201
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Isono W, Kawasaki T, Ichida JK, Ayabe T, Hiraike O, Umezawa A, Akutsu H. The combination of dibenzazepine and a DOT1L inhibitor enables a stable maintenance of human naïve-state pluripotency in non-hypoxic conditions. Regen Ther 2020; 15:161-168. [PMID: 33426214 PMCID: PMC7770342 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), known for being in a primed state, are pivotal for both basic research and clinical applications since such cells produce various types of differentiated cells. Recent reports on PSCs shed light on the pluripotent hierarchy of stem cells and have promoted the exploration of new stem cell states along with their culture systems. Human naïve PSCs are expected to provide further knowledge of early developmental mechanisms and improvements for differentiation programmes in the regenerative therapy of conventionally primed PSCs. However, practical challenges exist in using naïve-state PSCs such as determining the conditions for hypoxic culture condition and showing limited stable cellular proliferation. Here, we have developed new leukemia inhibitory factor dependent PSCs by applying our previous work, the combination of dibenzazepine and a DOT1L inhibitor to achieve the stable culture of naïve-state PSCs. The potential of these cells to differentiate into all three germ layers was shown both in vitro and in vivo. Such new naïve-state PSCs formed dome-shaped colonies at a faster rate than conventional, primed-state human induced PSCs and could be maintained for an extended period in the absence of hypoxic culture conditions. We also identified relatively high expression levels of naïve cell markers. Thus, non-hypoxia treated, leukemia inhibitory factor-dependent PSCs are anticipated to have characteristics similar to those of naïve-like PSCs, and to enhance the utility value of PSCs. Such naïve PSCs may allow the molecular characterization of previously undefined naïve human PSCs, and to ultimately contribute to the use of human pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Isono
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawasaki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Takuya Ayabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Osamu Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
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202
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An C, Feng G, Zhang J, Cao S, Wang Y, Wang N, Lu F, Zhou Q, Wang H. Overcoming Autocrine FGF Signaling-Induced Heterogeneity in Naive Human ESCs Enables Modeling of Random X Chromosome Inactivation. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:482-497.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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203
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Kim KP, Wu Y, Yoon J, Adachi K, Wu G, Velychko S, MacCarthy CM, Shin B, Röpke A, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Stehling M, Han DW, Gao Y, Kim J, Gao S, Schöler HR. Reprogramming competence of OCT factors is determined by transactivation domains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eaaz7364. [PMID: 32917606 PMCID: PMC7467702 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz7364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OCT4 (also known as POU5F1) plays an essential role in reprogramming. It is the only member of the POU (Pit-Oct-Unc) family of transcription factors that can induce pluripotency despite sharing high structural similarities to all other members. Here, we discover that OCT6 (also known as POU3F1) can elicit reprogramming specifically in human cells. OCT6-based reprogramming does not alter the mesenchymal-epithelial transition but is attenuated through the delayed activation of the pluripotency network in comparison with OCT4-based reprogramming. Creating a series of reciprocal domain-swapped chimeras and mutants across all OCT factors, we clearly delineate essential elements of OCT4/OCT6-dependent reprogramming and, conversely, identify the features that prevent induction of pluripotency by other OCT factors. With this strategy, we further discover various chimeric proteins that are superior to OCT4 in reprogramming. Our findings clarify how reprogramming competences of OCT factors are conferred through their structural components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - You Wu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Juyong Yoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Kenjiro Adachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Sergiy Velychko
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Caitlin M MacCarthy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Borami Shin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Albrecht Röpke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Marcos J Arauzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian 20014, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Martin Stehling
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Dong Wook Han
- School of Biotechnology and Healthcare, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Johnny Kim
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany.
- University of Münster, Medical Faculty, Domagkstrasse 3, Münster 48149, Germany
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204
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Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells harbor the capacity to differentiate into cells from the three embryonic germ layers, and this ability grants them a central role in modeling human disorders and in the field of regenerative medicine. Here, we review pluripotency in human cells with respect to four different aspects: (1) embryonic development, (2) transcriptomes of pluripotent cell stages, (3) genes and pathways that reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells, and finally (4) the recent identification of the human pluripotent stem cell essentialome. These four aspects of pluripotency collectively culminate in a broader understanding of what makes a cell pluripotent.
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205
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Patani H, Rushton MD, Higham J, Teijeiro SA, Oxley D, Cutillas P, Sproul D, Ficz G. Transition to naïve human pluripotency mirrors pan-cancer DNA hypermethylation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3671. [PMID: 32699299 PMCID: PMC7376100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming is a cancer hallmark, but how it unfolds during early neoplastic events and its role in carcinogenesis and cancer progression is not fully understood. Here we show that resetting from primed to naïve human pluripotency results in acquisition of a DNA methylation landscape mirroring the cancer DNA methylome, with gradual hypermethylation of bivalent developmental genes. We identify a dichotomy between bivalent genes that do and do not become hypermethylated, which is also mirrored in cancer. We find that loss of H3K4me3 at bivalent regions is associated with gain of methylation. Additionally, we observe that promoter CpG island hypermethylation is not restricted solely to emerging naïve cells, suggesting that it is a feature of a heterogeneous intermediate population during resetting. These results indicate that transition to naïve pluripotency and oncogenic transformation share common epigenetic trajectories, which implicates reprogramming and the pluripotency network as a central hub in cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemalvi Patani
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Michael D Rushton
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Higham
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saul A Teijeiro
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - David Oxley
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Duncan Sproul
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gabriella Ficz
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK.
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206
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Cinkornpumin JK, Kwon SY, Guo Y, Hossain I, Sirois J, Russett CS, Tseng HW, Okae H, Arima T, Duchaine TF, Liu W, Pastor WA. Naive Human Embryonic Stem Cells Can Give Rise to Cells with a Trophoblast-like Transcriptome and Methylome. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:198-213. [PMID: 32619492 PMCID: PMC7363941 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) readily differentiate to somatic or germ lineages but have impaired ability to form extra-embryonic lineages such as placenta or yolk sac. Here, we demonstrate that naive hESCs can be converted into cells that exhibit the cellular and molecular phenotypes of human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) derived from human placenta or blastocyst. The resulting "transdifferentiated" hTSCs show reactivation of core placental genes, acquisition of a placenta-like methylome, and the ability to differentiate to extravillous trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Modest differences are observed between transdifferentiated and placental hTSCs, most notably in the expression of certain imprinted loci. These results suggest that naive hESCs can differentiate to extra-embryonic lineage and demonstrate a new way of modeling human trophoblast specification and placental methylome establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sin Young Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yixin Guo
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining 314400, China
| | - Ishtiaque Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Sirois
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Colleen S Russett
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Hsin-Wei Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Hiroaki Okae
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Centre, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Centre, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Thomas F Duchaine
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining 314400, China
| | - William A Pastor
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
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207
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Kim J, Koo BK, Knoblich JA. Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:571-584. [PMID: 32636524 PMCID: PMC7339799 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 244.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The historical reliance of biological research on the use of animal models has sometimes made it challenging to address questions that are specific to the understanding of human biology and disease. But with the advent of human organoids — which are stem cell-derived 3D culture systems — it is now possible to re-create the architecture and physiology of human organs in remarkable detail. Human organoids provide unique opportunities for the study of human disease and complement animal models. Human organoids have been used to study infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancers through the genetic engineering of human stem cells, as well as directly when organoids are generated from patient biopsy samples. This Review discusses the applications, advantages and disadvantages of human organoids as models of development and disease and outlines the challenges that have to be overcome for organoids to be able to substantially reduce the need for animal experiments. Human organoids are valuable models for the study of development and disease and for drug discovery, thus complementing traditional animal models. The generation of organoids from patient biopsy samples has enabled researchers to study, for example, infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancers. This Review discusses the advantages, disadvantages and future challenges of the use of organoids as models for human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Juergen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria. .,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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208
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Histone Acetyltransferase MOF Blocks Acquisition of Quiescence in Ground-State ESCs through Activating Fatty Acid Oxidation. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:441-458.e10. [PMID: 32610040 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewing embryonic stem cells (ESCs) respond to environmental cues by exiting pluripotency or entering a quiescent state. The molecular basis underlying this fate choice remains unclear. Here, we show that histone acetyltransferase MOF plays a critical role in this process through directly activating fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the ground-state ESCs. We further show that the ground-state ESCs particularly rely on elevated FAO for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and energy production. Mof deletion or FAO inhibition induces bona fide quiescent ground-state ESCs with an intact core pluripotency network and transcriptome signatures akin to the diapaused epiblasts in vivo. Mechanistically, MOF/FAO inhibition acts through reducing mitochondrial respiration (i.e., OXPHOS), which in turn triggers reversible pluripotent quiescence specifically in the ground-state ESCs. The inhibition of FAO/OXPHOS also induces quiescence in naive human ESCs. Our study suggests a general function of the MOF/FAO/OXPHOS axis in regulating cell fate determination in stem cells.
