymethyl ester (FluoZin-3-AM) in rat thymocytes. The treatment of cells with NEM attenuated 5-CMF fluorescence and augmented FluoZin-3 fluorescence in a dose-dependent manner. These NEM-induced phenomena were observed under external Zn(2+)-free conditions. Results suggest that NEM decreases cellular thiol content and induces intracellular Zn(2+) release. Micromolar ZnCl(2) dose-dependently augmented both FluoZin-3 and 5-CMF fluorescences, suggesting that the elevation of intracellular Zn(2+) concentration increases cellular thiol content. Taken together, it is hypothesized that intracellular Zn(2+) release during oxidative stress is a trigger to restore cellular thiol content that is decreased by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kinazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hongqin Chen
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8502 Japan
| | - Kazuki Koizumi
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8502 Japan
| | - Takuya Kawanai
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8502 Japan
| | - Tomohiro M. Oyama
- Hakata Clinic, Medical Co. LTA Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaya Satoh
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8502 Japan
| | - Shiro Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Okano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8502 Japan
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Ponte F, Carvalho F, Porto B. Protective effect of acetyl-l-carnitine and α-lipoic acid against the acute toxicity of diepoxybutane to human lymphocytes. Toxicology 2011; 289:52-8. [PMID: 21807063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformation and oxidative stress may contribute to 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB)-induced toxicity to human lymphocytes of Fanconi Anemia (FA) patients. Thus, the identification of putative inhibitors of bioactivation, as well as the determination of the protective role of oxidant defenses, on DEB-induced toxicity, can help to understand what is failing in FA cells. In the present work we studied the contribution of several biochemical pathways for DEB-induced acute toxicity in human lymphocyte suspensions, by using inhibitors of epoxide hydrolases, inhibitors of protective enzymes as glutathione S-transferase and catalase, the depletion of glutathione (GSH), and the inhibition of protein synthesis; and a variety of putative protective compounds, including antioxidants, and mitochondrial protective agents. The present study reports two novel findings: (i) it was clearly evidenced, for the first time, that the acute exposure of freshly isolated human lymphocytes to DEB results in severe GSH depletion and loss of ATP, followed by cell death; (ii) acetyl-l-carnitine elicits a significant protective effect on DEB induced toxicity, which was potentiated by α-lipoic acid. Collectively, these findings contribute to increase our knowledge of DEB-induce toxicity and will be very useful when applied in studies with lymphocytes from FA patients, in order to find out a protective agent against spontaneous and DEB-induced chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Ponte
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Anibal Cunha, 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal.
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225
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Poor zinc status is associated with increased risk of insulin resistance in Spanish children. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:398-404. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Zn plays a key role in the synthesis and action of insulin. The aim of the present work was to determine whether a poorer Zn status was associated with insulin resistance in a group of 357 Spanish schoolchildren. Zn intake was determined by using a 3 d food record (i.e. Sunday to Tuesday). The body weight, height and waist and hip circumferences of all subjects were recorded and fasting plasma glucose, insulin and Zn concentrations were determined. Insulin resistance was determined using the homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) marker. Children (11·5 %) with Zn deficiency (serum Zn concentration < 10·7 μmol/l) had higher HOMA values than those with a more satisfactory Zn status (1·73 (sd0·93)) compared with 1·38 (sd0·90;P < 0·05). An inverse correlation was found between the HOMA value and the serum Zn concentration (r− 0·149,P < 0·05). The risk of having a greater insulin resistance value (HOMA greater than the 75th percentile) increased with age (OR 1·438; 95 % CI 1·021, 2·027) and BMI (OR 1·448; 95 % CI 1·294, 1·619) and decreased as Zn serum levels increased (OR 0·908; 95 % CI 0·835, 0·987;P < 0·001). Moreover, an inverse relationship was observed between HOMA values and Zn dietary density (r− 0·122), and the Zn intakes of male children with a HOMA value of >3·16 made a significantly smaller contribution to the coverage of those recommended (59·7 (sd14·7) %) than observed in children with lower HOMA values (73·6 (sd18·2) %;P < 0·05). Taking into account that Zn intake was below than that recommended in 89·4 % of the children, it would appear that increasing the intake of Zn could improve the health and nutritional status of these children, and thus contribute to diminish problems of insulin resistance.
