201
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Amari L, Germain M. Mitochondrial Extracellular Vesicles - Origins and Roles. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:767219. [PMID: 34751216 PMCID: PMC8572053 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged in the last decade as critical cell-to-cell communication devices used to carry nucleic acids and proteins between cells. EV cargo includes plasma membrane and endosomal proteins, but EVs also contain material from other cellular compartments, including mitochondria. Within cells, mitochondria are responsible for a large range of metabolic reactions, but they can also produce damaging levels of reactive oxygen species and induce inflammation when damaged. Consistent with this, recent evidence suggests that EV-mediated transfer of mitochondrial content alters metabolic and inflammatory responses of recipient cells. As EV mitochondrial content is also altered in some pathologies, this could have important implications for their diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we will discuss the nature and roles of mitochondrial EVs, with a special emphasis on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Amari
- Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire et Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.,Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Germain
- Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire et Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.,Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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202
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Chen RY, Keddie BA. Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Hemocytes Release Extracellular Traps That Confer Protection Against Bacterial Infection in the Hemocoel. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6449199. [PMID: 34865034 PMCID: PMC8643984 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular traps (ETs) released from vertebrate and invertebrate immune cells consist of chromatin and toxic granule contents that are capable of immobilizing and killing microbes. This recently described innate immune response is not well documented in insects. The present study found that ETs were released by hemocytes of Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in vivo and ex vivo after bacterial stimulation. ET release (ETosis), hemolymph coagulation, and melanization likely contributed to the immobilization and killing of the bacteria. The injection of G. mellonella hemocyte deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the presence of bacteria increased bacterial clearance rate and prolonged insect survival. Taken together, these results indicate the presence of insect hemocyte extracellular traps (IHETs) that protect the insect against microbial infection in the hemocoel and represent the first documentation of ETs in insects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Y Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - B Andrew Keddie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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203
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Patients with COVID-19: in the dark-NETs of neutrophils. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3125-3139. [PMID: 34031543 PMCID: PMC8142290 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection poses a major threat to the lungs and multiple other organs, occasionally causing death. Until effective vaccines are developed to curb the pandemic, it is paramount to define the mechanisms and develop protective therapies to prevent organ dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. Individuals that develop severe manifestations have signs of dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses. Emerging evidence implicates neutrophils and the disbalance between neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and degradation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of inflammation, coagulopathy, organ damage, and immunothrombosis that characterize severe cases of COVID-19. Here, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for NETs in COVID-19 manifestations and present putative mechanisms, by which NETs promote tissue injury and immunothrombosis. We present therapeutic strategies, which have been successful in the treatment of immunο-inflammatory disorders and which target dysregulated NET formation or degradation, as potential approaches that may benefit patients with severe COVID-19.
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204
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De Gaetano A, Solodka K, Zanini G, Selleri V, Mattioli AV, Nasi M, Pinti M. Molecular Mechanisms of mtDNA-Mediated Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:2898. [PMID: 34831121 PMCID: PMC8616383 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their role in cell metabolism, mitochondria display many other functions. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the own genome of the organelle, plays an important role in modulating the inflammatory immune response. When released from the mitochondrion to the cytosol, mtDNA is recognized by cGAS, a cGAMP which activates a pathway leading to enhanced expression of type I interferons, and by NLRP3 inflammasome, which promotes the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-1beta and Interleukin-18. Furthermore, mtDNA can be bound by Toll-like receptor 9 in the endosome and activate a pathway that ultimately leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. mtDNA is released in the extracellular space in different forms (free DNA, protein-bound DNA fragments) either as free circulating molecules or encapsulated in extracellular vesicles. In this review, we discussed the latest findings concerning the molecular mechanisms that regulate the release of mtDNA from mitochondria, and the mechanisms that connect mtDNA misplacement to the activation of inflammation in different pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.D.G.); (K.S.); (G.Z.); (V.S.)
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Kateryna Solodka
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.D.G.); (K.S.); (G.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Giada Zanini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.D.G.); (K.S.); (G.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Valentina Selleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.D.G.); (K.S.); (G.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.D.G.); (K.S.); (G.Z.); (V.S.)
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205
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Zhu S, Yu Y, Ren Y, Xu L, Wang H, Ling X, Jin L, Hu Y, Zhang H, Miao C, Guo K. The emerging roles of neutrophil extracellular traps in wound healing. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:984. [PMID: 34686654 PMCID: PMC8536667 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Delayed wound healing causes problems for many patients both physically and psychologically, contributing to pain, economic burden, loss of function, and even amputation. Although many factors affect the wound healing process, abnormally prolonged or augmented inflammation in the wound site is a common cause of poor wound healing. Excessive neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation during this phase may amplify inflammation and hinder wound healing. However, the roles of NETs in wound healing are still unclear. Herein, we briefly introduce NET formation and discuss the possible NET-related mechanisms in wound healing. We conclude with a discussion of current studies, focusing on the roles of NETs in diabetic and normoglycemic wounds and the effectiveness of NET-targeting treatments in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuainan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liying Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kefang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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206
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Zanini G, De Gaetano A, Selleri V, Savino G, Cossarizza A, Pinti M, Mattioli AV, Nasi M. Mitochondrial DNA and Exercise: Implications for Health and Injuries in Sports. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102575. [PMID: 34685555 PMCID: PMC8533813 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several studies have highlighted the tight connection between mitochondria and physical activity. Mitochondrial functions are important in high-demanding metabolic activities, such as endurance sports. Moreover, regular training positively affects metabolic health by increasing mitochondrial oxidative capacity and regulating glucose metabolism. Exercise could have multiple effects, also on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and vice versa; some studies have investigated how mtDNA polymorphisms can affect the performance of general athletes and mtDNA haplogroups seem to be related to the performance of elite endurance athletes. Along with several stimuli, including pathogens, stress, trauma, and reactive oxygen species, acute and intense exercise also seem to be responsible for mtDNA release into the cytoplasm and extracellular space, leading to the activation of the innate immune response. In addition, several sports are characterized by a higher frequency of injuries, including cranial trauma, associated with neurological consequences. However, with regular exercise, circulating cell-free mtDNA levels are kept low, perhaps promoting cf-mtDNA removal, acting as a protective factor against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Zanini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Valentina Selleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Gustavo Savino
- Department of Public Healthcare, Sports Medicine Service, Azienda USL of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.M.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-205-5422
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207
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Cahilog Z, Zhao H, Wu L, Alam A, Eguchi S, Weng H, Ma D. The Role of Neutrophil NETosis in Organ Injury: Novel Inflammatory Cell Death Mechanisms. Inflammation 2021; 43:2021-2032. [PMID: 32830308 PMCID: PMC7443373 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NETosis is a type of regulated cell death dependent on the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), where net-like structures of decondensed chromatin and proteases are produced by polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocytes. These structures immobilise pathogens and restrict them with antimicrobial molecules, thus preventing their spread. Whilst NETs possess a fundamental anti-microbial function within the innate immune system under physiological circumstances, increasing evidence also indicates that NETosis occurs in the pathogenic process of other disease type, including but not limited to atherosclerosis, airway inflammation, Alzheimer’s and stroke. Here, we reviewed the role of NETosis in the development of organ injury, including injury to the brain, lung, heart, kidney, musculoskeletal system, gut and reproductive system, whilst therapeutic agents in blocking injuries induced by NETosis in its primitive stages were also discussed. This review provides novel insights into the involvement of NETosis in different organ injuries, and whilst potential therapeutic measures targeting NETosis remain a largely unexplored area, these warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cahilog
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Lingzhi Wu
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Azeem Alam
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Shiori Eguchi
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Hao Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.
