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McGrath TJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Critical review of soil contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs); concentrations, sources and congener profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:741-757. [PMID: 28732337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a broad array of polymeric materials such as plastics, foams, resins and adhesives to inhibit the spread of fires since the 1970s. The widespread environmental contamination and well documented toxic effects of PBDEs have led to bans and voluntary withdrawals in many jurisdictions. Replacement novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have, however, exhibited many of the same toxic characteristics as PBDEs and appear to share similar environmental fate. This paper presents a critical review of the scientific literature regarding PBDE and NBFR contamination of surface soils internationally, with the secondary objective of identifying probable pollution sources. An evaluation of NBFR distribution in soil was also conducted to assess the suitability of the newer compounds as replacements for PBDEs, with respect to their land contamination potential. Principle production of PBDEs and NBFRs and their consequent use in secondary polymer manufacture appear to be processes with strong potential to contaminate surrounding soils. Evidence suggests that PBDEs and NBFRs are also released from flame retarded products during disposal via landfill, dumping, incineration and recycling. While the land application of sewage sludge represents another major pathway of soil contamination it is not considered in this review as it is extensively covered elsewhere. Both PBDEs and NBFRs were commonly detected at background locations including Antarctica and northern polar regions. PBDE congener profiles in soil were broadly representative of the major constituents in Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE commercial mixtures and related to predicted market place demand. BDE-209 dominated soil profiles, followed by BDE-99 and BDE-47. Although further research is required to gain baseline data on NBFRs in soil, the current state of scientific literature suggests that NBFRs pose a similar risk to land contamination as PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
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202
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Influence of natural organic matter on the extraction efficiency of flame retardants from surface waters. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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203
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Wang Y, Hou M, Zhang Q, Wu X, Zhao H, Xie Q, Chen J. Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Building and Decoration Materials and Their Potential Burdens in Newly Decorated Houses in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10991-10999. [PMID: 28866882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been increasingly used in various building and decoration materials to fulfill fire safety standards since the phasing out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. We determined OPFR concentrations in the most commonly used building and decoration materials available in local markets and online in China. The OPFR concentrations varied significantly, from 14.78 ng/g (putty powder) to 9649000 ng/g (expanded polystyrene panel (EPS)). Relatively high concentrations of OPFRs were found in foam samples, followed by nonwoven and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wallpaper, PVC pipes, sealing materials, boards, and paints. Low concentrations were found mostly in wall decoration powders, suggesting that no OPFRs had been added to these powders. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate were the most detected halogenated OPFRs, while tri-n-butyl phosphate and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were the dominant nonhalogenated OPFRs, implying that they are commonly used in building and decoration materials. The estimated OPFR burden in interior decoration using nonwoven wallpaper was 330- and 2110-fold higher than that using latex paint and diatomite, respectively. The emission periods of OPFRs from nonwoven and PVC wallpaper may be greater than 13 years. We estimated that the total burden of OPFRs for decoration using wallpaper in newly decorated houses in China is ∼63 t/y. Significantly higher concentrations of OPFRs in interior decoration materials, especially nonwoven wallpaper, pose potential health risks to the people using the buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minmin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiaonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
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204
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Hoffman K, Lorenzo A, Butt CM, Hammel SC, Henderson BB, Roman SA, Scheri RP, Stapleton HM, Sosa JA. Exposure to flame retardant chemicals and occurrence and severity of papillary thyroid cancer: A case-control study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:235-242. [PMID: 28772138 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is the fastest increasing cancer in the U.S., and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounts for >80% of incident cases. Increasing exposure to flame retardant chemicals (FRs) has raised concerns about their possible role in this 'epidemic'. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that higher exposure to FRs is associated with increased odds of PTC. METHODS PTC patients at the Duke Cancer Institute were approached and invited to participate. Age- and gender-matched controls were recruited from the Duke Health System and surrounding communities. Because suitable biomarkers of long-term exposure do not exist for many common FRs, and levels of FRs in dust are significantly correlated with exposure, relationships between FRs in household dust and PTC were evaluated in addition to available biomarkers. PTC status, measures of aggressiveness (e.g. tumor size) and BRAF V600E mutation were included as outcomes. RESULTS Higher levels of some FRs, particularly decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate in dust, were associated with increased odds of PTC. Participants with dust BDE-209 concentrations above the median level were 2.29 times as likely to have PTC [95% confidence interval: 1.03, 5.08] compared to those with low BDE-209 concentrations. Associations varied based on tumor aggressiveness and mutation status; TCEP was more strongly associated with larger, more aggressive tumors and BDE-209 was associated with smaller, less aggressive tumors. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest exposure to FRs in the home, particularly BDE-209 and TCEP, may be associated with PTC occurrence and severity, and warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Amelia Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Stephanie C Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Brittany Bohinc Henderson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center and Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Sanziana A Roman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Randall P Scheri
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Julie Ann Sosa
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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205
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Hammel SC, Hoffman K, Lorenzo AM, Chen A, Phillips AL, Butt CM, Sosa JA, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Associations between flame retardant applications in furniture foam, house dust levels, and residents' serum levels. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:181-189. [PMID: 28750223 PMCID: PMC5572835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam (PUF) in upholstered furniture frequently is treated with flame retardant chemicals (FRs) to reduce its flammability and adhere to rigorous flammability standards. For decades, a commercial mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) called PentaBDE was commonly applied to foam to fulfill these regulations; however, concerns over toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence led to a global phase-out in the mid-2000s. Although PentaBDE is still detected in older furniture, other FR compounds such as tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and Firemaster® 550 (FM550) have been increasingly used as replacements. While biomonitoring studies suggest exposure is widespread, the primary sources of exposure are not clearly known. Here, we investigated the relationships between specific FR applications in furniture foam and human exposure. Paired samples of furniture foam, house dust and serum samples were collected from a cohort in North Carolina, USA and analyzed for FRs typically used in PUF. In general, the presence of a specific FR in the sofa of a home was associated with an increase in the concentration of that FR in house dust. For example, the presence of PentaBDE in sofas was associated with significantly higher levels of BDE-47, a major component of PentaBDE, in house dust (10β=6.4, p<0.001). A similar association was observed with a component of FM550, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), with levels that were approximately 3 times higher in house dust when FM550 was identified in the sofa foam (p<0.01). These relationships were modified by dust loading rates in the living room and the ratio of sofa size to room size. Interestingly, levels of TDCIPP and tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were also higher in dust with detections in sofa foam; however, these associations were not statistically significant and may suggest there are other prominent sources of these compounds in the home. In addition, the presence of PentaBDE in sofa foam was associated with significantly higher levels of BDE-47 in serum (p<0.01). These results suggest that FR applications in sofas are likely major sources of exposure to these compounds in the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Amelia M Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Albert Chen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Julie Ann Sosa
- Department of Surgery, Duke Cancer Institute, and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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206
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Lau G, Walter K, Kass P, Puschner B. Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the serum of hypothyroxinemic and euthyroid dogs. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3780. [PMID: 28924500 PMCID: PMC5600179 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the profile of 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 23 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in serum of domestic canines and whether this was predictive of thyroid hormone status. SAMPLES Serum samples were collected from 51 client-owned dogs visiting the University of California Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during 2012 to 2016 for routine appointments. Fifteen dogs were diagnosed with hypothyroxinemia while 36 were euthyroid. PROCEDURES Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in canine serum samples were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between the presence/absence of canine hypothyroxinemia and the serum concentration of individual PBDE or PCB congeners. RESULTS The median concentrations of total PBDE and PCB congeners in the hypothyroxinemic group were 660 and 1,371 ng/g lipid, respectively, which were higher than concentrations detected in the control group. However, logistic regression analysis determined that current concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in canines were not significantly associated with hypothyroxinemia. BDE 183 was the only congener showing near significance (p = 0.068). CONCLUSIONS PBDE and PCB congeners were detected in all canine samples confirming ongoing exposure to these pollutants. Because household dogs share the human environment, they may serve as biosentinels of human exposure to these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Lau
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Kyla Walter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Philip Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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207