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226
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Ghosh RD, Das S, Ganguly A, Banerjee K, Chakraborty P, Sarkar A, Chatterjee M, Nanda A, Pradhan K, Choudhuri SK. An in vitro and in vivo study of a novel zinc complex, zinc N-(2-hydroxyacetophenone)glycinate to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:10873-84. [PMID: 21717020 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple drug resistance (MDR) remains a major clinical challenge for cancer treatment. P-glycoprotein is the major contributor and they exceed their role in the chemotherapy resistance of most of the malignancies. Attempts in several preclinical and clinical studies to reverse the MDR phenomenon by using MDR modulators have not yet generated promising results. In the present study, a co-ordination complex of zinc viz., Zn N-(2-hydroxyacetophenone)glycinate (ZnNG) has been synthesized, characterized and its antitumour activity was tested in vitro against drug sensitive and resistant human T-lymphoblastic leukemic cell lines (CCRF/CEM and CEM/ADR5000 respectively) and in vivo against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) implanted in female Swiss albino mice. To evaluate the cytotoxic potential of ZnNG, we used sensitive CCRF/CEM and drug resistant CEM/ADR 5000 cell lines in vitro. Moreover, ZnNG also has the potential ability to reverse the multidrug resistance phenotype in drug resistant CEM/ADR 5000 cell line and induces apoptosis in combination with vinblastine. ZnNG remarkably increases the life span of Swiss albino mice bearing sensitive and doxorubicin resistant subline of EAC in presence and in absence of doxorubicin. In addition, intraperitoneal application of ZnNG in mice does not show any systemic toxicity in preliminary trials in normal mice. To conclude, a novel metal chelate of zinc viz., ZnNG, may be a promising therapeutic agent against sensitive as well as drug resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Dey Ghosh
- Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, 700 026, Kolkata, India
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Przybylik-Mazurek E, Zagrodzki P, Kuźniarz-Rymarz S, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A. Thyroid disorders-assessments of trace elements, clinical, and laboratory parameters. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 141:65-75. [PMID: 20455027 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The trace elements studied in this work (Se, Cu, Zn) are the essential constituents or cofactors required to activate numerous enzymes and proteins, playing crucial role in various physiological processes. The disturbed levels of abovementioned elements may adversely affect the endocrine system, resulting in various thyroid disorders among other upsets. The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between them and parameters of redox balance, thyroid function indices as well as clinical records (duration of disease and therapy, lag time between thyroid surgery and this study examination, LT4 dosage) in patients with different thyroid disorders, including malignant diseases of the gland. In the group of patients with papillary carcinoma, we found a statistically significant higher Cu concentration compared with controls and patients with Hashimoto disease. In the same groups, the parameter of Zn/Cu ratio demonstrated reciprocally arranged statistically significant differences. For the group of papillary cancer patients, there was a negative correlation between lag time since thyroid operation and GPX3 activity. Our data support hypothesis of indirect involvement of Zn and Cu in thyroid regulation. For selenium, lack of simple correlation between its serum level and thyroid indices implies the need for further research on other selenium status parameters more adequately depicting changes in endocrine system.
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228
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Iwaya H, Kashiwaya M, Shinoki A, Lee JS, Hayashi K, Hara H, Ishizuka S. Marginal zinc deficiency exacerbates experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in rats. J Nutr 2011; 141:1077-82. [PMID: 21525261 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.138180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of Zn status on the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Rats were fed diets containing different amounts of Zn (30, 10, 5, <1 mg Zn/kg diet) for 21 d. Serum Zn concentrations were lower in rats fed marginally Zn-deficient (MZD; 5 mg Zn/kg diet) and severely Zn-deficient (<1 mg/kg) diets but not in those fed the marginally Zn-adequate diet (10 mg/kg) or the Zn-adequate (ZA; 30 mg/kg) group (P < 0.05). However, organ weights, colonic epithelial cell proliferation, and crypt fission did not differ between the MZD and ZA groups. We then evaluated whether MZD modulated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colonic inflammation by administering 2% DSS to the MZD and ZA groups for 7 d. Myeloperoxidase activity and TNFα production increased in response to DSS in the MZD group (P < 0.03). Colonic permeability in the 2 groups did not differ after DSS administration. In a culture experiment using isolated mesenteric leukocytes, TNFα production was higher (P < 0.05) and TNF receptor type I (TNFR1) expression was detected in culture medium containing 20 and 30 μmol/L of Zn compared with culture medium lacking Zn supplementation. These results suggest that MZD exacerbated colitis by modulating the immune response through the impairment of TNFα production and TNFR1 expression rather than through the impairment of epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Iwaya
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
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229
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Kim JH, Bae SN, Lee CW, Song MJ, Lee SJ, Yoon JH, Lee KH, Hur SY, Park TC, Park JS. A pilot study to investigate the treatment of cervical human papillomavirus infection with zinc-citrate compound (CIZAR®). Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122:303-6. [PMID: 21605892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study the potential therapeutic effects of zinc-citrate compound (CIZAR®) in women infected with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) was investigated. METHODS A total of 194 women diagnosed with HR-HPV infection using the Hybrid capture (HC) II assay with no evidence of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) or worse by Pap smear and colposcopy were enrolled. Among them, 76 women were treated by twice weekly self administered intra-vaginal infusion of 0.5 mM zinc citrate solution containing CIZAR® for 12 weeks and were evaluated for clearance of the HR-HPV infection compared to 118 women without treatment (Control group). RESULTS The 12 weeks zinc citrate solution treatment resulted in the elimination of HR-HPV in 49/76 (64.47%) patients compared to the spontaneous clearance of 15.25% (18/118) in the control group (p=0.000). By logistic regression analysis, the 12 week zinc citrate solution treatment reduced the risk of persistent HR-HPV infection significantly (OR 0.079; 95% CI 0.039-0.165; p=0.000). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed for the first time that treatment with intra-vaginal infusion of a zinc-citrate compound (CIZAR®) can result in elimination of HR-HPV infection from the uterine cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwi Kim
