201
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Lee S, Yoon YS. Revisiting cardiovascular regeneration with bone marrow-derived angiogenic and vasculogenic cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:290-303. [PMID: 22250888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy has emerged as a promising therapy for cardiovascular disease. Particularly, bone marrow (BM)-derived cells have been most extensively investigated and have shown encouraging results in preclinical studies. Clinical trials, however, have demonstrated split results in post-myocardial infarction cardiac repair. Mechanistically, transdifferentiation of BM-derived cells into cardiovascular tissue demonstrated by earlier studies is now known to play a minor role in functional recovery, and humoral and paracrine effects turned out to be main mechanisms responsible for tissue regeneration and functional recovery. With this advancement in the mechanistic insight of BM-derived cells, new efforts have been made to identify cell population, which can be readily isolated and obtained in sufficient quantity without mobilization and have higher therapeutic potential. Recently, haematopoietic CD31(+) cells, which are more prevalent in bone marrow and peripheral blood, have been revealed to have angiogenic and vasculogenic activities and strong potential for therapeutic neovascularization in ischaemic tissues. This article will cover the recent advances in BM-derived cell-based therapy and implication of CD31(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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202
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Gong T, Zhao K, Yang G, Li J, Chen H, Chen Y, Zhou S. The control of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation using dynamically tunable surface microgrooves. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1608-19. [PMID: 24648133 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated the potential to modulate stem cell differentiation by using static material substrate surfaces. However, cells actually grow in a dynamically diverse microenvironment in vivo. The regulated signals to the differentiation provided by these materials should not be passive or static but be active and dynamic. To mimic the endogenous cell culture microenvironment, a novel system is designed to realize the dynamic change of the surface geometries as well as a resultant mechanical force using a thermally activated four-stage shape memory polymer. The parallel microgroove surface patterns are fabricated via thermal embossing lithography on the polymer substrate surface. The dynamic microgroove surfaces accompanying with the mechanical force can effectively and significantly regulate the shape and the cytoskeletal arrangement of rBMSC compared with the static patterned and non-patterned surfaces. Cellular and molecular analyses reveal that the spatiotemporally programmed regulation of cell shape is more viable to coax lineage-specific differentiation of stem cell in contrast to the general reports with the static surfaces. Therefore, this study provides a facile strategy in designing and manufacturing an artificial substrate with a mimic natural cellular environment to precisely direct the cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Jinrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
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203
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Chaudhuri O, Koshy ST, Branco da Cunha C, Shin JW, Verbeke CS, Allison KH, Mooney DJ. Extracellular matrix stiffness and composition jointly regulate the induction of malignant phenotypes in mammary epithelium. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:970-8. [PMID: 24930031 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of normal mammary epithelium have correlated increased extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness with malignant phenotypes. However, the role of increased stiffness in this transformation remains unclear because of difficulties in controlling ECM stiffness, composition and architecture independently. Here we demonstrate that interpenetrating networks of reconstituted basement membrane matrix and alginate can be used to modulate ECM stiffness independently of composition and architecture. We find that, in normal mammary epithelial cells, increasing ECM stiffness alone induces malignant phenotypes but that the effect is completely abrogated when accompanied by an increase in basement-membrane ligands. We also find that the combination of stiffness and composition is sensed through β4 integrin, Rac1, and the PI3K pathway, and suggest a mechanism in which an increase in ECM stiffness, without an increase in basement membrane ligands, prevents normal α6β4 integrin clustering into hemidesmosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovijit Chaudhuri
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sandeep T Koshy
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Cristiana Branco da Cunha
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Jae-Won Shin
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Catia S Verbeke
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kimberly H Allison
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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204