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209
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Dodsworth BT, Hatje K, Rostovskaya M, Flynn R, Meyer CA, Cowley SA. Profiling of naïve and primed human pluripotent stem cells reveals state-associated miRNAs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10542. [PMID: 32601281 PMCID: PMC7324611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) resemble the embryonic epiblast at an earlier time-point in development than conventional, 'primed' hPSC. We present a comprehensive miRNA profiling of naïve-to-primed transition in hPSC, a process recapitulating aspects of early in vivo embryogenesis. We identify miR-143-3p and miR-22-3p as markers of the naïve state and miR-363-5p, several members of the miR-17 family, miR-302 family as primed markers. We uncover that miR-371-373 are highly expressed in naïve hPSC. MiR-371-373 are the human homologs of the mouse miR-290 family, which are the most highly expressed miRNAs in naïve mouse PSC. This aligns with the consensus that naïve hPSC resemble mouse naive PSC, showing that the absence of miR-371-373 in conventional hPSC is due to cell state rather than a species difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Dodsworth
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klas Hatje
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Rowan Flynn
- Censo Biotechnologies, Roslin Innovation Centre Charnock Bradley Building, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Claas A Meyer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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210
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Shanak S, Helms V. DNA methylation and the core pluripotency network. Dev Biol 2020; 464:145-160. [PMID: 32562758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
From the onset of fertilization, the genome undergoes cell division and differentiation. All of these developmental transitions and differentiation processes include cell-specific signatures and gradual changes of the epigenome. Understanding what keeps stem cells in the pluripotent state and what leads to differentiation are fascinating and biomedically highly important issues. Numerous studies have identified genes, proteins, microRNAs and small molecules that exert essential effects. Notably, there exists a core pluripotency network that consists of several transcription factors and accessory proteins. Three eminent transcription factors, OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG, serve as hubs in this core pluripotency network. They bind to the enhancer regions of their target genes and modulate, among others, the expression levels of genes that are associated with Gene Ontology terms related to differentiation and self-renewal. Also, much has been learned about the epigenetic rewiring processes during these changes of cell fate. For example, DNA methylation dynamics is pivotal during embryonic development. The main goal of this review is to highlight an intricate interplay of (a) DNA methyltransferases controlling the expression levels of core pluripotency factors by modulation of the DNA methylation levels in their enhancer regions, and of (b) the core pluripotency factors controlling the transcriptional regulation of DNA methyltransferases. We discuss these processes both at the global level and in atomistic detail based on information from structural studies and from computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siba Shanak
- Faculty of Science, Arab-American University, Jenin, Palestine; Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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211
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Ma Z, Li Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Tan T, Fan Y. A lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network for human primed, naive and extended pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234628. [PMID: 32544168 PMCID: PMC7297305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a promising platform for studying embryonic development, and different states of pluripotency reflect the different stages of embryo development. Here, we successfully converted three in-house-derived primed hPSC lines (H10, H24, and iPS) to a naive state and an expanded pluripotent stem cell (EPS) state. Primed, naive and EPS cells displayed state-specific morphologies and expressed pluripotent markers. The expression of SSEA4 and TRA-1-60 was downregulated in the conversion process. The H3K27me3 expression level also decreased, indicating that global methylation was reduced and that the X chromosome started to reactivate. RNA-sequencing analysis results revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in both naive hPSCs and EPS cells when compared to the primed state. However, imprinted gene expression barely changed before and after state reversion. Gene ontology (GO) analyses showed that the upregulated DEGs were mostly enriched in RNA processing, DNA replication and repair, and regulation of cell cycle process, while downregulated DEGs were related to extracellular adhesion and various tissue developmental processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that EPS cells were enriched in the PI3K-Akt and Wnt signaling pathways. Analysis of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network between primed, naive hPSCs and EPS cells revealed that hsa-miR-424-5p, has-miR-16-5p, has-miR-27b-3p, has-miR-29c-3p, and KCNQ1OT1 were crucial nodes with high degrees of connectivity. Our work may represent new insight into the intrinsic molecular features of different hPSC states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglai Ma
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Li
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (YF); (TT)
| | - Yong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YF); (TT)
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212
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Shiozawa S, Nakajima M, Okahara J, Kuortaki Y, Kisa F, Yoshimatsu S, Nakamura M, Koya I, Yoshimura M, Sasagawa Y, Nikaido I, Sasaki E, Okano H. Primed to Naive-Like Conversion of the Common Marmoset Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:761-773. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Shiozawa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayutaka Nakajima
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Okahara
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yoko Kuortaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Kisa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Discovery Research Laboratories I, Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mishima, Japan
| | - Sho Yoshimatsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Koya
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Yoshimura
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Japan
| | - Yohei Sasagawa
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Japan
| | - Itoshi Nikaido
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Japan
- Bioinformatics Course, Master's/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation (T-LSI), School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Wako, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
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213
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Takahashi K, Jeong D, Wang S, Narita M, Jin X, Iwasaki M, Perli SD, Conklin BR, Yamanaka S. Critical Roles of Translation Initiation and RNA Uridylation in Endogenous Retroviral Expression and Neural Differentiation in Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107715. [PMID: 32492424 PMCID: PMC8195978 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the loss of the translation initiation factor eIF4G1 homolog NAT1 induces excessive self-renewability of naive pluripotent stem cells (PSCs); yet the role of NAT1 in the self-renewal and differentiation of primed PSCs is still unclear. Here, we generate a conditional knockout of NAT1 in primed PSCs and use the cells for the functional analyses of NAT1. Our results show that NAT1 is required for the self-renewal and neural differentiation of primed PSCs. In contrast, NAT1 deficiency in naive pluripotency attenuates the differentiation to all cell types. We also find that NAT1 is involved in efficient protein expression of an RNA uridyltransferase, TUT7. TUT7 is involved in the neural differentiation of primed PSCs via the regulation of human endogenous retrovirus accumulation. These data demonstrate the essential roles of NAT1 and TUT7 in the precise transition of stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Daeun Jeong
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Songnan Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Megumi Narita
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Xuemei Jin
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mio Iwasaki
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Samuel D Perli
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bruce R Conklin
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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214
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Dodsworth BT, Hatje K, Meyer CA, Flynn R, Cowley SA. Rates of homology directed repair of CRISPR-Cas9 induced double strand breaks are lower in naïve compared to primed human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2020; 46:101852. [PMID: 32521498 PMCID: PMC7347009 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetics of Cas9-induced double strand break repair in conventional hPSC. Homology directed repair to resolve Cas9-induced double strand breaks is 40% lower in naïve hPSC compared to conventional hPSC. Naïve hPSC (4iLA) have a higher number of cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Gene editing in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) is a powerful tool for understanding biology, for drug discovery and gene therapy. Naïve hPSC have been suggested to be superior for gene editing compared to conventional ‘primed’ hPSC. Using droplet digital PCR, we uncover the kinetics of Cas9-induced double strand break repair in conventional hPSC. Cut but unrepaired alleles reach their maximum after 12–24 h. Homology directed repair plateaus after 24 h, whereas repair by non-homologous end joining continues until 48 h after Cas9 introduction. Using this method, we demonstrate that the rate of homology directed repair to resolve Cas9-induced double strand breaks is 40% lower in naïve hPSC compared to conventional hPSC, correlating with, and feasibly explained by, a higher number of cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle in naïve hPSC. Therefore, naïve hPSC are less efficient for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology directed repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Dodsworth