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Orieux N, Cambier S, Gonzalez P, Morin B, Adam C, Garnier-Laplace J, Bourdineaud JP. Genotoxic damages in zebrafish submitted to a polymetallic gradient displayed by the Lot River (France). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:974-983. [PMID: 21315451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic effects of a polymetallic pollution gradient displayed by the Lot River and one of its tributary have been assessed on zebrafish Danio rerio. Three methods were compared: RAPD-PCR, the comet assay, and 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) formation. The fishes were exposed for 14 days to waters collected from three stations: Joanis, a site polluted by cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) (mean concentrations: 15 μg Cd/L and 550 μg Zn/L), Bouillac (mean concentrations: 0.55 μg Cd/L and 80 μg Zn/L), and Boisse-Penchot, a reference station (mean concentrations: <0.05 μg Cd/L and 7 μg Zn/L). The quantitative RAPD-PCR methodology proved to be sensitive enough to unmask metal genotoxicity after 3 and 7 days of exposure to Joanis water and after 14 days to Bouillac water, whereas the comet assay only detected DNA damages at the most contaminated station (Joanis). The 8-oxodG quantification was not sensitive enough to be used in zebrafish under these environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Orieux
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805, Arcachon Marine Station, Place du Dr Peyneau, 33120 Arcachon, France
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231
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Szewczyk B, Kubera M, Nowak G. The role of zinc in neurodegenerative inflammatory pathways in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:693-701. [PMID: 20156515 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
According to new hypothesis, depression is characterized by decreased neurogenesis and enhanced neurodegeneration which, in part, may be caused by inflammatory processes. There is much evidence indicating that depression, age-related changes often associated with impaired brain function and cognitive performances or neurodegenerative processes could be related to dysfunctions affecting the zinc ion availability. Clinical studies revealed that depression is accompanied by serum hypozincemia, which can be normalized by successful antidepressant treatment. In patients with major depression, a low zinc serum level was correlated with an increase in the activation of markers of the immune system, suggesting that this effect may result in part from a depression-related alteration in the immune-inflammatory system. Moreover, a preliminary clinical study demonstrated the benefit of zinc supplementation in antidepressant therapy in both treatment non-resistant and resistant patients. In the preclinical study, the antidepressant activity of zinc was observed in the majority of rodent tests and models of depression and revealed a causative role for zinc deficiency in the induction of depressive-like symptoms, the reduction of neurogenesis and neuronal survival or impaired learning and memory ability. This paper provides an overview of the clinical and experimental evidence that implicates the role of zinc in the pathophysiology and therapy of depression within the context of the inflammatory and neurodegenerative hypothesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Trace Elements Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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232
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Jomova K, Valko M. Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease. Toxicology 2011; 283:65-87. [PMID: 21414382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2111] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Detailed studies in the past two decades have shown that redox active metals like iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and other metals undergo redox cycling reactions and possess the ability to produce reactive radicals such as superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide in biological systems. Disruption of metal ion homeostasis may lead to oxidative stress, a state where increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelms body antioxidant protection and subsequently induces DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein modification and other effects, all symptomatic for numerous diseases, involving cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), chronic inflammation and others. The underlying mechanism of action for all these metals involves formation of the superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical (mainly via Fenton reaction) and other ROS, finally producing mutagenic and carcinogenic malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and other exocyclic DNA adducts. On the other hand, the redox inactive metals, such as cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) show their toxic effects via bonding to sulphydryl groups of proteins and depletion of glutathione. Interestingly, for arsenic an alternative mechanism of action based on the formation of hydrogen peroxide under physiological conditions has been proposed. A special position among metals is occupied by the redox inert metal zinc (Zn). Zn is an essential component of numerous proteins involved in the defense against oxidative stress. It has been shown, that depletion of Zn may enhance DNA damage via impairments of DNA repair mechanisms. In addition, Zn has an impact on the immune system and possesses neuroprotective properties. The mechanism of metal-induced formation of free radicals is tightly influenced by the action of cellular antioxidants. Many low-molecular weight antioxidants (ascorbic acid (vitamin C), alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), glutathione (GSH), carotenoids, flavonoids, and other antioxidants) are capable of chelating metal ions reducing thus their catalytic activity to form ROS. A novel therapeutic approach to suppress oxidative stress is based on the development of dual function antioxidants comprising not only chelating, but also scavenging components. Parodoxically, two major antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase contain as an integral part of their active sites metal ions to battle against toxic effects of metal-induced free radicals. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of redox and non-redox metal-induced formation of free radicals and the role of oxidative stress in toxic action of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Jomova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine The Philosopher University, SK-949 74 Nitra, Slovakia.