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Bellas E, Chen CS. Forms, forces, and stem cell fate. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 31:92-7. [PMID: 25269668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cells change their shape and mechanics dramatically during development and tissue healing in response to morphogens, cell-cell contact, adhesion to extracellular matrix, and more. Several regulatory links have been described between cell shape, cytoskeletal tension, matrix adhesiveness and stiffness, and recent studies have begun to uncover how these mechanotransduction pathways can impact transcriptional signaling and cell fate decision. The integrated mechanisms linking cell forces, form and fate are likely critical for driving normal morphogenesis, tissue development, and healing. Dysregulation of these mechanisms may also tip the scale from normal to diseased states. Here, we highlight mechanisms that alter cell shape and mechanics, and the pathways affected by these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Bellas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States; The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States; The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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205
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Yin Z, Sailem H, Sero J, Ardy R, Wong STC, Bakal C. How cells explore shape space: a quantitative statistical perspective of cellular morphogenesis. Bioessays 2014; 36:1195-203. [PMID: 25220035 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Through statistical analysis of datasets describing single cell shape following systematic gene depletion, we have found that the morphological landscapes explored by cells are composed of a small number of attractor states. We propose that the topology of these landscapes is in large part determined by cell-intrinsic factors, such as biophysical constraints on cytoskeletal organization, and reflects different stable signaling and/or transcriptional states. Cell-extrinsic factors act to determine how cells explore these landscapes, and the topology of the landscapes themselves. Informational stimuli primarily drive transitions between stable states by engaging signaling networks, while mechanical stimuli tune, or even radically alter, the topology of these landscapes. As environments fluctuate, the topology of morphological landscapes explored by cells dynamically adapts to these fluctuations. Finally we hypothesize how complex cellular and tissue morphologies can be generated from a limited number of simple cell shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yin
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
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206
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Cui H, Wang Y, Huang H, Yu W, Bai M, Zhang L, Bryan BA, Wang Y, Luo J, Li D, Ma Y, Liu M. GPR126 protein regulates developmental and pathological angiogenesis through modulation of VEGFR2 receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34871-85. [PMID: 25217645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is essential for development, wound healing, and tumor progression. The VEGF pathway plays irreplaceable roles during angiogenesis, but how other signals cross-talk with and modulate VEGF cascades is not clearly elucidated. Here, we identified that Gpr126, an endothelial cell-enriched gene, plays an important role in angiogenesis by regulating endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. Knockdown of Gpr126 in the mouse retina resulted in the inhibition of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. Interference of Gpr126 expression in zebrafish embryos led to defects in intersegmental vessel formation. Finally, we identified that GPR126 regulated the expression of VEGFR2 by targeting STAT5 and GATA2 through the cAMP-PKA-cAMP-response element-binding protein signaling pathway during angiogenesis. Our findings illustrate that GPR126 modulates both physiological and pathological angiogenesis through VEGF signaling, providing a potential target for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxiang Cui
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yeqi Wang
- the Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Huizhe Huang
- the Core Facility of Zebrafish Research, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Bai
- the Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Reproductive Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Long Zhang
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Brad A Bryan
- the Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905, and
| | - Yuan Wang
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Luo
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dali Li
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China,
| | - Yanlin Ma
- the Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Reproductive Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China,
| | - Mingyao Liu
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China, the Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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207
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George CM, Bozler J, Nguyen HQ, Bosco G. Condensins are Required for Maintenance of Nuclear Architecture. Cells 2014; 3:865-82. [PMID: 25153163 PMCID: PMC4197639 DOI: 10.3390/cells3030865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-dimensional spatial organization of eukaryotic genomes is important for regulation of gene expression as well as DNA damage repair. It has been proposed that one basic biophysical property of all nuclei is that interphase chromatin must be kept in a condensed prestressed state in order to prevent entropic pressure of the DNA polymer from expanding and disrupting the nuclear envelope. Although many factors can contribute to specific organizational states to compact chromatin, the mechanisms through which such interphase chromatin compaction is maintained are not clearly understood. Condensin proteins are known to exert compaction forces on chromosomes in anticipation of mitosis, but it is not known whether condensins also function to maintain interphase prestressed chromatin states. Here we show that RNAi depletion of the N-CAP-H2, N-CAP-D3 and SMC2 subunits of human condensin II leads to dramatic disruption of nuclear architecture and nuclear size. This is consistent with the idea that condensin mediated chromatin compaction contributes significantly to the prestressed condensed state of the interphase nucleus, and when such compaction forces are disrupted nuclear size and shape change due to chromatin expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M George
