201
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Miao Y, Xu L, He X, Zhang L, Shaban M, Zhang X, Zhu L. Suppression of tryptophan synthase activates cotton immunity by triggering cell death via promoting SA synthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:329-345. [PMID: 30604574 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary metabolism plays an important role in plant growth and development, however the relationship between primary metabolism and the adaptive immune response is largely unknown. Here, we employed RNA interference (RNAi), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology, phytohormone profiling, genetic studies, and transcriptome and metabolome analysis to investigate the function of the tryptophan synthesis pathway in the resistance of cotton to V. dahliae. We found that knock-down of GbTSA1 (Tryptophan Synthase α) and GbTSB1 (tryptophan synthase β) induced a spontaneous cell death phenotype in a salicylic acid (SA)-dependent manner and enhanced resistance to V. dahliae in cotton plants. Metabolome analysis showed that indole and indolic metabolites were highly accumulated in GbTSA1- or GbTSB1-silenced plants. Transcriptomic analysis showed that exogenous indole promotes the expression levels of genes involved in SA synthesis and the defense response. Similarly, indole application strongly enhanced cotton resistance to V. dahliae. These results suggested that metabolic intermediates in the Trp synthesis pathway may be a signal to activate SA synthesis. These results also provided a strategy to elicit plant defense responses by the application of indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lian Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xin He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Shaban
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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202
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Duan L, Pei J, Ren Y, Li H, Zhou X, Zhu H, Duanmu D, Wen J, Mysore KS, Cao Y, Zhang Z. A Dihydroflavonol-4-Reductase-Like Protein Interacts with NFR5 and Regulates Rhizobial Infection in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:401-412. [PMID: 30295579 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-18-0104-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In almost all symbiotic interactions between rhizobia and leguminous plants, host flavonoid-induced synthesis of Nod factors in rhizobia is required to initiate symbiotic response in plants. In this study, we found that Lotus japonicus Nod factor receptor 5 (LjNFR5) might directly regulate flavonoid biosynthesis during symbiotic interaction with rhizobia. A yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that a dihydroflavonol-4-reductase-like protein (LjDFL1) interacts with LjNFR5. The interaction between MtDFL1 and MtNFP, two Medicago truncatula proteins with homology to LjDFL1 and LjNFR5, respectively, was also shown, suggesting that interaction between these two proteins might be conserved in different legumes. LjDFL1 was highly expressed in root hairs and epidermal cells of root tips. Lotus ljdfl1 mutants and Medicago mtdfl1 mutants produced significantly fewer infection threads (ITs) than the wild-type control plants following rhizobial treatment. Furthermore, the roots of stable transgenic L. japonicus plants overexpressing LjDFL1 formed more ITs than control roots after exposure to rhizobia. These data indicated that LjDFL1 is a positive regulator of symbiotic signaling. However, the expression of LjDFL1 was suppressed by rhizobial treatment, suggesting that a negative feedback loop might be involved in regulation of the symbiotic response in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujian Duan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Junqing Pei
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Yaping Ren
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Hao Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Xiangzhen Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Hui Zhu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- 2 Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Yangrong Cao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
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203
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Dhiman P, Malik N, Khatkar A. Lead optimization for promising monoamine oxidase inhibitor from eugenol for the treatment of neurological disorder: synthesis and in silico based study. BMC Chem 2019; 13:38. [PMID: 31384786 PMCID: PMC6661809 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural based inhibitors of monoamine oxidase are promising drug candidates for the treatment of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders including depression, anxiety, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. In the present study we designed and synthesized the eugenol based derivatives and investigated them for human MAO inhibitory potential as promising candidates for therapeutics of neurological disorders. Moreover, radical scavenging activity of designed derivatives was tested by and H2O2 and DPPH scavenging methods. Eugenol based derivatives were designed and synthesized for human MAO inhibitory action. The in silico and in vitro models were utilized for the evaluation of hMAO inhibition. The insight into molecular interactions among the compounds and both hMAO-A and hMAO-B active site was achieved by molecular docking studies. The two spectrophotometric titrations techniques were used to evaluate antioxidant potential. Compounds 5b and 16 were found as most active hMAO-A inhibitors with IC50 values of 5.989 ± 0.007 µM and 7.348 ± 0.027 µM respectively, through an appreciable selectivity index value of 0.19 and 0.14 respectively. In case of hMAO-B inhibition compounds 13a and 13b were found as most active hMAO-B inhibitors with IC50 values of 7.494 ± 0.014 µM and 9.183 ± 0.034 µM receptively and outstanding value of selectivity index of 5.14 and 5.72 respectively. Radical scavenging assay showed that compounds 5b, 5a, 9b, 9a were active antioxidants. The findings of present study indicated excellent correlation among dry lab and wet lab hMAO inhibitory experiments. Interestingly, the compounds exhibiting better MAO inhibition activity was also appeared as good antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dhiman
- Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Neelam Malik
- Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
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204
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Aschenbrenner J, Marx P, Pietruszka J, Marienhagen J. Microbial Production of Natural and Unnatural Monolignols with
Escherichia coli. Chembiochem 2019; 20:949-954. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Aschenbrenner
- Institute of Bio- and GeosciencesIBG-1: BiotechnologyForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Patrick Marx
- Institute of Bio- and GeosciencesIBG-1: BiotechnologyForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bio- and GeosciencesIBG-1: BiotechnologyForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryHeinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Jan Marienhagen
- Institute of Bio- and GeosciencesIBG-1: BiotechnologyForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
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205
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Rezende FM, Ferreira MJP, Clausen MH, Rossi M, Furlan CM. Acylated Flavonoid Glycosides are the Main Pigments that Determine the Flower Colour of the Brazilian Native Tree Tibouchina pulchra (Cham.) Cogn. Molecules 2019; 24:E718. [PMID: 30781526 PMCID: PMC6412660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibouchina pulchra (Cham.) Cogn. is a plant native to Brazil whose genus and family (Melastomataceae) are poorly studied with regards to its metabolite profile. Phenolic pigments of pink flowers were studied by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Therein, twenty-three flavonoids were identified with eight flavonols isolated by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and analysed by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. Kaempferol derivatives were the main flavonols, encompassing almost half of the detected compounds with different substitution patterns, such as glucoside, pentosides, galloyl-glucoside, p-coumaroyl-glucoside, and glucuronide. Concerning the anthocyanins, petunidin p-coumaroyl-hexoside acetylpentoside and malvidin p-coumaroyl-hexoside acetylpentoside were identified and agreed with previous reports on acylated anthocyanins from Melastomataceae. A new kaempferol glucoside was identified as kaempferol-(2''-O-methyl)-4'-O-α-d-glucopyranoside. Moreover, twelve compounds were described for the first time in the genus with five being new to the family, contributing to the chemical characterisation of these taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Mendes Rezende
- Botany Department, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil.
| | | | - Mads Hartvig Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Botany Department, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Maria Furlan
- Botany Department, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil.