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233
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Epstein MM, Kasperzyk JL, Andrén O, Giovannucci EL, Wolk A, Håkansson N, Andersson SO, Johansson JE, Fall K, Mucci LA. Dietary zinc and prostate cancer survival in a Swedish cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:586-93. [PMID: 21228268 PMCID: PMC3041600 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.004804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc is involved in many essential cellular functions, including DNA repair and immune system maintenance. Although experimental evidence supports a role for zinc in prostate carcinogenesis, epidemiologic data are inconsistent; no data on cancer-specific survival have been reported. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether dietary zinc assessed near the time of prostate cancer diagnosis is associated with improved disease-specific survival. DESIGN This population-based cohort consists of 525 men aged <80 y from Örebro County, Sweden, with a diagnosis of prostate cancer made between 1989 and 1994. Study participants completed self-administered food-frequency questionnaires, and zinc intake was derived from nutrient databases. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for time to death from prostate cancer as well as death from all causes through February 2009 by quartile (Q) of dietary zinc intake. Models were also stratified by disease stage at diagnosis (localized or advanced). RESULTS With a median follow-up of 6.4 y, 218 (42%) men died of prostate cancer and 257 (49%) died of other causes. High dietary zinc intake was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality (HR(Q4 vs Q1): 0.64; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.94; P for trend = 0.05) in the study population. The association was stronger in men with localized tumors (HR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.66; P for trend = 0.005). Zinc intake was not associated with mortality from other causes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that high dietary intake of zinc is associated with lower prostate cancer-specific mortality after diagnosis, particularly in men with localized disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara M Epstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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234
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Zeidler-Erdely PC, Battelli LA, Salmen-Muniz R, Li Z, Erdely A, Kashon ML, Simeonova PP, Antonini JM. Lung tumor production and tissue metal distribution after exposure to manual metal ARC-stainless steel welding fume in A/J and C57BL/6J mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:728-736. [PMID: 21480047 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.556063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Stainless steel welding produces fumes that contain carcinogenic metals. Therefore, welders may be at risk for the development of lung cancer, but animal data are inadequate in this regard. Our main objective was to examine lung tumor production and histopathological alterations in lung-tumor-susceptible (A/J) and -resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice exposed to manual metal arc-stainless steel (MMA-SS) welding fume. Male mice were exposed to vehicle or MMA-SS welding fume (20 mg/kg) by pharyngeal aspiration once per month for 4 mo. At 78 wk postexposure, gross tumor counts and histopathological changes were assessed and metal analysis was done on extrapulmonary tissue (aorta, heart, kidney, and liver). At 78 wk postexposure, gross lung tumor multiplicity and incidence were unremarkable in mice exposed to MMA-SS welding fume. Histopathology revealed that only the exposed A/J mice contained minimal amounts of MMA-SS welding fume in the lung and statistically increased lymphoid infiltrates and alveolar macrophages. A significant increase in tumor multiplicity in the A/J strain was observed at 78 wk. Metal analysis of extrapulmonary tissue showed that only the MMA-SS-exposed A/J mice had elevated levels of Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn in kidney and Cr in liver. In conclusion, this study further supports that MMA-SS welding fume does not produce a significant tumorigenic response in an animal model, but may induce a chronic lung immune response. In addition, long-term extrapulmonary tissue alterations in metals in the susceptible A/J mouse suggest that the adverse effects of this fume might be cumulative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road (M/S L2015), Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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235