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208
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Valdés-Aguayo JJ, Garza-Veloz I, Badillo-Almaráz JI, Bernal-Silva S, Martínez-Vázquez MC, Juárez-Alcalá V, Vargas-Rodríguez JR, Gaeta-Velasco ML, González-Fuentes C, Ávila-Carrasco L, Martinez-Fierro ML. Mitochondria and Mitochondrial DNA: Key Elements in the Pathogenesis and Exacerbation of the Inflammatory State Caused by COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57090928. [PMID: 34577851 PMCID: PMC8471487 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives. The importance of mitochondria in inflammatory pathologies, besides providing energy, is associated with the release of mitochondrial damage products, such as mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA), which may perpetuate inflammation. In this review, we aimed to show the importance of mitochondria, as organelles that produce energy and intervene in multiple pathologies, focusing mainly in COVID-19 and using multiple molecular mechanisms that allow for the replication and maintenance of the viral genome, leading to the exacerbation and spread of the inflammatory response. The evidence suggests that mitochondria are implicated in the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which forms double-membrane vesicles and evades detection by the cell defense system. These mitochondrion-hijacking vesicles damage the integrity of the mitochondrion’s membrane, releasing mt-DNA into circulation and triggering the activation of innate immunity, which may contribute to an exacerbation of the pro-inflammatory state. Conclusions. While mitochondrial dysfunction in COVID-19 continues to be studied, the use of mt-DNA as an indicator of prognosis and severity is a potential area yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Valdés-Aguayo
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - José I. Badillo-Almaráz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Sofia Bernal-Silva
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza 2405, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico;
| | - Maria C. Martínez-Vázquez
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Vladimir Juárez-Alcalá
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - José R. Vargas-Rodríguez
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - María L. Gaeta-Velasco
- Hospital General de Zacatecas “Luz González Cosío”, Circuito Ciudad Gobierno 410, Col. Ciudad Gobierno, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (M.L.G.-V.); (C.G.-F.)
| | - Carolina González-Fuentes
- Hospital General de Zacatecas “Luz González Cosío”, Circuito Ciudad Gobierno 410, Col. Ciudad Gobierno, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (M.L.G.-V.); (C.G.-F.)
| | - Lorena Ávila-Carrasco
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(492)-925669 (ext. 4511)
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209
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Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhu L. Role of neutrophils in acute viral infection. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1186-1196. [PMID: 34472718 PMCID: PMC8589350 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play multiple roles in acute viral infections. They restrict viral replication and diffusion through phagocytosis, degranulation, respiratory burst, secretion of cytokines, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, as well as, activate the adaptive immune response. However, the overactivation of neutrophils may cause tissue damage and lead to poor outcomes. Additionally, some characteristics and functions of neutrophils, such as cell number, lifespan, and antiviral capability, can be influenced while eliminating viruses. This review provides a general description of the protective and pathological roles of neutrophils in acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liuluan Zhu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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210
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Goswami J, MacArthur T, Bailey K, Spears G, Kozar RA, Auton M, Dong JF, Key NS, Heller S, Loomis E, Hall NW, Johnstone AL, Park MS. Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Syndecan-1 Shedding Are Increased After Trauma. Shock 2021; 56:433-439. [PMID: 33534396 PMCID: PMC8316482 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) stimulate endothelial syndecan-1 shedding and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) formation. The role of NETs in trauma and trauma-induced hypercoagulability is unknown. We hypothesized that trauma patients with accelerated thrombin generation would have increased NETosis and syndecan-1 levels. METHODS In this pilot study, we analyzed 50 citrated plasma samples from 30 trauma patients at 0 h (n = 22) and 6 h (n = 28) from time of injury (TOI) and 21 samples from healthy volunteers, for a total of 71 samples included in analysis. Thrombin generation was quantified using calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) and reported as lag time (LT), peak height (PH), and time to peak (ttPeak). Nucleosome calibrated (H3NUC) and free histone standardized (H3Free) ELISAs were used to quantify NETs. Syndecan-1 levels were quantified by ELISA. Results are presented as median [interquartile range] and Spearman rank correlations. RESULTS Plasma levels of H3NUC were increased in trauma patients as compared with healthy volunteers both at 0 h (89.8 ng/mL [35.4, 180.3]; 18.1 ng/mL [7.8, 37.4], P = 0.002) and at 6 h (86.5 ng/mL [19.2, 612.6]; 18.1 ng/mL [7.8, 37.4], P = 0.003) from TOI. H3Free levels were increased in trauma patients at 0 h (5.74 ng/mL [3.19, 8.76]; 1.61 ng/mL [0.66, 3.50], P = 0.002) and 6 h (5.52 ng/mL [1.46, 11.37]; 1.61 ng/mL [0.66, 3.50], P = 0.006). Syndecan-1 levels were greater in trauma patients (4.53 ng/mL [3.28, 6.28]; 2.40 ng/mL [1.66, 3.20], P < 0.001) only at 6 h from TOI. H3Free and syndecan-1 levels positively correlated both at 0 h (0.376, P = 0.013) and 6 h (0.583, P < 0.001) from TOI. H3NUC levels and syndecan-1 levels were positively correlated at 6 h from TOI (0.293, P = 0.041). TtPeak correlated inversely to H3 NUC (-0.358, P = 0.012) and syndecan-1 levels (-0.298, P = 0.038) at 6 h from TOI. CONCLUSIONS Our pilot study demonstrates that trauma patients have increased NETosis, measured by H3NUC and H3Free levels, increased syndecan-1 shedding, and accelerated thrombin generation kinetics early after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Goswami
- Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Taleen MacArthur
- Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Kent Bailey
- Clinical Statistics and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Grant Spears
- Clinical Statistics and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Rosemary A. Kozar
- Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | - Matthew Auton
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Bloodworks Research Institute, 1551 Eastlake Avenue E, Seattle, WA, 98102
| | - Nigel S. Key
- Division of Hematology and UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27514
| | - Stephanie Heller
- Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Erica Loomis
- Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | | | | | - Myung S. Park
- Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905
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211
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Ma Y, Meng J, Jia J, Wang M, Teng J, Zhu D, Yang C, Hu Q. Current and emerging biological therapy in adult-onset Still's disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:3986-4000. [PMID: 34117886 PMCID: PMC8410009 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare, but characteristic non-familial, multi-genic systemic auto-inflammatory disorder, characterized by high spiking fever, salmon-like evanescent skin rash, polyarthritis, sore throat, hyperferritinemia and leucocytosis. The hallmark of AOSD is a cytokine storm triggered by dysregulation of inflammation. Nowadays, with advances in anti-cytokine biologic agents, the treatment of AOSD is no longer limited to NSAIDs, glucocorticoids or conventional synthetic DMARDs. In this review, we focussed on the roles of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of AOSD and summarized the current and emerging biological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Jianfen Meng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Jinchao Jia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Mengyan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Jialin Teng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Dehao Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Chengde Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Qiongyi Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
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212
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Lim DH, Lee EJ, Lee HS, Kim DH, Lee JH, Jeong MR, Hong S, Lee CK, Yoo B, Youn J, Kim YG. Acetylated Diacylglycerol 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol in Autoimmune Arthritis and Interstitial Lung Disease in SKG Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1095. [PMID: 34572282 PMCID: PMC8465505 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylated diacylglycerol 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) is a lipid molecule from the antlers of sika deer that might reduce inflammation by effectively controlling neutrophil infiltration, endothelial permeability and inflammatory chemokine production. Therefore, we evaluated the modulatory effect of PLAG on arthritis and interstitial lung disease (ILD) in an autoimmune arthritis model. We injected curdlan into SKG mice and PLAG was orally administered every day from 3 weeks to 20 weeks after the curdlan injection. The arthritis score was measured every week after the curdlan injection. At 20 weeks post-injection, the lung specimens were evaluated with H&E, Masson's trichrome and multiplexed immunofluorescent staining. Serum cytokines were also analyzed using a Luminex multiple cytokine assay. PLAG administration decreased the arthritis score until 8 weeks after the curdlan injection. However, the effect was not sustained thereafter. A lung histology revealed severe inflammation and fibrosis in the curdlan-induced SKG mice, which was attenuated in the PLAG-treated mice. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining of the lung tissue showed a GM-CSF+ neutrophil accumulation and a decreased citrullinated histone 3 expression after PLAG treatment. PLAG also downregulated the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and upregulated the level of sIL-7Rα, an anti-fibrotic molecule. Our results indicate that PLAG might have a preventative effect on ILD development through the resolution of NETosis in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Ho Lim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea;
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Hee-Seop Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Mi Ryeong Jeong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Seokchan Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Chang-Keun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bin Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jeehee Youn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Yong-Gil Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.-H.L.); (M.R.J.); (S.H.); (C.-K.L.); (B.Y.)
