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Yang M, Fukui H, Eda H, Kitayama Y, Hara K, Kodani M, Tomita T, Oshima T, Watari J, Miwa H. Involvement of gut microbiota in the association between gastrointestinal motility and 5‑HT expression/M2 macrophage abundance in the gastrointestinal tract. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3482-3488. [PMID: 28714029 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5‑hydroxytryptamine; 5‑HT) may be a key player in gastrointestinal (GI) motility and the GI immune system. In the present study, the effect of gut microbiota on the association between GI motility, and 5‑HT expression and macrophage abundance in the GI tract was examined. Germ‑free (GF) mice (6 weeks old) were orally administered a fecal bacterial suspension prepared from specific pathogen‑free mice and their GI tissues were evaluated 4 weeks later. The expression of 5‑HT and mannose receptor (MR) was examined by immunohistochemistry, and GI transit time (GITT) was measured by administration of carmine red solution. The numbers of 5‑HT‑positive endocrine cells and muscularis MR‑positive macrophages were significantly increased in the upper GI and colon of GF mice subjected to fecal transplantation (FT) compared with control GF mice without FT. GITT was significantly decreased in GF mice subjected to FT compared with GF mice without FT, and negatively correlated with the numbers of 5‑HT‑positive cells in the upper GI and muscularis MR‑positive macrophages throughout the GI tract. The numbers of 5‑HT‑positive endocrine cells and muscularis MR‑positive macrophages were significantly correlated throughout the GI tract. The present results suggest that the gut microbiota is involved in the association between accelerated GI motility and induction of the 5‑HT/muscularis MR‑positive macrophage axis in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Eda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kitayama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Ken Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Mio Kodani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Jiro Watari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
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202
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Martinez-Saez N, Hochkogler CM, Somoza V, Del Castillo MD. Biscuits with No Added Sugar Containing Stevia, Coffee Fibre and Fructooligosaccharides Modifies α-Glucosidase Activity and the Release of GLP-1 from HuTu-80 Cells and Serotonin from Caco-2 Cells after In Vitro Digestion. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070694. [PMID: 28677657 PMCID: PMC5537809 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the in vitro effects of the bioaccessible food components released during the simulated human digestion of a coffee fibre-containing biscuit (CFB) on α-glucosidase activity, antioxidant capacity and satiety hormones. Digest of CFB presented a significantly (p < 0.05) lower amount of sugar (68.6 mg/g) and a higher antioxidant capacity (15.1 mg chlorogenic acid eq./g) than that of a sucrose-containing biscuit (SCB). The CFB significantly reduced (p < 0.05) α-glucosidase activity (IC50 = 3.3 mg/mL) compared to the SCB (IC50 = 6.2 mg/mL). Serotonin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release by differentiated Caco-2 and HuTu-80 cells, respectively, was stimulated by the CFB (355% at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL and 278% at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL) to the same order of magnitude as those of the SCB. To summarize, the CFB was demonstrated to reduce monosaccharide bioaccessibility, to inhibit a diabetes-related digestive enzyme, and to improve the release of satiety hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Martinez-Saez
- Food Bioscience Group, Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christina Maria Hochkogler
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Dolores Del Castillo
- Food Bioscience Group, Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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203
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Ble-Castillo JL, Juárez-Rojop IE, Tovilla-Zárate CA, García-Vázquez C, Servin-Cruz MZ, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Araiza-Saldaña CI, Nolasco-Coleman AM, Díaz-Zagoya JC. Acute Consumption of Resistant Starch Reduces Food Intake but Has No Effect on Appetite Ratings in Healthy Subjects. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070696. [PMID: 28677623 PMCID: PMC5537811 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the benefits of native banana starch (NBS) supplementation in improving glucose metabolism and reducing body weight (BW) in humans. However, the effect of this starch on appetite regulation is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of NBS rich resistant starch on subjective measurements of appetite, energy intake, and appetite hormones in healthy subjects. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were also assessed. In a randomized, single-blind, crossover study, 28 healthy young subjects consumed a beverage containing either 40 g of NBS or 40 g of digestible corn starch (DCS) on two separate occasions. Effects on appetite were estimated using visual analogue scales (VAS) and satiety hormone responses. At the end of the intervention, participants were provided with a pre-weighed ad libitum homogeneous test meal. After a washout period of 1 week, subjects received the alternative treatment. NBS supplementation induced a reduction in food intake, glucose area under the curve (AUC)-180 min, and insulin AUC-180 min. However, there was no associated effect on the subjective appetite ratings or gut hormones. NBS supplementation may help to reduce meal size and control BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Ble-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Isela E Juárez-Rojop
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Carlos A Tovilla-Zárate
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, UJAT, Comalcalco, 86658 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Carlos García-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Magda Z Servin-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Rodríguez-Hernández
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar 10, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xalapa, 91000 Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Claudia I Araiza-Saldaña
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | | | - Juan C Díaz-Zagoya
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
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204
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Cui M, Xiao H, Li Y, Dong J, Luo D, Li H, Feng G, Wang H, Fan S. Total abdominal irradiation exposure impairs cognitive function involving miR-34a-5p/BDNF axis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2333-2341. [PMID: 28668331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is often employed to treat abdominal and pelvic malignancies, but is frequently accompanied by diverse acute and chronic local injuries. It was previously unknown whether abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy impairs distant cognitive dysfunction. In the present study, we demonstrated that total abdominal irradiation (TAI) exposure caused cognitive deficits in mouse models. Mechanically, microarray assay analysis revealed that TAI elevated the expression level of miR-34a-5p in small intestine tissues and peripheral blood (PD), which targeted the 3'UTR of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA in hippocampus to mediate cognitive dysfunction. Tail intravenous injection of miR-34a-5p antagomir immediately after TAI exposure rescued TAI-mediated cognitive impairment via blocking the up-regulation of miR-34a-5p in PD, resulting in restoring the Bdnf expression in the hippocampus. More importantly, high throughput sequencing validated that the gut bacterial composition of mice was shifted after TAI exposure, which was retained by miR-34a-5p antagomir injection. Thus, our findings provide new insights into pathogenic mechanism underlying abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy-mediated distant cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Huiwen Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jiali Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Guoxing Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China.
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205
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Zhang J, Jia H, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wu W, Zhang H. Role of Peptide YY3-36 and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide in Anorexia Induction by Trichothecences T-2 Toxin, HT-2 Toxin, Diacetoxyscirpenol, and Neosolaniol. Toxicol Sci 2017; 159:203-210. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Hui Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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206
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207
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Lam YY, Maguire S, Palacios T, Caterson ID. Are the Gut Bacteria Telling Us to Eat or Not to Eat? Reviewing the Role of Gut Microbiota in the Etiology, Disease Progression and Treatment of Eating Disorders. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060602. [PMID: 28613252 PMCID: PMC5490581 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally recognized as mental illnesses, eating disorders are increasingly appreciated to be biologically-driven. There is a growing body of literature that implicates a role of the gut microbiota in the etiology and progression of these conditions. Gut bacteria may act on the gut–brain axis to alter appetite control and brain function as part of the genesis of eating disorders. As the illnesses progress, extreme feeding patterns and psychological stress potentially feed back to the gut ecosystem that can further compromise physiological, cognitive, and social functioning. Given the established causality between dysbiosis and metabolic diseases, an altered gut microbial profile is likely to play a role in the co-morbidities of eating disorders with altered immune function, short-chain fatty acid production, and the gut barrier being the key mechanistic links. Understanding the role of the gut ecosystem in the pathophysiology of eating disorders will provide critical insights into improving current treatments and developing novel microbiome-based interventions that will benefit patients with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Y Lam
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Sarah Maguire
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Talia Palacios
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Ian D Caterson
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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208
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Normand E, Franco A, Moreau A, Marcil V. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Expression in Osteoblasts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3173. [PMID: 28600546 PMCID: PMC5466660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) tend to have a taller stature and a lower body mass index. Energy homeostasis, that is known to affect bone growth, could contribute to these characteristics. In circulation, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inactivates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin that promotes insulin secretion and sensitivity. Our objectives were to investigate DPP-4 status in plasma and in osteoblasts of AIS subjects and controls and to evaluate the regulatory role of metabolic effectors on DPP-4 expression. DPP-4 activity was assessed in plasma of 113 girls and 62 age-matched controls. Osteoblasts were isolated from bone specimens of AIS patients and controls. Human cells were incubated with glucose, insulin, GLP-1 and butyrate. Gene and protein expressions were evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Our results showed 14% inferior plasma DPP-4 activity in AIS patients when compared to healthy controls (P = 0.0357). Similarly, osteoblasts derived from AIS subjects had lower DPP-4 gene and protein expression than controls by 90.5% and 57.1% respectively (P < 0.009). DPP-4 expression was regulated in a different manner in osteoblasts isolated from AIS participants compared to controls. Our results suggest a role for incretins in AIS development and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Normand
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anita Franco
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal Diseases, Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Alain Moreau
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal Diseases, Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1J4, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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209
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An Optimized IES Method and Its Inhibitory Effects and Mechanisms on Food Intake and Body Weight in Diet-Induced Obese Rats: IES for Obesity. Obes Surg 2017; 27:3215-3222. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-2743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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210