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Wiernsperger N, Rapin J. Trace elements in glucometabolic disorders: an update. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2:70. [PMID: 21167072 PMCID: PMC3023745 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many trace elements, among which metals, are indispensable for proper functioning of a myriad of biochemical reactions, more particularly as enzyme cofactors. This is particularly true for the vast set of processes involved in regulation of glucose homeostasis, being it in glucose metabolism itself or in hormonal control, especially insulin. The role and importance of trace elements such as chromium, zinc, selenium, lithium and vanadium are much less evident and subjected to chronic debate. This review updates our actual knowledge concerning these five trace elements. A careful survey of the literature shows that while theoretical postulates from some key roles of these elements had led to real hopes for therapy of insulin resistance and diabetes, the limited experience based on available data indicates that beneficial effects and use of most of them are subjected to caution, given the narrow window between safe and unsafe doses. Clear therapeutic benefit in these pathologies is presently doubtful but some data indicate that these metals may have a clinical interest in patients presenting deficiencies in individual metal levels. The same holds true for an association of some trace elements such as chromium or zinc with oral antidiabetics. However, this area is essentially unexplored in adequate clinical trials, which are worth being performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JeanRobert Rapin
- Faculté de Médecine/Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne, 3 Bld jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon (France
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236
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Bowe WP, Logan AC. Clinical implications of lipid peroxidation in acne vulgaris: old wine in new bottles. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:141. [PMID: 21143923 PMCID: PMC3012032 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological disorder, one that is frequently associated with depression, anxiety and other psychological sequelae. In recent years there has been an increasing focus on the extent to which oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of acne. Emerging studies have shown that patients with acne are under increased cutaneous and systemic oxidative stress. Indeed, there are indications that lipid peroxidation itself is a match that lights an inflammatory cascade in acne. The notion that lipid peroxidation is a 'starter gun' in acne is not a new one; here we review the nearly 50-year-old lipid peroxidation theory and provide a historical perspective to the contemporary investigations and clinical implications. In addition, we present a novel hypothesis in which lipid peroxidation may be priming an increased susceptibility to co-morbid depression and anxiety in those with acne. The emerging research on the systemic burden of oxidative stress in acne sheds further light on the brain-skin axis. The recent findings also suggest potential avenues of approach for the treatment of acne via specific nutrients, dietary modifications, oral and topical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney P Bowe
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA.
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237
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Bogdanova OV, Kot LI, Lavrova KV, Bogdanov VB, Sloan EK, Beregova TV, Ostapchenko LI. Modulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in gastric mucosa during re-epithelization processes. World J Biol Chem 2010; 1:338-47. [PMID: 21537468 PMCID: PMC3083939 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v1.i11.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in gastric wound formation and repair following ulceration.
METHODS: Gastric lesions were induced in rats using restraint cold stress. To investigate the effect of oxidative and nitrosative cell stress on tyrosine phosphorylation during wound repair, total activity of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), antioxidant enzymes, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 2’,5’-oligoadenylate synthetase, hydroxyl radical and zinc levels were assayed in parallel.
RESULTS: Ulcer provocation induced an immediate decrease in tyrosine kinase (40% in plasma membranes and 56% in cytosol, P < 0.05) and phosphatase activity (threefold in plasma membranes and 3.3-fold in cytosol), followed by 2.3-2.4-fold decrease (P < 0.05) in protein phosphotyrosine content in the gastric mucosa. Ulceration induced no immediate change in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, 30% increase (P < 0.05) in catalase activity, 2.3-fold inhibition (P < 0.05) of glutathione peroxidase, 3.3-fold increase (P < 0.05) in hydroxyl radical content, and 2.3-fold decrease (P < 0.05) in zinc level in gastric mucosa. NOS activity was three times higher in gastric mucosa cells after cold stress. Following ulceration, PTK activity increased in plasma membranes and reached a maximum on day 4 after stress (twofold increase, P < 0.05), but remained inhibited (1.6-3-fold decrease on days 3, 4 and 5, P < 0.05) in the cytosol. Tyrosine phosphatases remained inhibited both in membranes and cytosol (1.5-2.4-fold, P < 0.05). NOS activity remained increased on days 1, 2 and 3 (3.8-, 2.6-, 2.2-fold, respectively, P < 0.05). Activity of SOD increased 1.6 times (P < 0.05) days 4 and 5 after stress. Catalase activity normalized after day 2. Glutathione peroxidase activity and zinc level decreased (3.3- and 2-fold, respectively, P < 0.05) on the last day. Activity of 2’,5’-oligoadenylate synthethase increased 2.8-fold (P < 0.05) at the beginning, and 1.6-2.3-fold (P < 0.05) during ulcer recuperation, and normalized on day 5, consistent with slowing of inflammation processes.