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
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213
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Zhao Q, Zhang T, Zhu B, Bi Y, Jiang SW, Zhu Y, Zhao D, Liu F. Increasing Age Affected Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Prognosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3933-3943. [PMID: 34429628 PMCID: PMC8374848 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s321656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose It is well known that age is related to the incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), and how age and other factors contribute to MPP remains unclear. In this study, we investigate how age affects the prognosis of MPP. Patients and Methods A total number of 1875 hospitalized children with pneumonia were enrolled in this study, including 52 children with refractory M. pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) and 298 children with non-RMPP. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to further identify the risk factors of RMPP, and found that age and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) count were the key independent risk factors for the occurrence of RMPP. In order to improve specificity, 4.5 years old was taken as the cut-off value. Then, according to the cut-off value of age, 76 participants were recruited and divided into four groups: <4.5y MPP group, ≥4.5y MPP group, <4.5y health control (<4.5yHC) and ≥4.5y HC group. We explored the diverse functions of primary PMNs from children of different ages with MPP at cellular level. Besides, we studied the relationship between lung injury and PMNs in mice model with MPP of different ages. Results We found that the age and PMNs count of RMPP group were significantly higher than those of the non-RMPP group. Importantly, there is a linear correlation between the age of patients with RMPP and the percentage of PMNs. Further analysis showed that elderly patients infected with M. pneumoniae had more active PMNs function. Meanwhile, proteomics showed that children with M. pneumoniae infection in different age groups have differences in PMNs apoptosis, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Finally, we found that age is also involved in the pathogenesis of mouse model with MPP. Conclusion We speculate that age may contribute to the development of RMPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianye Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pediatrics, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Bi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xuzhou children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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214
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Fichtner T, Kotarski F, Gärtner U, Conejeros I, Hermosilla C, Wrenzycki C, Taubert A. Bovine sperm samples induce different NET phenotypes in a NADPH oxidase-, PAD4-, and Ca++-dependent process†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:902-914. [PMID: 31967293 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of sperm during artificial insemination in the bovine female reproductive tract results in early host innate immune reactions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Furthermore, sperm-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation (NETosis) was recently reported to occur in different mammalian species, including humans. We, here, investigated the interactions of bovine PMN with different semen-derived samples and analyzed in more depth molecular aspects of this effector mechanism. Overall, confrontation of PMN with sperm/cell preparation (SCP) resulted in a rapid and dose-dependent NET formation leading to effective spermatozoa entrapment. Thereby, spermatozoa induced different phenotypes of NETs. Immunostaining analyses revealed the presence of histones (H3), neutrophil elastase (NE), and pentraxin (PTX) in sperm-triggered NET structures. Fresh SCP strongly induced NETosis than frozen-thawed ones. The level of NETosis was not related to spermatozoa viability. SCP as well as purified sperm cells (SCs) and supernatant (SN) induce NETosis, although the reaction in SC was lower. Enhanced levels of oxygen consumption and proton leak in PMN revealed sperm SNs but not purified SCs as PMN activators. Functional inhibition experiments revealed sperm-triggered NETosis as an NADPH oxidase- and peptidylarginine deiminase 4-dependent process and proved to be dependent on intra- and extracellular Ca++ influxes while myeloperoxidase activity and as ERK1/2- and PI3K-related signaling pathways did not seem to play a pivotal role in this effector mechanism. From these findings, we speculate that sperm-derived NETosis might also occur in vivo during artificial insemination and might therefore play a role related to reduced fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Fichtner
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Chair for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Clinic of Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Franziska Kotarski
- Chair for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Clinic of Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Wrenzycki
- Chair for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Clinic of Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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215
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Bredthauer A, Geiger A, Gruber M, Pfaehler SM, Petermichl W, Bitzinger D, Metterlein T, Seyfried T. Propofol Ameliorates Exaggerated Human Neutrophil Activation in a LPS Sepsis Model. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3849-3862. [PMID: 34408467 PMCID: PMC8366786 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s314192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many patients suffering from sepsis are treated on intensive care units and many of them require mechanical ventilation under sedation or general anesthesia. Propofol, a drug used for these purposes, is known to interact with polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of propofol on PMN functions after experimental Gram-negative induced sepsis using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Methods A total of 34 granulocyte-enriched samples were collected from healthy subjects. PMNs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and incubated simultaneously with either 6 µg/mL or 60 µg/mL propofol, or none (control). Additionally, the experimental sepsis samples were incubated with either 40 pg/mL or 400 pg/mL LPS. Live cell imaging was conducted in order to observe granulocyte chemotactic migration, ROS production, and NETosis. Flow cytometry was used to analyze viability and antigen expression. Results Propofol led to significantly reduced PMN track length (p < 0.001) and track speed (p < 0.014) after LPS-induced sepsis in a dose-dependent manner. NETosis (p = 0.018) and ROS production (p = 0.039) were accelerated by propofol without LPS incubation, indicating improved immune function. Propofol also ameliorated LPS-induced increased NETosis and ROS-production. Antigen expression for CD11b, CD62l and CD66b was unaffected by propofol. Conclusion Propofol improves LPS-induced exaggerated PMN activation in an ex vivo model. Beneficial effects due to restored immune function in septic patients might be possible, but needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Bredthauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology at the University of Regensburg - Center for Vascular Neurology and Intensive Care Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Angela Geiger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sophie-Marie Pfaehler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Walter Petermichl
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diane Bitzinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Metterlein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Ansbach Hospital, Ansbach, Germany
| | - Timo Seyfried
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam, Germany
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216
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Pérez-Olivares L, Soehnlein O. Contemporary Lifestyle and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: An Emerging Link in Atherosclerosis Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1985. [PMID: 34440753 PMCID: PMC8394440 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular genetic material decorated with proteins of nuclear, granular and cytosolic origin that activated neutrophils expel under pathogenic inflammatory conditions. NETs are part of the host's innate immune defense system against invading pathogens. Interestingly, these extracellular structures can also be released in response to sterile inflammatory stimuli (e.g., shear stress, lipidic molecules, pro-thrombotic factors, aggregated platelets, or pro-inflammatory cytokines), as in atherosclerosis disease. Indeed, NETs have been identified in the intimal surface of diseased arteries under cardiovascular disease conditions, where they sustain inflammation via NET-mediated cell-adhesion mechanisms and promote cellular dysfunction and tissue damage via NET-associated cytotoxicity. This review will focus on (1) the active role of neutrophils and NETs as underestimated players of the inflammatory process during atherogenesis and lesion progression; (2) how these extracellular structures communicate with the main cell types present in the atherosclerotic lesion in the arterial wall; and (3) how these neutrophil effector functions interplay with lifestyle-derived risk factors such as an unbalanced diet, physical inactivity, smoking or lack of sleep quality, which represent major elements in the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-Olivares
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institute, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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217
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Varricchi G, Modestino L, Poto R, Cristinziano L, Gentile L, Postiglione L, Spadaro G, Galdiero MR. Neutrophil extracellular traps and neutrophil-derived mediators as possible biomarkers in bronchial asthma. Clin Exp Med 2021; 22:285-300. [PMID: 34342773 PMCID: PMC9110438 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils (PMNs) contain and release a powerful arsenal of mediators, including several granular enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Although airway neutrophilia is associated with severity, poor response to glucocorticoids and exacerbations, the pathophysiological role of neutrophils in asthma remains poorly understood. Twenty-four patients with asthma and 22 healthy controls (HCs) were prospectively recruited. Highly purified peripheral blood neutrophils (> 99%) were evaluated for ROS production and activation status upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Plasma levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), CXCL8, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), granulocyte–monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) were measured by ELISA. Plasma concentrations of citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3) and circulating free DNA (dsDNA) were evaluated as NET biomarkers. Activated PMNs from asthmatics displayed reduced ROS production and activation status compared to HCs. Plasma levels of MPO, MMP-9 and CXCL8 were increased in asthmatics compared to HCs. CitH3 and dsDNA plasma levels were increased in asthmatics compared to controls and the CitH3 concentrations were inversely correlated to the % decrease in FEV1/FVC in asthmatics. These findings indicate that neutrophils and their mediators could have an active role in asthma pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Leonardo Cristinziano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Postiglione
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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218
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Efrimescu CI, Buggy PM, Buggy DJ. Neutrophil Extracellular Trapping Role in Cancer, Metastases, and Cancer-Related Thrombosis: a Narrative Review of the Current Evidence Base. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:118. [PMID: 34342735 PMCID: PMC8330188 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is a newly discovered, reactive oxygen species-dependent regulated process, whereby neutrophils degranulate and extrude genetic material, after engulfing various infectious or neoplastic antigens, culminating in a measurable serologic footprint. Recent research has highlighted the involvement of NETs in cancer and cancer-related pathologies. We review the role of NET formation in cancer biology, prognosis and potential therapeutic modulators. Recent Findings Elevated NET levels are associated with cancer metastasis and may be modified by some anaesthetic-analgesic techniques during tumour resection surgery. It promotes tumour cell migration, angiogenesis and hypercoagulability. Although there are potential anti-NET formation therapeutics available, their role has not been formally assessed in cancer patients. Summary Limited available evidence suggests an association between elevated NET expression and cancer metastasis, but its validity as a prognostic indicator for cancer-related outcomes is inconclusive. Further observational and interventional studies are warranted to comprehend the potential prognostic and therapeutic role of NETs in cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11912-021-01103-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin I Efrimescu
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Eccles St, Dublin, 7 D07 R2WY, Ireland.
| | | | - Donal J Buggy
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Eccles St, Dublin, 7 D07 R2WY, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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219
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A Review of the Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) from Cow, Sheep and Goat Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158046. [PMID: 34360812 PMCID: PMC8347029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the importance of understanding NETosis in cows, sheep, and goats in light of the importance to their health, welfare and use as animal models. Neutrophils are essential to innate immunity, pathogen infection, and inflammatory diseases. The relevance of NETosis as a conserved innate immune response mechanism and the translational implications for public health are presented. Increased understanding of NETosis in ruminants will contribute to the prediction of pathologies and design of strategic interventions targeting NETs. This will help to control pathogens such as coronaviruses and inflammatory diseases such as mastitis that impact all mammals, including humans. Definition of unique attributes of NETosis in ruminants, in comparison to what has been observed in humans, has significant translational implications for one health and global food security, and thus warrants further study.