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206
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Strejckova A, Dvorak M, Klejdus B, Krystofova O, Hedbavny J, Adam V, Huska D. The strong reaction of simple phenolic acids during oxidative stress caused by nickel, cadmium and copper in the microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda. N Biotechnol 2019; 48:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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207
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Berlinck RGS, Monteiro AF, Bertonha AF, Bernardi DI, Gubiani JR, Slivinski J, Michaliski LF, Tonon LAC, Venancio VA, Freire VF. Approaches for the isolation and identification of hydrophilic, light-sensitive, volatile and minor natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:981-1004. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble, volatile, minor and photosensitive natural products are yet poorly known, and this review discusses the literature reporting the isolation strategies for some of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afif F. Monteiro
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Ariane F. Bertonha
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Darlon I. Bernardi
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Juliano Slivinski
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Victor A. Venancio
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Vitor F. Freire
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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208
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Moles TM, de Brito Francisco R, Mariotti L, Pompeiano A, Lupini A, Incrocci L, Carmassi G, Scartazza A, Pistelli L, Guglielminetti L, Pardossi A, Sunseri F, Hörtensteiner S, Santelia D. Salinity in Autumn-Winter Season and Fruit Quality of Tomato Landraces. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1078. [PMID: 31611885 PMCID: PMC6769068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tomato landraces, originated by adaptive responses to local habitats, are considered a valuable resource for many traits of agronomic interest, including fruit nutritional quality. Primary and secondary metabolites are essential determinants of fruit organoleptic quality, and some of them, such as carotenoids and phenolics, have been associated with beneficial proprieties for human health. Landraces' fruit taste and flavour are often preferred by consumers compared to the commercial varieties' ones. In an autumn-winter greenhouse hydroponic experiment, the response of three Southern-Italy tomato landraces (Ciettaicale, Linosa and Corleone) and one commercial cultivar (UC-82B) to different concentrations of sodium chloride (0 mM, 60 mM or 120 mM NaCl) were evaluated. At harvest, no losses in marketable yield were noticed in any of the tested genotypes. However, under salt stress, fresh fruit yield as well as fruit calcium concentration were higher affected in the commercial cultivar than in the landraces. Furthermore, UC-82B showed a trend of decreasing lycopene and total antioxidant capacity with increasing salt concentration, whereas no changes in these parameters were observed in the landraces under 60 mM NaCl. Landraces under 120 mM NaCl accumulated more fructose and glucose in the fruits, while salt did not affect hexoses levels in UC-82B. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed differential accumulation of glycoalkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and their derivatives in the fruits of all genotypes under stress. Overall, the investigated Italian landraces showed a different behaviour compared to the commercial variety UC-82B under moderate salinity stress, showing a tolerable compromise between yield and quality attributes. Our results point to the feasible use of tomato landraces as a target to select interesting genetic traits to improve fruit quality under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Michele Moles
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Rita de Brito Francisco
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Lorenzo Mariotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Antonio Lupini
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Luca Incrocci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Carmassi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Pardossi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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209
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Tuan PA, Kim YS, Kim Y, Thwe AA, Li X, Park CH, Lee SY, Park SU. Molecular characterization of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and accumulation of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin in plant and hairy root of Scutellaria lateriflora. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 25:1639-1647. [PMID: 30591781 PMCID: PMC6303135 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria lateriflora is well known for its medical applications because of the presence of flavanoids and alkaloids. The present study aimed to explore the molecular aspects and regulations of flavanoids. Five partial cDNAs encoding genes that are involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway: phenylalanine ammonia lyase (SlPAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (SlC4H), 4-coumaroyl CoA ligase (Sl4CL), chalcone synthase (SlCHS), and chalcone isomerase (SlCHI) were isolated from S. lateriflora. Organ expression analysis showed that these genes were expressed in all organs analyzed with the highest levels correlating with the richest accumulation of wogonin in the roots. Baicalin and baicalein differentially accumulated in S. lateriflora plants, with the highest concentration of baicalin and baicalein detected in the leaves and stems, respectively. Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) significantly enhanced the expression of SlCHS and SlCHI, and accumulation of baicalin (22.54 mg/g), baicalein (1.24 mg/g), and wogonin (5.39 mg/g) in S. lateriflora hairy roots. In addition, maximum production of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin in hairy roots treated with MeJA was approximately 7.44-, 2.38-, and 2.12-fold, respectively. Light condition increased the expression level of SlCHS, the first committed step in flavonoid biosynthesis in hairy roots of S. lateriflora after 3 and 4 weeks of development compared to the dark condition. Dark-grown hairy roots contained a higher content of baicalin and baicalein than light-grown hairy roots, while light-grown hairy roots accumulated more wogonin than dark-grown hairy roots. These results may helpful for the metabolic engineering of flavonoids biosynthesis in S. lateriflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Young Seon Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Aye Aye Thwe
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Chang Ha Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Sook Young Lee
- Regional Innovation Center for Dental Science & Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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210
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Li Z, Guo X, Cao Z, Liu X, Liao X, Huang C, Xu W, Liu L, Yang P. New MS network analysis pattern for the rapid identification of constituents from traditional Chinese medicine prescription Lishukang capsules in vitro and in vivo based on UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Talanta 2018; 189:606-621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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211
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Basu P, Maier C. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer: In vitro anticancer activities of isoflavones, lignans, coumestans, stilbenes and their analogs and derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1648-1666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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212
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Xu Y, Geng L, Zhao S. Biosynthesis of bioactive ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza and advanced biotechnologies for their production. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1532318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Xu
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Geng
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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213
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Veronico P, Paciolla C, Pomar F, De Leonardis S, García-Ulloa A, Melillo MT. Changes in lignin biosynthesis and monomer composition in response to benzothiadiazole and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infection in tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 230:40-50. [PMID: 30145275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiadiazole (BTH) acts as a priming agent in plant defence leading to a reduction in penetration and development of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in susceptible tomato roots. Changes in lignin biosynthesis in the susceptible tomato cv. Roma following nematode infection and/or BTH treatment were investigated in comparison to the resistant cv. Rossol. Both untreated and BTH-treated susceptible infected roots (galls) showed an increased level of expression of lignin synthesis-related genes (PAL, C4H, HCT and F5H) at early times during infection (2-4 days post inoculation). Peroxidase (soluble and cell-wall bound, POX) enzyme activities increased after inoculation with M. incognita and the priming effect of BTH treatment was evident at later stages of infection (7 days post inoculation). As expected, the induction of PAL and POXs and lignin synthesis-related genes was faster and greater in resistant roots after infection. Histochemical analysis revealed accumulation of higher lignin levels at later infection stages in BTH-treated galls compared to untreated ones. Furthermore, the monomer composition of lignin indicated a different composition in guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units in BTH-treated galls compared to untreated galls. The increase in G units made G/S ratio similar to that in the resistant genotype. Overall, lignin played a critical role in tomato defence to M. incognita in response to BTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqua Veronico
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Costantino Paciolla
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Federico Pomar
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vexetal e Ecología, Facultade de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Silvana De Leonardis
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Alba García-Ulloa
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vexetal e Ecología, Facultade de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Maria Teresa Melillo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Li M, Zhang K, Sun Y, Cui H, Cao S, Yan L, Xu M. Growth, physiology, and transcriptional analysis of Two contrasting Carex rigescens genotypes under Salt stress reveals salt-tolerance mechanisms. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 229:77-88. [PMID: 30048907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is a major abiotic stress threatening plant growth and development throughout the world. In this study, we investigated the salt stress adaptation mechanism of Carex rigescens (Franch.) V. Krecz, a stress-tolerant turfgrass species with a wide distribution in northern China. Specifically, we analyzed the growth, physiology, and transcript expression patterns of two C. rigescens genotypes (Huanghua and Lvping No.1) exposed to salt stress. Results show that Huanghua demonstrated better growth performance, and higher turf quality (TQ), photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), relative water content (RWC), proline content, and lower relative electrolyte leakage (REL) during seven days of salt treatment compared to Lvping No.1, suggesting that Huanghua is more salt tolerant. Significant differences in reactive oxygen species (ROS), Malondialdehyde (MDA), melatonin, non-enzymatic antioxidants, lignin, and flavonoid content, as well as in antioxidant activity between Huanghua and Lvping No.1 after salt stress indicate the diverse regulation involved in salt stress adaptation in C. rigescens. These results, combined with those of the transcript expression pattern of involved genes, suggest that Huanghua is more active and efficient in ROS scavenging, Ca2+ binding, and its phytohormone response than Lvping No.1. Meanwhile, Lvping No.1 showed relatively higher phenylpropanoid synthesis, using flavonoid and lignin as supplements for the inadequate ROS-scavenging capacity and the development of vascular tissues, respectively. These performances illustrate the differences between the two genotypes in multifaceted and sophisticated actions contributing to the tolerance mechanism of salt stress in C. rigescens. In addition, the significantly higher content of melatonin and the rapid induction of Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) highlight the role of melatonin in the salt stress response in Huanghua. The results of our study expand existing knowledge of the complexity of the salt stress response involving the antioxidant system, Ca2+ signaling, phytohormone response signaling, and phenylpropanoid pathways. It also provides a basis for further study of the underlying mechanism of salt tolerance in C. rigescens and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingna Li