CONCLUSION: These studies show diverse changes in total tyrosine kinase activity in gastric mucosa during the recovery process. Oxidative and nitrosative stress during lesion formation might lead to the observed reduction in tyrosine phosphorylation during ulceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena V Bogdanova
- Olena V Bogdanova, Larysa I Kot, Kateryna V Lavrova, Ludmyla I Ostapchenko, Department of Biochemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
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238
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Tomat AL, Costa MDLÁ, Arranz CT. Zinc restriction during different periods of life: influence in renal and cardiovascular diseases. Nutrition 2010; 27:392-8. [PMID: 21074972 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrient undernutrition during critical periods of growth has become an important health issue in developing and developed countries, particularly among pregnant women and children having an imbalanced diet. Zinc is a widely studied microelement in infant feeding because it is a component of several enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism ranging from growth to cell differentiation and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Human and experimental studies have reported an association between zinc deficiency and the etiopathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal diseases like hypertension, atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, and diabetes. The main links between the development of these pathologies and zinc deficiency are multiple mechanisms involving oxidative stress damage, apoptosis, and inflammation. A substantial body of evidence suggests that a poor in utero environment elicited by maternal dietary or placental insufficiency may "programme" susceptibility in the fetus to later development of cardiovascular, renal, metabolic, and endocrine diseases. Zinc deficiency in rats during intrauterine and postnatal growth can also be considered a model of fetal programming of cardiovascular and renal diseases in adult life. Dietary zinc restriction during fetal life, lactation, and/or postweaning induces an increase in arterial blood pressure and impairs renal function in adult life. This review focuses on the contributions of experimental and clinical studies to current knowledge of the physiologic role of zinc in the cardiovascular and renal systems. Moreover, this review examines the relationship between zinc deficiency during different periods of life and the development of cardiovascular and renal diseases in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Lorena Tomat
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín 956, piso 7, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (1113).
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Brewer GJ, Kanzer SH, Zimmerman EA, Molho ES, Celmins DF, Heckman SM, Dick R. Subclinical zinc deficiency in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2010; 25:572-5. [PMID: 20841345 PMCID: PMC10845304 DOI: 10.1177/1533317510382283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
To evaluate zinc status in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, 29 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 30 patients with Parkinson's disease, and 29 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. All patients and controls were older than age 50, and all zinc and copper supplements were prohibited beginning 30 days prior to study. Patients were diagnosed by standard criteria. Blood zinc and urine zinc were measured. Urine zinc was measured in a casual specimen, standardized for dilution by reference to creatinine content. Results showed a significantly lower blood zinc in patients with Alzheimer's and patients with Parkinson's than in controls. Urine zinc excretion, normalized to urine creatinine excretion, was not significantly different in either patient group compared to controls. These patients are probably zinc deficient because of nutritional inadequacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Brewer
- Deptartment of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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240
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Lobo JC, Torres JPM, Fouque D, Mafra D. Zinc deficiency in chronic kidney disease: is there a relationship with adipose tissue and atherosclerosis? Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 135:16-21. [PMID: 19760368 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications caused by an accelerated atherosclerotic disease consist the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). These patients present multiple atherosclerotic risk factors, considered traditional, as well as nontraditional risk factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress. These complications are also seen in obesity, in which endothelial dysfunction is one of the early stages of atherosclerosis. The impact of trace metal deficiencies on this process is not well studied in patients with CKD and in obese people, although the influence of trace elements depletion, particularly zinc (Zn), may have significant clinical implications. This brief review describes the functions of Zn as well as the respective role of this trace element in atherosclerosis processes, with a particular emphasis on obese patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Calixto Lobo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Health Science Centre, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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241
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Ross C, Morriss A, Khairy M, Khalaf Y, Braude P, Coomarasamy A, El-Toukhy T. A systematic review of the effect of oral antioxidants on male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 20:711-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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242
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Corduk N, Koltuksuz U, Calli-Demirkan N, Rota S, Abban G, Sarioglu-Buke A. Effects of retinoic acid and zinc on the treatment of caustic esophageal burns. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:619-24. [PMID: 20204651 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An experimental study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of an anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative agent all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and an antioxidant agent zinc sulphate (ZnSO(4)) in the prevention of stricture after caustic esophageal burn in rats. METHODS Esophageal burn was induced using 50% NaOH. Rats were divided into four groups as follows: group A (sham; n = 8), group B (control; n = 8), group C (treated with ATRA; n = 8) and group D (treated with ZnSO(4); n = 8). All rats were killed on the 28th day and esophageal tissues were evaluated for histopathologic damage score, hydroxyproline (HP) content and TGF-beta1 expression. RESULTS Significant difference was detected in terms of histopathologic damage score between groups B and C (p = 0.002). Although mean HP levels of groups C and D were lower than group B, statistical comparison was not significant. TGF-beta1 expression in group C was significantly lower than group B. CONCLUSION Zinc has not been found effective in the prevention of stricture formation. The results indicate that ATRA has a preventive effect in the development of fibrosis in an experimental model of caustic esophageal burns in rats.