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klas Hatje
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claas Aiko Meyer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rowan Flynn
- Censo Biotechnologies, Roslin Innovation Centre Charnock Bradley Building, Easter Bush Campus EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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215
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Lau KX, Mason EA, Kie J, De Souza DP, Kloehn J, Tull D, McConville MJ, Keniry A, Beck T, Blewitt ME, Ritchie ME, Naik SH, Zalcenstein D, Korn O, Su S, Romero IG, Spruce C, Baker CL, McGarr TC, Wells CA, Pera MF. Unique properties of a subset of human pluripotent stem cells with high capacity for self-renewal. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2420. [PMID: 32415101 PMCID: PMC7229198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Archetypal human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) are widely considered to be equivalent in developmental status to mouse epiblast stem cells, which correspond to pluripotent cells at a late post-implantation stage of embryogenesis. Heterogeneity within hPSC cultures complicates this interspecies comparison. Here we show that a subpopulation of archetypal hPSC enriched for high self-renewal capacity (ESR) has distinct properties relative to the bulk of the population, including a cell cycle with a very low G1 fraction and a metabolomic profile that reflects a combination of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. ESR cells are pluripotent and capable of differentiation into primordial germ cell-like cells. Global DNA methylation levels in the ESR subpopulation are lower than those in mouse epiblast stem cells. Chromatin accessibility analysis revealed a unique set of open chromatin sites in ESR cells. RNA-seq at the subpopulation and single cell levels shows that, unlike mouse epiblast stem cells, the ESR subset of hPSC displays no lineage priming, and that it can be clearly distinguished from gastrulating and extraembryonic cell populations in the primate embryo. ESR hPSC correspond to an earlier stage of post-implantation development than mouse epiblast stem cells. Human pluripotent cells (hPSCs) in standard culture are similar to mouse epiblast cells, but heterogeneity within hPSC cultures complicates comparisons. Here the authors show that a subpopulation of hPSCs enriched for self-renewal capacity have distinct cell cycle, metabolic, DNA methylation, and ATAC-seq profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin X Lau
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Mason
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joshua Kie
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - David P De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew Keniry
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tamara Beck
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Marnie E Blewitt
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Shalin H Naik
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Daniela Zalcenstein
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Othmar Korn
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Shian Su
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Irene Gallego Romero
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Christine A Wells
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Divisions of Cancer and Hematology and Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA. .,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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216
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Hu Z, Li H, Jiang H, Ren Y, Yu X, Qiu J, Stablewski AB, Zhang B, Buck MJ, Feng J. Transient inhibition of mTOR in human pluripotent stem cells enables robust formation of mouse-human chimeric embryos. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0298. [PMID: 32426495 PMCID: PMC7220352 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It has not been possible to generate naïve human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that substantially contribute to mouse embryos. We found that a brief inhibition of mTOR with Torin1 converted hPSCs from primed to naïve pluripotency. The naïve hPSCs were maintained in the same condition as mouse embryonic stem cells and exhibited high clonogenicity, rapid proliferation, mitochondrial respiration, X chromosome reactivation, DNA hypomethylation, and transcriptomes sharing similarities to those of human blastocysts. When transferred to mouse blastocysts, naïve hPSCs generated 0.1 to 4% human cells, of all three germ layers, including large amounts of enucleated red blood cells, suggesting a marked acceleration of hPSC development in mouse embryos. Torin1 induced nuclear translocation of TFE3; TFE3 with mutated nuclear localization signal blocked the primed-to-naïve conversion. The generation of chimera-competent naïve hPSCs unifies some common features of naïve pluripotency in mammals and may enable applications such as human organ generation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Hanqin Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Yong Ren
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Xinyang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jingxin Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Aimee B. Stablewski
- Gene Targeting and Transgenic Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Michael J. Buck
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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217
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Mandal S, Chandel D, Kaur H, Majumdar S, Arava M, Gayen S. Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Partial Reactivation of X Chromosome instead of Chromosome-wide Dampening in Naive Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:745-754. [PMID: 32359444 PMCID: PMC7221091 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a unique form of X chromosome dosage compensation has been demonstrated in human preimplantation embryos, which happens through the dampening of X-linked gene expression from both X chromosomes. Subsequently, X chromosome dampening has also been demonstrated in female human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) during the transition from primed to naive state. However, the existence of dampened X chromosomes in both embryos and hPSCs remains controversial. Specifically, in preimplantation embryos it has been shown that there is inactivation of X chromosome instead of dampening. Here, we performed allelic analysis of X-linked genes at the single-cell level in hPSCs and found that there is partial reactivation of the inactive X chromosome instead of chromosome-wide dampening upon conversion from primed to naive state. In addition, our analysis suggests that the reduced X-linked gene expression in naive hPSCs might be the consequence of erasure of active X chromosome upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Mandal
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Deepshikha Chandel
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Harman Kaur
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sudeshna Majumdar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Maniteja Arava
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Srimonta Gayen
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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218
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Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate enhances oct4 expression and reinforces pluripotency through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113984. [PMID: 32311348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are have therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine and drug discovery. However, the differentiation of stem cells in vitro hinders their large-scale production and clinical applications. The maintenance of cell pluripotency relies on a complex network of transcription factors; of these, octamer-binding transcription factor-4 (Oct4) plays a key role. This study aimed to construct an Oct4 gene promoter-driven firefly luciferase reporter and screen small-molecule compounds could maintain cell self-renewal and pluripotency. The results showed that ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) enhance the promoter activity of the Oct4 gene, increased the expression of Oct4 at both mRNA and protein levels, and significantly promoted the colony formation of P19 cells. These findings suggesting that EPMC could reinforce the self-renewal capacity of P19 cells. The pluripotency markers Oct4, SRY-related high-mobility-group-box protein-2, and Nanog were expressed at higher levels in EPMC-induced colonies. EPMC could promote teratoma formation and differentiation potential of P19 cells in vivo. It also enhanced self-renewal and pluripotency of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and mouse embryonic stem cells. Moreover, it significantly activated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway via the myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent pathway. The expression level of Oct4 decreased after blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway, suggesting that EPMC promoted the expression of Oct4 partially through the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study indicated that EPMC could maintain self-renewal and pluripotency of stem cells.