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Ren G, Hu J, Shang Y, Zhong Y, Yu Z, An J. Tributylphosphate (TBP) and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:902-911. [PMID: 30090552 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of tributylphosphate (TBP) and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism focusing on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. The results showed that TBP and TBEP could inhibit cell proliferation, induce cellular reactive oxidative stress, and suppress the mitochondrial membrane potential in HepG2 cells. TBP and TBEP could induce both mitochondrial and p53 mediated apoptosis through different mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways. TBP activated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) pathways, while TBEP activated the JNK pathway. Furthermore, TBP and TBEP caused a concentration-dependent decrease of cyclin D1 expression and an increase of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor proteins such as p21 and p27, resulting in significant cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. Taken together, the toxicity of TBP and TBEP on the HepG2 cells was associated with apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health , School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-021-66137736
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health , School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-021-66137736
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health , School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-021-66137736
| | - Yufang Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health , School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-021-66137736
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health , School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86-021-66137736
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208
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Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Stapleton HM, Seidler FJ. Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants target different neurodevelopmental stages, characterized with embryonic neural stem cells and neuronotypic PC12 cells. Toxicology 2017; 390:32-42. [PMID: 28851516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their activity as endocrine disruptors, brominated and organophosphate flame retardants are suspected to be developmental neurotoxicants, although identifying their specific mechanisms for that activity has been elusive. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of several flame retardants on neurodifferentiation using two in vitro models that assess distinct "decision nodes" in neural cell development: embryonic rat neural stem cells (NSCs), which evaluate the origination of neurons and glia from precursors, and rat neuronotypic PC12 cells, which characterize a later stage where cells committed to a neuronal phenotype undergo neurite outgrowth and neurotransmitter specification. In NSCs, both brominated and organophosphate flame retardants diverted the phenotype in favor of glia and away from formation of neurons, leading to an increased glia/neuron ratio, a common hallmark of the in vivo effects of neurotoxicants. For this early decision node, the brominated flame retardants were far more potent than the organophosphates. In PC12 cells, the brominated flame retardants were far less effective, whereas tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, an organophosphate, was more effective. Thus, the two classes of flame retardants differentially impact the two distinct vulnerable periods of neurodifferentiation. Furthermore, the effects on neurodifferentiation were separable from outright cytotoxicity, an important requirement in establishing a specific effect of these agents on neural cell development. These results reinforce the likelihood that flame retardants act as developmental neurotoxicants via direct effects on neural cell differentiation, over and above other activities that can impact nervous system development, such as endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Samantha Skavicus
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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209
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Hoffman K, Gearhart-Serna L, Lorber M, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Estimated tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate exposure levels for US infants suggest potential health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2017; 4:334-338. [PMID: 34853794 PMCID: PMC8630826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) has been widely used as a flame retardant and is commonly detected in environmental samples. Biomonitoring studies relying on urinary metabolite levels (i.e. bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP)) demonstrate widespread exposure, but TDCIPP intake is unknown. Intake data area critical component of meaningful risk assessments and are needed to elucidate the potential health impacts of TDCIPP exposure. Using biomonitoring data, we estimated TDCIPP intake for infants. Infants aged 2-18 months were recruited from central, North Carolina (n=43, recruited 2014-2015), and spot urine samples were analyzed for BDCIPP. TDCIPP intake rates were estimated using daily urine excretion and the fraction of TDCIPP excreted as BDCIPP in urine. Daily TDCIPP intake estimates ranged from 0.01-15.03 μg/kg-day for children included in our assessment, with some variation depending on model assumptions. The U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) previously established an acceptable daily intake of 5μg/kg-day for non-cancer health risks. Depending on modeling assumptions, we found that 2-9% percent of infants had TDCIPP intake estimates above this threshold. Our results indicate that current TDCIPP exposure levels could pose health risks for highly exposed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708 USA
| | - Larisa Gearhart-Serna
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708 USA
| | - Matthew Lorber
- Retired, Unites States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
| | | | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708 USA
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210
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Baldwin KR, Phillips AL, Horman B, Arambula SE, Rebuli ME, Stapleton HM, Patisaul HB. Sex Specific Placental Accumulation and Behavioral Effects of Developmental Firemaster 550 Exposure in Wistar Rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7118. [PMID: 28769031 PMCID: PMC5540931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Firemaster® 550 (FM 550) is a commercial flame retardant mixture of brominated and organophosphate compounds applied to polyurethane foam used in furniture and baby products. Due to widespread human exposure, and structural similarities with known endocrine disruptors, concerns have been raised regarding possible toxicity. We previously reported evidence of sex specific behavioral effects in rats resulting from developmental exposure. The present study expands upon this prior finding by testing for a greater range of behavioral effects, and measuring the accumulation of FM 550 compounds in placental tissue. Wistar rat dams were orally exposed to FM 550 during gestation (0, 300 or 1000 µg/day; GD 9 – 18) for placental measurements or perinatally (0, 100, 300 or 1000 µg/day; GD 9 – PND 21) to assess activity and anxiety-like behaviors. Placental accumulation was dose dependent, and in some cases sex specific, with the brominated components reaching the highest levels. Behavioral changes were predominantly associated with a loss or reversal of sex differences in activity and anxiety-like behaviors. These findings demonstrate that environmental chemicals may sex-dependently accumulate in the placenta. That sex-biased exposure might translate to sex-specific adverse outcomes such as behavioral deficits is a possibility that merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie R Baldwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Brian Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Sheryl E Arambula
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Meghan E Rebuli
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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211
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Sethi S, Chen X, Kass PH, Puschner B. Polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether profiles in serum from cattle, sheep, and goats across California. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:63-73. [PMID: 28426942 PMCID: PMC5494844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously been shown by our lab and others that persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are contaminants in milk produced for human consumption. To further this research we determined the concentration of 21 PCB and 14 PBDE congeners in livestock serum, mainly bovine, across California. Congeners were extracted from serum using solid phase extraction (SPE), cleaned up by silica cartridge and quantified using gas chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry. We detected significant differences among species and the production class of cattle (beef or dairy). The sum of all 21 PCB congeners (ΣPCBs) in caprine and ovine sera had a mean value of 9.26 and 9.13 ng/mL, respectively, compared to 3.98 ng/mL in bovine sera. The mean value for the sum of all 14 PBDE congeners (ΣPBDEs) in caprine and ovine sera was 2.82 and 2.39 ng/mL, respectively, compared to 0.91 ng/mL in bovine sera. Mean ΣPCBs in dairy cattle was 5.92 ng/mL compared to 2.70 ng/mL in beef cattle. Mean ΣPBDEs in dairy cattle was 1.33 ng/mL compared to 0.70 ng/mL in beef cattle. There were no regional differences in the ΣPCBs or ΣPBDEs in cattle distributed across California. These results highlight the fact that livestock are still being exposed to these pollutants yet little is known about where this exposure may be coming from.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - X Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - B Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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212
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Carignan CC, Butt CM, Stapleton HM, Meeker JD, Minguez-Alarcón L, Williams PL, Hauser R. Influence of storage vial material on measurement of organophosphate flame retardant metabolites in urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:440-446. [PMID: 28458219 PMCID: PMC5636212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Use of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) has increased over the past decade with the phase out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Urinary metabolites of PFRs are used as biomarkers of exposure in epidemiologic research, which typically uses samples collected and stored in polypropylene plastic cryovials. However, a small study suggested that the storage vial material may influence reported concentrations. Therefore, we aimed to examine the influence of the storage vial material on analytical measurement of PFR urinary metabolites. Using urine samples collected from participants in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study, we analyzed the PFR metabolites in duplicate aliquots that were stored in glass and plastic vials (n = 31 pairs). Bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and isopropyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP) were detected in 98%, 97% and 87% of duplicates. We observed high correlations between glass-plastic duplicates for BDCIPP (rs = 0.95), DPHP (rs = 0.79) and ip-PPP (rs = 0.82) (p < 0.0001). Urinary ip-PPP was an average of 0.04 ng/ml (p = 0.04) higher among samples stored in glass, with a mean relative difference of 14%. While this difference is statistically significant, it is small in magnitude. No differences were observed for BDCIPP or DPHP, however future research should seek to reduce the potential for type II error (false negatives). We conclude that storing urine samples in polypropylene plastic cryovials may result in slightly reduced concentrations of urinary ip-PPP relative to storage in glass vials and future research should seek to increase the sample size, reduce background variability and consider the material of the urine collection cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Carignan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Lidia Minguez-Alarcón
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Paige L Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;.