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Huiting Cui
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shihao Cao
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li Yan
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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215
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Ge Y, Wei M, Li C, Chen Y, Lv J, Meng K, Wang W, Li J. Reactive oxygen species metabolism and phenylpropanoid pathway involved in disease resistance against Penicillium expansum in apple fruit induced by ϵ-poly-l-lysine. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5082-5088. [PMID: 29604076 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum comprises a notable disease of apple fruit during storage. ϵ-Poly-l-lysine (PL) consists of ϵ-amino and α-hydroxyl and has been used in food preservation. In the present study, apple fruits (cv. Fuji) were used to investigate the effects of PL dipping treatment, at different concentrations of PL, on the lesion diameter of fruit inoculated with P. expansum, aiming to screen the optimal concentration for controlling blue mould. The effects of PL at the optimal concentration on reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and the phenylpropanoid pathway were also investigated. RESULTS The results indicated that 25, 50, 100 and 200 µL L-1 PL treatment significantly decreased the lesion diameter in apple fruit inoculated with P. expansum and the smallest lesion diameter was determined for 50 µL L-1 PL-treated fruits. The results also indicated that 50 µL L-1 PL treatment increased the hydrogen peroxide content and the activities of enzymes involved in ROS metabolism, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and peroxidase in apple fruit. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the contents of lignin, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were also enhanced by PL treatment. CONCLUSION The disease resistance to P. expansum in apple fruits enhanced by PL treatment is related to activating ROS metabolism and the phenylpropanoid pathway and the accumulation of antifungal compounds. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Ge
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
| | - Meilin Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
| | - Canying Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
| | - Kun Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Food Safety Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
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216
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Clark L, Leatherby D, Krilich E, Ropelewski AJ, Perozich J. In silico analysis of class I adenylate-forming enzymes reveals family and group-specific conservations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203218. [PMID: 30180199 PMCID: PMC6122825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Luciferases, aryl- and fatty-acyl CoA synthetases, and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase proteins belong to the class I adenylate-forming enzyme superfamily. The reaction catalyzed by the adenylate-forming enzymes is categorized by a two-step process of adenylation and thioesterification. Although all of these proteins perform a similar two-step process, each family may perform the process to yield completely different results. For example, luciferase proteins perform adenylation and oxidation to produce the green fluorescent light found in fireflies, while fatty-acyl CoA synthetases perform adenylation and thioesterification with coenzyme A to assist in metabolic processes involving fatty acids. This study aligned a total of 374 sequences belonging to the adenylate-forming superfamily. Analysis of the sequences revealed five fully conserved residues throughout all sequences, as well as 78 more residues conserved in at least 60% of sequences aligned. Conserved positions are involved in magnesium and AMP binding and maintaining enzyme structure. Also, ten conserved sequence motifs that included most of the conserved residues were identified. A phylogenetic tree was used to assign sequences into nine different groups. Finally, group entropy analysis identified novel conservations unique to each enzyme group. Common group-specific positions identified in multiple groups include positions critical to coordinating AMP and the CoA-bound product, a position that governs active site shape, and positions that help to maintain enzyme structure through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. These positions could serve as excellent targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Clark
- Department of Biology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States of America
| | - Danielle Leatherby
- Department of Biology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Krilich
- Department of Biology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States of America
| | - Alexander J Ropelewski
- Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - John Perozich
- Department of Biology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States of America
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217
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Jian H, Ma J, Wei L, Liu P, Zhang A, Yang B, Li J, Xu X, Liu L. Integrated mRNA, sRNA, and degradome sequencing reveal oilseed rape complex responses to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10987. [PMID: 30030454 PMCID: PMC6054686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating disease resulting in yield losses and decreases in seed quality in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of oilseed rape to S. sclerotiorum infection at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels are poorly understood. Here, we used an integrated omics approach (transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome sequencing) on the Illumina platform to compare the RNA expression and post-transcriptional profiles of oilseed rape plants inoculated or not with S. sclerotiorum. In total, 7,065 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with the mock-inoculated control at 48 hours post inoculation were identified. These DEGs were associated with protein kinases, signal transduction, transcription factors, hormones, pathogenesis-related proteins, secondary metabolism, and transport. In the sRNA-Seq analysis, 77 known and 176 novel miRNAs were identified; however, only 10 known and 41 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed between the samples inoculated or not with S. sclerotiorum. Degradome sequencing predicted 80 cleavage sites with 64 miRNAs. Integrated mRNA, sRNA and degradome sequencing analysis reveal oilseed rape complex responses to S. sclerotiorum infection. This study provides a global view of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in oilseed rape following S. sclerotiorum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongju Jian
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jinqi Ma
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Pu Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Aoxiang Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xinfu Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Liezhao Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China.
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218
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Wang J, Cao S, Wang L, Wang X, Jin P, Zheng Y. Effect of β-Aminobutyric Acid on Disease Resistance Against Rhizopus Rot in Harvested Peaches. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1505. [PMID: 30042749 PMCID: PMC6048224 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) on Rhizopus rot produced by Rhizopus stolonifer in harvested peaches and the possible action modes were investigated. Treatment with 50 mmol L-1 of BABA resulted in significantly lower lesion diameter and disease incidence compared with the control. The activities of defense-related enzymes chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were notably enhanced by this treatment. Meanwhile, BABA treatment also increased lignin accumulation and maintained higher energy status in peaches by enhancing activities of enzymes in the phenylpropanoid and energy metabolism pathways. Semiquantitative reverse transcription PCR results indicated that the transcription of four defense-related genes was substantially and rapidly enhanced only in that BABA-treated fruit upon inoculation with the pathogen. Thus, our results demonstrated that BABA was effective on controlling Rhizopus rot by inducing disease resistance, which includes the increase in gene transcription and activity of defense-related enzymes, the enhancement of cell wall strength, and the maintenance of high energy status in Prunus persica fruit. Moreover, the disease resistance induced by BABA was demonstrated through priming model rather than direct induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shifeng Cao
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China
| | - Peng Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghua Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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219
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Yi YS. Regulatory Roles of Flavonoids on Inflammasome Activation during Inflammatory Responses. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800147. [PMID: 29774640 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an innate immune response to noxious stimuli to protect the body from pathogens. Inflammatory responses consist of two main steps: priming and triggering. In priming, inflammatory cells increase expressions of inflammatory molecules, while in triggering, inflammasomes are activated, resulting in cell death and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Inflammasomes are protein complexes comprising intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (e.g., nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and caspases-4/5/11) and pro-caspase-1 with or without a bipartite adaptor molecule ASC. Inflammasome activation induces pyroptosis, inflammatory cell death, and stimulates caspase-1-mediated secretion of interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-18. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites found in various plants and are considered as critical ingredients promoting health and ameliorating various disease symptoms. Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids and underlying mechanisms have been widely studied. This review introduces current knowledge on different types of inflammasomes and their activation during inflammatory responses and discusses recent studies regarding anti-inflammatory roles of flavonoids as suppressors of inflammasomes in inflammatory conditions. Understanding the regulatory effects of flavonoids on inflammasome activation will increase our knowledge of flavonoid-mediated anti-inflammatory activity and provide new insights into the development of flavonoid preparations to prevent and treat human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, 28503, Korea