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Morales FE, Tinsley GM, Gordon PM. Acute and Long-Term Impact of High-Protein Diets on Endocrine and Metabolic Function, Body Composition, and Exercise-Induced Adaptations. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:295-305. [PMID: 28443785 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1274691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-protein diets have been shown to improve body composition through alterations in satiety, muscle protein synthesis, and the thermic effect of food. AIM Given these findings, the purpose of this review is to discuss the integration of the specific hormonal and metabolic effects of high-protein diets following both acute and long-term usage, especially with regard to body composition. METHODS Full-text articles were obtained through PubMed by using the terms "high-protein diet and body composition," "high-protein diet and exercise," "high-protein diet risk," "high-protein diet side effects," "protein quality PDCAAS," "RDA for protein," and "daily protein recommendation." Articles were initially screened according to their title and abstract; careful evaluation of the full manuscripts was then used to identify relevant articles. RESULTS The higher satiety exerted by high-protein diets is generated through increments in anorexigenic, as well as decrements in orexigenic hormones. Improvements in muscle mass are achieved by activation of muscle protein synthesis acting through the mTOR pathway. High thermic effect of food is caused due to necessary deamination, gluconeogenesis, and urea synthesis caused by high-protein diets. Interestingly, high-protein diets in both hypo- and normocaloric conditions have shown to improve body composition, whereas in combination with hypercaloric conditions does not seem to increase fat mass, when the excess energy comes from protein. CONCLUSIONS High protein diets effectively improve body composition by acting through different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor E Morales
- a Department of Health , Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco , Texas , USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- b Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , USA
| | - Paul M Gordon
- a Department of Health , Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco , Texas , USA
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211
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Sanoyama D, Nagao M, Asai A, Nakamura Y, Sato K, Nakajima Y, Oikawa S, Sugihara H. Postprandial Increase in Energy Expenditure Correlates with Body Weight Reduction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Diet Therapy. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:422-429. [PMID: 27600919 PMCID: PMC5392480 DOI: 10.5551/jat.35303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The clinical significance of energy expenditure (EE) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has not been fully elucidated. Here we analyzed the relationships between EE and clinical measurements in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving diet therapy. METHODS A total of 100 patients (34 women and 66 men) with type 2 diabetes admitted to our hospital for glycemic control were enrolled. The participants received an energy-restricted diet during their hospitalization (median, 15 days). EE was measured in the fasted (FEE) and postprandial (PPEE) states using indirect calorimetry. The postprandial increment of EE (ΔEE) was calculated from the FEE and PPEE (ΔEE=PPEE-FEE). RESULTS FEE, PPEE, and ΔEE were 0.997±0.203, 1.104±0.213, and 0.107±0.134 kcal/min, respectively. Body weight decreased from 68.7±16.6 to 66.8±16.0 kg (p<0.0001) during hospitalization. FEE and PPEE showed positive correlations with height, body weight, body mass index, and abdominal circumference at admission, but ΔEE was not correlated with these anthropometric measurements. On the other hand, ΔEE was inversely correlated with the body weight change. The association between ΔEE and the body weight change was independent of age, sex, and HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS Postprandial increase in energy expenditure may be a determinant of individual differences in weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes on diet therapy. As a simple surrogate for diet-induced thermogenesis, ΔEE may serve as a useful predictive marker for the efficacy of diet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sanoyama
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Nagao
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sato
- Department of Nutrition, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakajima
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugihara
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Weiss CR, Kathait AS. Bariatric embolization: a new and effective option for the obese patient? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:293-302. [PMID: 28276817 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1294060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a public health epidemic in the United States, which results in significant morbidity, mortality, and cost to the healthcare system. Despite advancements in traditional therapeutic options for the obese patients, there is a treatment gap for patients in whom lifestyle modifications alone have not been successful, but for whom bariatric surgery is not a suitable option. Areas covered: This treatment gap needs to be addressed and thus, complimentary or alternative treatments to lifestyle changes and surgery are urgently needed. Recent evidence suggests that embolization of the gastric fundus ('Bariatric Embolization'), which is predominantly supplied by the left gastric artery, may affect energy homeostasis by decreasing ghrelin production. The purpose of this special report is to discuss the background, rationale and latest data on this topic, as well as provide the latest data from the ongoing BEAT Obesity clinical trial. Expert commentary: A multipronged approach is essential in the treatment of obesity. Bariatric embolization looks to treat the hormonal imbalances which contribute to obesity. If proven successful in the long-term, bariatric embolization represents a potential minimally invasive approach to treat obesity offered by interventional radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford R Weiss
- a Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiologic Science , The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Anjaneya S Kathait
- a Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiologic Science , The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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213
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Yang M, Fukui H, Eda H, Xu X, Kitayama Y, Hara K, Kodani M, Tomita T, Oshima T, Watari J, Miwa H. Involvement of gut microbiota in association between GLP-1/GLP-1 receptor expression and gastrointestinal motility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G367-G373. [PMID: 28154011 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00232.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota in the gut is known to play a pivotal role in host physiology by interacting with the immune and neuroendocrine systems in gastrointestinal (GI) tissues. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a gut hormone, is involved in metabolism as well as GI motility. We examined how gut microbiota affects the link between GLP-1/GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression and motility of the GI tract. Germ-free (GF) mice (6 wk old) were orally administered a fecal bacterial suspension prepared from specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, and then after fecal transplantation (FT) GI tissues were obtained from the GF mice at various time points. The expression of GLP-1 and its receptor was examined by immunohistochemistry, and gastrointestinal transit time (GITT) was measured by administration of carmine red solution. GLP-1 was expressed in endocrine cells in the colonic mucosa, and GLP-1R was expressed in myenteric neural cells throughout the GI wall. GLP-1R-positive cells throughout the GI wall were significantly fewer in GF mice with FT than in GF mice without gut microbiota reconstitution. GITT was significantly shorter in GF mice with FT than in control GF mice without FT and correlated with the number of GLP-1R-positive cells throughout the GI wall. GITT was significantly longer in GF control mice than in SPF mice. When those mice were treated with GLP-1 agonist extendin4, GITT was significantly longer in the GF mice. The gut microbiota may accelerate or at least modify GI motility while suppressing GLP-1R expression in myenteric neural cells throughout the GI tract.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The gut microbiota has been intensively studied, because it plays a pivotal role in various aspects of host physiology. On the other hand, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) plays important roles in metabolism as well as gastrointestinal motility. In the present study, we have suggested that the gut microbiota accelerates gastrointestinal motility while suppressing the expression of GLP-1 receptor in myenteric neural cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract. We believe that this article is very timely and suggestive work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and.,Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Hirotsugu Eda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Xin Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and.,Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yoshitaka Kitayama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Ken Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Mio Kodani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Toshihiko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Jiro Watari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; and
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Maziarz MP, Preisendanz S, Juma S, Imrhan V, Prasad C, Vijayagopal P. Resistant starch lowers postprandial glucose and leptin in overweight adults consuming a moderate-to-high-fat diet: a randomized-controlled trial. Nutr J 2017; 16:14. [PMID: 28222742 PMCID: PMC5320660 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-amylose maize resistant starch type 2 (HAM-RS2) stimulates gut-derived satiety peptides and reduces adiposity in animals. Human studies have not supported these findings despite improvements in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity after HAM-RS2 intake which can lower adiposity-related disease risk. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of HAM-RS2 consumption on blood glucose homeostasis in overweight, healthy adults. We also examined changes in biomarkers of satiety (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1], peptide YY [PYY], and leptin) and body composition determined by anthropometrics and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, dietary intake, and subjective satiety measured by a visual analogue scale following HAM-RS2 consumption. Methods Using a randomized-controlled, parallel-arm, double-blind design, 18 overweight, healthy adults consumed either muffins enriched with 30 g HAM-RS2 (n = 11) or 0 g HAM-RS2 (control; n = 7) daily for 6 weeks. The HAM-RS2 and control muffins were similar in total calories and available carbohydrate. Results At baseline, total PYY concentrations were significantly higher 120 min following the consumption of study muffins in the HAM-RS2 group than control group (P = 0.043). Within the HAM-RS2 group, the area under the curve (AUC) glucose (P = 0.028), AUC leptin (P = 0.022), and postprandial 120-min leptin (P = 0.028) decreased independent of changes in body composition or overall energy intake at the end of 6 weeks. Fasting total PYY increased (P = 0.033) in the HAM-RS2 group, but changes in insulin or total GLP-1 were not observed. Mean overall change in subjective satiety score did not correlate with mean AUC biomarker changes suggesting the satiety peptides did not elicit a satiation response or change in overall total caloric intake. The metabolic response from HAM-RS2 occurred despite the habitual intake of a moderate-to-high-fat diet (mean range 34.5% to 39.4% of total calories). Conclusion Consuming 30 g HAM-RS2 daily for 6 weeks can improve glucose homeostasis, lower leptin concentrations, and increase fasting PYY in healthy overweight adults without impacting body composition and may aid in the prevention of chronic disease. However, between-group differences in biomarkers were not observed and future research is warranted before specific recommendations can be made. Trial registration None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Patterson Maziarz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Texas Woman's University, 6700 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sara Preisendanz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Shanil Juma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Victorine Imrhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Chandan Prasad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.,Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Parakat Vijayagopal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.