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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213
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Kim UJ, Oh JK, Kannan K. Occurrence, Removal, and Environmental Emission of Organophosphate Flame Retardants/Plasticizers in a Wastewater Treatment Plant in New York State. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7872-7880. [PMID: 28605181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of 14 triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and plasticizers and their two diester metabolites were investigated in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the Albany area of New York State. All target OPFRs were found in wastewater, with average concentrations that ranged from 20.1 ng/L for tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP) to 30 100 ng/L for tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP) in influents and from 7.68 ng/L for TMPP to 12 600 ng/L for TBOEP in final effluents. TBOEP was the dominant compound in influents (max: 69 500 ng/L) followed in decreasing order by tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP; max: 14 500 ng/L), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (BDCIPP; max: 4550 ng/L), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP; max: 3150 ng/L) and tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP; max: 8450 ng/L). The fraction of TMPP sorbed to suspended particulate matter (SPM) was 56.4% of the total mass in wastewater, which was the highest among the target chemicals analyzed. The average concentrations of OPFRs in sludge were between 4.14 ng/g dw for tripropyl phosphate (TPP) and 7290 ng/g dw for TBOEP; for ash, they were between 2.17 ng/g dw for TMPP and 427 ng/g dw for triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). The mass loadings of OPFRs into the WWTP ranged from 0.02 mg/day/person for TPP to 28.7 mg/day/person for TBOEP, whereas the emission from the WWTP ranged from 0.01 mg/day/person for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) to 5.12 mg/day/person for TCIPP. The removal efficiencies for OPFRs were slightly above 60% for TMPP, TBOEP, and tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) whereas those for other OPFRs were <40% (TPhP and BDCIPP) to negative values, suggesting incomplete removal in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Jung Keun Oh
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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214
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Castorina R, Butt C, Stapleton HM, Avery D, Harley KG, Holland N, Eskenazi B, Bradman A. Flame retardants and their metabolites in the homes and urine of pregnant women residing in California (the CHAMACOS cohort). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:159-166. [PMID: 28365501 PMCID: PMC5491392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), used in consumer products since the 1970s, persist in the environment. Restrictions on penta-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants resulted in increased use of Firemaster® 550 (FM® 550), and the organophosphate triesters: tris(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP); tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify determinants of flame retardants (4 PFRs, PentaBDEs and FM® 550) in house dust, (2) measure urinary PFR metabolites in pregnant women, and (3) estimate health risks from PFR exposure. We measured flame retardants in house dust (n = 125) and metabolites in urine (n = 310) collected in 2000-2001 from Mexican American women participating in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study in California. We detected FM® 550 and PFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) known to the state of California to cause cancer, in most dust samples. The maximum TCEP and TDCIPP dust levels were among the highest ever reported although the median levels were generally lower compared to other U.S. cohorts. Metabolites of TDCIPP (BDCIPP: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) and TPHP (DPHP: diphenyl phosphate) were detected in 78% and 79% of prenatal urine samples, respectively. We found a weak but positive correlation between TPHP in dust and DPHP in 124 paired prenatal urine samples (Spearman rho = 0.17; p = 0.06). These results provide information on PFR exposure and risk in pregnant women from the early 2000's and are also valuable to assess trends in exposure and risk given changing fire safety regulations and concomitant changes in chemical flame retardant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Castorina
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
| | - Craig Butt
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27519, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27519, USA
| | - Dylan Avery
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
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215
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Smythe TA, Butt CM, Stapleton HM, Pleskach K, Ratnayake G, Song CY, Riddell N, Konstantinov A, Tomy GT. Impacts of Unregulated Novel Brominated Flame Retardants on Human Liver Thyroid Deiodination and Sulfotransferation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7245-7253. [PMID: 28541672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of five novel brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,5-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), and β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (β-TBECH), on thyroid hormone deiodinase (DIO) and sulfotransferase (SULT) activity were investigated using human in vitro liver microsomal and cytosolic bioassays. Enzymatic activity was measured by incubating active human liver subcellular fractions with thyroid hormones (T4 and rT3 separately) and measuring changes in thyroid hormone (T4, T3, rT3, and 3,3'-T2) concentrations. Only DBDPE showed inhibition of both outer and inner ring deiodination (O and IRD) of T3 and 3,3'-T2 formation from T4, respectively, with an estimated IC50 of 160 nM; no statistically significant inhibition of SULT activity was observed. ORD inhibition of 3,3'-T2 formation from rT3 was also observed (IC50 ∼ 100 nM). The kinetics of T4 O and IRD were also investigated, although a definitive mechanism could not be identified as the Michaelis-Menten parameters and maximal rate constants were not significantly different. Concentrations tested were intentionally above expected environmental levels, and this study suggests that these NBFRs are not potent human liver DIO and SULT inhibitors. To our knowledge, DBDPE is the first example of a nonhydroxylated contaminant inhibiting DIO activity, and further study of the mechanism of action is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Smythe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kerri Pleskach
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | | | - Chae Yoon Song
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories, Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, ON N1G 3M5, Canada
| | - Alex Konstantinov
- Wellington Laboratories, Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, ON N1G 3M5, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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216
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Dodson RE, Rodgers KM, Carey G, Cedeno Laurent JG, Covaci A, Poma G, Malarvannan G, Spengler JD, Rudel RA, Allen JG. Flame Retardant Chemicals in College Dormitories: Flammability Standards Influence Dust Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4860-4869. [PMID: 28406624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Furniture flammability standards are typically met with chemical flame retardants (FRs). FRs can migrate out of products into dust and are linked to cancer, neurological impairment, and endocrine disruption. We collected 95 dust samples from dormitory common areas and student rooms on two U.S. college campuses adhering to two different furniture flammability standards: Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117) and Technical Bulletin 133 (TB133). Because TB133 requires furniture to withstand a much-more-demanding test flame than TB117, we hypothesized that spaces with TB133 furniture would have higher levels of FRs in dust. We found all 47 targeted FRs, including 12 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, 19 other brominated FRs, 11 phosphorus FRs (PFRs), 2 Dechlorane-Plus (DP) isomers, and 3 hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) isomers in the 95 dust samples. We measured the highest reported U.S. concentrations for a number of FRs, including BDE 209 (up to 990 000 ng/g), which may be used to meet the TB133 standard. We prioritized 16 FRs and analyzed levels in relation to flammability standard as well as presence and age of furniture and electronics. Adherence to TB133 was associated with higher concentrations of BDE 209, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), DPs, and HBCDD compared to adherence to TB117 in univariate models (p < 0.05). Student dormitory rooms tended to have higher levels of some FRs compared to common rooms, likely a result of the density of furniture and electronics. As flammability standards are updated, it is critical to understand their impact on exposure and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Dodson
- Silent Spring Institute , 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, Massachusetts 02460, United States
| | - Kathryn M Rodgers
- Silent Spring Institute , 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, Massachusetts 02460, United States
| | - Gale Carey
- University of New Hampshire , Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - John D Spengler
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , 401 Park Drive, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute , 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, Massachusetts 02460, United States
| | - Joseph G Allen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , 401 Park Drive, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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217
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Wong KH, Durrani TS. Exposures to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Consumer Products-A Guide for Pediatricians. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2017; 47:107-118. [PMID: 28526231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals, a group of exogenous chemicals that can interfere with hormone action in the body, have been implicated in disrupting endocrine function, which negatively affects human health and development. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are ubiquitously detected in consumer products, foods, beverages, personal care products, and household cleaning products. Due to concerns about their negative effects on human health, several professional health provider societies have recommended the reduction of common endocrine disrupting chemical exposures. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of common endocrine disrupting chemicals (bisphenol A, phthalates, triclosan, polybrominated ethers, and parabens) and potential effects on child development and health. In addition, we aim to provide guidance and resources for pediatricians and other health care providers with counseling strategies to help patients to minimize exposures to common endocrine disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn H Wong
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Timur S Durrani
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, San Francisco, CA
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218
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Saini A, Okeme JO, Mark Parnis J, McQueen RH, Diamond ML. From air to clothing: characterizing the accumulation of semi-volatile organic compounds to fabrics in indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:631-641. [PMID: 27555567 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Uptake kinetics of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) present indoors, namely phthalates and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), were characterized for cellulose-based cotton and rayon fabrics. Cotton and rayon showed similar accumulation of gas- and particle-phase SVOCs, when normalized to planar surface area. Accumulation was 3-10 times greater by rayon than cotton, when normalized to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area which suggests that cotton could have a longer linear uptake phase than rayon. Linear uptake rates of eight consistently detected HFRs over 56 days of 0.35-0.92 m3 /day.dm2 planar surface area and mass transfer coefficients of 1.5-3.8 m/h were statistically similar for cotton and rayon and similar to those for uptake to passive air sampling media. These results suggest air-side controlled uptake and that, on average, 2 m2 of clothing typically worn by a person would sequester the equivalent of the chemical content in 100 m3 of air per day. Distribution coefficients between fabric and air (K') ranged from 6.5 to 7.7 (log K') and were within the range of partition coefficients measured for selected phthalates as reported in the literature. The distribution coefficients were similar for low molecular weight HFRs, and up to two orders of magnitude lower than the equilibrium partition coefficients estimated using the COSMO-RS model. Based on the COSMO-RS model, time to reach 95% of equilibrium for PBDEs between fabric and gas-phase compounds ranged from 0.1 to >10 years for low to high molecular weight HFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saini
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J O Okeme
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Mark Parnis
- Chemical Properties Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - R H McQueen
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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219