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220
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Pei R, Zhang J, Tian L, Zhang S, Han F, Yan S, Wang L, Li B, Sun J. Identification of novel QTL associated with soybean isoflavone content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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221
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López-Orenes A, Bueso MC, Párraga-Aguado IM, Calderón AA, Ferrer MA. Coordinated role of soluble and cell wall bound phenols is a key feature of the metabolic adjustment in a mining woody fleabane (Dittrichia viscosa L.) population under semi-arid conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1139-1151. [PMID: 29054661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by hazardous heavy metals/metalloids (metal(loid)s) is growing worldwide. To restrict the migration of toxic contaminants, the establishment of a self-sustainable plant cover is required. Plant growth in multi-polluted soils is a challenging issue not only by metal(loid) toxicities, but also by the co-occurrence of other stressors. Dittrichia viscosa is a pioneer Mediterranean species able to thrive in metal(loid)-enriched tailings in semi-arid areas. The aim of the present work was to examine the metabolic adjustments involved in the acclimation responses of this plant to conditions prevailing in mine-tailings during Mediterranean spring and summer. For this purpose, fully-expanded leaves, and rhizosphere soil of both mining and non-mining populations of D. viscosa grown spontaneously in south-eastern Spain were sampled in two consecutive years. Quantitative analysis of >50 biochemical, physiological and edaphic parameters were performed, including nutrient status, metal(loid) contents, leaf redox components, primary and secondary metabolites, salicylic acid levels, and soil physicochemical properties. Results showed that mining plants exhibited high foliar Zn/Pb co-accumulation capacity, without substantially affecting their photosynthetic metabolism or nutritional status even in the driest summer period. The comparison of the antioxidative/oxidative profile between mining and non-mining D. viscosa populations revealed no major seasonal changes in the content of primary antioxidants (ascorbate and GSH), or in the levels of ROS. Multivariate analysis showed that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (PRX) activities and soluble and cell wall-bound phenols were potential biomarkers for discriminating between both populations. During the dry season, a marked enhancement in the activity of both PAL and soluble PRX resulted in both a drop in the accumulation of soluble phenols and an increase of the strong metal chelator caffeic acid in the cell-wall fraction, supporting the view that the plasticity of phenylpropanoid metabolism provide an effective way to counteract the effects of stress combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio López-Orenes
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - María C Bueso
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Doctor Fleming s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel M Párraga-Aguado
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio A Calderón
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - María A Ferrer
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
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222
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Zhang C, Shi S. Physiological and Proteomic Responses of Contrasting Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) Varieties to PEG-Induced Osmotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:242. [PMID: 29541085 PMCID: PMC5835757 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Drought severely limits global plant distribution and agricultural production. Elucidating the physiological and molecular mechanisms governing alfalfa stress responses will contribute to the improvement of drought tolerance in leguminous crops. In this study, the physiological and proteomic responses of two alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties contrasting in drought tolerance, Longzhong (drought-tolerant) and Gannong No. 3 (drought-sensitive), were comparatively assayed when seedlings were exposed to -1.2 MPa polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) treatments for 15 days. The results showed that the levels of proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl free radical (OH•) and superoxide anion free radical (O2•-) in both varieties were significantly increased, while the root activity, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, and the ratios of reduced/oxidized ascorbate (AsA/DHA) and reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) were significantly decreased. The soluble protein and soluble sugar contents, the total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) and the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) first increased and then decreased with the increase in treatment days. Under osmotic stress, Longzhong exhibited lower levels of MDA, H2O2, OH• and O2•- but higher levels of SOD, CAT, APX, T-AOC and ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG compared with Gannong No.3. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), 142 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified from two alfalfa varieties, including 52 proteins (34 up-regulated and 18 down-regulated) in Longzhong, 71 proteins (28 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated) in Gannong No. 3, and 19 proteins (13 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated) shared by both varieties. Most of these DAPs were involved in stress and defense, protein metabolism, transmembrane transport, signal transduction, as well as cell wall and cytoskeleton metabolism. In conclusion, the stronger drought-tolerance of Longzhong was attributed to its higher osmotic adjustment capacity, greater ability to orchestrate its enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems and thus avoid great oxidative damage in comparison to Gannong No. 3. Moreover, the involvement of other pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, ROS detoxification, secondary metabolism, protein processing, ion and water transport, signal transduction, and cell wall adjustment, are important mechanisms for conferring drought tolerance in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuimei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shangli Shi
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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223
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Transcriptome Analysis of the Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins in Begonia semperflorens under Low-Temperature and High-Light Conditions. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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224
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Biological activities of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin-containing foods: Focus on cardiovascular and neuropsychological health. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:666-681. [PMID: 29355598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that certain (-)-epicatechin-containing foods have a blood pressure-lowering capacity. The mechanisms underlying (-)-epicatechin action may help prevent oxidative damage and endothelial dysfunction, which have both been associated with hypertension and certain brain disorders. Moreover, (-)-epicatechin has been shown to modify metabolic profile, blood's rheological properties, and to cross the blood-brain barrier. Thus, (-)-epicatechin causes multiple actions that may provide unique synergy beneficial for cardiovascular and neuropsychological health. This review summarises the current knowledge on the biological actions of (-)-epicatechin, related to cardiovascular and brain functions, which may play a remarkable role in human health and longevity.
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225
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Gong AGW, Duan R, Wang HY, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Calycosin Orchestrates Osteogenesis of Danggui Buxue Tang in Cultured Osteoblasts: Evaluating the Mechanism of Action by Omics and Chemical Knock-out Methodologies. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:36. [PMID: 29449812 PMCID: PMC5799702 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), an ancient Chinese herbal decoction commonly used to mitigate menopausal osteoporosis, contains two herbs: Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR). The exact efficacy of individual chemical(s) within DBT, or in any herbal mixture, is hard to be revealed. Calycosin and ferulic acid have been reported to be the predominant chemicals found within DBT, and its roles in regulating osteoblastic differentiation have been proposed here. To probe the roles of calycosin and ferulic acid, these chemicals were specifically depleted from the DBT extracts. Here, calycosin-depleted DBT (DBTΔcal) and ferulic acid-depleted DBT (DBTΔfa), generated by semi-preparative HPLC, were coupled with RNA-seq and metabolomics analyses to reveal the synergistic functions of individual chemicals within a complex herbal mixture. The expressions of osteogenic differentiation markers were significantly increased under the treatments of DBT and DBTΔfa. The DBT-induced genes were markedly reduced in the absent of calycosin, i.e., DBTΔcal. In cultured osteoblasts, the DBT-activated Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK/Erk and signaling pathways were greatly affected when calycosin was depleted. By metabolomics analysis in DBT-treated osteoblasts, the profile of metabolites triggered by DBTΔcal showed distinction to that of DBT and/or DBTΔfa. Thus, our findings indicated that calycosin, rather than ferulic acid, could be an indispensable chemical in DBT to orchestrate multi-components of DBT in achieving maximal osteogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G W Gong
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ran Duan
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Huai Y Wang
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tina T X Dong
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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226
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Noshita T, Miura K, Ikeda K, Ouchi H, Matsumoto T, Tai A. Structure-activity relationships of flavanones, flavanone glycosides, and flavones in anti-degranulation activity in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells. J Nat Med 2018; 72:551-556. [PMID: 29349649 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-017-1169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of type I allergies, which are associated with mast cell degranulation and local inflammation, is increasing, and new treatments are needed. To date, structure-activity relationships of flavonoids in their degranulation-inhibiting activity have not been systematically characterized. In the current study, the degranulation-inhibiting activity of a series of flavonoids was evaluated. The following three observations were made: (1) the activity disappears when a sugar moiety is introduced into the A ring of the flavanone; (2) the activity depends on the number of hydroxyl groups on the B ring; (3) the activity is markedly enhanced when a double bond is introduced into the C ring. The information obtained in the current study may guide the development of a therapy for type I allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Noshita
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima, 727-0023, Japan.
| | - Kaori Miura
- Program in Biological System Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Scientific Research, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima, 727-0023, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ikeda
- Program in Biological System Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Scientific Research, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima, 727-0023, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima, 727-0023, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tai
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima, 727-0023, Japan.