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Julianna Bozler
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Huy Q Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Giovanni Bosco
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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208
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Durham JT, Surks HK, Dulmovits BM, Herman IM. Pericyte contractility controls endothelial cell cycle progression and sprouting: insights into angiogenic switch mechanics. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C878-92. [PMID: 25143350 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00185.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular stability and regulation of capillary tonus are regulated by pericytes and their interactions with endothelial cells (EC). While the RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway has been implicated in modulation of pericyte contractility, in part via regulation of the myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP), the mechanisms linking Rho GTPase activity with actomyosin-based contraction and the cytoskeleton are equivocal. Recently, the myosin phosphatase-RhoA-interacting protein (MRIP) was shown to mediate the RhoA/ROCK-directed MLCP inactivation in vascular smooth muscle. Here we report that MRIP directly interacts with the β-actin-specific capping protein βcap73. Furthermore, manipulation of MRIP expression influences pericyte contractility, with MRIP silencing inducing cytoskeletal remodeling and cellular hypertrophy. MRIP knockdown induces a repositioning of βcap73 from the leading edge to stress fibers; thus MRIP-silenced pericytes increase F-actin-driven cell spreading twofold. These hypertrophied and cytoskeleton-enriched pericytes demonstrate a 2.2-fold increase in contractility upon MRIP knockdown when cells are plated on a deformable substrate. In turn, silencing pericyte MRIP significantly affects EC cycle progression and angiogenic activation. When MRIP-silenced pericytes are cocultured with capillary EC, there is a 2.0-fold increase in EC cycle entry. Furthermore, in three-dimensional models of injury and repair, silencing pericyte MRIP results in a 1.6-fold elevation of total tube area due to EC network formation and increased angiogenic sprouting. The pivotal role of MRIP expression in governing pericyte contractile phenotype and endothelial growth should lend important new insights into how chemomechanical signaling pathways control the "angiogenic switch" and pathological angiogenic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Durham
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Howard K Surks
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian M Dulmovits
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ira M Herman
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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209
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Li X, Liu X, Zhang N, Wen X. Engineering In Situ Cross-Linkable and Neurocompatible Hydrogels. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1431-8. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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210
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van Oers RFM, Rens EG, LaValley DJ, Reinhart-King CA, Merks RMH. Mechanical cell-matrix feedback explains pairwise and collective endothelial cell behavior in vitro. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003774. [PMID: 25121971 PMCID: PMC4133044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultures of endothelial cells are a widely used model system of the collective behavior of endothelial cells during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. When seeded in an extracellular matrix, endothelial cells can form blood vessel-like structures, including vascular networks and sprouts. Endothelial morphogenesis depends on a large number of chemical and mechanical factors, including the compliancy of the extracellular matrix, the available growth factors, the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix, cell-cell signaling, etc. Although various computational models have been proposed to explain the role of each of these biochemical and biomechanical effects, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying in vitro angiogenesis is still incomplete. Most explanations focus on predicting the whole vascular network or sprout from the underlying cell behavior, and do not check if the same model also correctly captures the intermediate scale: the pairwise cell-cell interactions or single cell responses to ECM mechanics. Here we show, using a hybrid cellular Potts and finite element computational model, that a single set of biologically plausible rules describing (a) the contractile forces that endothelial cells exert on the ECM, (b) the resulting strains in the extracellular matrix, and (c) the cellular response to the strains, suffices for reproducing the behavior of individual endothelial cells and the interactions of endothelial cell pairs in compliant matrices. With the same set of rules, the model also reproduces network formation from scattered cells, and sprouting from endothelial spheroids. Combining the present mechanical model with aspects of previously proposed mechanical and chemical models may lead to a more complete understanding of in vitro angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- René F. M. van Oers