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215
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Duodenal GLP-1 signaling regulates hepatic glucose production through a PKC-δ-dependent neurocircuitry. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2609. [PMID: 28182013 PMCID: PMC5386475 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that stimulates insulin secretion and acts as a neuropeptide to control glucose homeostasis, but little is known whether intestinal GLP-1 has any effect in the control of hepatic glucose production (HGP). Here we found that intraduodenal infusion of GLP-1 activated duodenal PKC-δ, lowered HGP and was accompanied by a decrease in hepatic expression of gluconeogenic enzymes and an increase in hepatic insulin signaling in rats. However, gut co-infusion of either the GLP-1 receptor antagonist Ex-9, or the PKC-δ inhibitor rottlerin with GLP-1, negated the ability of gut GLP-1 to lower HGP and to increase hepatic insulin signaling during clamps. The metabolic and molecular signal effects of duodenal GLP-1 were also negated by co-infusion with tetracaine, pharmacologic inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors within the dorsalvagal complex, or hepatic vagotomy in rats. In summary, we identified a neural glucoregulatory function of gut GLP-1 signaling.
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216
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Sex differences in the response of total PYY and GLP-1 to moderate-intensity continuous and sprint interval cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:431-440. [PMID: 28154977 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise interventions are often less effective at improving body composition for females than males, potentially due to post-exercise hormonal responses that increase energy intake in females. Recently, sprint interval training was shown to effectively reduce body fat in females despite being relatively low during exercise energy expenditure. PURPOSE To determine whether any sex difference in total PYY, GLP-1 or perceived hunger exists following moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICT) and sprint interval exercise (SIT) METHODS: Twenty-one active participants (11 females) participated in three sessions in a randomized crossover design: (1) MICT, 30-min cycling at 65% VO2max; (2) SIT, 6 × 30 s "all-out" sprints with 4-min recovery periods; (3) control (CTRL; no exercise). Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, immediately and 90 min post-exercise for the measurement of total PYY and GLP-1. Subjective perceptions of hunger were assessed using a visual analogue scale pre-breakfast and before all blood samples. RESULTS Concentrations of total PYY and GLP-1 were greater during MICT (P = 0.05) and SIT (P = 0.005) compared to CTRL. Total PYY increased more immediately post-exercise in males than females (P = 0.030). GLP-1 only increased in females following MICT (P = 0.034) and SIT (P = 0.024) compared to CTRL. Perceived hunger was lower immediately post-MICT (P = 0.016) and SIT (P = 0.006) compared to CTRL. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that total PYY and GLP-1 respond differently to exercise in males and females over 90 min following various exercise intensities. The observed post-exercise hormonal response would not be expected to create a compensatory increase in energy intake in females.
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217
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Aoki K, Kondo M, Okuda M, Saneyasu T, Honda K, Kamisoyama H. Identification, expression analysis, and functional characterization of peptide YY in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 242:11-17. [PMID: 27118705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) functions as a postprandial satiety signal in mammals. However, the genomic information and physiological roles of chicken PYY have not yet been clarified, although PYY peptide was isolated from chicken intestines in 1992. In this study, we identified a full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence encoding the chicken PYY precursor. The deduced amino acid sequence of chicken PYY was completely consistent with the previously identified peptide sequence. PYY mRNA was abundantly expressed in the small intestine compared with the large intestine. PYY mRNA levels in the jejunum were significantly higher during ad libitum feeding compared with fasting, suggesting that intestinal PYY expression is altered in response to nutritional status in chicks. Intravenous administration of PYY significantly suppressed food intake in chicks. Furthermore, neuropeptide Y receptor Y2, a possible target of PYY, was expressed in various brain regions including the appetite-regulating centers in chicks. This is the first evidence that the intestinal hormone PYY may function as an anorexigenic hormone in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Aoki
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Kondo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mika Okuda
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takaoki Saneyasu
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Honda
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kamisoyama
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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218
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Thomas DM, Paynter J, Peterson CM, Heymsfield SB, Nduati A, Apolzan JW, Martin CK. A new universal dynamic model to describe eating rate and cumulative intake curves. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:323-331. [PMID: 28077377 PMCID: PMC5267295 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attempts to model cumulative intake curves with quadratic functions have not simultaneously taken gustatory stimulation, satiation, and maximal food intake into account. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to develop a dynamic model for cumulative intake curves that captures gustatory stimulation, satiation, and maximal food intake. DESIGN We developed a first-principles model describing cumulative intake that universally describes gustatory stimulation, satiation, and maximal food intake using 3 key parameters: 1) the initial eating rate, 2) the effective duration of eating, and 3) the maximal food intake. These model parameters were estimated in a study (n = 49) where eating rates were deliberately changed. Baseline data was used to determine the quality of model's fit to data compared with the quadratic model. The 3 parameters were also calculated in a second study consisting of restrained and unrestrained eaters. Finally, we calculated when the gustatory stimulation phase is short or absent. RESULTS The mean sum squared error for the first-principles model was 337.1 ± 240.4 compared with 581.6 ± 563.5 for the quadratic model, or a 43% improvement in fit. Individual comparison demonstrated lower errors for 94% of the subjects. Both sex (P = 0.002) and eating duration (P = 0.002) were associated with the initial eating rate (adjusted R2 = 0.23). Sex was also associated (P = 0.03 and P = 0.012) with the effective eating duration and maximum food intake (adjusted R2 = 0.06 and 0.11). In participants directed to eat as much as they could compared with as much as they felt comfortable with, the maximal intake parameter was approximately double the amount. The model found that certain parameter regions resulted in both stimulation and satiation phases, whereas others only produced a satiation phase. CONCLUSIONS The first-principles model better quantifies interindividual differences in food intake, shows how aspects of food intake differ across subpopulations, and can be applied to determine how eating behavior factors influence total food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ann Nduati
- Center for Quantitative Obesity Research, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ
| | - John W Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; and
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; and
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Short-term, high-fat overfeeding impairs glycaemic control but does not alter gut hormone responses to a mixed meal tolerance test in healthy, normal-weight individuals. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:48-55. [PMID: 28115026 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is undoubtedly caused by a chronic positive energy balance. However, the early metabolic and hormonal responses to overeating are poorly described. This study determined glycaemic control and selected gut hormone responses to nutrient intake before and after 7 d of high-fat overfeeding. Nine healthy individuals (five males, four females) performed a mixed meal tolerance test (MTT) before and after consuming a high-fat (65 %), high-energy (+50 %) diet for 7 d. Measurements of plasma glucose, NEFA, acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and serum insulin were taken before (fasting) and at 30-min intervals throughout the 180-min MTT (postprandial). Body mass increased by 0·79 (sem 0·14) kg after high-fat overfeeding (P<0·0001), and BMI increased by 0·27 (sem 0·05) kg/m2 (P=0·002). High-fat overfeeding also resulted in an 11·6 % increase in postprandial glucose AUC (P=0·007) and a 25·9 % increase in postprandial insulin AUC (P=0·005). Acylated ghrelin, GLP-1 and GIP responses to the MTT were all unaffected by the high-fat, high-energy diet. These findings demonstrate that even brief periods of overeating are sufficient to disrupt glycaemic control. However, as the postprandial orexigenic (ghrelin) and anorexigenic/insulintropic (GLP-1 and GIP) hormone responses were unaffected by the diet intervention, it appears that these hormones are resistant to short-term changes in energy balance, and that they do not play a role in the rapid reduction in glycaemic control.