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220
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Fan Y, Wang Y, Yu S, Chang J, Yan Y, Wang Y, Bian Y. Natural products provide a new perspective for anti-complement treatment of severe COVID-19: a review. Chin Med 2021; 16:67. [PMID: 34321065 PMCID: PMC8318062 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated immune response and cytokine storm are accounted for the severity of COVID-19, including organ dysfunction, especially progressive respiratory failure and generalized coagulopathy. Uncontrolled activation of complement contributes to acute and chronic inflammation, the generation of cytokine storm, intravascular coagulation and cell/tissue damage, which may be a favorable target for the treatment of multiple organ failure and reduction of mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Cytokine storm suppression therapy can alleviate the symptoms of critically ill patients to some extent, but as a remedial etiological measure, its long-term efficacy is still questionable. Anti-complement therapy has undoubtedly become an important hotspot in the upstream regulation of cytokine storm. However, chemosynthetic complement inhibitors are expensive, and their drug resistance and long-term side effects require further investigation. New complement inhibitors with high efficiency and low toxicity can be obtained from natural products at low development cost. This paper puts forward some insights of the development of natural anti-complement products in traditional Chinese medicine, that may provide a bright perspective for suppressing cytokine storm in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Fan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqi Yan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Bian
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
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221
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The Immune System Throws Its Traps: Cells and Their Extracellular Traps in Disease and Protection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081891. [PMID: 34440659 PMCID: PMC8391883 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first formal description of the microbicidal activity of extracellular traps (ETs) containing DNA occurred in neutrophils in 2004. Since then, ETs have been identified in different populations of cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Much of the knowledge has been obtained from in vitro or ex vivo studies; however, in vivo evaluations in experimental models and human biological materials have corroborated some of the results obtained. Two types of ETs have been described—suicidal and vital ETs, with or without the death of the producer cell. The studies showed that the same cell type may have more than one ETs formation mechanism and that different cells may have similar ETs formation mechanisms. ETs can act by controlling or promoting the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of various infectious and non-infectious diseases, such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, thrombotic, and neoplastic diseases, among others. This review discusses the presence of ETs in neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and recent evidence of the presence of ETs in B lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, due to recently collected information, the effect of ETs on COVID-19 is also discussed.
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222
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Lévesque JP, Summers KM, Millard SM, Bisht K, Winkler IG, Pettit AR. Role of macrophages and phagocytes in orchestrating normal and pathologic hematopoietic niches. Exp Hematol 2021; 100:12-31.e1. [PMID: 34298116 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) contains a mosaic of niches specialized in supporting different maturity stages of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells such as hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid, lymphoid, and erythroid progenitors. Recent advances in BM imaging and conditional gene knockout mice have revealed that niches are a complex network of cells of mesenchymal, endothelial, neuronal, and hematopoietic origins, together with local physicochemical parameters. Within these complex structures, phagocytes, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, all of which are of hematopoietic origin, have been found to be important in regulating several niches in the BM, including hematopoietic stem cell niches, erythropoietic niches, and niches involved in endosteal bone formation. There is also increasing evidence that these macrophages have an important role in adapting hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and bone formation in response to inflammatory stressors and play a key part in maintaining the integrity and function of these. Likewise, there is also accumulating evidence that subsets of monocytes, macrophages, and other phagocytes contribute to the progression and response to treatment of several lymphoid malignancies such as multiple myeloma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, as well as lymphoblastic leukemia, and may also play a role in myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasms associated with Noonan syndrome and aplastic anemia. In this review, the potential functions of macrophages and other phagocytes in normal and pathologic niches are discussed, as are the challenges in studying BM and other tissue-resident macrophages at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lévesque
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Susan M Millard
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kavita Bisht
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingrid G Winkler
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Allison R Pettit
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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223
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Schulz C, Petzold T, Ishikawa-Ankerhold H. Macrophage Regulation of Granulopoiesis and Neutrophil Functions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:182-191. [PMID: 33107319 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Neutrophils are potent effector cells of innate immunity requiring precise regulation of their numbers and functions in blood and tissues. Recent Advances: Macrophages have emerged as modulators of neutrophil properties. In inflammatory conditions, tissue macrophages modulate neutrophil trafficking and activation. Further, macrophages govern granulopoiesis in the bone marrow hematopoietic niche. Interactions of macrophages and neutrophils can be induced by cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns, and they are also regulated by oxidative signaling. Critical Issues: We review the impact of macrophages on neutrophil development and function, and its consequences in health and disease. Future Directions: Targeting the liaison between macrophages and neutrophils might provide an interesting therapeutic strategy to reduce tissue inflammation and promote immune tolerance. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 182-191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I., LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany.,Walter-Brendel-Center for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Petzold
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I., LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany.,Walter-Brendel-Center for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Hellen Ishikawa-Ankerhold
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I., LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany.,Walter-Brendel-Center for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Munich, Germany
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224
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Fang H, Shao S, Xue K, Yuan X, Qiao P, Zhang J, Cao T, Luo Y, Bai X, Li W, Li C, Qiao H, Dang E, Wang G. Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to immune dysregulation in bullous pemphigoid via inducing B-cell differentiation and antibody production. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21746. [PMID: 34151465 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100145r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP), an autoimmune skin disease, is characterized by autoantibodies against hemidesmosomal proteins in the skin and mucous membranes. Neutrophils infiltrate BP skin lesions, however, their role in immune dysregulation remains unclear. We investigated whether BP involves aberrant neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in skin lesions and circulation; and examined the triggers and deleterious immuno-inflammatory consequences. In the present study, we found that circulating NET-related biomarker levels increased in serum and blister fluid of BP patients and significantly correlated with disease severity. Additionally, circulating neutrophils from BP patients displayed enhanced spontaneous NETs formation than healthy controls. In vitro, BP180-NC16A immune complexes-induced NETosis in neutrophils from BP patients, which was abrogated by Fcγ receptor and/or NADPH pathway blockade. Furthermore, the elevated levels of NETs from BP patients boosted autoantibody production by inducing B-cell differentiation into plasma cells, mediated by MAPK P38 cascade activation. Together, our findings provide strong evidence that NETs are involved in a pathogenic loop, causing excessive differentiation of B cells and promotion of autoantibody production. Hence, targeting aberrant neutrophil responses will provide novel potential targets for the treatment of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Xue
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianyu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yixin Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaocui Bai
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongjiang Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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225
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Yang D, Liu J. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: A New Player in Cancer Metastasis and Therapeutic Target. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:233. [PMID: 34271947 PMCID: PMC8283906 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are neutrophil-derived extracellular scaffolds, which typically consist of fibrous decondensed chromatins decorated with histones and granule proteins. Initially discovered as a host defence mechanism of neutrophil against pathogens, they have also been implicated in the progression of sterile inflammation-associated diseases such as autoimmune disease, diabetes, and cancer. In this review, we highlight and discuss the more recent studies on the roles of NETs in cancer development, with a special focus on cancer metastasis. Moreover, we present the strategies for targeting NETs in pre-clinical models, but also the challenging questions that need to be answered in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakai Yang
- Liver Disease and Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Microbiology and Immunity Department, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicines, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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226
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Cristinziano L, Modestino L, Antonelli A, Marone G, Simon HU, Varricchi G, Galdiero MR. Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 79:91-104. [PMID: 34280576 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beyond their well-known functions in the acute phases of the immune response, neutrophils play important roles in the various phases of tumor initiation and progression, through the release of their stored or newly synthesized mediators. In addition to reactive oxygen species, cytokines, chemokines, granule proteins and lipid mediators, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can also be released upon neutrophil activation. NET formation can be achieved through a cell-death process or in association with the release of mitochondrial DNA from viable neutrophils. NETs are described as extracellular fibers of DNA and decorating proteins responsible for trapping and killing extracellular pathogens, playing a protective role in the antimicrobial defense. There is increasing evidence, however, that NETs play multiple roles in the scenario of cancer-related inflammation. For instance, NETs directly or indirectly promote tumor growth and progression, fostering tumor spread at distant sites and shielding cancer cells thus preventing the effects of cytotoxic lymphocytes. NETs can also promote tumor angiogenesis and cancer-associated thrombosis. On the other hand, there is some evidence that NETs may play anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic roles. In this review, we focus on the main mechanisms underlying the emerging effects of NETs in cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cristinziano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Brandenburg, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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227
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Elevated Expression Levels of Lung Complement Anaphylatoxin, Neutrophil Chemoattractant Chemokine IL-8, and RANTES in MERS-CoV-Infected Patients: Predictive Biomarkers for Disease Severity and Mortality. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1607-1620. [PMID: 34232441 PMCID: PMC8260346 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement system, a network of highly-regulated proteins, represents a vital part of the innate immune response. Over-activation of the complement system plays an important role in inflammation, tissue damage, and infectious disease severity. The prevalence of MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia remains significant and cases are still being reported. The role of complement in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) pathogenesis and complement-modulating treatment strategies has received limited attention, and studies involving MERS-CoV-infected patients have not been reported. This study offers the first insight into the pulmonary expression profile including seven complement proteins, complement regulatory factors, IL-8, and RANTES in MERS-CoV infected patients without underlying chronic medical conditions. Our results significantly indicate high expression levels of complement anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a), IL-8, and RANTES in the lungs of MERS-CoV-infected patients. The upregulation of lung complement anaphylatoxins, C5a, and C3a was positively correlated with IL-8, RANTES, and the fatality rate. Our results also showed upregulation of the positive regulatory complement factor P, suggesting positive regulation of the complement during MERS-CoV infection. High levels of lung C5a, C3a, factor P, IL-8, and RANTES may contribute to the immunopathology, disease severity, ARDS development, and a higher fatality rate in MERS-CoV-infected patients. These findings highlight the potential prognostic utility of C5a, C3a, IL-8, and RANTES as biomarkers for MERS-CoV disease severity and mortality. To further explore the prediction of functional partners (proteins) of highly expressed proteins (C5a, C3a, factor P, IL-8, and RANTES), the computational protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and six proteins (hub nodes) were identified.