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Clark AE, Yoon S, Sheesley RJ, Usenko S. Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Organophosphate Ester Concentrations from Atmospheric Particulate Matter Samples Collected across Houston, TX. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4239-4247. [PMID: 28294598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples were collected from four ground-based sites located in the Houston, TX (September 21-28, 2013) and were analyzed for 12 organophosphate esters (OPEs; current-use plasticizers and flame retardants). Samples analyzed included daytime, nighttime, and 24 h PM of <2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and total suspended particulate (TSP) samples. PM2.5 and TSP atmospheric ΣOPE concentrations varied over an order of magnitude and were statistically significantly different between urban and suburban and industrial sites. Additionally, significant temporal variability was also identified; for example, daytime atmospheric concentrations of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP; 610 ± 220 pg m-3) measured in TSP samples were significantly higher than nighttime concentrations (280 ± 180 pg m-3; p = 0.03). Detailed discussions of the spatial and temporal distribution are given for Tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCiPP), EHDPP, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). Correlations to bulk measurements of carbonaceous PM including organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble organic carbon were used to understand potential sources and urban atmospheric transport. These results highlight the fundamental complexity associated with assessing OPE atmospheric concentrations across a large urban landscape and specific knowledge gaps at the intersection of consumer products and safety with environmental and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide E Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , One Bear Place No. 97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Subin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , One Bear Place No. 97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Rebecca J Sheesley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , One Bear Place No. 97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , One Bear Place No. 97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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220
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Romano ME, Hawley NL, Eliot M, Calafat AM, Jayatilaka NK, Kelsey K, McGarvey S, Phipps MG, Savitz DA, Werner EF, Braun JM. Variability and predictors of urinary concentrations of organophosphate flame retardant metabolites among pregnant women in Rhode Island. Environ Health 2017; 16:40. [PMID: 28399857 PMCID: PMC5387223 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophospate flame retardants (PFRs) are chemicals of emerging concern due to restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant formulations. We describe the occurrence, variability, and predictors of urinary metabolites of PFRs among pregnant women. METHODS In 2014-2015, 59 women from Providence, RI provided up to 3 spot urine samples during pregnancy (~12, 28, and 35 weeks' gestation). We created a pooled urine sample per woman and measured nine relevant metabolites in individual and pooled samples. We used linear mixed models to calculate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) across the 3 measurements and to assess sociodemographic and dietary predictors of PFRs. RESULTS The median (IQR) of bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate (BCEP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), the metabolites most frequently detected, from pooled samples were: 0.31 μg/L (0.17-0.54), 1.18 μg/L (0.64-2.19), 0.93 μg/L (0.72-1.97), respectively. We observed fair to good reproducibility for BCEP (ICC = 0.50), BDCPP (ICC = 0.60), and DPhP (ICC = 0.43), and excellent agreement between the urinary flame retardant metabolite concentrations averaged across pregnancy versus pooled urine sample concentrations for BCEP (ICC = 0.95), BDCPP (ICC = 0.89), and DPhP (ICC = 0.93). Adjusting for pertinent sociodemographic factors and gestational week of urine collection, each 1 kg increase in pre-pregnancy weight was associated with greater BCEP (1.1%; 95% CI: 0.1, 2.1), BDCPP (1.5%; 95% CI: 0.3, 2.7), and DPhP (0.5%; 95% CI: 0.0, 1.1). Dietary factors were generally not associated with urinary flame retardant metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Urinary concentrations of BCEP, BDCPP, and DPhP were frequently detected among women in this pilot study and had fair reproducibility across pregnancy. Body size may be an important predictor of urinary flame retardant metabolite concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Nicola L. Hawley
- Department of Epidemiology (Chronic Diseases), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Melissa Eliot
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Nayana K. Jayatilaka
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Karl Kelsey
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Stephen McGarvey
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
- Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Maureen G. Phipps
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI USA
| | - David A. Savitz
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI USA
| | - Erika F. Werner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI USA
| | - Joseph M. Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
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221
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Preston EV, McClean MD, Claus Henn B, Stapleton HM, Braverman LE, Pearce EN, Makey CM, Webster TF. Associations between urinary diphenyl phosphate and thyroid function. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 101:158-164. [PMID: 28162782 PMCID: PMC5348264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a commonly used organophosphate flame retardant and plasticizer with widespread human exposure. Data on health effects of TPHP are limited. Recent toxicological studies suggest TPHP may alter thyroid function. We used repeated measures to assess the temporal variability in urinary concentrations of the TPHP metabolite, diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), and to examine relationships between DPHP concentrations and thyroid hormones. We sampled 51 adults at months 1, 6, and 12 from 2010 to 2011. Urine samples were analyzed for DPHP. Serum samples were analyzed for free and total thyroxine (fT4, TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). We assessed variability in DPHP using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and kappa statistics. We used linear mixed-effects models to examine associations between DPHP and thyroid hormones. DPHP was detected in 95% of urine samples. Mean DPHP concentrations were 43% higher in women than men. DPHP showed high within-subject variability (ICC range, 0.13-0.39; kappa range, 0.16-0.39). High versus low (≥2.65 vs. <2.65ng/mL) DPHP in all participants was associated with a 0.43μg/dL (95% confidence interval: 0.15, 0.72) increase in mean TT4 levels. In sex-stratified analyses, high versus low DPHP was associated with a 0.91μg/dL (95% CI: 0.47, 1.36) increase in mean TT4 in women. The association was attenuated in men (βeta=0.19; 95% CI: -0.15, 0.52). We found no significant associations between DPHP and fT4, TT3, or TSH. We found evidence that TPHP exposure may be associated with increased TT4 levels, especially in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Preston
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael D McClean
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lewis E Braverman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Pearce
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colleen M Makey
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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222
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Zhou L, Hiltscher M, Gruber D, Püttmann W. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10992-11005. [PMID: 27230144 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m3 with a median of 40.23 ng/m3, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m3), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m3) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m3), schools (36.23 ng/m3), day care centers (31.80 ng/m3), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m3) (p < 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhou
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco Hiltscher
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Gruber
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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223
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Hoffman K, Butt CM, Webster TF, Preston EV, Hammel SC, Makey C, Lorenzo AM, Cooper EM, Carignan C, Meeker JD, Hauser R, Soubry A, Murphy SK, Price TM, Hoyo C, Mendelsohn E, Congleton J, Daniels JL, Stapleton HM. Temporal Trends in Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2017; 4:112-118. [PMID: 28317001 PMCID: PMC5352975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, use of organophosphate compounds as flame retardants and plasticizers has increased. Numerous studies investigating biomarkers (i.e., urinary metabolites) demonstrate ubiquitous human exposure and suggest that human exposure may be increasing. To formally assess temporal trends, we combined data from 14 U.S. epidemiologic studies for which our laboratory group previously assessed exposure to two commonly used organophosphate compounds, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Using individual-level data and samples collected between 2002 and 2015, we assessed temporal and seasonal trends in urinary bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), the metabolites of TDCIPP and TPHP, respectively. Data suggest that BDCIPP concentrations have increased dramatically since 2002. Samples collected in 2014 and 2015 had BDCIPP concentrations that were more than 15 times higher than those collected in 2002 and 2003 (10β = 16.5; 95% confidence interval from 9.64 to 28.3). Our results also demonstrate significant increases in DPHP levels; however, increases were much smaller than for BDCIPP. Additionally, results suggest that exposure varies seasonally, with significantly higher levels of exposure in summer for both TDCIPP and TPHP. Given these increases, more research is needed to determine whether the levels of exposure experienced by the general population are related to adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Craig M. Butt
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Boston
University School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Emma V. Preston
- Boston
University School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Stephanie C. Hammel
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Colleen Makey
- Boston
University School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Amelia M. Lorenzo
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ellen M. Cooper
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Courtney Carignan
- Harvard
T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John D. Meeker
- University
of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Russ Hauser
- Harvard
T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adelheid Soubry
- Epidemiology
Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven-University, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan K. Murphy
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Thomas M. Price
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department
of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Emma Mendelsohn
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Julie L. Daniels
- Department
of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Nicholas School of the Environment,
Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708. E-mail: . Phone: (919) 613-8717. Fax: (919) 684-8741
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224
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Cowell WJ, Stapleton HM, Holmes D, Calero L, Tobon C, Perzanowski M, Herbstman JB. Prevalence of historical and replacement brominated flame retardant chemicals in New York City homes. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS 2017; 3:32-39. [PMID: 28989983 PMCID: PMC5630167 DOI: 10.1016/j.emcon.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until their phase-out between 2005 and 2013, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were added to household products including furniture, rugs, and electronics to meet flammability standards. Replacement brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, including 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5 tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), which are components of the Firemaster 550® commercial mixture, are now being used to meet some flammability standards in furniture. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the extent to which mothers and their children living in New York City are exposed to PBDEs, TBB, and TBPH. METHODS We measured PBDEs, TBB, and TBPH using gas chromatography mass spectrometry in dust (n = 25) and handwipe (n = 11) samples collected between 2012 and 2013 from mothers and children living in New York City. We defined dust as enriched if the proportional distribution for a given BFR exceeded two-thirds of the total BFR content. RESULTS We detected PBDEs and TBPH in 100% of dust and handwipe samples and TBB in 100% of dust samples and 95% of handwipe samples. Dust from approximately two-thirds of households was enriched for either PBDEs (n = 9) or for TBB + TBPH (n = 8). Overall, the median house dust concentration of TBB + TBPH (1318 ng/g dust) was higher than that of ΣPentaBDE (802 ng/g dust) and BDE-209 (1171 ng/g dust). Children generally had higher BFR handwipe concentrations compared to mothers (ΣPentaBDE: 73%, BDE-209: 64%, TBB + TBPH: 55%) and within households, BFR concentrations from paired maternal-child handwipes were highly correlated. Among mothers, we found a significant positive relation between house dust and handwipe BDE-209 and TBB + TBPH concentrations. CONCLUSION PBDEs, TBB and TBPH are ubiquitous in house dust and handwipes in a sample of mother-child pairs residing in New York City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney J Cowell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Darrell Holmes
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Lehyla Calero
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Catherine Tobon
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Matthew Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Julie B Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
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225