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227
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Ilkei V, Hazai L, Antus S, Bölcskei H. Flavonoid Alkaloids: Isolation, Bioactivity, and Synthesis. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64058-1.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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228
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Hu Y, Zhong X, Liu X, Lou B, Zhou C, Wang X. Comparative transcriptome analysis unveils the tolerance mechanisms of Citrus hystrix in response to 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189229. [PMID: 29232716 PMCID: PMC5726760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), a highly devastating citrus disease, is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiacitus' (CLas), a member of phloem-inhabiting α-proteobacteria. HLB can affect all cultivated citrus and no cure is currently available. Previous studies showed that Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix), primarily grown in South Asia and Southeast Asia, was tolerant to HLB but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, gene expression profiling experiments were performed on HLB-tolerant C. hystrix and HLB-susceptible C. sinensis three months after inoculation with CLas using RNA-seq data. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two citrus cultivars were mainly involved in diverse cellular functions including carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, cell wall metabolism, secondary metabolism, hormone metabolism and oxidation/reduction processes. Notably, starch synthesis and photosynthesis process were not disturbed in CLas-infected C. hystrix. Most of the DEGs involved in cell wall metabolism and secondary metabolism were up-regulated in C. hystrix. In addition, the activation of peroxidases, Cu/Zn-SOD and POD4, may also enhance the tolerance of C. hystrix to CLas. This study provides an insight into the host response of HLB-tolerant citrus cultivar to CLas. C. hystrix is potentially useful for HLB-tolerant/resistant citrus breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Ganzhou Bureau of Fruit Industry, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhong
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuelu Liu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Binghai Lou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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229
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Bewg WP, Coleman HD. Cell wall composition and lignin biosynthetic gene expression along a developmental gradient in an Australian sugarcane cultivar. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4141. [PMID: 29230370 PMCID: PMC5721908 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant source of lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production. Utilisation of bagasse for biofuel production would be environmentally and economically beneficial, but the recalcitrance of lignin continues to provide a challenge. Further understanding of lignin production in specific cultivars will provide a basis for modification of genomes for the production of phenotypes with improved processing characteristics. Here we evaluated the expression profile of lignin biosynthetic genes and the cell wall composition along a developmental gradient in KQ228 sugarcane. The expression levels of nine lignin biosynthesis genes were quantified in five stem sections of increasing maturity and in root tissue. Two distinct expression patterns were seen. The first saw highest gene expression in the youngest tissue, with expression decreasing as tissue matured. The second pattern saw little to no change in transcription levels across the developmental gradient. Cell wall compositional analysis of the stem sections showed total lignin content to be significantly higher in more mature tissue than in the youngest section assessed. There were no changes in structural carbohydrates across developmental sections. These gene expression and cell wall compositional patterns can be used, along with other work in grasses, to inform biotechnological approaches to crop improvement for lignocellulosic biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Bewg
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heather D Coleman
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
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230
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Baier A, Nazaruk J, Galicka A, Szyszka R. Inhibitory influence of natural flavonoids on human protein kinase CK2 isoforms: effect of the regulatory subunit. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 444:35-42. [PMID: 29188536 PMCID: PMC6002439 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CK2 is a pleiotropic, constitutively active protein kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of more than 300 physiological substrates. Typically, this enzyme is found in tetrameric form consisting of two regulatory subunits CK2β and two catalytic subunits CK2α or CK2α′. Several natural occurring flavonoids were tested for their ability to inhibit both CK2 holoenzymes, CK2α2β2 and CK2α′2β2. We identified few substances selectively inhibiting only the α′ subunit. Other compounds showed similar effect towards all four isoforms. In some cases, like chrysoeriol, pedalitin, apigenin, and luteolin, the α2β2 holoenzyme was at least six times better inhibited than the free α subunit. Otherwise, we have found a luteolin derivative decreased the kinase activity of CK2α′ with an IC50 value of 0.8 μM, but the holoenzyme only with 9.5 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baier
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynow 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Nazaruk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Galicka
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Ryszard Szyszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynow 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
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231
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Xu Y, Charles MT, Luo Z, Mimee B, Veronneau PY, Rolland D, Roussel D. Preharvest Ultraviolet C Irradiation Increased the Level of Polyphenol Accumulation and Flavonoid Pathway Gene Expression in Strawberry Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9970-9979. [PMID: 29091440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Preharvest ultraviolet C (UV-C) irradiation is an innovative approach for increasing the bioactive phytochemical content of strawberries to increase the disease resistance and nutritional value. This study investigated the changes in individual flavonoids in strawberry developed with three different cumulative doses of preharvest UV-C treatment (low, 9.6 kJ m-2; middle, 15 kJ m-2; and high , 29.4 kJ m-2). Significant accumulation (p < 0.05) of phenolics (25-75% increase), namely, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside/rutinoside, glucoside and glucuronide of quercetin and kaempferol, and ellagic acid, was found in the fruit subjected to low and middle supplemental doses of UV-C radiation. The expression of the flavonoid pathway structural genes, i.e., FaCHS1, FaCHI, FaFHT, FaDFR, FaFLS, and FaFGT, was upregulated in the low- and middle-dose groups, while the early stage genes were not affected by the high dose. FaMYB1 was also relatively enhanced in the low- and middle-dose groups, while FaASR was upregulated in only the low-dose group. Hormetic preharvest UV-C dose ranges for enhancing the polyphenol content of strawberries were established for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Marie Thérèse Charles
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Pierre-Yves Veronneau
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Daniel Rolland
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Dominique Roussel
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
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232
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Wei Y, Zhou D, Peng J, Pan L, Tu K. Hot Air Treatment Induces Disease Resistance through Activating the Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Cherry Tomato Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8003-8010. [PMID: 28813608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effects of hot air (HA, 38 °C for 12 h) treatment on the phenylpropanoid metabolism in cherry tomatoes, phenylpropanoid metabolite levels and the activities and expression of key enzymes were analyzed in HA-treated fruit. HA treatment enhanced phenylpropanoid metabolism, as evidenced by elevated levels of phenolics and flavonoids, higher activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, and upregulated expression of LeCHS, LeCHI, LeF3H, and LeFLS. Levels of several phenylpropanoid metabolites were higher after HA treatment, including p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin, and rutin. These metabolic changes may be related to the reduced disease incidence and smaller lesion diameters observed in HA-treated fruit inoculated with Alternaria alternata (black mold) or Botrytis cinerea (gray mold). The results suggest that HA treatment induces disease resistance by activating the phenylpropanoid pathway in cherry tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiqing Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Tu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
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233
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Yao R, Zhao Y, Liu T, Huang C, Xu S, Sui Z, Luo J, Kong L. Identification and functional characterization of a p-coumaroyl CoA 2'-hydroxylase involved in the biosynthesis of coumarin skeleton from Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:199-213. [PMID: 28822035 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A p-coumaroyl CoA 2'-hydroxylase responsible for the formation of coumarin lactone ring was identified from Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn and functionally characterized in vitro. Coumarins are important plant secondary metabolites with a variety of biological activities. Ortho-hydroxylation of cinnamates leads to the formation of coumarin lactone ring and is generally thought to be a key step in coumarin biosynthesis. However, ortho-hydroxylases, especially p-coumaroyl CoA 2'-hydroxylase (C2'H) responsible for the biosynthesis of the most common coumarin skeleton, have received insufficient attention. Here, a putative ortho-hydroxylase PpC2'H was isolated from P. praeruptorum Dunn, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb rich in coumarins. Expression profile indicated that PpC2'H exhibited the highest transcript level in roots and could be up-regulated by MeJA elicitation. Subcellular localization of PpC2'H was demonstrated to be cytosol in planta. In order to functionally characterize PpC2'H, the purified recombinant protein was incubated with various potential substrates. HPLC-ESI-MS analysis indicated that PpC2'H catalyzed the conversion of p-coumaroyl CoA into hydroxylated intermediate, which then underwent spontaneous lactonization to generate umbelliferone. Our data also showed that light would promote the spontaneous process. In addition, based on homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, amino acid residues Phe-130, Lys-141, Asn-207, His-224, Asp-226, His-282 and Phe-298 were verified essential for enzymatic activity. These findings provide insight into structure-function relationship of this pivotal ortho-hydroxylase and also contribute to elucidating the biosynthetic mechanism of coumarin skeleton.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Apiaceae/enzymology