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228
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Khan U, Chowdhury S, Billah MM, Islam KMD, Thorlacius H, Rahman M. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Colorectal Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147260. [PMID: 34298878 PMCID: PMC8307027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils form sticky web-like structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as part of innate immune response. NETs are decondensed extracellular chromatin filaments comprising nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. NETs have been implicated in many gastrointestinal diseases including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the regulatory mechanisms of NET formation and potential pharmacological inhibitors in the context of CRC have not been thoroughly discussed. In this review, we intend to highlight roles of NETs in CRC progression and metastasis as well as the potential of targeting NETs during colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umama Khan
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh; (U.K.); (M.M.B.); (K.M.D.I.)
| | - Sabrina Chowdhury
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh;
| | - Md Morsaline Billah
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh; (U.K.); (M.M.B.); (K.M.D.I.)
| | - Kazi Mohammed Didarul Islam
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh; (U.K.); (M.M.B.); (K.M.D.I.)
| | - Henrik Thorlacius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Section for Surgery, Lund University, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden;
| | - Milladur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Section for Surgery, Lund University, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
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229
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Trumpff C, Michelson J, Lagranha CJ, Taleon V, Karan KR, Sturm G, Lindqvist D, Fernström J, Moser D, Kaufman BA, Picard M. Stress and circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA: A systematic review of human studies, physiological considerations, and technical recommendations. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:225-245. [PMID: 33839318 PMCID: PMC8418815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) is a marker of inflammatory disease and a predictor of mortality, but little is known about cf-mtDNA in relation to psychobiology. A systematic review of the literature reveals that blood cf-mtDNA varies in response to common real-world stressors including psychopathology, acute psychological stress, and exercise. Moreover, cf-mtDNA is inducible within minutes and exhibits high intra-individual day-to-day variation, highlighting the dynamic regulation of cf-mtDNA levels. We discuss current knowledge on the mechanisms of cf-mtDNA release, its forms of transport ("cell-free" does not mean "membrane-free"), potential physiological functions, putative cellular and neuroendocrine triggers, and factors that may contribute to cf-mtDNA removal from the circulation. A review of in vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical studies shows conflicting results around the dogma that physiological forms of cf-mtDNA are pro-inflammatory, opening the possibility of other physiological functions, including the cell-to-cell transfer of whole mitochondria. Finally, to enhance the reproducibility and biological interpretation of human cf-mtDNA research, we propose guidelines for blood collection, cf-mtDNA isolation, quantification, and reporting standards, which can promote concerted advances by the community. Defining the mechanistic basis for cf-mtDNA signaling is an opportunity to elucidate the role of mitochondria in brain-body interactions and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Trumpff
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy Michelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Claudia J Lagranha
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Veronica Taleon
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kalpita R Karan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel Sturm
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Office of Psychiatry and Habilitation, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Johan Fernström
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dirk Moser
- Department of Genetic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA.
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230
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Sangaletti S, Botti L, Gulino A, Lecis D, Bassani B, Portararo P, Milani M, Cancila V, De Cecco L, Dugo M, Tripodo C, Colombo MP. SPARC regulation of PMN clearance protects from pristane-induced lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. iScience 2021; 24:102510. [PMID: 34142027 PMCID: PMC8188360 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein with unexpected immunosuppressive function in myeloid cells. We investigated the role of SPARC in autoimmunity using the pristane-induced model of lupus that, in mice, mimics human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Sparc -/- mice developed earlier and more severe renal disease, multi-organ parenchymal damage, and arthritis than the wild-type counterpart. Sparc +/- heterozygous mice showed an intermediate phenotype suggesting Sparc gene dosage in autoimmune-related events. Mechanistically, reduced Sparc expression in neutrophils blocks their clearance by macrophages, through defective delivery of don't-eat-me signals. Dying Sparc -/- neutrophils that escape macrophage scavenging become source of autoantigens for dendritic cell presentation and are a direct stimulation for γδT cells. Gene profile analysis of knee synovial biopsies from SLE-associated arthritis showed an inverse correlation between SPARC and key autoimmune genes. These results point to SPARC down-regulation as a leading event characterizing SLE and rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sangaletti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Botti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Lecis
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Bassani
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Portararo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Milani
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Platform of Integrated Biology, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Platform of Integrated Biology, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario P. Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
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231
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New Insights on NETosis Induced by Entamoeba histolytica: Dependence on ROS from Amoebas and Extracellular MPO Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060974. [PMID: 34206992 PMCID: PMC8233886 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NETosis is a neutrophil process involving sequential steps from pathogen detection to the release of DNA harboring antimicrobial proteins, including the central generation of NADPH oxidase dependent or independent ROS. Previously, we reported that NETosis triggered by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites is independent of NADPH oxidase activity in neutrophils, but dependent on the viability of the parasites and no ROS source was identified. Here, we explored the possibility that E. histolytica trophozoites serve as the ROS source for NETosis. NET quantitation was performed using SYTOX® Green assay in the presence of selective inhibitors and scavengers. We observed that respiratory burst in neutrophils was inhibited by trophozoites in a dose dependent manner. Mitochondrial ROS was not also necessary, as the mitochondrial scavenger mitoTEMPO did not affect the process. Surprisingly, ROS-deficient amoebas obtained by pre-treatment with pyrocatechol were less likely to induce NETs. Additionally, we detected the presence of MPO on the cell surface of trophozoites after the interaction with neutrophils and found that luminol and isoluminol, intracellular and extracellular scavengers for MPO derived ROS reduced the amount of NET triggered by amoebas. These data suggest that ROS generated by trophozoites and processed by the extracellular MPO during the contact with neutrophils are required for E. histolytica induced NETosis.
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232
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In Vitro Identification and Isolation of Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2255:97-117. [PMID: 34033098 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1162-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils release web like-structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that ensnare and kill microorganisms. These networks are constituted of a DNA scaffold with associated antimicrobial proteins, which are released to the extracellular space as an effective mechanism to fight against invading microorganisms. In parallel with this beneficial role to avoid microbial dissemination and wall off infections, accumulating evidence supports that under certain circumstances, NETs can exert deleterious effects in inflammatory, autoimmune, and thrombotic pathologies. Research on NET properties and their role in pathophysiological processes is a rapidly evolving and expanding field. Here, we describe a combination of methods to achieve a successful in vitro NET visualization, semiquantification, and isolation.