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219
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Wojdyla K, Collier AJ, Fabian C, Nisi PS, Biggins L, Oxley D, Rugg-Gunn PJ. Cell-Surface Proteomics Identifies Differences in Signaling and Adhesion Protein Expression between Naive and Primed Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:972-988. [PMID: 32302559 PMCID: PMC7220956 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive and primed human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) provide valuable models to study cellular and molecular developmental processes. The lack of detailed information about cell-surface protein expression in these two pluripotent cell types prevents an understanding of how the cells communicate and interact with their microenvironments. Here, we used plasma membrane profiling to directly measure cell-surface protein expression in naive and primed hPSC. This unbiased approach quantified over 1,700 plasma membrane proteins, including those involved in cell adhesion, signaling, and cell interactions. Notably, multiple cytokine receptors upstream of JAK-STAT signaling were more abundant in naive hPSC. In addition, functional experiments showed that FOLR1 and SUSD2 proteins are highly expressed at the cell surface in naive hPSC but are not required to establish human naive pluripotency. This study provides a comprehensive stem cell proteomic resource that uncovers differences in signaling pathway activity and has identified new markers to define human pluripotent states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wojdyla
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK; Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Charlene Fabian
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paola S Nisi
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Biggins
- Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Oxley
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Rugg-Gunn
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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220
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Modulation of Wnt and Activin/Nodal supports efficient derivation, cloning and suspension expansion of human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2020; 249:120015. [PMID: 32311594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Various culture systems have been used to derive and maintain human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), but they are inefficient in sustaining cloning and suspension expansion of hPSCs. Through systematically modulating Wnt and Activin/Nodal signaling, we developed a defined medium (termed AIC), which enables efficient cloning and long-term expansion of hPSCs (AIC-hPSCs) through single-cell passage on feeders, matrix or in suspension (25-fold expansion in 4 days) and maintains genomic stability of hPSCs over extensive expansion. Moreover, the AIC medium supports efficient derivation of hPSCs from blastocysts or somatic cells under feeder-free conditions. Compared to conventional hPSCs, AIC-hPSCs have similar gene expression profiles but down-regulated differentiation genes and display higher metabolic activity. Additionally, the AIC medium shows a good compatibility for different hPSC lines under various culture conditions. Our study provides a robust culture system for derivation, cloning and suspension expansion of high-quality hPSCs that benefits GMP production and processing of therapeutic hPSC products.
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221
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Heemskerk I. Full of potential: Pluripotent stem cells for the systems biology of embryonic patterning. Dev Biol 2020; 460:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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222
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Somasundaram L, Levy S, Hussein AM, Ehnes DD, Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. Epigenetic metabolites license stem cell states. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 138:209-240. [PMID: 32220298 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has become clear during recent years that stem cells undergo metabolic remodeling during their activation process. While these metabolic switches take place in pluripotency as well as adult stem cell populations, the rules that govern the switch are not clear. In this review, we summarize some of the transitions in adult and pluripotent cell types and will propose that the key function in this process is the generation of epigenetic metabolites that govern critical epigenetic modifications, and therefore stem cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logeshwaran Somasundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shiri Levy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Abdiasis M Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Devon D Ehnes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Mathieu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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223
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Zimmerlin L, Zambidis ET. Pleiotropic roles of tankyrase/PARP proteins in the establishment and maintenance of human naïve pluripotency. Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111935. [PMID: 32151493 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tankyrase 1 (TNKS1; PARP-5a) and Tankyrase 2 (TNKS2; PARP-5b) are poly-ADP-ribosyl-polymerase (PARP)-domain-containing proteins that regulate the activities of a wide repertoire of target proteins via post-translational addition of poly-ADP-ribose polymers (PARylation). Although tankyrases were first identified as regulators of human telomere elongation, important and expansive roles of tankyrase activity have recently emerged in the development and maintenance of stem cell states. Herein, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the various tankyrase-mediated activities that may promote human naïve and 'extended' pluripotency'. We review the putative role of tankyrase and PARP inhibition in trophectoderm specification, telomere elongation, DNA repair and chromosomal segregation, metabolism, and PTEN-mediated apoptosis. Importantly, tankyrases possess PARP-independent activities that include regulation of MDC1-associated DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR) and autophagy/pexophagy, which is an essential mechanism of protein synthesis in the preimplantation embryo. Additionally, tankyrases auto-regulate themselves via auto-PARylation which augments their cellular protein levels and potentiates their non-PARP tankyrase functions. We propose that these non-PARP-related activities of tankyrase proteins may further independently affect both naïve and extended pluripotency via mechanisms that remain undetermined. We broadly outline a hypothetical framework for how inclusion of a tankyrase/PARP inhibitor in small molecule cocktails may stabilize and potentiate naïve and extended pluripotency via pleiotropic routes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zimmerlin
- Institute for Cell Engineering, And Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Miller Research Building, Room 755, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- Institute for Cell Engineering, And Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Miller Research Building, Room 755, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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224
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Transcriptional Heterogeneity in Naive and Primed Human Pluripotent Stem Cells at Single-Cell Resolution. Cell Rep 2020; 26:815-824.e4. [PMID: 30673604 PMCID: PMC6344340 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional human embryonic stem cells are considered to be primed pluripotent but can be induced to enter a naive state. However, the transcriptional features associated with naive and primed pluripotency are still not fully understood. Here we used single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the differences between these conditions. We observed that both naive and primed populations were mostly homogeneous with no clear lineage-related structure and identified an intermediate subpopulation of naive cells with primed-like expression. We found that the naive-primed pluripotency axis is preserved across species, although the timing of the transition to a primed state is species specific. We also identified markers for distinguishing human naive and primed pluripotency as well as strong co-regulatory relationships between lineage markers and epigenetic regulators that were exclusive to naive cells. Our data provide valuable insights into the transcriptional landscape of human pluripotency at a cellular and genome-wide resolution. A single-cell RNA-seq resource of naive and primed human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) Naive and primed hESCs are homogeneous except for a naive intermediate subpopulation Naive and primed pluripotency signatures are conserved between species Pluripotency and lineage markers correlate with epigenetic machinery in naive hESCs
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225
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Fang F, Li Z, Zhao Q, Xiong C, Ni K. Analysis of multi-lineage gene expression dynamics during primordial germ cell induction from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:100. [PMID: 32127035 PMCID: PMC7055065 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In mammals, specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is established in the early postimplantation embryo. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD and WNT3-β-catenin signaling initiate the gene regulatory network for PGC specification. The activation of SOX17-BLIMP1 axis is critical for human PGC program. Moreover, EpCAM and INTEGRINα6 were identified as surface markers of human PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) recently. However, the signaling mechanism for PGC specification in nonrodent mammals remains to be clarified. Methods We differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into PGCLCs in vitro in response to Activin A and BMP4. The percentage of EpCAM/INTEGRINα6 double-positive cells (PGCLCs) was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of PGC genes was evaluated by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The expression dynamic of multi-lineage genes during the differentiation process was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Results Under the stimulation for PGCLC induction, the embryoids derived from hiPSCs initiated significant upregulation of the early PGC genes (BLIMP1, TFAP2C, and NANOS3), but maintained low or no levels of DPPA3 and late PGC genes (DAZL and DDX4). The percentage of EpCAM/INTEGRINα6 double-positive PGCLCs reached the highest at day 6 of induction. After pre-induction, the incipient mesoderm-like cells (iMeLCs) upregulated most of the mesoderm genes (EOMES, T, MSXI, RUNX2, and MIXL1). The differentiating embryoids showed high levels of key pluripotency genes, OCT4 and NANOG, but became negative for SOX2. In contrast to iMeLCs, the differentiating embryoids downregulated mesoderm genes RUNX2 and EOMES, and ectoderm gene PAX6, but increased the expression of endoderm gene SOX17. Conclusions During PGCLC induction process in vitro, the differentiating embryoids not only activated the PGC-related genes, but also displayed complex regulation of pluripotency genes and multi-lineage genes. These results would be meaningful for future research investigating the regulation of human early germ line development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zili Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, 128 Sanyang Road, Wuhan, 430013, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chengliang Xiong
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, 128 Sanyang Road, Wuhan, 430013, China