- Biosynthetic Pathways/genetics
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Coumarins/chemistry
- Coumarins/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Kinetics
- Light
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/chemistry
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Organ Specificity/radiation effects
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Protoplasts/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Subcellular Fractions/enzymology
- Transcriptome/genetics
- Transcriptome/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlong Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Sui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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234
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Czerniewicz P, Sytykiewicz H, Durak R, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Chrzanowski G. Role of phenolic compounds during antioxidative responses of winter triticale to aphid and beetle attack. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:529-540. [PMID: 28778044 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the earliest responses of plants to insects' attack is generation of reactive oxygen species. However, the elevated level of ROS can elicit oxidative burst within plant tissues, and plants employ antioxidant systems against these radicals. Due to their chemical structures, polyphenols are able to diminish the level of ROS. Thus, we investigated the role of phenolic compounds in oxidative stress within winter triticale caused by Sitobion avenae and Oulema melanopus. It was found, that infestation by insects induced a high increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical within resistant Lamberto cv. 24 hpi, whereas in sensitive Marko cv., an increase in H2O2 content was found within two days of aphid feeding. Moreover, resistant plants showed earlier and much greater induction of l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine ammonia lyases and chalcone synthase activities, as well as accumulation of phenolic compounds in response to insect feeding than susceptible Marko. On the other hand, strong positive influence of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical contents on chalcone synthase activity and furthermore flavonoid biosynthesis was detected in the susceptible cultivar. Negative relationships between level of o-coumaric acid or flavonoid compounds and content of hydrogen peroxide or superoxide radical suggest their antioxidant capacity. Luteolin and o-coumaric acid may attend in scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, whereas quercetin, apigenin and (+)-catechin probably participate in reduction of superoxide anion radical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Czerniewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Hubert Sytykiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Roma Durak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chrzanowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland.
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235
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Zhang C, Wang X, Zhang F, Dong L, Wu J, Cheng Q, Qi D, Yan X, Jiang L, Fan S, Li N, Li D, Xu P, Zhang S. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase2.1 contributes to the soybean response towards Phytophthora sojae infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7242. [PMID: 28775360 PMCID: PMC5543151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease worldwide. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is one of the most extensively studied enzymes related to plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of PAL in soybean in response to P. sojae is largely unclear. Here, we characterize a novel member of the soybean PAL gene family, GmPAL2.1, which is significantly induced by P. sojae. Overexpression and RNA interference analysis demonstrates that GmPAL2.1 enhances resistance to P. sojae in transgenic soybean plants. In addition, the PAL activity in GmPAL2.1-OX transgenic soybean is significantly higher than that of non-transgenic plants after infection with P. sojae, while that in GmPAL2.1-RNAi soybean plants is lower. Further analyses show that the daidzein, genistein and salicylic acid (SA) levels and the relative content of glyceollins are markedly increased in GmPAL2.1-OX transgenic soybean. Taken together, these results suggest the important role of GmPAL2.1 functioning as a positive regulator in the soybean response to P. sojae infection, possibly by enhancing the content of glyceollins, daidzein, genistein and SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhong Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Soybean Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dongyue Qi
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Yan
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liangyu Jiang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Sujie Fan
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ninghui Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Jiamusi Branch Academy of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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236
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Chezem WR, Memon A, Li FS, Weng JK, Clay NK. SG2-Type R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor MYB15 Controls Defense-Induced Lignification and Basal Immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1907-1926. [PMID: 28733420 PMCID: PMC5590497 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignification of cell wall appositions is a conserved basal defense mechanism in the plant innate immune response. However, the genetic pathway controlling defense-induced lignification remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate the Arabidopsis thaliana SG2-type R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB15 as a regulator of defense-induced lignification and basal immunity. Loss of MYB15 reduces the content but not the composition of defense-induced lignin, whereas constitutive expression of MYB15 increases lignin content independently of immune activation. Comparative transcriptional and metabolomics analyses implicate MYB15 as necessary for the defense-induced synthesis of guaiacyl lignin and the basal synthesis of the coumarin metabolite scopoletin. MYB15 directly binds to the secondary wall MYB-responsive element consensus sequence, which encompasses the AC elements, to drive lignification. The myb15 and lignin biosynthetic mutants show increased susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, consistent with defense-induced lignin having a major role in basal immunity. A scopoletin biosynthetic mutant also shows increased susceptibility independently of immune activation, consistent with a role in preformed defense. Our results support a role for phenylalanine-derived small molecules in preformed and inducible Arabidopsis defense, a role previously dominated by tryptophan-derived small molecules. Understanding the regulatory network linking lignin biosynthesis to plant growth and defense will help lignin engineering efforts to improve the production of biofuels and aromatic industrial products as well as increase disease resistance in energy and agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Chezem
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Altamash Memon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Fu-Shuang Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Nicole K Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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Li G, Zhu S, Wu W, Zhang C, Peng Y, Wang Q, Shi J. Exogenous nitric oxide induces disease resistance against Monilinia fructicola through activating the phenylpropanoid pathway in peach fruit. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3030-3038. [PMID: 27859285 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional signaling molecule involved in plant-induced resistance to disease. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between disease resistance induced by NO and the phenylpropanoid pathway in peach fruit. The present study investigated the effect of NO on the main enzymes and metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway of harvested peach, which are probably related to disease resistance against Monilinia fructicola. RESULTS The results showed that treatment with 15 µmol L-1 NO significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase, chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase and the expression of their genes. Furthermore, NO treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased the contents of total phenolics, flavonoids and lignin over the entire storage period and maintained higher total anthocyanin, phenolic acid and anthocyanin contents during the earlier storage period. CONCLUSION These results suggest that NO treatment could activate the phenylpropanoid pathway to enhance the activity of related enzymes and the contents of phenylpropanoid metabolites in peach to improve disease resistance and prevent pathogenic invasion. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuhua Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenxue Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingying Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
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238
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Wani TA, Pandith SA, Gupta AP, Chandra S, Sharma N, Lattoo SK. Molecular and functional characterization of two isoforms of chalcone synthase and their expression analysis in relation to flavonoid constituents in Grewia asiatica L. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179155. [PMID: 28662128 PMCID: PMC5491003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcone synthase constitutes a functionally diverse gene family producing wide range of flavonoids by catalyzing the initial step of the phenylpropanoid pathway. There is a pivotal role of flavonoids in pollen function as they are imperative for pollen maturation and pollen tube growth during sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Here we focused on medicinally important fruit-bearing shrub Grewia asiatica. It is a rich repository of flavonoids. The fruits are highly acclaimed for various putative health benefits. Despite its importance, full commercial exploitation is hampered due to two drawbacks which include short shelf life of its fruits and larger seed volume. To circumvent these constraints, seed abortion is one of the viable options. Molecular interventions tested in a number of economic crops have been to impair male reproductive function by disrupting the chalcone synthase (CHS) gene activity. Against this backdrop the aim of the present study included cloning and characterization of two full-length cDNA clones of GaCHS isoforms from the CHS multigene family. These included GaCHS1 (NCBI acc. KX129910) and GaCHS2 (NCBI acc. KX129911) with an ORF of 1176 and 1170 bp, respectively. GaCHSs were heterologously expressed and purified in E. coli to validate their functionality. Functionality of CHS isoforms was also characterized via enzyme kinetic studies using five different substrates. We observed differential substrate specificities in terms of their Km and Vmax values. Accumulation of flavonoid constituents naringenin and quercetin were also quantified and their relative concentrations corroborated well with the expression levels of GaCHSs. Further, our results demonstrate that GaCHS isoforms show differential expression patterns at different reproductive phenological stages. Transcript levels of GaCHS2 were more than its isoform GaCHS1 at the anthesis stage of flower development pointing towards its probable role in male reproductive maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq A Wani