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Skoglund C, Appelgren D, Johansson I, Casas R, Ludvigsson J. Increase of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, Mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear DNA in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes Children but Not in High-Risk Children. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628564. [PMID: 34211456 PMCID: PMC8239297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are inflammatory mediators involved in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Pancreas-infiltrating neutrophils can release NETs, contributing to the inflammatory process. Levels of NETs are increased in serum from patients with T1D and mtDNA is increased in adult T1D patients. Our aim was to investigate extracellular DNA (NETs, mtDNA and nuclear DNA) in children with newly diagnosed T1D and in children at high risk of the disease. We also elucidated if extracellular DNA short after diagnosis could predict loss of endogenous insulin production. Samples were analysed for mtDNA and nuclear DNA using droplet digital PCR and NETs were assessed by a NET-remnants ELISA. In addition, in vitro assays for induction and degradation of NETs, as well as analyses of neutrophil elastase, HLA genotypes, levels of c-peptide, IL-1beta, IFN and autoantibodies (GADA, IA-2A, IAA and ZnT8A) were performed. In serum from children 10 days after T1D onset there was an increase in NETs (p=0.007), mtDNA (p<0.001) and nuclear DNA (p<0.001) compared to healthy children. The elevated levels were found only in younger children. In addition, mtDNA increased in consecutive samples short after onset (p=0.017). However, levels of extracellular DNA short after onset did not reflect future loss of endogenous insulin production. T1D serum induced NETs in vitro and did not deviate in the ability to degrade NETs. HLA genotypes and autoantibodies, except for ZnT8A, were not associated with extracellular DNA in T1D children. Serum from children with high risk of T1D showed fluctuating levels of extracellular DNA, sometimes increased compared to healthy children. Therefore, extracellular DNA in serum from autoantibody positive high-risk children does not seem to be a suitable biomarker candidate for prediction of T1D. In conclusion, we found increased levels of extracellular DNA in children with newly diagnosed T1D, which might be explained by an ongoing systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Skoglund
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Appelgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ingela Johansson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rosaura Casas
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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234
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Tumor Metastasis: Pathological Functions and Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112832. [PMID: 34204148 PMCID: PMC8200981 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor-associated neutrophils constitute an important portion of the infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. One of the abilities of neutrophils is forming neutrophil extracellular traps. Recent studies on tumor-associated neutrophils have drawn increasing attention to the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in the tumor microenvironment. There were also some reviews summarize the pro-tumorigenic activity of NETs in tumors. The specific novelty of this article is the specific summarization on the pivotal roles of NETs in tumor invasion-metastasis cascade and the recapitulation on the potential of NETs in clinical applications. Abstract Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is an ability of neutrophils to capture and kill pathogens by releasing chromatin scaffolds, along with associated cytotoxic enzymes and proteases, into the extracellular space. NETs are usually stimulated by pathogenic microorganisms and their products, surgical pressure or hypoxia. Interestingly, a number of recent studies suggest that tumor cells can induce NET formation, which in turn confers tumor cell malignancy. Notably, emerging studies indicate that NETs are involved in enhancing local invasion, increasing vascular permeability and facilitating immune escape and colonization, thus promoting tumor metastasis. In this article, we review the pivotal roles of NETs in the tumor metastasis cascade. We also recapitulate the potential of NETs as a cancer prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
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235
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Eto SF, Fernandes DC, Funnicelli MIG, Alecrim JVC, Souza PG, Carvalho FCA, Belo MAA, Pizauro JM. Microglia extracellular traps in Oreochromis niloticus infected with Weissella cibaria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 113:148-153. [PMID: 33838222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of extracellular traps (ETs) is important in the cellular response against bacteria. Thus, in the present study, we describe for the first time the capacity of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) microglia in the formation of ETs in Weissella cibaria in vitro infection. Thus, we evaluated the ultrastructure of the microglia culture and observed the formation of ETs 6 h after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and during the course of infection. Our results shed light on the mechanism of formation of ETs in the microglia of teleost fish and the ability of W. cibaria to infect these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas F Eto
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil.
| | - Dayanne C Fernandes
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, (CeTICS/FAPESP), 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelli I G Funnicelli
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João V C Alecrim
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Pedro G Souza
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Fabíola C A Carvalho
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Marco A A Belo
- Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Brazil, 13690-000, Descalvado, Brazil; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Unesp, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - João M Pizauro
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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236
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Morales-Primo AU, Becker I, Zamora-Chimal J. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated molecules: a review on their immunophysiological and inflammatory roles. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:253-274. [PMID: 34036897 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1921174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a defense mechanism against pathogens. They are composed of DNA and various proteins and have the ability to hinder microbial spreading and survival. However, NETs are not only related to infections but also participate in sterile inflammatory events. In addition to DNA, NETs contain histones, serine proteases, cytoskeletal proteins and antimicrobial peptides, all of which have immunomodulatory properties that can augment or decrease the inflammatory response. Extracellular localization of these molecules alerts the immune system of cellular damage, which is triggered by recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through specific pattern recognition receptors. However, not all of these molecules are DAMPs and may have other immunophysiological properties in the extracellular space. The release of NETs can lead to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (due to TLR2/4/9 and inflammasome activation), the destruction of the extracellular matrix, activation of serine proteases and of matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs), modulation of cellular proliferation, induction of cellular migration and adhesion, promotion of thrombogenesis and angiogenesis and disruption of epithelial and endothelial permeability. Understanding the dynamics of NET-associated molecules, either individually or synergically, will help to unravel their role in inflammatory events and open novel perspectives for potential therapeutic targets. We here review molecules contained within NETS and their immunophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham U Morales-Primo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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237
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Germic N, Hosseini A, Yousefi S, Karaulov A, Simon HU. Regulation of eosinophil functions by autophagy. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:347-362. [PMID: 34019141 PMCID: PMC8241657 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are granule-containing leukocytes which develop in the bone marrow. For many years, eosinophils have been recognized as cytotoxic effector cells, but recent studies suggest that they perform additional immunomodulatory and homeostatic functions. Autophagy is a conserved intracellular process which preserves cellular homeostasis. Autophagy defects have been linked to the pathogenesis of many human disorders. Evidence for abnormal regulation of autophagy, including decreased or increased expression of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, has been reported in several eosinophilic inflammatory disorders, such as Crohn's disease, bronchial asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. Despite the increasing extent of research using preclinical models of immune cell-specific autophagy deficiency, the physiological relevance of autophagic pathway in eosinophils has remained unknown until recently. Owing to the increasing evidence that eosinophils play a role in keeping organismal homeostasis, the regulation of eosinophil functions is of considerable interest. Here, we discuss the most recent advances on the role of autophagy in eosinophils, placing particular emphasis on insights obtained in mouse models of infections and malignant diseases in which autophagy has genetically dismantled in the eosinophil lineage. These studies pointed to the possibility that autophagy-deficient eosinophils exaggerate inflammation. Therefore, the pharmacological modulation of the autophagic pathway in these cells could be used for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Germic
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aref Hosseini
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. .,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420012, Kazan, Russia.
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238
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Zhou E, Sun Y, Fu Y, Wang X, Zhu X, Wu Z, Li P, Wang J, Yang Z. Bongkrekic acid induced neutrophil extracellular traps via p38, ERK, PAD4, and P2X1-mediated signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 423:115580. [PMID: 34019862 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bongkrekic acid (BKA) produced by pseudomonas cocovenenans is a deadly toxin, and is mainly found in spoiled or fermented foods. However, less is known on its immunotoxicity. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a novel effector mechanism of neutrophils against invading pathogens, but excessive NETs also contribute to tissue damage. This study aimed to investigate NET formation triggered by BKA in murine neutrophils, and describe its characteristics and potential mechanisms. Our results showed that BKA triggered NET formation via co-localization of DNA and histone or MPO by immunostaining. Moreover, BKA-triggered NET formation was dose- and time-dependent via NET quantification based on Picogreen-derived fluorescence intensities. Furthermore, BKA increased ROS production in neutrophils. Pharmacological inhibition indicated that BKA-triggered NET formation was associated with ROS-p38 and -ERK signaling pathways, but independent on NADPH oxidase. Besides, PAD4 and P2X1 receptor also mediated BKA-triggered NET formation. To our knowledge, all these findings provide for the first time an initial understanding of BKA on innate immunity, which might be helpful for further investigation on BKA immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ershun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Youpeng Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yiwu Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xingyi Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhikai Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Peixuan Li
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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239
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Role of neutrophil extracellular traps in radiation resistance of invasive bladder cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2776. [PMID: 33986291 PMCID: PMC8119713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is used in the management of several cancers; however, tumor radioresistance remains a challenge. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are recruited to the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) post-RT and can facilitate tumor progression by forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Here, we demonstrate a role for NETs as players in tumor radioresistance. Using a syngeneic bladder cancer model, increased NET deposition is observed in the TIME of mice treated with RT and inhibition of NETs improves overall radiation response. In vitro, the protein HMGB1 promotes NET formation through a TLR4-dependent manner and in vivo, inhibition of both HMGB1 and NETs significantly delays tumor growth. Finally, NETs are observed in bladder tumors of patients who did not respond to RT and had persistent disease post-RT, wherein a high tumoral PMN-to-CD8 ratio is associated with worse overall survival. Together, these findings identify NETs as a potential therapeutic target to increase radiation efficacy. Radioresistance remains a challenge in the treatment of bladder cancer. In this study, the authors show in mice that radiation increases deposits of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) via a TLR4-dependent mechanism and that NETs-targeting strategies can improve the response to radiotherapy.