| | - Ke Ni
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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226
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Bi Y, Tu Z, Zhang Y, Yang P, Guo M, Zhu X, Zhao C, Zhou J, Wang H, Wang Y, Gao S. Identification of ALPPL2 as a Naive Pluripotent State-Specific Surface Protein Essential for Human Naive Pluripotency Regulation. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3917-3931.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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227
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Tsogtbaatar E, Landin C, Minter-Dykhouse K, Folmes CDL. Energy Metabolism Regulates Stem Cell Pluripotency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:87. [PMID: 32181250 PMCID: PMC7059177 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are characterized by their unique capacity for both unlimited self-renewal and their potential to differentiate to all cell lineages contained within the three primary germ layers. While once considered a distinct cellular state, it is becoming clear that pluripotency is in fact a continuum of cellular states, all capable of self-renewal and differentiation, yet with distinct metabolic, mitochondrial and epigenetic features dependent on gestational stage. In this review we focus on two of the most clearly defined states: “naïve” and “primed” PSCs. Like other rapidly dividing cells, PSCs have a high demand for anabolic precursors necessary to replicate their genome, cytoplasm and organelles, while concurrently consuming energy in the form of ATP. This requirement for both anabolic and catabolic processes sufficient to supply a highly adapted cell cycle in the context of reduced oxygen availability, distinguishes PSCs from their differentiated progeny. During early embryogenesis PSCs adapt their substrate preference to match the bioenergetic requirements of each specific developmental stage. This is reflected in different mitochondrial morphologies, membrane potentials, electron transport chain (ETC) compositions, and utilization of glycolysis. Additionally, metabolites produced in PSCs can directly influence epigenetic and transcriptional programs, which in turn can affect self-renewal characteristics. Thus, our understanding of the role of metabolism in PSC fate has expanded from anabolism and catabolism to include governance of the pluripotent epigenetic landscape. Understanding the roles of metabolism and the factors influencing metabolic pathways in naïve and primed pluripotent states provide a platform for understanding the drivers of cell fate during development. This review highlights the roles of the major metabolic pathways in the acquisition and maintenance of the different states of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhtuul Tsogtbaatar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Chelsea Landin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Katherine Minter-Dykhouse
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Clifford D L Folmes
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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228
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Taei A, Rasooli P, Braun T, Hassani SN, Baharvand H. Signal regulators of human naïve pluripotency. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111924. [PMID: 32112799 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells transiently develop during peri-implantation embryogenesis and have the capacity to convert into three embryonic lineages. Two typical states of pluripotency, naïve and primed, can be experimentally induced in vitro. The in vitro naïve state can be stabilized in response to environmental inductive cues via a unique transcriptional regulatory program. However, interference with various signaling pathways creates a spectrum of alternative pluripotent cells that display different functions and molecular expression patterns. Similarly, human naïve pluripotent cells can be placed into two main levels - intermediate and bona fide. Here, we discuss several culture conditions that have been used to establish naïve-associated gene regulatory networks in human pluripotent cells. We also describe different transcriptional patterns in various culture systems that are associated with these two levels of human naïve pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleh Taei
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paniz Rasooli
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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229
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Yamauchi K, Ikeda T, Hosokawa M, Nakatsuji N, Kawase E, Chuma S, Hasegawa K, Suemori H. Overexpression of Nuclear Receptor 5A1 Induces and Maintains an Intermediate State of Conversion between Primed and Naive Pluripotency. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:506-519. [PMID: 32084386 PMCID: PMC7066342 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive and primed human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have provided useful insights into the regulation of pluripotency. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating naive conversion remain elusive. Here, we report intermediate naive conversion induced by overexpressing nuclear receptor 5A1 (NR5A1) in hPSCs. The cells displayed some naive features, such as clonogenicity, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) independence, expression of naive-associated genes, and two activated X chromosomes, but lacked others, such as KLF17 expression, transforming growth factor β independence, and imprinted gene demethylation. Notably, NR5A1 negated MAPK activation by fibroblast growth factor 2, leading to cell-autonomous self-renewal independent of MAPK inhibition. These phenotypes may be associated with naive conversion, and were regulated by a DPPA2/4-dependent pathway that activates the selective expression of naive-associated genes. This study increases our understanding of the mechanisms regulating the conversion from primed to naive pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ikeda
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8351, Japan
| | - Mihoko Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Developmental Epigenome, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8351, Japan; Laboratory of Developmental Epigenome, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Eihachiro Kawase
- Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Chuma
- Laboratory of Developmental Epigenome, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kouichi Hasegawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8351, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, NCBS Campus, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Hirofumi Suemori
- Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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230
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Ehnes DD, Hussein AM, Ware CB, Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. Combinatorial metabolism drives the naive to primed pluripotent chromatin landscape. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111913. [PMID: 32084392 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since epigenetic modifications are a key driver for cellular differentiation, the regulation of these modifications is tightly controlled. Interestingly, recent studies have revealed metabolic regulation for epigenetic modifications in pluripotent cells. As metabolic differences are prominent between naive (pre-implantation) and primed (post-implantation) pluripotent cells, the epigenetic changes regulated by metabolites has become an interesting topic of analysis. In this review we discuss how combinatorial metabolic activities drive the developmental progression through early pluripotent stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Ehnes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - A M Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - C B Ware
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - J Mathieu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - H Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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231
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Dong C, Beltcheva M, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Popli P, Fischer LA, Khan SA, Park KM, Yoon EJ, Xing X, Kommagani R, Wang T, Solnica-Krezel L, Theunissen TW. Derivation of trophoblast stem cells from naïve human pluripotent stem cells. eLife 2020; 9:e52504. [PMID: 32048992 PMCID: PMC7062471 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a unique experimental platform of cell fate decisions during pre-implantation development, but their lineage potential remains incompletely characterized. As naïve hPSCs share transcriptional and epigenomic signatures with trophoblast cells, it has been proposed that the naïve state may have enhanced predisposition for differentiation along this extraembryonic lineage. Here we examined the trophoblast potential of isogenic naïve and primed hPSCs. We found that naïve hPSCs can directly give rise to human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) and undergo further differentiation into both extravillous and syncytiotrophoblast. In contrast, primed hPSCs do not support hTSC derivation, but give rise to non-self-renewing cytotrophoblasts in response to BMP4. Global transcriptome and chromatin accessibility analyses indicate that hTSCs derived from naïve hPSCs are similar to blastocyst-derived hTSCs and acquire features of post-implantation trophectoderm. The derivation of hTSCs from naïve hPSCs will enable elucidation of early mechanisms that govern normal human trophoblast development and associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Mariana Beltcheva
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Paul Gontarz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Pooja Popli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Laura A Fischer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Shafqat A Khan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Kyoung-mi Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Eun-Ja Yoon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Xiaoyun Xing
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Ramakrishna Kommagani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Ting Wang
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Thorold W Theunissen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
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232
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Afanassieff M, Perold F, Bouchereau W, Cadiou A, Beaujean N. Embryo-derived and induced pluripotent stem cells: Towards naive pluripotency and chimeric competency in rabbits. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111908. [PMID: 32057751 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both embryo-derived (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines have been established in rabbit. They exhibit the essential characteristics of primed pluripotency. In this review, we described their characteristic features at both molecular and functional levels. We also described the attempts to reprogram rabbit pluripotent stem cells (rbPSCs) toward the naive state of pluripotency using methods established previously to capture this state in rodents and primates. In the last section, we described and discussed our current knowledge of rabbit embryo development pertaining to the mechanisms of early lineage segregation. We argued that the molecular signature of naive-state pluripotency differs between mice and rabbits. We finally discussed some of the key issues to be addressed for capturing the naive state in rbPSCs, including the generation of embryo/PSC chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Afanassieff
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, F-69500, Bron, France.