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220
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Appetite responses to high-fat meals or diets of varying fatty acid composition: a comprehensive review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1154-1165. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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221
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Fu C, Jiang Y, Guo J, Su Z. Natural Products with Anti-obesity Effects and Different Mechanisms of Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9571-9585. [PMID: 27931098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a primary influence on health condition, causes numerous comorbidities and complications and, therefore, pharmacotherapy is considered a strategy for its treatment. However, the adverse effects of most chemical drugs targeting weight loss complicate their approval by regulatory authorities. Recently, interest has increased in the development of ingredients from natural sources with fewer adverse effects for preventing and ameliorating obesity. This review provides an overview of current anti-obesity drugs and natural products with anti-obesity properties as well as their mechanisms of action, which include interfering with nutrient absorption, decreasing adipogenesis, increasing energy expenditure (thermogenesis), appetite suppression, modifying intestinal microbiota composition, and increasing fecal fat excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhan Fu
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Martinussen C, Bojsen-Moller KN, Svane MS, Dejgaard TF, Madsbad S. Emerging drugs for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2016; 22:87-99. [PMID: 27927032 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2017.1269744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing prevalence of obesity represents a huge threat to public health and the current pharmacological treatment options are limited. Bariatric surgery is by far the most effective treatment for severe obesity, highlighting the urgent need for new and improved drug therapies. Areas covered: Based on the physiological regulation of energy homeostasis, pharmacological strategies to treat obesity are evaluated with focus on drugs in phase 2 and 3 clinical development. The potential impact of these drugs on current treatment standards and the barriers for development are discussed and set in a historical perspective of previous antiobesity medications. Expert opinion: The radical effects of bariatric surgery have extended our understanding of the mechanisms controlling appetite and boosted the search for new drug targets in obesity treatment. Accordingly, several compounds targeting the central nervous system and/or periphery are in pipeline for obesity. These drugs should be evaluated over a wide array of end-points; in particular, long-term safety monitoring is necessary as serious adverse events may appear. Combination therapy targeting more than one pathway controlling energy balance might be necessary to achieve substantial weight loss while minimising side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Martinussen
- a Department of Endocrinology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark.,b Danish Diabetes Academy , Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | | | - Maria Saur Svane
- a Department of Endocrinology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark
| | - Thomas Fremming Dejgaard
- a Department of Endocrinology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark.,c Steno Diabetes Center , Gentofte , Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- a Department of Endocrinology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark
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223
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Santo MA, Riccioppo D, Pajecki D, Kawamoto F, de Cleva R, Antonangelo L, Marçal L, Cecconello I. Weight Regain After Gastric Bypass: Influence of Gut Hormones. Obes Surg 2016; 26:919-25. [PMID: 26450709 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the gold standard bariatric operation. However, a major concern in late follow-up is the substantial weight regain. Understanding the role of gastrointestinal hormone secretion in this situation is relevant. METHODS The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of gastrointestinal hormones comparing postprandial secretion of ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and leptin between patients with weight regain and those with favorable weight control. Twenty-four patients with follow-up from 27 to 59 months were divided into two groups according to sustained weight loss: group A (14 patients) had sustained weight losses, and group B (10 patients) had significant weight regain. Basal serum levels of ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, and leptin after fasting and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after a standard meal were measured. RESULTS There was no difference in the ghrelin secretion. There was a difference in the GIP secretion, with a higher percentage increase in 30 min in group A (330% × 192.2%; p = 0.01). There were also differences in the GLP-1 secretion, with higher increases in absolute (p = 0.03) and percentage values after 30 min in group A (124% × 46.5%; p = 0.01). There was also a difference between baseline leptin values, with higher levels in group B (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The secretion of gut hormones in patients with weight regain after RYGB is different from that in patients with satisfactory weight outcome. After meal stimulation, reduced levels of GIP and GLP-1 may indicate the influence of gut hormones in the process of weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurelio Santo
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Arnolfo Azevedo 208, São Paulo, SP, 05673-010, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Riccioppo
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Arnolfo Azevedo 208, São Paulo, SP, 05673-010, Brazil
| | - Denis Pajecki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Arnolfo Azevedo 208, São Paulo, SP, 05673-010, Brazil
| | - Flavio Kawamoto
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Arnolfo Azevedo 208, São Paulo, SP, 05673-010, Brazil
| | - Roberto de Cleva
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Arnolfo Azevedo 208, São Paulo, SP, 05673-010, Brazil
| | - Leila Antonangelo
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Arnolfo Azevedo 208, São Paulo, SP, 05673-010, Brazil.,Central Laboratory of Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lia Marçal
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Arnolfo Azevedo 208, São Paulo, SP, 05673-010, Brazil.,Central Laboratory of Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivan Cecconello
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Arnolfo Azevedo 208, São Paulo, SP, 05673-010, Brazil
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Abstract
Health nudge interventions to steer people into healthier lifestyles are increasingly applied by governments worldwide, and it is natural to look to such approaches to improve health by altering what people choose to eat. However, to produce policy recommendations that are likely to be effective, we need to be able to make valid predictions about the consequences of proposed interventions, and for this, we need a better understanding of the determinants of food choice. These determinants include dietary components (e.g. highly palatable foods and alcohol), but also diverse cultural and social pressures, cognitive-affective factors (perceived stress, health attitude, anxiety and depression), and familial, genetic and epigenetic influences on personality characteristics. In addition, our choices are influenced by an array of physiological mechanisms, including signals to the brain from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue, which affect not only our hunger and satiety but also our motivation to eat particular nutrients, and the reward we experience from eating. Thus, to develop the evidence base necessary for effective policies, we need to build bridges across different levels of knowledge and understanding. This requires experimental models that can fill in the gaps in our understanding that are needed to inform policy, translational models that connect mechanistic understanding from laboratory studies to the real life human condition, and formal models that encapsulate scientific knowledge from diverse disciplines, and which embed understanding in a way that enables policy-relevant predictions to be made. Here we review recent developments in these areas.
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225
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Hazell TJ, Sawula L, Edgett BA, Walsh JJ, Gurd BJ. Regulation of plasma agouti-related protein and its relationship with hunger in lean and obese men. Appetite 2016; 107:166-170. [PMID: 27476955 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is an orexigenic (appetite stimulating) neuropeptide suggested to exert tonic control over long-term energy balance. While some have speculated AgRP is not involved in the episodic (i.e. meal to meal energy intake) control, acute decreases in plasma agouti-related protein (AgRP) following a meal have been observed in humans in a role consistent with episodic control for AgRP. Whether changes in plasma AgRP are associated with episodic, and/or tonic changes in appetite has yet to be directly examined. The present study examined the relationship between agouti-related protein (AgRP), leptin and the regulation of appetite following a 48-h fast and an acute meal challenge. Blood samples were obtained from young lean and obese men before and after a 48 h fast (lean n = 10; obese n = 7). Fasting resulted in an increase in AgRP and a decrease in leptin with these changes being greater in lean than obese. In addition, blood samples were obtained from lean men before and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after a meal (n = 8). Following a meal, AgRP was reduced from 2 to 4 h, a change that was dissociated from both leptin and subjective measures of hunger and satiety. These results demonstrate that AgRP is not associated with changes in hunger or satiety, and can change without corresponding changes in leptin. This suggests that AgRP may not be involved in the episodic control of appetite and the release of AgRP may involve signals other than leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Laura Sawula
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Walsh
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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226
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Zhang FF, Ojha RP, Krull KR, Gibson TM, Lu L, Lanctot J, Chemaitilly W, Robison LL, Hudson MM. Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer Have Poor Adherence to Dietary Guidelines. J Nutr 2016; 146:2497-2505. [PMID: 27798341 PMCID: PMC5118766 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor nutritional intake can exacerbate the chronic disease burden in childhood cancer survivors, whereas a healthful diet serves a protective function. Few studies have provided detailed evaluations of the diet of childhood cancer survivors. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate diet quality and dietary intakes of key food groups and nutrients in a large cohort of childhood cancer survivors and whether cancer and treatment characteristics have an impact on survivors' long-term intake. METHODS Diet was assessed in 2570 adult survivors of childhood cancer enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime cohort (mean age = 32.3 y) by using the Block food-frequency questionnaire. The Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) was calculated to quantify diet quality. Cancer diagnosis and treatment exposure were abstracted from medical records. Differences in HEI-2010 by patient characteristics and treatment exposure were examined by using ANCOVA. RESULTS The mean ± SD HEI-2010 in childhood cancer survivors was 57.9 ± 12.4 of a maximum score of 100. Referenced to Dietary Reference Intakes, survivors consumed inadequate amounts of vitamin D, vitamin E, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and calcium (27%, 54%, 58%, 59%, 84%, and 90% of the recommended intakes) but excessive amounts of sodium and saturated fat (155% and 115% of the recommended intakes) from foods. Survivors diagnosed when <5 y of age had a lower diet quality than did those diagnosed when ≥5 y of age (mean HEI-2010 score: 56.9 compared with 58.2; P = 0.046). Survivors who received higher radiation doses to the abdomen had a lower diet quality than those who received lower doses (mean HEI-2010 scores = 58.9, 57.2, 56.7, and 56.1 for doses of 0, 1-19.9, 20-29.9, and ≥30 Gy, respectively; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Long-term childhood cancer survivors have poor adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Findings reinforce the need to incorporate nutrition into cancer care to improve diet quality and to reduce morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang Zhang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy and
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA; and
| | | | | | | | - Lu Lu
- Departments of Epidemiology and Cancer Control
| | | | | | | | - Melissa M Hudson
- Departments of Epidemiology and Cancer Control
- Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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227