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240
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Fetz AE, Bowlin GL. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Inflammation and Biomaterial Preconditioning for Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:437-450. [PMID: 33736452 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue injury initiates a tissue repair program, characterized by acute inflammation and recruitment of immune cells, dominated by neutrophils. Neutrophils prevent infection in the injured tissue through multiple effector functions, including the production of reactive oxygen species, the release of granules, the phagocytosis of invaders, and the extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, these canonical protective mechanisms can also have detrimental effects both in the context of infection and in response to sterile injuries. Of particular interest to biomaterials and tissue engineering is the release of NETs, which are extracellular structures composed of decondensed chromatin and various toxic nuclear and granular components. These structures and their dysregulated release can cause collateral tissue damage, uncontrolled inflammation, and fibrosis and prevent the neutrophil from exerting its prohealing functions. This review discusses our knowledge of NETs, including their composition and morphology, signaling pathways, inhibitors, and contribution to inflammatory pathologies, as well as their role in the resolution of inflammation. In addition, we summarize what is known about the release of NETs as a preconditioning event in the response to biomaterials and highlight future considerations to target the neutrophil response and enhance biomaterial-guided tissue repair and regeneration. Impact statement Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release is an active process programmed into the neutrophil's molecular machinery to prevent infection. However, the release of NETs on biomaterials appears to be a significant preconditioning event that influences the potential for tissue healing with largely detrimental consequences. Given their contribution to inflammatory pathologies, this review highlights the role of NETs in the response to biomaterials. Together, the studies discussed in this review suggest that biomaterials should be designed to regulate NET release to avoid maladaptive immune responses and improve the therapeutic potential of tissue-engineered biomaterials and their applications in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Fetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gary L Bowlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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241
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Structural differences of neutrophil extracellular traps induced by biochemical and microbiologic stimuli under healthy and autoimmune milieus. Immunol Res 2021; 69:264-274. [PMID: 33966252 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of decondensed chromatin loaded with antimicrobial peptides and enzymes produced against microorganisms or biochemical stimuli. Since their discovery, numerous studies made separately have revealed multiple triggers that induce similar NET morphologies allowing to classify them as lytic or non-lytic. However, the variability in NET composition depending on the inducer agent and the local milieu under similar conditions has been scarcely studied. In this work, a comparative study was conducted to evaluate structural and enzymatic divergences in NET composition induced by biochemical (phorbol myristate acetate [PMA] and hypochlorous acid [HOCl]) and microbiologic (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) stimuli, along with the presence of plasma from healthy donors or patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The results showed a differential composition of DNA and the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL37) and a variable enzymatic activity (neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, myeloperoxidase) induced by the different stimuli despite showing morphologically similar NETs. Additionally, SLE plasma´s presence increased DNA and LL37 release during NET induction independently of the trigger stimulus but with no enzymatic activity differences. This work provides new evidence about NET composition variability depending on the inducer stimulus and the local milieu.
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242
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Payne JAE, Kulkarni K, Izore T, Fulcher AJ, Peleg AY, Aguilar MI, Cryle MJ, Del Borgo MP. Staphylococcus aureus entanglement in self-assembling β-peptide nanofibres decorated with vancomycin. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2607-2616. [PMID: 36134162 PMCID: PMC9419598 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of pathogenic microbes to antimicrobials and the shortage of antibiotic drug discovery programs threaten the clinical use of antibiotics. This threat calls for the development of new methods for control of drug-resistant microbial pathogens. We have designed, synthesised and characterised an antimicrobial material formed via the self-assembly of a population of two distinct β-peptide monomers, a lipidated tri-β-peptide (β3-peptide) and a novel β3-peptide conjugated to a glycopeptide antibiotic, vancomycin. The combination of these two building blocks resulted in fibrous assemblies with distinctive structures determined by atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy. These fibres inhibited the growth of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and associated directly with the bacteria, acting as a peptide nanonet with fibre nucleation sites on the bacteria observed by electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Our results provide insights into the design of peptide based supramolecular assemblies with antibacterial activity and establish an innovative strategy to develop self-assembled antimicrobial materials for future biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A E Payne
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Ketav Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Thierry Izore
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Alex J Fulcher
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Max J Cryle
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Mark P Del Borgo
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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Schoeps B, Eckfeld C, Prokopchuk O, Böttcher J, Häußler D, Steiger K, Demir IE, Knolle P, Soehnlein O, Jenne DE, Hermann CD, Krüger A. TIMP1 Triggers Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3568-3579. [PMID: 33941611 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-derived protein tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP1) correlates with poor prognosis in many cancers, including highly lethal pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The noncanonical signaling activity of TIMP1 is emerging as one basis for its contribution to cancer progression. However, TIMP1-triggered progression-related biological processes are largely unknown. Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) in the tumor microenvironment is known to drive progression of PDAC, but factors or molecular mechanisms initiating NET formation in PDAC remain elusive. In this study, gene-set enrichment analysis of a human PDAC proteome dataset revealed that TIMP1 protein expression most prominently correlates with neutrophil activation in patient-derived tumor tissues. TIMP1 directly triggered formation of NETs in primary human neutrophils, which was dependent on the interaction of TIMP1 with its receptor CD63 and subsequent ERK signaling. In genetically engineered PDAC-bearing mice, TIMP1 significantly contributed to NET formation in tumors, and abrogation of TIMP1 or NETs prolonged survival. In patient-derived PDAC tumors, NETs predominantly colocalized with areas of elevated TIMP1 expression. Furthermore, TIMP1 plasma levels correlated with DNA-bound myeloperoxidase, a NET marker, in the blood of patients with PDAC. A combination of plasma levels of TIMP1 and NETs with the clinically established marker CA19-9 allowed improved identification of prognostically distinct PDAC patient subgroups. These observations may have a broader impact, because elevated systemic levels of TIMP1 are associated with the progression of a wide range of neutrophil-involved inflammatory diseases. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings highlight the prognostic relevance of TIMP1 and neutrophil extracellular traps in highly lethal pancreatic cancer, where a noncanonical TIMP1/CD63/ERK signaling axis induces NET formation. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/13/3568/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schoeps
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Munich, Germany
| | - Celina Eckfeld
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Prokopchuk
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Böttcher
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Häußler
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany and German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease (ILBD), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Chris D Hermann
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Krüger
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Munich, Germany.