| | - Florence Perold
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, F-69500, Bron, France
| | - Wilhelm Bouchereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, F-69500, Bron, France
| | - Antoine Cadiou
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, F-69500, Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Beaujean
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, F-69500, Bron, France
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233
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Wamaitha SE, Grybel KJ, Alanis-Lobato G, Gerri C, Ogushi S, McCarthy A, Mahadevaiah SK, Healy L, Lea RA, Molina-Arcas M, Devito LG, Elder K, Snell P, Christie L, Downward J, Turner JMA, Niakan KK. IGF1-mediated human embryonic stem cell self-renewal recapitulates the embryonic niche. Nat Commun 2020; 11:764. [PMID: 32034154 PMCID: PMC7005693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the signalling pathways regulating early human development is limited, despite their fundamental biological importance. Here, we mine transcriptomics datasets to investigate signalling in the human embryo and identify expression for the insulin and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptors, along with IGF1 ligand. Consequently, we generate a minimal chemically-defined culture medium in which IGF1 together with Activin maintain self-renewal in the absence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling. Under these conditions, we derive several pluripotent stem cell lines that express pluripotency-associated genes, retain high viability and a normal karyotype, and can be genetically modified or differentiated into multiple cell lineages. We also identify active phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR signalling in early human embryos, and in both primed and naïve pluripotent culture conditions. This demonstrates that signalling insights from human blastocysts can be used to define culture conditions that more closely recapitulate the embryonic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissy E Wamaitha
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Katarzyna J Grybel
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gregorio Alanis-Lobato
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Claudia Gerri
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sugako Ogushi
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Afshan McCarthy
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Lyn Healy
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rebecca A Lea
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Miriam Molina-Arcas
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Liani G Devito
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kay Elder
- Bourn Hall Clinic, Bourn, Cambridge, CB23 2TN, UK
| | - Phil Snell
- Bourn Hall Clinic, Bourn, Cambridge, CB23 2TN, UK
| | | | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James M A Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kathy K Niakan
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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234
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Lees JG, Gardner DK, Harvey AJ. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide induces a bivalent metabolism and maintains pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2020; 38:624-638. [PMID: 32003519 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) and its precursor metabolites are emerging as important regulators of both cell metabolism and cell state. Interestingly, the role of NAD+ in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) metabolism and the regulation of pluripotent cell state is unresolved. Here we show that NAD+ simultaneously increases hESC mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and partially suppresses glycolysis and stimulates amino acid turnover, doubling the consumption of glutamine. Concurrent with this metabolic remodeling, NAD+ increases hESC pluripotent marker expression and proliferation, inhibits BMP4-induced differentiation and reduces global histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation, plausibly inducing an intermediate naïve-to-primed bivalent metabolism and pluripotent state. Furthermore, maintenance of NAD+ recycling via malate aspartate shuttle activity is identified as an absolute requirement for hESC self-renewal, responsible for 80% of the oxidative capacity of hESC mitochondria. Our findings implicate NAD+ in the regulation of cell state, suggesting that the hESC pluripotent state is dependent upon cellular NAD+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmon G Lees
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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235
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Liu G, David BT, Trawczynski M, Fessler RG. Advances in Pluripotent Stem Cells: History, Mechanisms, Technologies, and Applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:3-32. [PMID: 31760627 PMCID: PMC6987053 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, and particularly in the last decade, significant developmental milestones have driven basic, translational, and clinical advances in the field of stem cell and regenerative medicine. In this article, we provide a systemic overview of the major recent discoveries in this exciting and rapidly developing field. We begin by discussing experimental advances in the generation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), next moving to the maintenance of stem cells in different culture types, and finishing with a discussion of three-dimensional (3D) cell technology and future stem cell applications. Specifically, we highlight the following crucial domains: 1) sources of pluripotent cells; 2) next-generation in vivo direct reprogramming technology; 3) cell types derived from PSCs and the influence of genetic memory; 4) induction of pluripotency with genomic modifications; 5) construction of vectors with reprogramming factor combinations; 6) enhancing pluripotency with small molecules and genetic signaling pathways; 7) induction of cell reprogramming by RNA signaling; 8) induction and enhancement of pluripotency with chemicals; 9) maintenance of pluripotency and genomic stability in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); 10) feeder-free and xenon-free culture environments; 11) biomaterial applications in stem cell biology; 12) three-dimensional (3D) cell technology; 13) 3D bioprinting; 14) downstream stem cell applications; and 15) current ethical issues in stem cell and regenerative medicine. This review, encompassing the fundamental concepts of regenerative medicine, is intended to provide a comprehensive portrait of important progress in stem cell research and development. Innovative technologies and real-world applications are emphasized for readers interested in the exciting, promising, and challenging field of stem cells and those seeking guidance in planning future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gele Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Brian T David
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew Trawczynski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Richard G Fessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Goodwin J, Laslett AL, Rugg-Gunn PJ. The application of cell surface markers to demarcate distinct human pluripotent states. Exp Cell Res 2020; 387:111749. [PMID: 31790696 PMCID: PMC6983944 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) research have uncovered different subpopulations within stem cell cultures and have captured a range of pluripotent states that hold distinct molecular and functional properties. At the two ends of the pluripotency spectrum are naïve and primed hPSC, whereby naïve hPSC grown in stringent conditions recapitulate features of the preimplantation human embryo, and the conventionally grown primed hPSC align closer to the early postimplantation embryo. Investigating these cell types will help to define the mechanisms that control early development and should provide new insights into stem cell properties such as cell identity, differentiation and reprogramming. Monitoring cell surface marker expression provides a valuable approach to resolve complex cell populations, to directly compare between cell types, and to isolate viable cells for functional experiments. This review discusses the discovery and applications of cell surface markers to study human pluripotent cell types with a particular focus on the transitions between naïve and primed states. Highlighted areas for future study include the potential functions for the identified cell surface proteins in pluripotency, the production of new high-quality monoclonal antibodies to naïve-specific protein epitopes and the use of cell surface markers to characterise subpopulations within pluripotent states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Goodwin
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Andrew L Laslett
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Peter J Rugg-Gunn
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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237
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Peired AJ, Mazzinghi B, De Chiara L, Guzzi F, Lasagni L, Romagnani P, Lazzeri E. Bioengineering strategies for nephrologists: kidney was not built in a day. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:467-480. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1709439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Julie Peired
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzinghi
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Letizia De Chiara
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Guzzi
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lasagni
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Lazzeri
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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238