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Lu SY, Li YX, Zhang T, Cai D, Ruan JJ, Huang MZ, Wang L, Zhang JQ, Qiu RL. Effect of E-waste Recycling on Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Plasticizers and Their Association with Oxidative Stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2427-2437. [PMID: 28094923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three chlorinated (Cl-mOPs) and five nonchlorinated (NCl-mOPs) organophosphate metabolites were determined in urine samples collected from participants living in an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area (n = 175) and two reference areas (rural, n = 29 and urban, n = 17) in southern China. Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate [BCEP, geometric mean (GM): 0.72 ng/mL] was the most abundant Cl-mOP, and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP, 0.55 ng/mL) was the most abundant NCl-mOP. The GM concentrations of mOPs in the e-waste dismantling sites were higher than those in the rural control site. These differences were significant for BCEP (p < 0.05) and DPHP (p < 0.01). Results suggested that e-waste dismantling activities contributed to human exposure to OPs. In the e-waste sites, the urinary concentrations of bis(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (r = 0.484, p < 0.01), BCEP (r = 0.504, p < 0.01), dibutyl phosphate (r = 0.214, p < 0.05), and DPHP (r = 0.440, p < 0.01) were significantly increased as the concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of DNA oxidative stress, increased. Our results also suggested that human exposure to OPs might be correlated with DNA oxidative stress for residents in e-waste dismantling areas. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the urinary levels of mOPs in China and examine the association between OP exposure and 8-OHdG in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-You Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518055, PR China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Xi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dan Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ju-Jun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Huang
- School of Geograghy and Planning, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Jian-Qing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Rong-Liang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
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226
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Quintana JB, Rosende M, Montes R, Rodríguez-Álvarez T, Rodil R, Cela R, Miró M. In-vitro estimation of bioaccessibility of chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust by fasting and fed physiologically relevant extraction tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:540-549. [PMID: 27993474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the evaluation of in-vitro physiologically relevant extraction tests for ascertainment of the bioaccessible fractions of emerging flame retardants from indoor dust in the gastric and gastrointestinal compartments. Standardized bioaccessibility tests under both fasting (UBM-like test) and fed (FOREhST test) conditions simulating the macronutrient composition of an average child diet were harnessed for investigation of the oral bioaccessibility of chlorinated organophosphate esters, namely, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), in household and automobile cabin dust samples with varying concentration levels of contaminants. Minimal processing of the biomimetic extracts (only protein precipitation using acetonitrile) was proven feasible by analysis with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS). An inversely proportional relationship was identified between log Kow and oral bioaccessibility concentrations for TCEP, TCPP and TDCP in both dust samples with maximum bioaccessibility fractions for TCEP within the range of 50-103%. Non-bioaccessible fractions were determined by matrix-solid phase dispersion. Limits of quantification of LC-MS/MS in surrogate digestive fluids ranging from 0.4-0.8ng/mL suffice for determination of freely dissolved fractions of the two less hydrophobic species. Our results indicate that lipophilic food commodities used under fed-state gastrointestinal extraction conditions do not increase availability of TCEP, TCPP and TDCP in body fluids, and therefore conservative conditions in human health risk explorations for the target moderately polar flame retardants might be obtained with simplified tests under fasting conditions. This also holds true for the UBM/FOREhST bioaccessibility data for SRM 2585 (organic contaminants in house dust). Estimated average daily intake doses for toddlers incorporating oral bioaccessibility data afforded body burdens for the three chlorinated alkyl phosphates of ca. 3000 to 700 times below reference dose values, which indicate that long-term exposure to chlorinated organophosphate esters via accidental ingestion of indoor dust does not pose health risks to toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María Rosende
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
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227
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Chibwe L, Titaley IA, Hoh E, Massey Simonich SL. Integrated Framework for Identifying Toxic Transformation Products in Complex Environmental Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2017; 4:32-43. [PMID: 35600207 PMCID: PMC9119311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Complex environmental mixtures consist of hundreds to thousands of unknown and unregulated organic compounds that may have toxicological relevance, including transformation products (TPs) of anthropogenic organic pollutants. Non-targeted analysis and suspect screening analysis offer analytical approaches for potentially identifying these toxic transformation products. However, additional tools and strategies are needed in order to reduce the number of chemicals of interest and focus analytical efforts on chemicals that may pose risks to humans and the environment. This brief review highlights recent developments in this field and suggests an integrated framework that incorporates complementary instrumental techniques, computational chemistry, and toxicity analysis, for prioritizing and identifying toxic TPs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chibwe
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ivan A. Titaley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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228
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Cao D, Guo J, Wang Y, Li Z, Liang K, Corcoran MB, Hosseini S, Bonina SMC, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP, Liu J, Li A, Jiang G. Organophosphate Esters in Sediment of the Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1441-1449. [PMID: 28084727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study on organophosphate ester (OPEs) flame retardants and plasticizers in the sediment of the Great Lakes. Concentrations of 14 OPEs were measured in three sediment cores and 88 Ponar surface grabs collected from Lakes Ontario, Michigan, and Superior of North America. The sum of these OPEs (Σ14OPEs) in Ponar grabs averaged 2.2, 4.7, and 16.6 ng g-1 dw in Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Ontario, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated statistically significant associations between logarithm concentrations of Σ14OPEs as well as selected congeners in surface grab samples and sediment organic carbon content as well as a newly developed urban distance factor. Temporal trends observed in dated sediment cores from Lake Michigan demonstrated that the recent increase in depositional flux to sediment is dominated by chlorinated OPEs, particularly tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), which has a doubling time of about 20 years. Downward diffusion within sediment may have caused vertical fractionation of OPEs over time. Two relatively hydrophilic OPEs including TCPP had much higher concentrations in sediment than estimated based on equilibria between water and sediment organic carbon. Approximately a quarter (17 tonnes) of the estimated total OPE burden (63 tonnes) in Lake Michigan resides in sediment, which may act as a secondary source releasing OPEs to the water column for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuona Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Kang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Margaret B Corcoran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Soheil Hosseini
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Solidea M C Bonina
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
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Vojta Š, Bečanová J, Melymuk L, Komprdová K, Kohoutek J, Kukučka P, Klánová J. Screening for halogenated flame retardants in European consumer products, building materials and wastes. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:457-466. [PMID: 27855342 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To fulfill national and international fire safety standards, flame retardants (FRs) are being added to a wide range of consumer products and building materials consisting of flammable materials like plastic, wood and textiles. While the FR composition of some products and materials has been identified in recent years, the limited global coverage of the data and the large diversity in consumer products necessitates more information for an overall picture of the FR composition in common products/materials. To address this issue, 137 individual samples of various consumer products, building materials and wastes were collected. To identify and characterize potential sources of FRs in indoor environment, all samples were analyzed for content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) and novel flame retardants (NFRs). The most frequently detected were HBCDDs (85%), with the highest median concentration of Σ4HBCDDs of 300 mg kg-1 in polystyrenes. The highest median concentration of Σ10PBDEs was found in recycled plastic materials, reaching 4 mg kg-1. The lowest concentrations were observed for NFRs, where the median of Σ12NFRs reached 0.4 mg kg-1 in the group of electrical & electronic equipment wastes. This suggests that for consumer products and building materials that are currently in-use, legacy compounds still contribute to the overall burden of FRs. Additionally, contrasting patterns of FR composition in recycled and virgin plastics, revealed using principle component analysis (PCA), suggest that legacy flame retardants are reentering the market through recycled products, perpetuating the potential for emissions to indoor environments and thus for human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šimon Vojta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jitka Bečanová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czechia.
| | - Klára Komprdová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czechia
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230
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Jayatilaka NK, Restrepo P, Williams L, Ospina M, Valentin-Blasini L, Calafat AM. Quantification of three chlorinated dialkyl phosphates, diphenyl phosphate, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid, and four other organophosphates in human urine by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:1323-1332. [PMID: 27838756 PMCID: PMC5576356 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), produced as flame retardants worldwide, have been phased-out in many countries, and chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates and non-PBDE brominated formulations (e.g., Firemaster 550 (FM550)) have entered the consumers' market. Recent studies show that components of organophosphate esters and FM550 are frequently detected in many products common to human environments. Therefore, urinary metabolites of these compounds can be used as human exposure biomarkers. We developed a method to quantify nine compounds in 0.4 mL urine: diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), bis-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate, di-p-cresylphosphate, di-o-cresylphosphate (DoCP), di-n-butyl phosphate, dibenzyl phosphate (DBzP), and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid. The method relies on an enzymatic hydrolysis of urinary conjugates of the target analytes, automated off-line solid phase extraction, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography separation, and isotope dilution-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry detection. The method is high-throughput (96 samples/day) with detection limits ranging from 0.05 to 0.16 ng mL-1. Spiked recoveries were 90-113 %, and interday imprecision was 2-8 %. We assessed the suitability of the method by analyzing urine samples collected from a convenience sample of adults (n = 76) and from a group of firefighters (n = 146). DPhP (median, 0.89; range, 0.26-5.6 ng mL-1) and BDCPP (median, 0.69; range, 0.31-6.8 ng mL-1) were detected in all of the non-occupationally exposed adult samples and all of the firefighter samples (DPhP [median, 2.9; range, 0.24-28 ng mL-1], BDCPP [median, 3.4; range, 0.30-44 ng mL-1]); DBzP and DoCP were not detected in any samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana K Jayatilaka
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Paula Restrepo
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - LaTasha Williams
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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231