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Khan D, Vasu S, Moffett RC, Irwin N, Flatt PR. Islet distribution of Peptide YY and its regulatory role in primary mouse islets and immortalised rodent and human beta-cell function and survival. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 436:102-13. [PMID: 27465830 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the classic gut peptide, Peptide YY (PYY), could play a fundamental role in endocrine pancreatic function. In the present study expression of PYY and its NPY receptors on mouse islets and immortalised rodent and human beta-cells was examined together with the effects of both major circulating forms of PYY, namely PYY(1-36) and PYY(3-36), on beta-cell function, murine islet adaptions to insulin deficiency/resistance, as well as direct effects on cultured beta-cell proliferation and apoptosis. In vivo administration of PYY(3-36), but not PYY(1-36), markedly (p < 0.05) decreased food intake in overnight fasted mice. Neither form of PYY affected glucose disposal or insulin secretion following an i.p. glucose challenge. However, in vitro, PYY(1-36) and PYY(3-36) inhibited (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) glucose, alanine and GLP-1 stimulated insulin secretion from immortalised rodent and human beta-cells, as well as isolated mouse islets, by impeding alterations in membrane potential, [Ca(2+)]i and elevations of cAMP. Mice treated with multiple low dose streptozotocin presented with severe (p < 0.01) loss of beta-cell mass accompanied by notable increases (p < 0.001) in alpha and PP cell numbers. In contrast, hydrocortisone-induced insulin resistance increased islet number (p < 0.01) and beta-cell mass (p < 0.001). PYY expression was consistently observed in alpha-, PP- and delta-, but not beta-cells. Streptozotocin decreased islet PYY co-localisation with PP (p < 0.05) and somatostatin (p < 0.001), whilst hydrocortisone increased PYY co-localisation with glucagon (p < 0.05) in mice. More detailed in vitro investigations revealed that both forms of PYY augmented (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01) immortalised human and rodent beta-cell proliferation and protected against streptozotocin-induced cytotoxicity, to a similar or superior extent as the well characterised beta-cell proliferative and anti-apoptotic agent GLP-1. Taken together, these data highlight the significance and potential offered by modulation of pancreatic islet NPY receptor signalling pathways for preservation of beta-cell mass in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawood Khan
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Srividya Vasu
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - R Charlotte Moffett
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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228
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Brooks L, Viardot A, Tsakmaki A, Stolarczyk E, Howard JK, Cani PD, Everard A, Sleeth ML, Psichas A, Anastasovskaj J, Bell JD, Bell-Anderson K, Mackay CR, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Frost G, Bewick GA. Fermentable carbohydrate stimulates FFAR2-dependent colonic PYY cell expansion to increase satiety. Mol Metab 2016; 6:48-60. [PMID: 28123937 PMCID: PMC5220466 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dietary supplementation with fermentable carbohydrate protects against body weight gain. Fermentation by the resident gut microbiota produces short-chain fatty acids, which act at free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2). Our aim was to test the hypothesis that FFAR2 is important in regulating the beneficial effects of fermentable carbohydrate on body weight and to understand the role of gut hormones PYY and GLP-1. Methods Wild-type or Ffar2−/− mice were fed an inulin supplemented or control diet. Mice were metabolically characterized and gut hormone concentrations, enteroendocrine cell density measurements were carried out. Intestinal organoids and colonic cultures were utilized to substantiate the in vivo findings. Results We provide new mechanistic insight into how fermentable carbohydrate regulates metabolism. Using mice that lack FFAR2, we demonstrate that the fermentable carbohydrate inulin acts via this receptor to drive an 87% increase in the density of cells that produce the appetite-suppressing hormone peptide YY (PYY), reduce food intake, and prevent diet-induced obesity. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that FFAR2 is predominantly involved in regulating the effects of fermentable carbohydrate on metabolism and does so, in part, by enhancing PYY cell density and release. This highlights the potential for targeting enteroendocrine cell differentiation to treat obesity. Fermentable carbohydrate protects against diet-induced obesity via FFAR2. Fermentable carbohydrate increases GLP-1 cell density independently of FFAR2. FFAR2 signaling increases PYY cell density and circulating PYY concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Brooks
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander Viardot
- Diabetes & Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney-Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Anastasia Tsakmaki
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Emilie Stolarczyk
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jane K Howard
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michelle L Sleeth
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Arianna Psichas
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jelena Anastasovskaj
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kim Bell-Anderson
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mohammad A Ghatei
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Gavin A Bewick
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK; Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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229
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Abstract
The homeostatic controls over eating are inextricably linked to the reward aspects of eating. The result is an integrated response that coordinates the internal milieu with the prevailing environment. Thus, appetite, which reflects a complex interaction among the external environment, behavioral profile, and subjective states as well as the storage and metabolism of energy, has an important role in the regulation of energy balance. In the prevailing food environment which offers an abundance of food choices it is likely that the motivation to consume from a wide range of delectable foods plays a greater role in contributing to overeating than in the past when the motivation to eat was largely governed by metabolic need. The response to food-related cues can promote strong desires to eat known as cravings by activating the mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurocircuitry. Cravings are associated with subsequent eating and weight-related outcomes. Being able to control food cravings is a determinant of success at adhering to an energy-restricted diet regimen. Increased understanding of the neurocircuitry of appetite regulation, especially reward-related eating behavior, has provided potential targets for therapeutic anti-obesity agents specifically directed at reward mechanisms. The naltrexone-bupropion combination and lorcaserin, which are both approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for long-term weight management, have shown promise in addressing craving-related eating behavior. Phentermine and liraglutide are approved as monotherapies for weight management. Preliminary research suggests that liraglutide, as well as phentermine alone or in combination with lorcaserin, may be effective in targeting food cravings. Food components such as thylakoid membranes have also been shown to influence food cravings. This review explores the concepts related to appetite and reward-induced eating behavior, as well as the pharmacological options and food-derived components that may be used to address food cravings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida J Rebello
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Frank L Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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230
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Point V, Bénarouche A, Zarrillo J, Guy A, Magnez R, Fonseca L, Raux B, Leclaire J, Buono G, Fotiadu F, Durand T, Carrière F, Vaysse C, Couëdelo L, Cavalier JF. Slowing down fat digestion and absorption by an oxadiazolone inhibitor targeting selectively gastric lipolysis. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:834-848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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231
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Chen N, Sugihara H, Kim J, Fu Z, Barak B, Sur M, Feng G, Han W. Direct modulation of GFAP-expressing glia in the arcuate nucleus bi-directionally regulates feeding. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27751234 PMCID: PMC5068968 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple hypothalamic neuronal populations that regulate energy balance have been identified. Although hypothalamic glia exist in abundance and form intimate structural connections with neurons, their roles in energy homeostasis are less known. Here we show that selective Ca2+ activation of glia in the mouse arcuate nucleus (ARC) reversibly induces increased food intake while disruption of Ca2+ signaling pathway in ARC glia reduces food intake. The specific activation of ARC glia enhances the activity of agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY)-expressing neurons but induces no net response in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons. ARC glial activation non-specifically depolarizes both AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons but a strong inhibitory input to POMC neurons balances the excitation. When AgRP/NPY neurons are inactivated, ARC glial activation fails to evoke any significant changes in food intake. Collectively, these results reveal an important role of ARC glia in the regulation of energy homeostasis through its interaction with distinct neuronal subtype-specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyan Chen
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Hiroki Sugihara
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jinah Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Zhanyan Fu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Boaz Barak
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Guoping Feng
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Weiping Han
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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232
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Jusup M, Sousa T, Domingos T, Labinac V, Marn N, Wang Z, Klanjšček T. Physics of metabolic organization. Phys Life Rev 2016; 20:1-39. [PMID: 27720138 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We review the most comprehensive metabolic theory of life existing to date. A special focus is given to the thermodynamic roots of this theory and to implications that the laws of physics-such as the conservation of mass and energy-have on all life. Both the theoretical foundations and biological applications are covered. Hitherto, the foundations were more accessible to physicists or mathematicians, and the applications to biologists, causing a dichotomy in what always should have been a single body of work. To bridge the gap between the two aspects of the same theory, we (i) adhere to the theoretical formalism, (ii) try to minimize the amount of information that a reader needs to process, but also (iii) invoke examples from biology to motivate the introduction of new concepts and to justify the assumptions made, and (iv) show how the careful formalism of the general theory enables modular, self-consistent extensions that capture important features of the species and the problem in question. Perhaps the most difficult among the introduced concepts, the utilization (or mobilization) energy flow, is given particular attention in the form of an original and considerably simplified derivation. Specific examples illustrate a range of possible applications-from energy budgets of individual organisms, to population dynamics, to ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Jusup
- Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Hokkaido University, 5-8 Kita Ward, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.
| | - Tânia Sousa
- Maretec, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Domingos
- Maretec, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Velimir Labinac
- Department of Physics, University of Rijeka, R. Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nina Marn
- Department for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zhen Wang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Tin Klanjšček
- Department for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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233
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Simulated GI digestion of dietary protein: Release of new bioactive peptides involved in gut hormone secretion. Food Res Int 2016; 89:382-390. [PMID: 28460928 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary proteins have been reported to induce a strong feeling of satiety that has been partially explained by gut hormone level increase. Up to date, various protein hydrolysates have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo their potential to stimulate gut hormone secretion related to food intake decrease and their mechanisms of action have just started to be resolved. In this context, this study aimed at identifying new peptide sequences involved in gut hormone secretion released by protein in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Targeted gut hormones were Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1). The activity of DPP-IV was also considered as it strongly modulates GLP-1 action. In a previous study, simulated digestion of dietary protein has generated hydrolysates with enhancing effect on CCK and GLP-1 secretion in STC-1 cells as well as DPP-IV inhibitory properties. Successive purification steps were performed to isolate peptide fractions involved in these bioactivities whose sequence was determined by LC-MS-MS. Three peptide sequences ANVST, TKAVEH and KAAVT were pointed out for their stimulating effects on GLP-1 secretion. The sequence VAAA was isolated for its DPP-IV inhibitory properties. Two peptide groups were strongly involved in CCK release sharing a certain occurrence of aromatic amino acid residues.