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Patrat C, Ouimette JF, Rougeulle C. X chromosome inactivation in human development. Development 2020; 147:147/1/dev183095. [PMID: 31900287 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a key developmental process taking place in female mammals to compensate for the imbalance in the dosage of X-chromosomal genes between sexes. It is a formidable example of concerted gene regulation and a paradigm for epigenetic processes. Although XCI has been substantially deciphered in the mouse model, how this process is initiated in humans has long remained unexplored. However, recent advances in the experimental capacity to access human embryonic-derived material and in the laws governing ethical considerations of human embryonic research have allowed us to enlighten this black box. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge of human XCI, mainly based on the analyses of embryos derived from in vitro fertilization and of pluripotent stem cells, and highlight any unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Patrat
- Université de Paris, UMR 1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France .,Service de Biologie de la Reproduction - CECOS, Paris Centre Hospital, APHP.centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Claire Rougeulle
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
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239
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GP130 signaling and the control of naïve pluripotency in humans, monkeys, and pigs. Exp Cell Res 2020; 386:111712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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240
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Li QV, Rosen BP, Huangfu D. Decoding pluripotency: Genetic screens to interrogate the acquisition, maintenance, and exit of pluripotency. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1464. [PMID: 31407519 PMCID: PMC6898739 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to unlimitedly self-renew and differentiate to any somatic cell lineage. A number of systems biology approaches have been used to define this pluripotent state. Complementary to systems level characterization, genetic screens offer a unique avenue to functionally interrogate the pluripotent state and identify the key players in pluripotency acquisition and maintenance, exit of pluripotency, and lineage differentiation. Here we review how genetic screens have helped us decode pluripotency regulation. We will summarize results from RNA interference (RNAi) based screens, discuss recent advances in CRISPR/Cas-based genetic perturbation methods, and how these advances have made it possible to more comprehensively interrogate pluripotency and differentiation through genetic screens. Such investigations will not only provide a better understanding of this unique developmental state, but may enhance our ability to use pluripotent stem cells as an experimental model to study human development and disease progression. Functional interrogation of pluripotency also provides a valuable roadmap for utilizing genetic perturbation to gain systems level understanding of additional cellular states, from later stages of development to pathological disease states. This article is categorized under: Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing V. Li
- Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Bess P. Rosen
- Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences at Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Danwei Huangfu
- Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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241
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Nicholls PK, Schorle H, Naqvi S, Hu YC, Fan Y, Carmell MA, Dobrinski I, Watson AL, Carlson DF, Fahrenkrug SC, Page DC. Mammalian germ cells are determined after PGC colonization of the nascent gonad. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25677-25687. [PMID: 31754036 PMCID: PMC6925976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910733116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian primordial germ cells (PGCs) are induced in the embryonic epiblast, before migrating to the nascent gonads. In fish, frogs, and birds, the germline segregates even earlier, through the action of maternally inherited germ plasm. Across vertebrates, migrating PGCs retain a broad developmental potential, regardless of whether they were induced or maternally segregated. In mammals, this potential is indicated by expression of pluripotency factors, and the ability to generate teratomas and pluripotent cell lines. How the germline loses this developmental potential remains unknown. Our genome-wide analyses of embryonic human and mouse germlines reveal a conserved transcriptional program, initiated in PGCs after gonadal colonization, that differentiates germ cells from their germline precursors and from somatic lineages. Through genetic studies in mice and pigs, we demonstrate that one such gonad-induced factor, the RNA-binding protein DAZL, is necessary in vivo to restrict the developmental potential of the germline; DAZL's absence prolongs expression of a Nanog pluripotency reporter, facilitates derivation of pluripotent cell lines, and causes spontaneous gonadal teratomas. Based on these observations in humans, mice, and pigs, we propose that germ cells are determined after gonadal colonization in mammals. We suggest that germ cell determination was induced late in embryogenesis-after organogenesis has begun-in the common ancestor of all vertebrates, as in modern mammals, where this transition is induced by somatic cells of the gonad. We suggest that failure of this process of germ cell determination likely accounts for the origin of human testis cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sahin Naqvi
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Yuting Fan
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510655 Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ina Dobrinski
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | | | | | - David C Page
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
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242
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Linneberg-Agerholm M, Wong YF, Romero Herrera JA, Monteiro RS, Anderson KGV, Brickman JM. Naïve human pluripotent stem cells respond to Wnt, Nodal and LIF signalling to produce expandable naïve extra-embryonic endoderm. Development 2019; 146:dev.180620. [PMID: 31740534 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) exist in at least two states that transcriptionally resemble different stages of embryonic development. Naïve ESCs resemble peri-implantation stages and primed ESCs the pre-gastrulation epiblast. In mouse, primed ESCs give rise to definitive endoderm in response to the pathways downstream of Nodal and Wnt signalling. However, when these pathways are activated in naïve ESCs, they differentiate to a cell type resembling early primitive endoderm (PrE), the blastocyst-stage progenitor of the extra-embryonic endoderm. Here, we apply this context dependency to human ESCs, showing that activation of Nodal and Wnt signalling drives the differentiation of naïve pluripotent cells toward extra-embryonic PrE, or hypoblast, and these can be expanded as an in vitro model for naïve extra-embryonic endoderm (nEnd). Consistent with observations made in mouse, human PrE differentiation is dependent on FGF signalling in vitro, and we show that, by inhibiting FGF receptor signalling, we can simplify naïve pluripotent culture conditions, such that the inhibitor requirements closer resemble those used in mouse. The expandable nEnd cultures reported here represent stable extra-embryonic endoderm, or human hypoblast, cell lines.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Linneberg-Agerholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yan Fung Wong
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jose Alejandro Romero Herrera
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Rita S Monteiro
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kathryn G V Anderson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Joshua M Brickman
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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243
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McKee C, Brown C, Chaudhry GR. Self-Assembling Scaffolds Supported Long-Term Growth of Human Primed Embryonic Stem Cells and Upregulated Core and Naïve Pluripotent Markers. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121650. [PMID: 31888235 PMCID: PMC6952907 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance and expansion of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in two-dimensional (2-D) culture is technically challenging, requiring routine manipulation and passaging. We developed three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds to mimic the in vivo microenvironment for stem cell proliferation. The scaffolds were made of two 8-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers functionalized with thiol (PEG-8-SH) and acrylate (PEG-8-Acr) end groups, which self-assembled via a Michael addition reaction. When primed ESCs (H9 cells) were mixed with PEG polymers, they were encapsulated and grew for an extended period, while maintaining their viability, self-renewal, and differentiation potential both in vitro and in vivo. Three-dimensional (3-D) self-assembling scaffold-grown cells displayed an upregulation of core pluripotency genes, OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2. In addition, the expression of primed markers decreased, while the expression of naïve markers substantially increased. Interestingly, the expression of mechanosensitive genes, YAP and TAZ, was also upregulated. YAP inhibition by Verteporfin abrogated the increased expression of YAP/TAZ as well as core and naïve pluripotent markers. Evidently, the 3-D culture conditions induced the upregulation of makers associated with a naïve state of pluripotency in the primed cells. Overall, our 3-D culture system supported the expansion of a homogenous population of ESCs and should be helpful in advancing their use for cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McKee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (C.M.); (C.B.)
- OU-WB Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Christina Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (C.M.); (C.B.)
- OU-WB Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - G. Rasul Chaudhry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (C.M.); (C.B.)