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244
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König B, Koch AN, Bellanti JA. Studies of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA released from food allergen-activated neutrophils. Implications for non-IgE food allergy. Allergy Asthma Proc 2021; 42:e59-e70. [PMID: 33980341 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2021.42.210021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although adverse food reactions are commonly divided into immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergy (FA), and non-IgE FA, the current literature is providing support for the role of innate immune responses as an important component of non-IgE FA. Using a commercially available leukocyte activation (LA) assay, a recent quantitative study of total extracellular DNA released in cellular supernatants of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed either to positive or negative tested foods demonstrated that leukocytes exposed to foods with positive LA test results showed higher DNA content than those exposed to foods with negative LA test results. In humans, the origin of DNA might be either the nucleus or the mitochondria. Analysis of emerging data from several laboratories, including our own, suggests that mitochondrial DNA induces inflammatory responses through induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Objective: This pilot study was designed primarily to convey the finding, and relevance of, mitochondrial DNA in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) as a new pathogenetic mechanism for innate immune-mediated non-IgE FA. Methods: The study population consisted of a total of six subjects, four in a major FA study group and two in a subgroup. Neutrophils were isolated and treated with food antigens that elicited positive and negative LA responses, and the released free DNA was analyzed for the cellular site of origin by using real-time polymerase chain reaction and for leukocyte calprotectin and S100 calcium-binding protein A12 (S100A12) proteins as markers of NETs. Results: We showed that cellular supernatants from neutrophils treated with foods that elicit positive LA responses can contain increased DNA levels of nuclear as well as mitochondrial origin. Supernatants from neutrophils treated with negative tested food (LA) responses did not induce the release of nuclear or mitochondrial DNA. Conclusion: Analysis of our data suggested that the induction of NETs that contain proinflammatory mitochondrial DNA may provide the critical link necessary for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of non-IgE-mediated FA. These discoveries may not only facilitate better diagnostic tests of FA but should also improve clinical management of allergic and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte König
- From the Medical Microbiology and Virology, The University Clinic of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Joseph A. Bellanti
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., (USA); and
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245
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Fetz AE, Wallace SE, Bowlin GL. Electrospun Polydioxanone Loaded With Chloroquine Modulates Template-Induced NET Release and Inflammatory Responses From Human Neutrophils. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:652055. [PMID: 33987174 PMCID: PMC8111017 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.652055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The implantation of a biomaterial quickly initiates a tissue repair program initially characterized by a neutrophil influx. During the acute inflammatory response, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and secrete soluble signals to modulate the tissue environment. In this work, we evaluated chloroquine diphosphate, an antimalarial with immunomodulatory and antithrombotic effects, as an electrospun biomaterial additive to regulate neutrophil-mediated inflammation. Electrospinning of polydioxanone was optimized for rapid chloroquine elution within 1 h, and acute neutrophil-biomaterial interactions were evaluated in vitro with fresh human peripheral blood neutrophils at 3 and 6 h before quantifying the release of NETs and secretion of inflammatory and regenerative factors. Our results indicate that chloroquine suppresses NET release in a biomaterial surface area–dependent manner at the early time point, whereas it modulates signal secretion at both early and late time points. More specifically, chloroquine elution down-regulates interleukin 8 (IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinase nine secretion while up-regulating hepatocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and IL-22 secretion, suggesting a potential shift toward a resolving neutrophil phenotype. Our novel repurposing of chloroquine as a biomaterial additive may therefore have synergistic, immunomodulatory effects that are advantageous for biomaterial-guided in situ tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Fetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Shannon E Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Gary L Bowlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
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246
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Dolina JS, Lee J, Griswold RQ, Labarta-Bajo L, Kannan S, Greenbaum JA, Bahia El Idrissi N, Pont MJ, Croft M, Schoenberger SP. TLR9 Sensing of Self-DNA Controls Cell-Mediated Immunity to Listeria Infection via Rapid Conversion of Conventional CD4 + T Cells to T reg. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107249. [PMID: 32268093 PMCID: PMC8903023 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocytes are crucial for controlling a range of innate and adaptive immune effectors. For CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, CD4+ T cells can function as helpers (TH) to amplify magnitude and functionality or as regulatory cells (Treg) capable of profound inhibition. It is unclear what determines differentiation to these phenotypes and whether pathogens provoke alternate programs. We find that, depending on the size of initial dose, Listeria infection drives CD4+ T cells to act as TH or induces rapid polyclonal conversion to immunosuppressive Treg. Conversion to Treg depends on the TLR9 and IL-12 pathways elicited by CD8a+ dendritic cell (DC) sensing of danger-associated neutrophil self-DNA. These findings resolve long-standing questions regarding the conditional requirement for TH amongst pathogens and reveal a remarkable degree of plasticity in the function of CD4+ T cells, which can be quickly converted to Tregin vivo by infection-mediated immune modulation. Dolina et al. show that Listeria infectious dose drives conventional CD4+ T cells to act as TH or mediates conversion to Treg. Differentiation to Treg dominates heightened doses and is promoted by CD8α+ DC TLR9 engagement of neutrophil self-DNA and IL-12 production, revealing plasticity in the function of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Dolina
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Joey Lee
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Q Griswold
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lara Labarta-Bajo
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sumetha Kannan
- Bioinformatics Core, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason A Greenbaum
- Bioinformatics Core, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nawal Bahia El Idrissi
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurogenetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Margot J Pont
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen P Schoenberger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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247
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Blanch-Ruiz MA, Ortega-Luna R, Martínez-Cuesta MÁ, Álvarez Á. The Neutrophil Secretome as a Crucial Link between Inflammation and Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4170. [PMID: 33920656 PMCID: PMC8073391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death. Blood-cell interactions and endothelial dysfunction are fundamental in thrombus formation, and so further knowledge of the pathways involved in such cellular crosstalk could lead to new therapeutical approaches. Neutrophils are secretory cells that release well-known soluble inflammatory signaling mediators and other complex cellular structures whose role is not fully understood. Studies have reported that neutrophil extracellular vesicles (EVs) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to thrombosis. The objective of this review is to study the role of EVs and NETs as key factors in the transition from inflammation to thrombosis. The neutrophil secretome can promote thrombosis due to the presence of different factors in the EVs bilayer that can trigger blood clotting, and to the release of soluble mediators that induce platelet activation or aggregation. On the other hand, one of the main pathways by which NETs induce thrombosis is through the creation of a scaffold to which platelets and other blood cells adhere. In this context, platelet activation has been associated with the induction of NETs release. Hence, the structure and composition of EVs and NETs, as well as the feedback mechanism between the two processes that causes pathological thrombus formation, require exhaustive analysis to clarify their role in thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Amparo Blanch-Ruiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.)
| | - Raquel Ortega-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.)
| | - María Ángeles Martínez-Cuesta
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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248
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Kretzschmar GC, Bumiller-Bini V, Gasparetto Filho MA, Zonta YR, Yu KST, de Souza RLR, Dias-Melicio LA, Boldt ABW. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: A Perspective of Neuroinflammation and Complement Activation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:630869. [PMID: 33898514 PMCID: PMC8060499 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.630869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement system (CS) components are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the commonest cause of dementia in the world. Neutrophils can be attracted to amyloid-β plaques by several pro-inflammatory factors, including the complement anaphylatoxin C5a. They may release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are chromatin nets associated with myeloperoxidase, elastase, and other enzymes. Some CS molecules, such as C5a, C1q, and CR1, are associated with increased neutrophil recruitment and NETs release. However, the relationship between CS molecules and NETs in AD is poorly understood. In this work, we detected higher NET concentrations in plasma and serum of Brazilian AD patients, than in elderly controls (medians = 2.78 [2.07-6.19] vs. 2.23 [0.33-4.14] ng/mL, p = 0.0005). We discussed these results within the context of our former findings on complement and AD and the context of the literature on complement and NET release, suggesting both as possible therapeutic targets to prevent the progress of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Canalli Kretzschmar
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Belém, Brazil
| | - Valéria Bumiller-Bini
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Belém, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angelo Gasparetto Filho
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Belém, Brazil
| | - Yohan Ricci Zonta
- Medical School of Botucatu, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents–LIAI, UNIPEX–Experimental Research Unity, Sector 5, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Kaio Shu Tsyr Yu
- Medical School of Botucatu, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents–LIAI, UNIPEX–Experimental Research Unity, Sector 5, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Luciane Alarcão Dias-Melicio
- Medical School of Botucatu, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents–LIAI, UNIPEX–Experimental Research Unity, Sector 5, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
- Medical School of Botucatu, Department of Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Belém, Brazil
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249
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Kasperkiewicz P, Hempel A, Janiszewski T, Kołt S, Snipas SJ, Drag M, Salvesen GS. NETosis occurs independently of neutrophil serine proteases. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17624-17631. [PMID: 33454002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are primary host innate immune cells defending against pathogens. One proposed mechanism by which neutrophils prevent the spread of pathogens is NETosis, the extrusion of cellular DNA resulting in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The protease neutrophil elastase (NE) has been implicated in the formation of NETs through proteolysis of nuclear proteins leading to chromatin decondensation. In addition to NE, neutrophils contain three other serine proteases that could compensate if the activity of NE was neutralized. However, whether they do play such a role is unknown. Thus, we deployed recently described specific inhibitors against all four of the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Using specific antibodies to the NSPs along with our labeled inhibitors, we show that catalytic activity of these enzymes is not required for the formation of NETs. Moreover, the NSPs that decorate NETs are in an inactive conformation and thus cannot participate in further catalytic events. These results indicate that NSPs play no role in either NETosis or arming NETs with proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anne Hempel
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tomasz Janiszewski
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sonia Kołt
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Scott J Snipas
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA.
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250
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Adjuvants and Vaccines Used in Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy Induce Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040321. [PMID: 33915724 PMCID: PMC8066953 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum hydroxide (alum) and monophosphoryl-lipid A (MPLA) are conventional adjuvants in vaccines for allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Alum triggers the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by neutrophils. NETs contain expelled decondensed chromatin associated with granular material and may act as danger-associated molecular patterns and activate antigen-presenting cells. We investigated whether adjuvant-induced NETs contribute to innate responses to AIT-vaccines. Human neutrophils were incubated with alum, MPLA and adjuvant-containing AIT-vaccine preparations. NETs were verified by time-lapse and confocal fluorescence microscopy and quantitatively assessed by DNA and elastase release and ROS production. In contrast to MPLA, alum represented a potent trigger for NET release. Vaccine formulations containing alum resulted in less NET release than alum alone, whereas the vaccine containing MPLA induced stronger NET responses than MPLA alone. NETs and alum alone and synergistically increased the expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation, i.e., CD80, CD86 and CD83, by peripheral blood monocytes. Monocyte priming with NETs resulted in individually differing IL-1β- and IL-6-responses. Thus, NETs induced by adjuvants in AIT-vaccines can provide autonomous and cooperative effects on early innate responses. The high diversity of individual innate responses to adjuvants and AIT-vaccines may affect their therapeutic efficacy.
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