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243
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Abstract
Essentiality of zinc for humans was discovered 45 yr ago. Deficiency of zinc is prevalent world wide in developing countries and may affect nearly 2 billion subjects. The major manifestations of zinc deficiency include growth retardation, hypogonadism in males, cell-mediated immune dysfunctions, and cognitive impairment. Zinc not only improves cell mediated immune functions but also functions as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation have been implicated in development of many cancers. In patients with head and neck cancer, we have shown that nearly 65% of these patients were zinc deficient based on their cellular zinc concentrations. Natural killer (NK) cell activity and IL-2 generation were also affected adversely. Th2 cytokines were not affected. In our patients, zinc status was a better indicator of tumor burden and stage of disease in comparison to the overall nutritional status. Zinc status also correlated with number of hospital admissions and incidences of infections. NF-kappa B is constitutively activated in many cancer cells, and this results in activation of antiapoptotic genes, VEGF, cyclin DI, EGFR, MMP-9 and inflammatory cytokines. Zinc inhibits NF-kappa B via induction of A-20. Thus, zinc supplementation should have beneficial effects on cancer by decreasing angiogenesis and induction of inflammatory cytokines while increasing apoptosis in cancer cells. Based on the above, we recommend further studies and propose that zinc should be utilized in the management and chemoprevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda S Prasad
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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244
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Lin YS, Caffrey JL, Chang MH, Dowling N, Lin JW. Cigarette smoking, cadmium exposure, and zinc intake on obstructive lung disorder. Respir Res 2010; 11:53. [PMID: 20459696 PMCID: PMC2881897 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This study examined whether zinc intake was associated with lower risk of smoking-induced obstructive lung disorder through interplay with cadmium, one of major toxicants in cigarette smoke. METHODS Data were obtained from a sample of 6,726 subjects aged 40+ from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured using spirometry. Gender-, ethnicity-, and age-specific equations were used to calculate the lower limit of normal (LLN) to define obstructive lung disorder as: observed FEV1/FVC ratio and FEV1 below respective LLN. Zinc intake was assessed by questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was applied to investigate the associations of interest. RESULTS The analyses showed that an increased prevalence of obstructive lung disorder was observed among individuals with low zinc intake regardless of smoking status. The adjusted odds of lung disorder are approximately 1.9 times greater for subjects in the lowest zinc-intake tertile than those in the highest tertile (odds ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.22-2.93). The effect of smoking on lung function decreased considerably after adjusting for urinary cadmium. Protective association between the zinc-to-cadmium ratio (log-transformed) and respiratory risk suggests that zinc may play a role in smoking-associated lung disorder by modifying the influence of cadmium. CONCLUSIONS While zinc intake is associated with lower risk of obstructive lung disorder, the role of smoking cession and/or prevention are likely to be more important given their far greater effect on respiratory risk. Future research is warranted to explore the mechanisms by which zinc could modify smoking-associated lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - James L Caffrey
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Man-Huei Chang
- National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE MS: E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Nicole Dowling
- National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE MS: E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jou-Wei Lin
- Cardiovascular Center and Health Management Center, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Dou-Liou City, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sheikh A, Shamsuzzaman S, Ahmad SM, Nasrin D, Nahar S, Alam MM, Al Tarique A, Begum YA, Qadri SS, Chowdhury MI, Saha A, Larson CP, Qadri F. Zinc influences innate immune responses in children with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea. J Nutr 2010; 140:1049-56. [PMID: 20237063 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.111492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Information is limited on the effect of zinc on immune responses in children with diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), the most common bacterial pathogen in children. We studied the immunological effect of zinc treatment (20 mg/d) and supplementation (10 mg/d) in children with diarrhea due to ETEC. A total of 148 children aged 6-24 mo were followed up for 9 mo after a 10-d zinc treatment (ZT; n = 74) or a 10-d zinc treatment plus 3-mo supplementation (ZT+S; n = 74), as well as 50 children with ETEC-induced diarrhea that were not treated with zinc (UT). Fifty control children (HC) of the same age group from the same location were also studied. Serum zinc concentrations were higher in both the ZT (P < 0.001) and ZT+S groups (P < 0.001) than in the UT group but did not differ from the HC group. We found higher serum complement C3 immediately after zinc administration in both ZT (P < 0.001) and ZT+S (P < 0.001) groups than in the UT group. Phagocytic activity in children in both ZT (P < 0.01) and ZT+S (P < 0.01) groups was greater than in the UT group. However, oxidative burst capacity was lower in zinc-receiving groups (ZT, P < 0.001 and ZT+S, P < 0.001) than in the UT group. The naïve:memory T cell ratio in both ZT (P < 0.05) and ZT+S (P < 0.01) groups was higher than in the UT group from d 2 to 15. Increased responses, including complement C3, phagocytic activity, and changes in T cell phenotypes, suggest that zinc administration enhances innate immunity against ETEC infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaullah Sheikh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Figlas D, Oddera M, Curvetto N. Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability of Copper and Zinc on Mineral-Enriched Mycelium of Grifola frondosa. J Med Food 2010; 13:469-75. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Figlas