- OU-WB Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-248-370-3350
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244
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Bredenkamp N, Yang J, Clarke J, Stirparo GG, von Meyenn F, Dietmann S, Baker D, Drummond R, Ren Y, Li D, Wu C, Rostovskaya M, Eminli-Meissner S, Smith A, Guo G. Wnt Inhibition Facilitates RNA-Mediated Reprogramming of Human Somatic Cells to Naive Pluripotency. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:1083-1098. [PMID: 31708477 PMCID: PMC6915845 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to conventional human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that are related to post-implantation embryo stages, naive hPSCs exhibit features of pre-implantation epiblast. Naive hPSCs are established by resetting conventional hPSCs, or are derived from dissociated embryo inner cell masses. Here we investigate conditions for transgene-free reprogramming of human somatic cells to naive pluripotency. We find that Wnt inhibition promotes RNA-mediated induction of naive pluripotency. We demonstrate application to independent human fibroblast cultures and endothelial progenitor cells. We show that induced naive hPSCs can be clonally expanded with a diploid karyotype and undergo somatic lineage differentiation following formative transition. Induced naive hPSC lines exhibit distinctive surface marker, transcriptome, and methylome properties of naive epiblast identity. This system for efficient, facile, and reliable induction of transgene-free naive hPSCs offers a robust platform, both for delineation of human reprogramming trajectories and for evaluating the attributes of isogenic naive versus conventional hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Bredenkamp
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Jian Yang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - James Clarke
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | | | - Ferdinand von Meyenn
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Duncan Baker
- Sheffield Diagnostic Genetic Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK
| | - Rosalind Drummond
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Yongming Ren
- REPROCELL USA, 9000 Virginia Manor Road #207, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Dongwei Li
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chuman Wu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Maria Rostovskaya
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | | | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Ge Guo
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
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245
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Chen D, Liu W, Zimmerman J, Pastor WA, Kim R, Hosohama L, Ho J, Aslanyan M, Gell JJ, Jacobsen SE, Clark AT. The TFAP2C-Regulated OCT4 Naive Enhancer Is Involved in Human Germline Formation. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3591-3602.e5. [PMID: 30590035 PMCID: PMC6342560 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human primordial germ cells (hPGCs) are the first embryonic progenitors in the germ cell lineage, yet the molecular mechanisms required for hPGC formation are not well characterized. To identify regulatory regions in hPGC development, we used the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) to systematically characterize regions of open chromatin in hPGCs and hPGC-like cells (hPGCLCs) differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We discovered regions of open chromatin unique to hPGCs and hPGCLCs that significantly overlap with TFAP2C-bound enhancers identified in the naive ground state of pluripotency. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we show that deleting the TFAP2C-bound naive enhancer at the OCT4 locus (also called POU5F1) results in impaired OCT4 expression and a negative effect on hPGCLC identity. Combining genomics and functional studies, Chen et al. identify the open chromatin state of human primordial germ cells (hPGCs), leading to the discovery that TFAP2C regulates hPGC development through the opening of naive enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jill Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William A Pastor
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linzi Hosohama
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Ho
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marianna Aslanyan
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joanna J Gell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven E Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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246
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Dong C, Fischer LA, Theunissen TW. Recent insights into the naïve state of human pluripotency and its applications. Exp Cell Res 2019; 385:111645. [PMID: 31585117 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant interest in the isolation of pluripotent stem cells corresponding to various stages of mammalian embryonic development. Two distinct and well-defined pluripotent states can be derived from mouse embryos: "naïve" pluripotent cells with properties of pre-implantation epiblast, and "primed" pluripotent cells, resembling post-implantation epiblast. Prompted by the successful interconversion between these two stem cell states in the mouse system, several groups have devised strategies for inducing a naïve state of pluripotency in human pluripotent stem cells. Here, we review recent insights into the naïve state of human pluripotency, focusing on two methods that confer defining transcriptomic and epigenomic signatures of the pre-implantation embryo. The isolation of naïve human pluripotent stem cells offers a window into early developmental mechanisms that cannot be adequately modeled in primed cells, such as X chromosome reactivation, metabolic reprogramming, and the regulation of hominid-specific transposable elements. We outline key unresolved questions regarding naïve human pluripotency, including its extrinsic and intrinsic control mechanisms, potential for embryonic and extraembryonic differentiation, and general utility as a model system for human development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- Department of Developmental Biology and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura A Fischer
- Department of Developmental Biology and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Thorold W Theunissen
- Department of Developmental Biology and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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247
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Domesticated cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells allow the generation of neonatal interspecies chimeric pigs. Protein Cell 2019; 11:97-107. [PMID: 31781970 PMCID: PMC6954905 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-00676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocyst complementation by pluripotent stem cell (PSC) injection is believed to be the most promising method to generate xenogeneic organs. However, ethical issues prevent the study of human chimeras in the late embryonic stage of development. Primate embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which have similar pluripotency to human ESCs, are a good model for studying interspecies chimerism and organ generation. However, whether primate ESCs can be used in xenogenous grafts remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the chimeric ability of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) ESCs (cmESCs) in pigs, which are excellent hosts because of their many similarities to humans. We report an optimized culture medium that enhanced the anti-apoptotic ability of cmESCs and improved the development of chimeric embryos, in which domesticated cmESCs (D-ESCs) injected into pig blastocysts differentiated into cells of all three germ layers. In addition, we obtained two neonatal interspecies chimeras, in which we observed tissue-specific D-ESC differentiation. Taken together, the results demonstrate the capability of D-ESCs to integrate and differentiate into functional cells in a porcine model, with a chimeric ratio of 0.001–0.0001 in different neonate tissues. We believe this work will facilitate future developments in xenogeneic organogenesis, bringing us one step closer to producing tissue-specific functional cells and organs in a large animal model through interspecies blastocyst complementation.
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Gordeeva O. TGFβ Family Signaling Pathways in Pluripotent and Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells' Fate Decisions: Balancing Between Self-Renewal, Differentiation, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121500. [PMID: 31771212 PMCID: PMC6953027 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family factors induce pleiotropic effects and are involved in the regulation of most normal and pathological cellular processes. The activity of different branches of the TGFβ family signaling pathways and their interplay with other signaling pathways govern the fine regulation of the self-renewal, differentiation onset and specialization of pluripotent stem cells in various cell derivatives. TGFβ family signaling pathways play a pivotal role in balancing basic cellular processes in pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives, although disturbances in their genome integrity induce the rearrangements of signaling pathways and lead to functional impairments and malignant transformation into cancer stem cells. Therefore, the identification of critical nodes and targets in the regulatory cascades of TGFβ family factors and other signaling pathways, and analysis of the rearrangements of the signal regulatory network during stem cell state transitions and interconversions, are key issues for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of both stem cell biology and cancer initiation and progression, as well as for clinical applications. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of TGFβ family functions in naїve and primed pluripotent stem cells and discusses how these pathways are involved in perturbations in the signaling network of malignant teratocarcinoma stem cells with impaired differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gordeeva
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
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249
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Untargeted histone profiling during naive conversion uncovers conserved modification markers between mouse and human. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17240. [PMID: 31754138 PMCID: PMC6872658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress has enabled the conversion of primed human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to the naive state of pluripotency, resembling the well-characterized naive mouse ESCs (mESCs). However, a thorough histone epigenetic characterization of this conversion process is currently lacking, while its likeness to the mouse model has not been clearly established. Here, we profile the histone epigenome of hESCs during conversion in a time-resolved experimental design, using an untargeted mass spectrometry-based approach. In total, 23 histone post-translational modifications (hPTMs) changed significantly over time. H3K27Me3 was the most prominently increasing marker hPTM in naive hESCs. This is in line with previous reports in mouse, prompting us to compare all the shared hPTM fold changes between mouse and human, revealing a set of conserved hPTM markers for the naive state. Principally, we present the first roadmap of the changing human histone epigenome during the conversion of hESCs from the primed to the naive state. This further revealed similarities with mouse, which hint at a conserved mammalian epigenetic signature of the ground state of pluripotency.
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250
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Clark AT. Standing on the shoulders of giants: The changing landscape of pluripotent stem cells in research. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:2597-2602. [PMID: 31751000 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have the remarkable property of self-renewal and differentiation. These two fundamental aspects have excited scientists and clinicians for decades. Stem cells are defined by their potency, with pluripotency being the most permissive and unipotency being the most restricted. In mammals, pluripotency represents cell types found in the preimplantation and early postimplantation embryo. However, these pluripotent cells are not stem cells per se, because they do not meet the criteria of self-renewal. Therefore, pluripotent stem cells are exclusively in vitro cell types that have provided scientists and clinicians with unprecedented power to study the fundamental cell and molecular properties of pluripotency, as well as providing a window into cellular differentiation and a source of cells for regenerative medicine including cell types that could be used to regenerate the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California, Los Angeles, California
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