- Genetic Resources and Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Shahzad A Pandith
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Ajai P Gupta
- Quality Control and Quality Assurance Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Suresh Chandra
- Genetic Resources and Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Surrinder K Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, India
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239
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Bulgari R, Morgutti S, Cocetta G, Negrini N, Farris S, Calcante A, Spinardi A, Ferrari E, Mignani I, Oberti R, Ferrante A. Evaluation of Borage Extracts As Potential Biostimulant Using a Phenomic, Agronomic, Physiological, and Biochemical Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:935. [PMID: 28638392 PMCID: PMC5461430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biostimulants are substances able to improve water and nutrient use efficiency and counteract stress factors by enhancing primary and secondary metabolism. Premise of the work was to exploit raw extracts from leaves (LE) or flowers (FE) of Borago officinalis L., to enhance yield and quality of Lactuca sativa 'Longifolia,' and to set up a protocol to assess their effects. To this aim, an integrated study on agronomic, physiological and biochemical aspects, including also a phenomic approach, has been adopted. Extracts were diluted to 1 or 10 mL L-1, sprayed onto lettuce plants at the middle of the growing cycle and 1 day before harvest. Control plants were treated with water. Non-destructive analyses were conducted to assess the effect of extracts on biomass with an innovative imaging technique, and on leaf photosynthetic efficiency (chlorophyll a fluorescence and leaf gas exchanges). At harvest, the levels of ethylene, photosynthetic pigments, nitrate, and primary (sucrose and total sugars) and secondary (total phenols and flavonoids) metabolites, including the activity and levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were assessed. Moreover, a preliminary study of the effects during postharvest was performed. Borage extracts enhanced the primary metabolism by increasing leaf pigments and photosynthetic activity. Plant fresh weight increased upon treatments with 10 mL L-1 doses, as correctly estimated by multi-view angles images. Chlorophyll a fluorescence data showed that FEs were able to increase the number of active reaction centers per cross section; a similar trend was observed for the performance index. Ethylene was three-fold lower in FEs treatments. Nitrate and sugar levels did not change in response to the different treatments. Total flavonoids and phenols, as well as the total protein levels, the in vitro PAL specific activity, and the levels of PAL-like polypeptides were increased by all borage extracts, with particular regard to FEs. FEs also proved efficient in preventing degradation and inducing an increase in photosynthetic pigments during storage. In conclusion, borage extracts, with particular regard to the flower ones, appear to indeed exert biostimulant effects on lettuce; future work will be required to further investigate on their efficacy in different conditions and/or species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bulgari
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Silvia Morgutti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cocetta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Noemi Negrini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Stefano Farris
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Calcante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Anna Spinardi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Enrico Ferrari
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mignani
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Roberto Oberti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
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240
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Flavonoids: promising natural compounds against viral infections. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2539-2551. [PMID: 28547385 PMCID: PMC7087220 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed as secondary metabolites produced by plants and play important roles in plant physiology, having a variety of potential biological benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Different flavonoids have been investigated for their potential antiviral activities and several of them exhibited significant antiviral properties in in vitro and even in vivo studies. This review summarizes the evidence for antiviral activity of different flavonoids, highlighting, where investigated, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action on viruses. We also present future perspectives on therapeutic applications of flavonoids against viral infections.
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241
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Gong K, Chen L, Li X, Liu K. Lignin accumulation and biosynthetic enzyme activities in relation to postharvest firmness of fresh waxy corn. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuijie Gong
- Crop Research Institute; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Lirong Chen
- Crop Research Institute; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Crop Research Institute; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Kaichang Liu
- Crop Research Institute; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan 250100 China
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242
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Deng JC, Yang CQ, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Yang F, Yang WY, Liu J. Organ-Specific Differential NMR-Based Metabonomic Analysis of Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Fruit Reveals the Metabolic Shifts and Potential Protection Mechanisms Involved in Field Mold Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:508. [PMID: 28487702 PMCID: PMC5404178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged, continuous rainfall is the main climatic characteristic of autumn in Southwest China, and it has been found to cause mildew outbreaks in pre-harvest soybean fields. Low temperature and humidity (LTH) stress during soybean maturation in the field promotes pre-harvest mildew, resulting in damage to different organs of soybean fruits to different extents, but relatively little information on the resistance mechanisms in these fruits is available. Therefore, to understand the metabolic responses of soybean fruits to field mold (FM), the metabonomic variations induced by LTH were characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), and the primary metabolites from the pod, seed coat and cotyledon of pre-harvest soybean were quantified. Analysis of FM-damaged soybean germplasms with different degrees of resistance to FM showed that extracts were dominated by 66 primary metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids and sugars. Each tissue had a characteristic metabolic profile, indicating that the metabolism of proline in the cotyledon, lysine in the seed coat, and sulfur in the pod play important roles in FM resistance. The primary-secondary metabolism interface and its potential contribution to FM resistance was investigated by targeted analyses of secondary metabolites. Both the seed coat and the pod have distinct but nonexclusive metabolic responses to FM, and these are functionally integrated into FM resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-cai Deng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
| | - Cai-qiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping SystemChengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping SystemChengdu, China
| | - Wen-yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping SystemChengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of AgricultureChengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping SystemChengdu, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
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243
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Interaction of Selected Phenylpropenes with Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Membrane and Their Relevance to Antibacterial Activity. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:259-271. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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244
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Lambert MR, Edwards TM. Hormonally active phytochemicals and vertebrate evolution. Evol Appl 2017; 10:419-432. [PMID: 28515776 PMCID: PMC5427676 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Living plants produce a diversity of chemicals that share structural and functional properties with vertebrate hormones. Wildlife species interact with these chemicals either through consumption of plant materials or aquatic exposure. Accumulating evidence shows that exposure to these hormonally active phytochemicals (HAPs) often has consequences for behavior, physiology, and fecundity. These fitness effects suggest there is potential for an evolutionary response by vertebrates to HAPs. Here, we explore the toxicological HAP-vertebrate relationship in an evolutionary framework and discuss the potential for vertebrates to adapt to or even co-opt the effects of plant-derived chemicals that influence fitness. We lay out several hypotheses about HAPs and provide a path forward to test whether plant-derived chemicals influence vertebrate reproduction and evolution. Studies of phytochemicals with direct impacts on vertebrate reproduction provide an obvious and compelling system for studying evolutionary toxicology. Furthermore, an understanding of whether animal populations evolve in response to HAPs could provide insightful context for the study of rapid evolution and how animals cope with chemical agents in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Lambert
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | - Thea M Edwards
- Department of Biology University of the South Sewanee TN USA
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245