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234
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Janssen AWF, Kersten S. Potential mediators linking gut bacteria to metabolic health: a critical view. J Physiol 2016; 595:477-487. [PMID: 27418465 PMCID: PMC5233664 DOI: 10.1113/jp272476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the bacteria present in our gut may play a role in mediating the effect of genetics and lifestyle on obesity and metabolic diseases. Most of the current literature on gut bacteria consists of cross‐sectional and correlative studies, rendering it difficult to make any causal inferences as to the influence of gut bacteria on obesity and related metabolic disorders. Interventions with germ‐free animals, treatment with antibiotic agents, and microbial transfer experiments have provided some evidence that disturbances in gut bacteria may causally contribute to obesity‐related insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. Several potential mediators have been hypothesized to link the activity and composition of gut bacteria to insulin resistance and adipose tissue function, including lipopolysaccharide, angiopoietin‐like protein 4, bile acids and short‐chain fatty acids. In this review we critically evaluate the current evidence related to the direct role of gut bacteria in obesity‐related metabolic perturbations, with a focus on insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. It is concluded that the knowledge base in support of a role for the gut microbiota in metabolic regulation and in particular insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation needs to be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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235
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Byrne CS, Chambers ES, Alhabeeb H, Chhina N, Morrison DJ, Preston T, Tedford C, Fitzpatrick J, Irani C, Busza A, Garcia-Perez I, Fountana S, Holmes E, Goldstone AP, Frost GS. Increased colonic propionate reduces anticipatory reward responses in the human striatum to high-energy foods. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:5-14. [PMID: 27169834 PMCID: PMC4919527 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.126706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), metabolites produced through the microbial fermentation of nondigestible dietary components, have key roles in energy homeostasis. Animal research suggests that colon-derived SCFAs modulate feeding behavior via central mechanisms. In humans, increased colonic production of the SCFA propionate acutely reduces energy intake. However, evidence of an effect of colonic propionate on the human brain or reward-based eating behavior is currently unavailable. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of increased colonic propionate production on brain anticipatory reward responses during food picture evaluation. We hypothesized that elevated colonic propionate would reduce both reward responses and ad libitum energy intake via stimulation of anorexigenic gut hormone secretion. DESIGN In a randomized crossover design, 20 healthy nonobese men completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) food picture evaluation task after consumption of control inulin or inulin-propionate ester, a unique dietary compound that selectively augments colonic propionate production. The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal was measured in a priori brain regions involved in reward processing, including the caudate, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal cortex (n = 18 had analyzable fMRI data). RESULTS Increasing colonic propionate production reduced BOLD signal during food picture evaluation in the caudate and nucleus accumbens. In the caudate, the reduction in BOLD signal was driven specifically by a lowering of the response to high-energy food. These central effects were partnered with a decrease in subjective appeal of high-energy food pictures and reduced energy intake during an ad libitum meal. These observations were not related to changes in blood peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose, or insulin concentrations. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that colonic propionate production may play an important role in attenuating reward-based eating behavior via striatal pathways, independent of changes in plasma PYY and GLP-1. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00750438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Byrne
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Habeeb Alhabeeb
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Navpreet Chhina
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory and
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona Tedford
- School of Science, University of West Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom; and
| | - Julie Fitzpatrick
- Clinical Imaging Facility, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cherag Irani
- Clinical Imaging Facility, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Busza
- Clinical Imaging Facility, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Garcia-Perez
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Fountana
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Goldstone
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, and
| | - Gary S Frost
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine,
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236
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Ritze Y, Schollenberger A, Hamze Sinno M, Bühler N, Böhle M, Bárdos G, Sauer H, Mack I, Enck P, Zipfel S, Meile T, Königsrainer A, Kramer M, Bischoff SC. Gastric ghrelin, GOAT, leptin, and leptinR expression as well as peripheral serotonin are dysregulated in humans with obesity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:806-15. [PMID: 26787056 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal hormone release and the regulation of appetite and body weight are thought to be dysbalanced in obesity. However, human data investigating the expression of gastrointestinal hormones in the obese are rare. We studied the expression of ghrelin, leptin, and the serotonergic system in stomach tissue and serum of obese and non-obese individuals. METHODS Gastric tissue and serum were collected from 29 adult obese (BMI 48.7 ± 10.6 kg/m(2) ; mean ± SD) who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Gastric biopsies, surgery specimen or serum was obtained from 35 adult non-obese humans (BMI 22.7 ± 1.9 kg/m(2) ). Ghrelin, ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT), leptin, leptin receptor, and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) mRNA expression were measured by qRT-PCR. Serotonin (5HT) and leptin protein concentration were quantified in tissue extracts and serum; GOAT and ghrelin-positive cells were immunohistologically quantified in tissue. Additionally, 21 blood immune markers were analyzed. KEY RESULTS In gastric tissue, GOAT-positive cells were reduced (p < 0.01), but ghrelin-positive cells and mRNA were increased (both p < 0.05) in obese compared with non-obese individuals. Gastric leptin (p < 0.001) and leptin receptor (p < 0.001) mRNA expression, as well as leptin concentrations in serum (p < 0.001), were increased in obese compared with non-obese individuals. Serum 5HT was reduced (p < 0.05), while tissue 5HT and TPH1 mRNA were reduced only by trend. Interleukin 1 receptor a (IL1Ra), IL-8, IL-12, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (IL1Ra) were increased and IL1Ra correlated negatively with serum leptin. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our data indicate that obesity causes a dysregulation of gastrointestinal hormones at the tissue level and serum, including a negative correlation with an increased marker of subclinical inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ritze
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Schollenberger
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Hamze Sinno
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - N Bühler
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Böhle
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - G Bárdos
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Sauer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - I Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Meile
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Königsrainer
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Kramer
- Arabella Clinic, München, Germany
| | - S C Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Honda K. Glucagon-related peptides and the regulation of food intake in chickens. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1090-8. [PMID: 27150835 PMCID: PMC5084811 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms underlying food intake in chickens have been a focus of research in recent decades to improve production efficiency when raising chickens. Lines of evidence have revealed that a number of brain‐gut peptides function as a neurotransmitter or peripheral satiety hormone in the regulation of food intake both in mammals and chickens. Glucagon, a 29 amino acid peptide hormone, has long been known to play important roles in maintaining glucose homeostasis in mammals and birds. However, the glucagon gene encodes various peptides that are produced by tissue‐specific proglucagon processing: glucagon is produced in the pancreas, whereas oxyntomodulin (OXM), glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 and GLP‐2 are produced in the intestine and brain. Better understanding of the roles of these peptides in the regulation of energy homeostasis has led to various physiological roles being proposed in mammals. For example, GLP‐1 functions as an anorexigenic neurotransmitter in the brain and as a postprandial satiety hormone in the peripheral circulation. There is evidence that OXM and GLP‐2 also induce anorexia in mammals. Therefore, it is possible that the brain‐gut peptides OXM, GLP‐1 and GLP‐2 play physiological roles in the regulation of food intake in chickens. More recently, a novel GLP and its specific receptor were identified in the chicken brain. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of glucagon‐related peptides in the regulation of food intake in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Honda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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238
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Guanylin and uroguanylin stimulate lipolysis in human visceral adipocytes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1405-15. [PMID: 27108812 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Uroguanylin and guanylin are secreted by intestinal epithelial cells as prohormones postprandially and act on the hypothalamus to induce satiety. The impact of obesity and obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (T2D) on proguanylin and prouroguanylin expression/secretion as well as the potential role of guanylin and uroguanylin in the control of lipolysis in humans was evaluated. SUBJECTS/METHODS Circulating and gastrointestinal expression of proguanylin (GUCA2A) and prouroguanylin (GUCA2B) were measured in 134 subjects. In addition, plasma proguanylin and prouroguanylin were measured before and after weight loss achieved either by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (n=24) or after a conventional diet (n=15). The effect of guanylin and uroguanylin (1-100 nmol l(-1)) on lipolysis was determined in vitro in omental adipocytes. RESULTS Circulating concentrations of prouroguanylin, but not proguanylin, were decreased in obesity in relation to adiposity. Weight loss achieved by RYGB increased plasma proguanylin and prouroguanylin. Obese T2D individuals showed higher expression of intestinal GUCA2A as well as of the receptors of the guanylin system, GUCY2C and GUCY2D, in omental adipocytes. The incubation with guanylin and uroguanylin significantly stimulated lipolysis in differentiated omental adipocytes, as evidenced by hormone-sensitive lipase phosphorylation at Ser563, an increase in fatty acids and glycerol release together with an upregulation of several lipolysis-related genes, including AQP3, AQP7, FATP1 or CD36. CONCLUSIONS Both guanylin and uroguanylin trigger lipolysis in human visceral adipocytes. Given the lipolytic action of the guanylin system on visceral adipocytes, the herein reported decrease of circulating prouroguanylin concentrations in obese patients may have a role in excessive fat accumulation in obesity.