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms, CERZOS (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Micaela Oddera
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Néstor Curvetto
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms, CERZOS (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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247
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Abstract
Finding a widely available cure for sickle cell anemia (HbSS) still remains a challenge one hundred years after its discovery as a genetically inherited disease. However, growing interest in the nutritional problems of the disease has created a body of literature from researchers seeking nutritional alternatives as a means of decreasing morbidity and improving quality of life among HbSS patients. This review demonstrates that over the past 30 years the role of protein/energy deficiency in HbSS has been more clearly defined via direct measurements, leading to the concept of a relative shortage of nutrients for growth and development, despite apparently adequate dietary intakes. Although there is still a paucity of data supporting the efficacy of macronutrient supplementation, it is becoming clearer that recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for the general population are insufficient for the sickle cell patient. A similar shortage is likely to be true for micronutrient deficiencies, including recent findings of vitamin D deficiency that may be associated with incomplete ossification and bone disease, which are well known complications of HbSS disease. We conclude that there is need for more effort and resources to be dedicated to research (including supplementation studies of larger sample size) aimed at establishing specific RDAs for HbSS patients, much like the specific RDAs developed for pregnancy and growth within the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.I. Hyacinth
- Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - B.E. Gee
- Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - J.M. Hibbert
- Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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248
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Brewer
- Departments of Human Genetics and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School,Ann Arbor, Michigan
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249
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Karaer S, Tarhan C, Pekmez M, Hamad I, Arda N, Sarikaya AT. Expression of human A4V mutant Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: investigations of its toxic properties. Biochem Genet 2009; 48:113-24. [PMID: 20094844 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-009-9303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is an antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the removal of superoxide radicals generated in various biological oxidations. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, occurring in families (FALS) and sporadically (SALS). FALS and SALS are distinguishable genetically but not clinically. More than 100 point mutations in the human SOD 1 gene have been identified that cause FALS. In order to determine the effects of mutant SOD protein, we first cloned wild-type and A4V mutant human SOD1 into Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This study shows viabilities and some antioxidant properties including SOD, catalase, proteasomal activity, and protein carbonyl levels of transformants in SOD1 deleted strain (MN415); and its parental strain (JY741) at different stress conditions. There was no more oxidative damage in the human mutant SOD carrying the transformant strain compared with other strains. These results may help to explain whether ALS progresses as a consequence of cellular oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semian Karaer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
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250
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Zinc is essential for multiple cellular functions including immunity. Many investigators have used zinc supplementation in an attempt to affect the outcome of various diseases. These efforts were aimed at either supporting immunity by zinc administration or correcting the zinc dependent immune functions in zinc deficient individuals. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, recent findings of zinc supplementation in various diseases have been presented. Beneficial therapeutic response of zinc supplementation has been observed in the diarrhea of children, chronic hepatitis C, shigellosis, leprosy, tuberculosis, pneumonia, acute lower respiratory tract infection, common cold, and leishmaniasis. Zinc supplementation was effective in decreasing incidences of infections in the elderly, in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and decreasing incidences of respiratory tract infections in children. Zinc supplementation has prevented blindness in 25% of the elderly individuals with dry type of AMD. Zinc supplementation was effective in decreasing oxidative stress and generation of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in elderly individuals and patients with SCD. SUMMARY Zinc supplementation has been successfully used as a therapeutic and preventive agent for many conditions. Zinc functions as an intracellular signal molecule for immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda S Prasad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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