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Liu X, Yu G, Cao Z, Wang B, Huang J, Deng S, Wang Y, Shen H, Peng X. Estimation of human exposure to halogenated flame retardants through dermal adsorption by skin wipe. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:272-278. [PMID: 27788366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine levels of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) on skin surface to provide preliminary exposure estimates from dermal absorption. Skin wipes of palms, back-of-hands, and forearms were collected from 30 participants by using gauze pads soaked in isopropyl alcohol. Eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), two novel brominated FRs, and two Dechlorane Plus (DPs) isomers were determined. BDE209, Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and 1, 2-Bis (2, 4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) were most frequently detected. BDE209 showed the highest median level (1760 ng m-2), followed by DBDPE (277 ng m-2) and anti-DP (64 ng m-2). The comparison of levels on palms and back-of-hands revealed no statistical differences, but both were significantly higher than the levels on forearms. Detections of HFRs on arms suggested that skin areas covered by clothing were exposed to these chemicals likewise. BDE209 and DPs levels from three repeated samples showed moderate to strong reliability over 3 months, while the levels of other compounds were not statistically reliable. Males had significant higher levels than females for most HFRs, while participants' age, time from last hand washing to sampling, and other behaviors contributed limitedly to the variations in levels. Daily uptakes of HFRs through dermal absorption were estimated. The estimated median total exposure from palms, back-of-hands, and forearms were 25.9, 1.6, and 7.2 ng d-1 for ∑PBDEs, ∑DPs, and ∑NBFRs, respectively, which were in the same ranges as those from diet and dust ingestion for adults in China, suggesting that dermal absorption would be an important exposure route for HFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongbo Shen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xue Peng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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232
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Chen X, Lin Y, Dang K, Puschner B. Quantification of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Commercial Cows' Milk from California by Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadruple Mass Spectrometry. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170129. [PMID: 28085917 PMCID: PMC5234792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined 12 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 19 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners in eight different brands of commercial whole milk (WM) and fat free milk (FFM) produced and distributed in California. Congeners were extracted using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method, purified by gel permeation chromatography, and quantified using gas chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry. PBDEs and PCBs were detected in all FFM and WM samples. The most prevalent PBDE congeners in WM were BDE-47 (geometric mean: 18.0 pg/mL, 0.51 ng/g lipid), BDE-99 (geometric mean: 9.9 pg/mL, 0.28 ng/g lipid), and BDE-49 (geometric mean: 6.0 pg/mL, 0.17 ng/g lipid). The dominant PCB congeners in WM were PCB-101(geometric mean: 23.6 pg/mL, 0.67 ng/g lipid), PCB-118 (geometric mean: 25.2 pg/mL, 0.72 ng/g lipid), and PCB-138 (geometric mean: 25.3 pg/mL, 0.72 ng/g lipid). The sum of all 19 PCB congeners in FFM and WM were several orders of magnitude below the U.S. FDA tolerance. The sum of PBDEs in milk samples suggest close proximity to industrial emissions, and confirm previous findings of elevated PBDE levels in California compared to other regions in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Yanping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine Dang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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233
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Hoffman K, Lorenzo A, Butt CM, Adair L, Herring AH, Stapleton HM, Daniels JL. Predictors of urinary flame retardant concentration among pregnant women. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:96-101. [PMID: 27745946 PMCID: PMC5127734 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate compounds are commonly used in residential furniture, electronics, and baby products as flame retardants and are also used in other consumer products as plasticizers. Although the levels of exposure biomarkers are generally higher among children and decrease with age, relatively little is known about the individual characteristics associated with higher levels of exposure. Here, we investigate urinary metabolites of several organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in a cohort of pregnant women to evaluate patterns of exposure. METHODS Pregnant North Carolina women (n=349) provided information on their individual characteristics (e.g. age and body mass index (BMI)) as a part of the Pregnancy Infection and Nutrition Study (2002-2005). Women also provided second trimester urine samples in which six PFR metabolites were measured using mass spectrometry methods. RESULTS PFR metabolites were detected in every urine sample, with BDCIPP, DHPH, ip-PPP and BCIPHIPP detected in >80% of samples. Geometric mean concentrations were higher than what has been reported previously for similarly-timed cohorts. Women with higher pre-pregnancy BMI tended to have higher levels of urinary metabolites. For example, those classified as obese at the start of pregnancy had ip-PPP levels that were 1.52 times as high as normal weight range women (95% confidence interval: 1.23, 1.89). Women without previous children also tended to have higher urinary levels of DPHP, but lower levels of ip-PPP. In addition, we saw strong evidence of seasonal trends in metabolite concentrations (e.g. higher DPHP, BDCIPP, and BCIPHIPP in summer, and evidence of increasing ip-PPP between 2002 and 2005). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate ubiquitous exposure to PFRs among NC women in the early 2000s. Additionally, our work suggests that individual characteristics are related to exposure and that temporal variation, both seasonal and annual, may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Amelia Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Linda Adair
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amy H Herring
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Julie L Daniels
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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234
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Yu L, Jia Y, Su G, Sun Y, Letcher RJ, Giesy JP, Yu H, Han Z, Liu C. Parental transfer of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and transgenerational inhibition of growth of zebrafish exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:196-203. [PMID: 27646168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a re-emerging environmental contaminant that has been frequently detected at sub-ppb (<μg/L) concentrations in natural waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of TDCIPP on growth in initial generation (F0) zebrafish after chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations, and to examine possible parental transfer of TDCIPP and transgenerational effects on growth of first generation (F1) larvae. When zebrafish (1-month old) were exposed to 580 or 7500 ng TDCIPP/L for 240 days, bioconcentration resulted in significantly less growth as measured by body length, body mass, brain-somatic index (BSI) and hepatic-somatic index (HSI) in F0 females but not F0 males. These effects were possibly due to down-regulation of expression of genes along the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. Furthermore, residues of TDCIPP were detected in F1 eggs after exposure of parents, which resulted in less survival, body length and heart rate in F1 individuals. Down-regulation of genes in the GH/IGF axis (e.g., gh, igf1) might be responsible for transgenerational toxicity. This study provides the first known evidence that exposure of zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP during development can inhibit growth of offspring, which were not exposed directly to TDCIPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yali Jia
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Yongkai Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210089, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Zhihua Han
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Hunan, Changde 415000, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, China.
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235
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Lau G, Walter K, Kass P, Puschner B. Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the serum of hypothyroxinemic and euthyroid dogs. PeerJ 2017. [PMID: 28924500 DOI: 10.7717/peeq.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the profile of 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 23 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in serum of domestic canines and whether this was predictive of thyroid hormone status. SAMPLES Serum samples were collected from 51 client-owned dogs visiting the University of California Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during 2012 to 2016 for routine appointments. Fifteen dogs were diagnosed with hypothyroxinemia while 36 were euthyroid. PROCEDURES Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in canine serum samples were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between the presence/absence of canine hypothyroxinemia and the serum concentration of individual PBDE or PCB congeners. RESULTS The median concentrations of total PBDE and PCB congeners in the hypothyroxinemic group were 660 and 1,371 ng/g lipid, respectively, which were higher than concentrations detected in the control group. However, logistic regression analysis determined that current concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in canines were not significantly associated with hypothyroxinemia. BDE 183 was the only congener showing near significance (p = 0.068). CONCLUSIONS PBDE and PCB congeners were detected in all canine samples confirming ongoing exposure to these pollutants. Because household dogs share the human environment, they may serve as biosentinels of human exposure to these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Lau
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Kyla Walter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Philip Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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236
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Development and comparison of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques for analysis of flame retardants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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237
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Levels of Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants, TDCIPP, and TPHP, in Pregnant Women in Shanghai. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 2016:9416054. [PMID: 28115951 PMCID: PMC5220514 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9416054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flame retardants are widely used in consumer products to reduce their flammability. Previously used flame retardants have been sequentially banned due to their environmental and human toxicity. Currently, tris(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) are among the most commonly used flame retardants. TDCIPP and TPHP are reproductive toxins and have carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and endocrine-disrupting properties. Although high levels of TDCIPP and TPHP have been found in drinking water, seawater, and office air in China, data regarding human exposure are lacking. In this study, we assessed the level of urinary TPHP and TDCIPP metabolites (DPHP and BDCIPP, resp.) in a cohort of pregnant women (N = 23) from Shanghai, China, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. DPHP were detected in 100% urine samples, while only four urine samples had detectable level of BDCIPP in this cohort (17% detected). Geometric means of DPHP and BDCIPP concentrations were 1.1 ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.6, 1.5 ng/mL) and 1.2 ng/mL (IQR: 0.6, 2.2 ng/mL), respectively. In this small cohort, urinary DPHP and BDCIPP levels were not significantly correlated with miscarriages, neonatal birthweight, gestational diabetes, or maternal age. These data suggest that exposure to TPHP is widespread, and they demonstrate the feasibility of using urinary biomarkers to measure exposures to modern flame-retardant chemicals.
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238
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Tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate induces apoptosis and autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells: Involvement of ROS-mediated AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 100:183-196. [PMID: 28025121 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), an extensively used organophosphorus flame retardant, is frequently detected in the environment and biota. Recent studies have shown that TDCIPP has neurotoxic effects. We hypothesized that the neurotoxicity might occur via the induction of the apoptosis and autophagy pathways. In the present study, we investigated TDCIPP-induced apoptotic death and autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. Treatment with TDCIPP induced increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell apoptosis, as well as autophagy. The autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) markedly decreased the expression of the autophagy marker beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3II), p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) degradation, and promoted apoptosis. Conversely, the autophagy inducer rapamycin (Rapa) alleviated TDCIPP-induced apoptosis and markedly increased the expression of the autophagy markers. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) eliminated the increased ROS generation, resulting in increased cell viability. For further examination of the signaling pathways involved in TDCIPP-induced autophagy, compound C, a pharmacological inhibitor of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) was used. Western blotting showed that compound C markedly reduced the expression of phospho-AMPK (p-AMPK) and phospho-Unc-51-like kinase 1 (p-ULK1), increased phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) expression, and decreased beclin-1 and LC3II expression. These results suggested that the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway was involved in TDCIPP-induced autophagy. The antioxidant NAC antagonized TDCIPP-induced activation of AMPK and autophagy. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence that TDCIPP promotes apoptosis and autophagy simultaneously and that this process involves the ROS-mediated AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathways. Lastly, the induction of autophagy is a protective mechanism against TDCIPP-induced apoptosis.