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Sahebkar A. Effects of quercetin supplementation on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:666-676. [PMID: 25897620 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.948609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of promising experimental findings, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have yielded mixed results on the impact of quercetin supplementation on plasma lipid levels. AIM The present study aimed to quantify the effects of quercetin on plasma lipids using a meta-analysis of RCTs. METHODS A systematic literature search of Medline was conducted for RCTs that investigated the efficacy of quercetin supplementation on plasma lipids comprising total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for net changes in lipid concentrations using a random-effects model. Meta-regression analysis was conducted to assess the effect of quercetin dose and duration of supplementation as moderators on the calculated effect measures. RESULTS Five RCTs totaling 442 subjects (221 in the quercetin and 221 in the control group) fulfilled the eligibility criteria and selected for analyses. Combined estimate of effect size for the impact of quercetin on plasma LDL-C (WMD: 1.43 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.92-3.78, p = 0.23), HDL-C (WMD: 0.26 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.74-1.25, p = 0.61) and triglycerides (WMD: -9.42 mg/dL, 95% CI: -27.80-8.96, p = 0.32) was not statistically significant. However, a borderline significant but clinically non-relevant increase in total cholesterol was observed (WMD: 3.13 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.01-6.27, p = 0.05). When the analysis was confined to the subgroups of studies with quercetin doses ≥500 mg/day and follow-up of ≥ 4 weeks, a significant increase in total cholesterol (WMD: 3.57 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.21-6.92, p = 0.04) and a decline in triglycerides (WMD: -24.54 mg/dL, 95% CI: -33.09 to -15.99, p < 0.00001) was observed, but LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Changes in plasma triglycerides, but not other indices of lipid profile, were significantly associated with quercetin dose (slope: -0.057; 95% CI: -0.103 to -0.010; p = 0.02) and duration of supplementation (slope: -5.314; 95% CI: -9.482 to -1.147; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Available evidence from RCTs does not suggest any clinically relevant effect of quercetin supplementation on plasma lipids, apart from a significant reduction of triglycerides at doses above 50 mg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,b Cardiovascular Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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246
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Ahmad MZ, Li P, Wang J, Rehman NU, Zhao J. Isoflavone Malonyltransferases GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 Differently Modify Isoflavone Glucosides in Soybean ( Glycine max) under Various Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:735. [PMID: 28559900 PMCID: PMC5433297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malonylated isoflavones are the major forms of isoflavonoids in soybean plants, the genes responsible for their biosyntheses are not well understood, nor their physiological functions. Here we report a new benzylalcohol O-acetyltransferase, anthocyanin O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase, deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase (BAHD) family isoflavone glucoside malonyltransferase GmIMaT1, and GmIMaT3, which is allelic to the previously characterized GmMT7 and GmIF7MaT. Biochemical studies showed that recombinant GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 enzymes used malonyl-CoA and several isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as substrates. The Km values of GmIMaT1 for glycitin, genistin, and daidzin were 13.11, 23.04, and 36.28 μM, respectively, while these of GmIMaT3 were 12.94, 26.67, and 30.12 μM, respectively. Transgenic hairy roots overexpressing both GmIMaTs had increased levels of malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin, and contents of daidzin and glycitin increased only in GmIMaT1-overexpression lines. The increased daidzein and genistein contents were detected only in GmIMaT3-overexpression lines. Knockdown of GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 reduced malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin contents, and affected other isoflavonoids differently. GmIMaT1 is primarily localized to the endoplasmic reticulum while GmIMaT3 is primarily in the cytosol. By examining their transcript changes corresponding to the altered isoflavone metabolic profiles under various environmental and hormonal stresses, we probed the possible functions of GmIMaTs. Two GmIMaTs displayed distinct tissue expression patterns and respond differently to various factors in modifying isoflavone 7-O-glucosides under various stresses.
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247
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Zhao L, Feng C, Wu K, Chen W, Chen Y, Hao X, Wu Y. Advances and prospects in biogenic substances against plant virus: A review. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 135:15-26. [PMID: 28043326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus diseases, known as 'plant cancer', are the second largest plant diseases after plant fungal diseases, which have caused great damage to agricultural industry. Since now, the most direct and effective method for controlling viruses is chemotherapeutics, except for screening of anti-disease species. As the occurrence and harm of plant diseases intensify, production and consumption of pesticides have increased year by year, and greatly contributed to the fertility of agriculture, but also brought a series of problems, such as the increase of drug resistance of plant pathogens and the excessive pesticide residues. In recent years, biopesticide, as characterized by environmentally safe due to low residual, safe to non-target organism due to better specificity and not as susceptible to produce drug resistance due to diverse work ways, has gained more attention than ever before and exhibited great development potential. Now much progress has been made about researches on new biogenic anti-plant-virus substances. The types of active components include proteins, polysaccharides and small molecules (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, essential oils) from plants, proteins and polysaccharides from microorganisms, polysaccharides from algae and oligochitosan from animals. This study summarized the research advance of biogenic anti-plant-virus substances in recent years and put forward their further development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaohong Feng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Kuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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248
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Secondary Metabolite Production in Transgenic Hairy Root Cultures of Cucurbits. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [PMCID: PMC7123301 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbits are important group of vegetables due to their nutritional significance and are also used for valuable traditional medicine. The infection of plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes results in a hairy root (HR) phenotype characterized by rapid growth in hormone-free medium, an unusual ageotropism and extensive lateral branching. These genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Hairy root cultures offer promise for high production and productivity of valuable secondary metabolites in many plants. High stability and productivity features allow the exploitation of HRs as valuable biotechnological tool for the production of plant secondary metabolites. While these chemical compounds are employed by plants for interactions with their environment, humans have long since explored and exploited plant secondary metabolites for medicinal and practical uses. The main constraint for commercial exploitation of hairy root cultivations is the development and scaling up of appropriate reactor vessels (bioreactors) that permit the growth of interconnected tissues normally unevenly distributed throughout the vessel. Emphasis has focused on designing appropriate bioreactors suitable to culture the delicate and sensitive plant hairy roots. To this end, hairy root culture presents an excellent platform for producing valuable secondary metabolites. For these reasons, this chapter describes the establishment of hairy roots and production of secondary metabolites from hairy roots of cucurbits and also phytochemicals uses for biological activity.
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Nanda S, Mohanty JN, Mishra R, Joshi RK. Metabolic Engineering of Phenylpropanoids in Plants. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lehka BJ, Eichenberger M, Bjørn-Yoshimoto WE, Vanegas KG, Buijs N, Jensen NB, Dyekjær JD, Jenssen H, Simon E, Naesby M. Improving heterologous production of phenylpropanoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by tackling an unwanted side reaction of Tsc13, an endogenous double-bond reductase. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 17:fox004. [PMID: 28073929 PMCID: PMC5815076 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids, such as flavonoids and stilbenoids, are of great commercial interest, and their production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a very promising strategy. However, to achieve commercially viable production, each step of the process must be optimised. We looked at carbon loss, known to occur in the heterologous flavonoid pathway in yeast, and identified an endogenous enzyme, the enoyl reductase Tsc13, which turned out to be responsible for the accumulation of phloretic acid via reduction of p-coumaroyl-CoA. Tsc13 is an essential enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis and cannot be deleted. Hence, two approaches were adopted in an attempt to reduce the side activity without disrupting the natural function: site saturation mutagenesis identified a number of amino acid changes which slightly increased flavonoid production but without reducing the formation of the side product. Conversely, the complementation of TSC13 by a plant gene homologue essentially eliminated the unwanted side reaction, while retaining the productivity of phenylpropanoids in a simulated fed batch fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Joanna Lehka
- Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael Eichenberger
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, CH-4153, Reinach, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, DE-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Walden Emil Bjørn-Yoshimoto
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Katherina Garcia Vanegas
- Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 208, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicolaas Buijs
- Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | | | - Håvard Jenssen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ernesto Simon
- Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, CH-4153, Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Michael Naesby
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, CH-4153, Reinach, Switzerland
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