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Abstract
There is an urgent need for effective pharmacological therapies to help tackle the growing obesity epidemic and the healthcare crisis it poses. The past 3 years have seen approval of a number of novel anti-obesity drugs. The majority of these influence hypothalamic appetite pathways via dopaminergic or serotoninergic signalling. Some are combination therapies, allowing lower doses to minimize the potential for off-target effects. An alternative approach is to mimic endogenous satiety signals using long-lasting forms of peripheral appetite-suppressing hormones. There is also considerable interest in targeting thermogenesis by brown adipose tissue to increase resting energy expenditure. Obesity pharmacotherapy has seen several false dawns, but improved understanding of the pathways regulating energy balance, and better-designed trials, give many greater confidence that recently approved agents will be both efficacious and safe. Nevertheless, a number of issues from preclinical and clinical development continue to attract debate, and additional large-scale trials are still required to address areas of uncertainty.
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Chevalier C, Stojanović O, Colin DJ, Suarez-Zamorano N, Tarallo V, Veyrat-Durebex C, Rigo D, Fabbiano S, Stevanović A, Hagemann S, Montet X, Seimbille Y, Zamboni N, Hapfelmeier S, Trajkovski M. Gut Microbiota Orchestrates Energy Homeostasis during Cold. Cell 2016; 163:1360-74. [PMID: 26638070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial functions in the host physiology are a result of the microbiota-host co-evolution. We show that cold exposure leads to marked shift of the microbiota composition, referred to as cold microbiota. Transplantation of the cold microbiota to germ-free mice is sufficient to increase insulin sensitivity of the host and enable tolerance to cold partly by promoting the white fat browning, leading to increased energy expenditure and fat loss. During prolonged cold, however, the body weight loss is attenuated, caused by adaptive mechanisms maximizing caloric uptake and increasing intestinal, villi, and microvilli lengths. This increased absorptive surface is transferable with the cold microbiota, leading to altered intestinal gene expression promoting tissue remodeling and suppression of apoptosis-the effect diminished by co-transplanting the most cold-downregulated strain Akkermansia muciniphila during the cold microbiota transfer. Our results demonstrate the microbiota as a key factor orchestrating the overall energy homeostasis during increased demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chevalier
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ozren Stojanović
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier J Colin
- Centre for BioMedical Imaging (CIBM), Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Suarez-Zamorano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Tarallo
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Veyrat-Durebex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dorothée Rigo
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Fabbiano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ana Stevanović
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hagemann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Montet
- Division of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Centre for BioMedical Imaging (CIBM), Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mirko Trajkovski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Biosciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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241
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Mu C, Yang Y, Zhu W. Gut Microbiota: The Brain Peacekeeper. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27014255 PMCID: PMC4794499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota regulates intestinal and extraintestinal homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may also regulate brain function and behavior. Results from animal models indicate that disturbances in the composition and functionality of some microbiota members are associated with neurophysiological disorders, strengthening the idea of a microbiota–gut–brain axis and the role of microbiota as a “peacekeeper” in the brain health. Here, we review recent discoveries on the role of the gut microbiota in central nervous system-related diseases. We also discuss the emerging concept of the bidirectional regulation by the circadian rhythm and gut microbiota, and the potential role of the epigenetic regulation in neuronal cell function. Microbiome studies are also highlighted as crucial in the development of targeted therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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Morimoto-Kobayashi Y, Ohara K, Ashigai H, Kanaya T, Koizumi K, Manabe F, Kaneko Y, Taniguchi Y, Katayama M, Kowatari Y, Kondo S. Matured hop extract reduces body fat in healthy overweight humans: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study. Nutr J 2016; 15:25. [PMID: 26960416 PMCID: PMC4784395 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hops are the main components of beer that provide flavor and bitterness. Iso-α-acids, the bitter components of beer, have been reported to reduce body fat in humans, but the bitterness induced by effective doses of iso-α-acids precludes their acceptance as a nutrient. The matured hop bitter acids (MHBA) of oxidized hops appear to have a more pleasant bitterness compared to the sharper bitterness of iso-α-acids. While there has been little information concerning the identity of the MHBA compounds and their physiological effects, MHBA was recently found to be primarily composed of oxides derived from α-acids, and structurally similar to iso-α-acids. Here, we investigated the effects of matured hop extract (MHE) containing MHBA on reducing abdominal body fat in healthy subjects with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to below 30 kg/m2, classified as “obese level 1” in Japan or as “overweight” by the WHO. Trial design A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study. Methods Two hundred subjects (male and female aged 20 to below 65 years with a BMI of 25 or more and less than 30 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two groups. During a 12-week ingestion period, the subjects in each group ingested daily 350 mL of test-beverage, either containing MHE (with 35 mg MHBA), i.e. the namely active beverage, or a placebo beverage without MHE. The primary endpoint was reduction of the abdominal fat area as determined by CT scanning after continual ingestion of MHE for 12 weeks. Results Compared to the placebo group, a significant reduction was observed in the visceral fat area after 8 and 12 w, and in the total fat area after 12 w in the active group. There was also a concomitant decrease in body fat ratio in the active group compared to the placebo group. No adverse events related to the test beverages or clinically relevant abnormal changes in the circulatory, blood and urine parameters were observed in either group. Conclusions The present study suggests that continual ingestion of MHE safely reduces body fat, particularly the abdominal visceral fat of healthy overweight subjects. Trial registration UMIN-CTR UMIN000014185 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0144-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumie Morimoto-Kobayashi
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Ohara
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ashigai
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Tomoka Kanaya
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Koizumi
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Fumitoshi Manabe
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Taniguchi
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Mikio Katayama
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Kowatari
- Ueno Clinic, Aiseikai Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, 2-18-6, Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-0015, Japan.
| | - Sumio Kondo
- Fukushima Healthcare Center, Kensyokai Medical Corporation, 2-12-16, Tamakawa, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, 553-0004, Japan.
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243
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Hazell TJ, Islam H, Townsend LK, Schmale MS, Copeland JL. Effects of exercise intensity on plasma concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones: Potential mechanisms. Appetite 2016; 98:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Appetite and carbohydrate metabolism are important contributors to the development of obesity. Recently, low serum amylase was shown to be associated with obesity and metabolic disorder. We investigated the relationship between amylase and ghrelin or peptide YY (PYY) levels in healthy men. METHODS Twenty-one men were enrolled in this cross-sectional study; all subjects were asymptomatic with no medical history. Fasting serum amylase, ghrelin, PYY3-36, anthropometry, and nutritional intake were measured. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine associations between amylase and ghrelin or PYY3-36. RESULTS The mean (SD) age and waist circumference of the subjects were 51.5 (10.9) years and 87.0 (4.4) cm, respectively. Amylase was found to be correlated with waist circumference (r = -0.438, P = 0.054), ghrelin (r = 0.533, P = 0.015), and PYY3-36 (r = -0.511, P = 0.021). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed a negative association between amylase and PYY3-36 (β = -0.428, P = 0.045) but a nonsignificantly positive association between amylase and ghrelin (β = 0.260, P = 0.146). CONCLUSIONS Amylase levels were found to be associated with ghrelin and PYY3-36 in healthy men. Amylase, ghrelin, and PYY3-36 may play a role in obesity; further research is required to identify the underlying mechanism.