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239
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McGrath TJ, Morrison PD, Sandiford CJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of urban soils in Melbourne, Australia. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:225-232. [PMID: 27588576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a variety of materials and products. PBDEs have been shown to accumulate in the environment and human populations while exhibiting a range of toxic effects. In this study, surface soil samples from 30 sites in the city of Melbourne, Australia, were analysed for PBDEs. Eight congeners of environmental concern (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 -183 and -209) were assessed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs were detected in 29/30 samples with Σ8PBDE soil concentrations ranging nd-13,200 ng/g dw and Σ7PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) levels of nd-70.5 ng/g dw. Soils from waste disposal sites (n = 6) contained the highest median Σ7PBDE and Σ8PBDE concentrations, followed by manufacturing sites (n = 18) and then non-source sites (n = 6). Electronics recycling facilities contained the greatest levels of Σ8PBDEs by a significant margin (p < 0.05) to indicate that these industries are a potential source of contamination. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing an average of 75.5% to Σ8PBDEs soil concentrations, followed by BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-183 at 7.90, 5.64 and 4.31%, respectively. Congener profiles reflected global estimates of Deca-BDE, Octa-BDE and Penta- BDE commercial production, with the most significant congener correlation existing between BDE-47 and BDE-99 (p < 0.001, r = 0.943). This first assessment of PBDEs in Melbourne soils indicates widespread contamination of the urban environment, including locations where direct sources to soil are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Christopher J Sandiford
- Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association (ACLCA), PO Box 362, Malvern, Victoria 3144, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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240
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Krowech G, Hoover S, Plummer L, Sandy M, Zeise L, Solomon G. Identifying Chemical Groups for Biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:A219-A226. [PMID: 27905275 PMCID: PMC5132641 DOI: 10.1289/ehp537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory agencies face daunting challenges identifying emerging chemical hazards because of the large number of chemicals in commerce and limited data on exposure and toxicology. Evaluating one chemical at a time is inefficient and can lead to replacement with uncharacterized chemicals or chemicals with structural features already linked to toxicity. The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed a process for constructing and assessing chemical groups for potential biomonitoring in California. We screen for chemicals with significant exposure potential and propose possible chemical groups, based on structure and function. To support formal consideration of these groups by Biomonitoring California’s Scientific Guidance Panel, we conduct a detailed review of exposure and toxicity data and examine the likelihood of detection in biological samples. To date, 12 chemical groups have been constructed and added to the pool of chemicals that can be selected for Biomonitoring California studies, including p,p´-bisphenols, brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants, non-halogenated aromatic phosphates, and synthetic polycyclic musks. Evaluating chemical groups, rather than individual chemicals, is an efficient way to respond to shifts in chemical use and the emergence of new chemicals. This strategy can enable earlier identification of important chemicals for monitoring and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Krowech
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Sara Hoover
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Laurel Plummer
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Martha Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Gina Solomon
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
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241
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Macías-Zamora JV, Ramírez-Álvarez N, Hernández-Guzmán FA, Mejía-Trejo A. On the sources of PBDEs in coastal marine sediments off Baja California, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:59-66. [PMID: 27459254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely distributed compounds in all types of matrices. In the northern portion of the Southern California Bight (SCB), there were reports of some of the largest PBDE concentrations in marine mammals and mussels. Because of this, we decided to analyze the status of PBDEs in the southern part of the SCB. An analysis of 91 samples of marine surface sediment was carried out. All of the 91 samples contained measurable amounts of PBDEs, which is a manifestation of the widespread distribution of these chemical substances. However, the levels detected are between one and two orders of magnitude smaller than those reported in southern California. Currents appear to control the distribution of PBDEs along the coast and the sedimentation sites with largest concentrations are favored by local bathymetry. Maximum concentrations were located in the middle and deeper platforms ranging from 0.02 to 5.90 (with a median 0.71) ng·g(-1) d.w. Deca-BDE mixture is largely predominant in the sediments followed by the penta-BDE mixture. The mass balance for the latitudinal strata shows the largest concentrations in the north where the largest population centers are present and with a very clear southward gradient. The mass balance calculation values showed about 36kg of PBDEs for the north, 22kg for the center, and 10kg for the south strata. In terms of depth, the PBDEs are mainly located on the middle and deep platforms rather than near point discharges, which is different than that reported by other authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Macías-Zamora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada CP 22860, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - N Ramírez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada CP 22860, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - F A Hernández-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada CP 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - A Mejía-Trejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada CP 22860, Baja California, Mexico
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242
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Liu X, Yu G, Cao Z, Wang B, Huang J, Deng S, Wang Y, Shen H, Peng X. WITHDRAWN: Estimation of human exposure to halogenated flame retardants through dermal adsorption by skin wipe. CHEMOSPHERE 2016:S0045-6535(16)31389-3. [PMID: 27817895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.015. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongbo Shen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xue Peng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
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243
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Knudsen GA, Hughes MF, Sanders JM, Hall SM, Birnbaum LS. Estimation of human percutaneous bioavailability for two novel brominated flame retardants, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 311:117-127. [PMID: 27732871 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) are novel brominated flame retardants used in consumer products. A parallelogram approach was used to predict human dermal absorption and flux for EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP. [14C]-EH-TBB or [14C]-BEH-TEBP was applied to human or rat skin at 100nmol/cm2 using a flow-through system. Intact rats received analogous dermal doses. Treated skin was washed and tape-stripped to remove "unabsorbed" [14C]-radioactivity after continuous exposure (24h). "Absorbed" was quantified using dermally retained [14C]-radioactivity; "penetrated" was calculated based on [14C]-radioactivity in media (in vitro) or excreta+tissues (in vivo). Human skin absorbed EH-TBB (24±1%) while 0.2±0.1% penetrated skin. Rat skin absorbed more (51±10%) and was more permeable (2±0.5%) to EH-TBB in vitro; maximal EH-TBB flux was 11±7 and 102±24pmol-eq/cm2/h for human and rat skin, respectively. In vivo, 27±5% was absorbed and 13% reached systemic circulation after 24h (maximum flux was 464±65pmol-eq/cm2/h). BEH-TEBP in vitro penetrance was minimal (<0.01%) for rat or human skin. BEH-TEBP absorption was 12±11% for human skin and 41±3% for rat skin. In vivo, total absorption was 27±9%; 1.2% reached systemic circulation. In vitro maximal BEH-TEBP flux was 0.3±0.2 and 1±0.3pmol-eq/cm2/h for human and rat skin; in vivo maximum flux for rat skin was 16±7pmol-eq/cm2/h. EH-TBB was metabolized in rat and human skin to tetrabromobenzoic acid. BEH-TEBP-derived [14C]-radioactivity in the perfusion media could not be characterized. <1% of the dose of EH-TBB and BEH-TEHP is estimated to reach the systemic circulation following human dermal exposure under the conditions tested. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS STUDIED IN THIS ARTICLE 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (PubChem CID: 71316600; CAS No. 183658-27-7 FW: 549.92g/mol logPest: 7.73-8.75 (12)) Abdallah et al., 2015a. Other published abbreviations for 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate are TBB EHTeBB or EHTBB Abdallah and Harrad, 2011. bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (PubChem CID: 117291; CAS No. 26040-51-7 FW: 706.14g/mol logPest: 9.48-11.95 (12)). Other published abbreviations for bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate are TeBrDEPH TBPH or BEHTBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Knudsen
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, 111 T W Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Michael F Hughes
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - J Michael Sanders
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, 111 T W Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Samantha M Hall
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, 111 T W Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, 111 T W Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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244
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Cooper E, Kroeger G, Davis K, Clark CR, Ferguson PL, Stapleton HM. Results from Screening Polyurethane Foam Based Consumer Products for Flame Retardant Chemicals: Assessing Impacts on the Change in the Furniture Flammability Standards. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10653-10660. [PMID: 27552529 PMCID: PMC5052662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardant (FR) chemicals have often been added to polyurethane foam to meet required state and federal flammability standards. However, some FRs (e.g., PBDEs and TDCIPP) are associated with health hazards and are now restricted from use in some regions. In addition, California's residential furniture flammability standard (TB-117) has undergone significant amendments over the past few years, and TDCIPP has been added to California's Proposition 65 list. These events have likely led to shifts in the types of FRs used, and the products to which they are applied. To provide more information on the use of FRs in products containing polyurethane foam (PUF), we established a screening service for the general public. Participants residing in the US were allowed to submit up to 5 samples from their household for analysis, free of charge, and supplied information on the product category, labeling, and year and state of purchase. Between February 2014 and June 2016, we received 1141 PUF samples for analysis from various products including sofas, chairs, mattresses, car seats and pillows. Of these samples tested, 52% contained a FR at levels greater than 1% by weight. Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) was the most common FR detected in PUF samples, and was the most common FR detected in all product categories. Analysis of the data by purchasing date suggests that the use of TDCIPP decreased in recent years, paralleled with an increase in the use of TCIPP and a nonhalogenated aryl phosphate mixture we call "TBPP." In addition, we observed significant decreases in FR applications in furniture products and child car seats, suggesting the use of additive FRs in PUF may be declining, perhaps as a reflection of recent changes to TB-117 and Proposition 65. More studies are needed to determine how these changes in FR use relate to changes in exposure among the general population.
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245
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Mitro SD, Dodson RE, Singla V, Adamkiewicz G, Elmi AF, Tilly MK, Zota AR. Consumer Product Chemicals in Indoor Dust: A Quantitative Meta-analysis of U.S. Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10661-10672. [PMID: 27623734 PMCID: PMC5052660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is a reservoir for commercial consumer product chemicals, including many compounds with known or suspected health effects. However, most dust exposure studies measure few chemicals in small samples. We systematically searched the U.S. indoor dust literature on phthalates, replacement flame retardants (RFRs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), synthetic fragrances, and environmental phenols and estimated pooled geometric means (GMs) and 95% confidence intervals for 45 chemicals measured in ≥3 data sets. In order to rank and contextualize these results, we used the pooled GMs to calculate residential intake from dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal uptake from air, and then identified hazard traits from the Safer Consumer Products Candidate Chemical List. Our results indicate that U.S. indoor dust consistently contains chemicals from multiple classes. Phthalates occurred in the highest concentrations, followed by phenols, RFRs, fragrance, and PFASs. Several phthalates and RFRs had the highest residential intakes. We also found that many chemicals in dust share hazard traits such as reproductive and endocrine toxicity. We offer recommendations to maximize comparability of studies and advance indoor exposure science. This information is critical in shaping future exposure and health studies, especially related to cumulative exposures, and in providing evidence for intervention development and public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna D. Mitro
- Milken
Institute School of Public Health, George
Washington University, Washington,
D.C. 20052, United States
| | | | - Veena Singla
- Health
and Environment Program, Natural Resources
Defense Council, San Francisco, California 94104, United States
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Harvard T. H.
Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Angelo F. Elmi
- Milken
Institute School of Public Health, George
Washington University, Washington,
D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Monica K. Tilly
- Health
and Environment Program, Natural Resources
Defense Council, San Francisco, California 94104, United States
- Occupational
and Environmental Medicine Program, University
of California San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Ami R. Zota
- Milken
Institute School of Public Health, George
Washington University, Washington,
D.C. 20052, United States
- Phone: (202) 994-9289; fax: 2052-994-0082; e-mail:
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246
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Knudsen GA, Sanders JM, Birnbaum LS. Disposition of the Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant, 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromobenzoate, in Female SD Rats and Male B6C3F1 Mice: Effects of Dose, Route, and Repeated Administration. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:392-402. [PMID: 27613714 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB; MW 549.92 g/mol; CAS 183658-27-7) is a brominated component of flame retardant mixtures used as substitutes for some PBDEs. EH-TBB is added to various consumer products, including polyurethane foams, and has been detected in humans. The present study characterized the fate of EH-TBB in rodents. [14C]-labeled EH-TBB was absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated via the urine and feces following single administrations of 0.1-100 µmol/kg (∼0.05-55 mg/kg) or repeated administration (0.1 µmol/kg/day × 5-10 days) by gavage to female Hsd:Sprague DawleySD (SD) rats. Cumulative excretion via feces increased (39-60%) with dose (0.1-10 µmol/kg) with corresponding decreases in urinary excretion (54 to 37%) after 72 h. Delayed excretion of [14C]-radioactivity in urine and feces of a 100 µmol/kg oral dose was noted. Recovery was complete for all doses by 72 h. IV-injected rats excreted more of the 0.1 µmol/kg dose in urine and less in feces than did gavaged rats, indicating partial biliary elimination of systemically available compound. No tissue bioaccumulation was found for rats given 5 oral daily doses of EH-TBB. Parent molecule was not detected in urine whereas 2 metabolites, tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA), a TBBA-sulfate conjugate, and a TBBA-glycine conjugate were identified. EH-TBB and TBBA were identified in extracts from feces. Data from gavaged male B6C3F1/Tac mice indicated minimal sex- or species differences are likely for the disposition of EH-TBB. Approximately 85% of a 0.1 µmol/kg dose was absorbed from the gut. Overall absorption of EH-TBB is expected to be even greater at lower levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Knudsen
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - J Michael Sanders
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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247
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McDonough CA, Puggioni G, Helm PA, Muir D, Lohmann R. Spatial Distribution and Air-Water Exchange of Organic Flame Retardants in the Lower Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9133-41. [PMID: 27458653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic flame retardants (OFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs) are ubiquitous, persistent, and bioaccumulative contaminants that have been used in consumer goods to slow combustion. In this study, polyethylene passive samplers (PEs) were deployed throughout the lower Great Lakes (Lake Erie and Lake Ontario) to measure OFRs in air and water, calculate air-water exchange fluxes, and investigate spatial trends. Dissolved Σ12BDE was greatest in Lake Ontario near Toronto (18 pg/L), whereas gaseous Σ12BDE was greatest on the southern shoreline of Lake Erie (11 pg/m(3)). NHFRs were generally below detection limits. Air-water exchange was dominated by absorption of BDEs 47 and 99, ranging from -964 pg/m(2)/day to -30 pg/m(2)/day. Σ12BDE in air and water was significantly correlated with surrounding population density, suggesting that phased-out PBDEs continued to be emitted from population centers along the Great Lakes shoreline in 2012. Correlation with dissolved Σ12BDE was strongest when considering population within 25 km while correlation with gaseous Σ12BDE was strongest when using population within 3 km to the south of each site. Bayesian kriging was used to predict dissolved Σ12BDE over the lakes, illustrating the utility of relatively highly spatially resolved measurements in identifying potential hot spots for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A McDonough
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Gavino Puggioni
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Rhode Island , 45 Upper College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Paul A Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3 V6
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7S 1A1
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
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248
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Saini A, Thaysen C, Jantunen L, McQueen RH, Diamond ML. From Clothing to Laundry Water: Investigating the Fate of Phthalates, Brominated Flame Retardants, and Organophosphate Esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9289-97. [PMID: 27507188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of phthalate esters, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) by clothing from indoor air and transfer via laundering to outdoors were investigated. Over 30 days cotton and polyester fabrics accumulated 3475 and 1950 ng/dm(2) ∑5phthalates, 65 and 78 ng/dm(2) ∑10BFRs, and 1200 and 310 ng/dm(2) ∑8OPEs, respectively. Planar surface area concentrations of OPEs and low molecular weight phthalates were significantly greater in cotton than polyester and similar for BFRs and high molecular weight phthalates. This difference was significantly and inversely correlated with KOW, suggesting greater sorption of polar compounds to polar cotton. Chemical release from cotton and polyester to laundry water was >80% of aliphatic OPEs (log KOW < 4), < 50% of OPEs with an aromatic structure, 50-100% of low molecular weight phthalates (log KOW 4-6), and < detection-35% of higher molecular weight phthalates (log KOW > 8) and BFRs (log KOW > 6). These results support the hypothesis that clothing acts an efficient conveyer of soluble semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from indoors to outdoors through accumulation from air and then release during laundering. Clothes drying could as well contribute to the release of chemicals emitted by electric dryers. The results also have implications for dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Saini
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Clara Thaysen
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1 Canada
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1 Canada
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada , 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, Ontario L0L 1N0 Canada
| | - Rachel H McQueen
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N1 Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1 Canada
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249
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Carignan CC, Fang M, Stapleton HM, Heiger-Bernays W, McClean MD, Webster TF. Urinary biomarkers of flame retardant exposure among collegiate U.S. gymnasts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:362-368. [PMID: 27395335 PMCID: PMC4980234 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants are widely used in polyurethane foam materials including gymnastics safety equipment such as pit cubes and landing mats. We previously reported elevated concentrations of flame retardants in the air and dust of a U.S. gymnastics training facility and elevated PentaBDE in the serum of collegiate gymnasts. Our objective in this pilot study was to compare urinary biomarkers of exposure to other flame retardants and additives of polyurethane foam including tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 2-ethylhexyl- 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) in samples collected from 11 collegiate gymnasts before and after a gymnastics practice (n=53 urine samples total). We identified a 50% increase in the TPHP biomarker (p=0.03) from before to after practice, a non-significant 22% increase in the TDCIPP biomarker (p=0.14) and no change for the EH-TBB biomarker. These preliminary results indicate that the gymnastics training environment can be a source of recreational exposure to flame retardants. Such exposures are likely widespread, as we identified flame retardants in 89% of foam samples collected from gyms across the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Carignan
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | | | - Wendy Heiger-Bernays
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael D McClean
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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250
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Butt CM, Hoffman K, Chen A, Lorenzo A, Congleton J, Stapleton HM. Regional comparison of organophosphate flame retardant (PFR) urinary metabolites and tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) in mother-toddler pairs from California and New Jersey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:627-634. [PMID: 27397928 PMCID: PMC4980246 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of alternative chemical flame retardants in consumer products is increasing as the result of the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Today, the most commonly detected alternatives in residential furniture include the organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and the Firemaster (R) 550 mixture (FM550). Urinary levels of dialkyl and diaryl phosphate esters, and 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) have been used as biomarkers of human exposure to PFRs and FM550, respectively. In a previous study, we demonstrated that toddlers had significantly higher levels of PFRs relative to their mothers in a cohort from New Jersey; however, it is unclear if there are regional differences in exposure. It is possible that exposure to PFRs may be higher in California relative to other US States due to the California flammability standard, as was seen previously observed for PBDEs. In the current study, we examined urinary levels of PFR metabolites and TBBA in 28 mother-child pairs from California, USA, collected in 2015, and compared them with levels measured in our previous study from New Jersey. Urine samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), isopropyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and BCIPHIPP conjugates were detected in 100% of mother and child urine samples, while bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), tert-butyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (tb-PPP) and TBBA were detected in < 50% of samples. Interestingly, BCIPHIPP conjugates were detected in 100% of the urine samples, suggesting ubiquitous exposure to the parent compound, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP). The current study found significantly higher BDCIPP levels in California toddlers and higher and ip-PPP levels in mothers as compared to the New Jersey cohort, which may be reflective of California's furniture flammability standard. For example, BDCIPP levels in California children were 2.4 times higher than those in New Jersey children. Consistent with our previous work, the current study showed higher PFR and EH-TBB exposure in children, likely due to increased hand-mouth behavior. Children's DPHP and BDCIPP levels, on average, were 5.9 times and 15 times those of their mothers. Positive correlations between paired mothers and their children were shown for DPHP and BCIPHIPP conjugates but not BDCIPP or ip-PPP. In the children, several predictors of hand-mouth behavior were associated with BDCIPP, DPHP and ip-PPP urine levels, but no associations were observed with BCIPHIPP conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Albert Chen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Amelia Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | | | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
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