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245
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Breton J, Tennoune N, Lucas N, Francois M, Legrand R, Jacquemot J, Goichon A, Guérin C, Peltier J, Pestel-Caron M, Chan P, Vaudry D, do Rego JC, Liénard F, Pénicaud L, Fioramonti X, Ebenezer IS, Hökfelt T, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO. Gut Commensal E. coli Proteins Activate Host Satiety Pathways following Nutrient-Induced Bacterial Growth. Cell Metab 2016; 23:324-34. [PMID: 26621107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The composition of gut microbiota has been associated with host metabolic phenotypes, but it is not known if gut bacteria may influence host appetite. Here we show that regular nutrient provision stabilizes exponential growth of E. coli, with the stationary phase occurring 20 min after nutrient supply accompanied by bacterial proteome changes, suggesting involvement of bacterial proteins in host satiety. Indeed, intestinal infusions of E. coli stationary phase proteins increased plasma PYY and their intraperitoneal injections suppressed acutely food intake and activated c-Fos in hypothalamic POMC neurons, while their repeated administrations reduced meal size. ClpB, a bacterial protein mimetic of α-MSH, was upregulated in the E. coli stationary phase, was detected in plasma proportional to ClpB DNA in feces, and stimulated firing rate of hypothalamic POMC neurons. Thus, these data show that bacterial proteins produced after nutrient-induced E. coli growth may signal meal termination. Furthermore, continuous exposure to E. coli proteins may influence long-term meal pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Breton
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Naouel Tennoune
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Nicolas Lucas
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Marie Francois
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Romain Legrand
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Justine Jacquemot
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Alexis Goichon
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Charlène Guérin
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Johann Peltier
- Microbiology Laboratory GRAM, EA2656, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Martine Pestel-Caron
- Microbiology Laboratory GRAM, EA2656, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France; Rouen University Hospital, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Philippe Chan
- PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Mont-Saint-Aignan 76821, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - David Vaudry
- PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Mont-Saint-Aignan 76821, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Jean-Claude do Rego
- Animal Behavior Platform (SCAC), Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Fabienne Liénard
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265-CNRS, 1324-INRA, Bourgogne Franche Comté University, Dijon F 21000, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265-CNRS, 1324-INRA, Bourgogne Franche Comté University, Dijon F 21000, France
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265-CNRS, 1324-INRA, Bourgogne Franche Comté University, Dijon F 21000, France
| | - Ivor S Ebenezer
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO 1 2DT, UK
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France; Rouen University Hospital, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76000, France.
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Słupecka M, Romanowicz K, Woliński J. Maternal High-Fat Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation Influences Obestatin and Ghrelin Concentrations in Milk and Plasma of Wistar Rat Dams and Their Offspring. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:5739763. [PMID: 27127509 PMCID: PMC4830745 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5739763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to establish the effect of a maternal high-fat diet on obestatin concentration, total ghrelin, and ghrelin/obestatin ratio during pregnancy and lactation of Wistar rats and their offspring in the first 21 days of life. On the mating day, females were randomly allocated and fed either a high-fat diet (30% of fat; HF) or breeding diet (5% fat; BD) till the 21st day of lactation. Hormones were analyzed in the blood plasma and milk of rat dams as well as in the blood plasma of their offspring. HF resulted in a significant decrease in obestatin level on the 14th day of lactation and elevation on the 21st day. Plasma obestatin in HFD offspring was significantly higher than in BD ones. HF diet did not significantly affect dam plasma ghrelin until the 21st day of lactation. The ghrelin concentrations in milk after both diets were significantly lower than in blood plasma. Milk ghrelin in HF dams was significantly higher than in the BD ones. Plasma ghrelin from HF offspring was significantly higher than that from BD dams. Our results demonstrate that a maternal HF diet during pregnancy and lactation influences ghrelin and obestatin level in both dams and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Słupecka
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- *Monika Słupecka:
| | - Katarzyna Romanowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
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Ma S, Ge Y, Gai X, Xue M, Li N, Kang J, Wan J, Zhang J. Transgenic n-3 PUFAs enrichment leads to weight loss via modulating neuropeptides in hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2015; 611:28-32. [PMID: 26610903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Body weight is related to fat mass, which is associated with obesity. Our study explored the effect of fat-1 gene on body weight in fat-1 transgenic mice. In present study, we observed that the weight/length ratio of fat-1 transgenic mice was lower than that of wild-type mice. The serum levels of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CT), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and blood glucose (BG) in fat-1 transgenic mice were all decreased. The weights of peri-bowels fat, perirenal fat and peri-testicular fat in fat-1 transgenic mice were reduced. We hypothesized that increase of n-3 PUFAs might alter the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide genes and lead to loss of body weight in fat-1 transgenic mice. Therefore, we measured mRNA levels of appetite neuropeptides, Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Agouti-related peptides (AgRP), Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), ghrelin and nesfatin-1 in hypothalamus by real-time PCR. Compared with wild-type mice, the mRNA levels of CART, POMC and ghrelin were higher, while the mRNA levels of NPY, AgRP and nesfatin-1 were lower in fat-1 transgenic mice. The results indicate that fat-1 gene or n-3 PUFAs participates in regulation of body weight, and the mechanism of this phenomenon involves the expression of appetite neuropeptides and lipoproteins in fat-1 transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, PR China
| | - Yinlin Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Gai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, PR China
| | - Meilan Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, PR China
| | - Jingxuan Kang
- Mathazhusazhu General Hospital, Harvard Medical College, Boston, USA
| | - Jianbo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, PR China.
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248
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Yuan D, Wei R, Wang T, Wu Y, Lin F, Chen H, Liu J, Gao Y, Zhou C, Chen D, Li Z. Appetite regulation in Schizothorax prenanti by three CART genes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 224:194-204. [PMID: 26316039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) has received much attention as mediators of appetite regulation in mammals. However, the involvement of CART in the feeding behavior of teleosts has not been well understood. In this study, three distinct CARTs were cloned from the Schizothorax prenanti (S. prenanti). Real-time quantitative PCR were applied to characterize the tissue distribution and appetite regulatory effects of CARTs in S. prenanti. The S. prenanti CART-1, CART-2 and CART-3 full-length cDNA sequences were 597 bp, 694 bp and 749 bp in length, encoding the peptides of 125, 120 and 104 amino acid residues, respectively. All the S. prenanti CARTs consisted of three exons and two introns. Tissue distribution analysis showed that the high mRNA levels of S. prenanti CART-1 were observed in the telencephalon and eye, followed by the hypothalamus, myelencephalon, and mesencephalon. The S. prenanti CART-2 mRNA was mainly found in the mesencephalon, hypothalamus, telencephalon and myelencephalon. The S. prenanti CART-3 mRNA was widely distributed among the tissues, with the high levels in the hypothalamus and foregut. In the periprandial experiment, all three CARTs mRNA expressions in the hypothalamus were highly elevated after a meal, suggesting that CARTs are postprandial satiety signals. In the fasting experiment, all three CARTs mRNA expressions decreased after fasting and increased after refeeding, suggesting that CARTs might be involved in regulation of appetite in the S. prenanti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyue Yuan
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China; Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, China
| | - Rongbin Wei
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Yuanbing Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Fangjun Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Yundi Gao
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Chaowei Zhou
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
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Medicinal Plants and Their Inhibitory Activities against Pancreatic Lipase: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:973143. [PMID: 26640503 PMCID: PMC4657100 DOI: 10.1155/2015/973143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is recognized as a major life style disorder especially in developing countries and it is prevailing at an alarming speed in new world countries due to fast food intake, industrialization, and reduction of physical activity. Furthermore, it is associated with a vast number of chronic diseases and disabilities. To date, relatively effective drugs, from either natural or synthetic sources, are generally associated with serious side effects, often leading to cessation of clinical trials or even withdrawal from the market. In order to find new compounds which are more effective or with less adverse effects compared to orlistat, the drug that has been approved for obesity, new compounds isolated from natural products are being identified and screened for antiobesity effects, in particular, for their pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect. Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity has been extensively used for the determination of potential efficacy of natural products as antiobesity agents. In attempts to identify natural products for overcoming obesity, more researches have been focused on the identification of newer pancreatic lipase inhibitors with less unpleasant adverse effects. In this review, we consider the potential role of plants that have been investigated for their pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity.
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250
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Rebello CJ, Burton J, Heiman M, Greenway FL. Gastrointestinal microbiome modulator improves glucose tolerance in overweight and obese subjects: A randomized controlled pilot trial. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:1272-6. [PMID: 26424589 PMCID: PMC4656110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a gastrointestinal microbiome modulator (GIMM) containing inulin, β-glucan, blueberry anthocyanins, and blueberry polyphenols on metabolic parameters, fecal markers of gut microbiota, and satiety. DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty overweight or obese individuals aged 18 to 70years, were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. Participants consumed the test product or placebo daily for four weeks. Stool samples were collected and blood was drawn at baseline and week four for assessments of gut microbiota, satiety hormones, glucose control, and lipid measures. Subjective satiety was assessed weekly. Linear models were used to compare differences from baseline to week four. RESULTS GIMM consumption improved blood glucose tolerance (p=0.008), and increased satiety (p=0.03). There were no statistically significant differences in insulin sensitivity, fecal markers of gut microbiota, plasma satiety hormones, or serum lipid concentrations between the groups. However, plasma satiety hormones and fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations increased in the test group compared to the placebo. CONCLUSIONS GIMM consumption for four weeks, increases satiety, and improves glucose tolerance possibly through insulin-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida J Rebello
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400, Perkins Road Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Burton
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400, Perkins Road Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Mark Heiman
- MicroBiome Therapeutics LLC, 1316 Jefferson Ave., New Orleans, LA 70115, USA.
| | - Frank L Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400, Perkins Road Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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