- Life Sciences group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for System Biology - Netherlands Institute for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G. Rens
- Life Sciences group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for System Biology - Netherlands Institute for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. LaValley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Reinhart-King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Roeland M. H. Merks
- Life Sciences group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for System Biology - Netherlands Institute for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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211
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Troedhan A, Schlichting I, Kurrek A, Wainwright M. Primary implant stability in augmented sinuslift-sites after completed bone regeneration: a randomized controlled clinical study comparing four subantrally inserted biomaterials. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5877. [PMID: 25073446 PMCID: PMC5376201 DOI: 10.1038/srep05877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Implant-Insertion-Torque-Value (ITV) proved to be a significant clinical parameter to predict long term implant success-rates and to decide upon immediate loading. The study evaluated ITVs, when four different and commonly used biomaterials were used in sinuslift-procedures compared to natural subantral bone in two-stage-implant-procedures. The tHUCSL-INTRALIFT-method was chosen for sinuslifting in 155 sinuslift-sites for its minimal invasive transcrestal approach and scalable augmentation volume. Four different biomaterials were inserted randomly (easy-graft CRYSTAL n = 38, easy-graft CLASSIC n = 41, NanoBone n = 42, BioOss n = 34), 2 ccm in each case. After a mean healing period of 8,92 months uniform tapered screw Q2-implants were inserted and Drill-Torque-Values (DTV) and ITV were recorded and compared to a group of 36 subantral sites without need of sinuslifting. DTV/ITV were processed for statistics by ANOVA-tests. Mean DTV/ITV obtained in Ncm were: Control Group 10,2/22,2, Bio-Oss 12,7/26,2, NanoBone 17,5/33,3, easy-graft CLASSIC 20,3/45,9, easy-graft CRYSTAL 23,8/56,6 Ncm, significance-level of differences throughout p < 0,05. Within the limits of this study the results suggest self-hardening solid-block-like bone-graft-materials to achieve significantly better DTV/ITV than loose granulate biomaterials for its suspected improvement of vascularization and mineralization of the subantral scaffold by full immobilization of the augmentation site towards pressure changes in the human sinus at normal breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Troedhan
- Head of Maxillofacial Surgery Dep., Center for Facial Esthetics Vienna, Brauhausgasse 12, 1050 Vienna, Austria
| | - Izabela Schlichting
- Head of Oral Surgery &Implantology Dep., Center for Facial Esthetics Vienna, Brauhausgasse 12, 1050 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Kurrek
- Head of Oral Surgery &Implantology Dep., Implantology Clinic Oberkassel, Dominikanerstrasse 10, 40545 Dusseldorf
| | - Marcel Wainwright
- Head of Oral Surgery &Implantology Dep., Implantology Clinic Kaiserswerth, Kaiserswerther Markt 25, 40489 Dusseldorf
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212
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Orr BA, Eberhart CG. Molecular pathways: not a simple tube--the many functions of blood vessels. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:18-23. [PMID: 25074609 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the ability of blood vessels to carry fluid and cells through neoplastic tissue is clearly important, other functions of vascular elements that drive tumor growth and progression are increasingly being recognized. Vessels can provide physical support and help regulate the stromal microenvironment within tumors, form niches for tumor-associated stem cells, serve as avenues for local tumor spread, and promote relative immune privilege. Understanding the molecular drivers of these phenotypes will be critical if we are to therapeutically target their protumorigenic effects. The potential for neoplastic cells to transdifferentiate into vascular and perivascular elements also needs to be better understood, as it has the potential to complicate such therapies. In this review, we provide a brief overview of these less conventional vascular functions in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Orr
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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213
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Abstract
Blood is renewed throughout the entire life. The stem cells of the blood, called hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), are responsible for maintaining a supply of all types of fresh blood cells. In contrast to other stem cells, the clinical application of these cells is well established and HSC transplantation is an established life-saving therapy for patients suffering from haematological disorders. Despite their efficient functionality throughout life in vivo, controlling HSC behaviour in vitro (including their proliferation and differentiation) is still a major task that has not been resolved with standard cell culture systems. Targeted HSC multiplication in vitro could be beneficial for many patients, because HSC supply is limited. The biology of these cells and their natural microenvironment - their niche - remain a matter of ongoing research. In recent years, evidence has come to light that HSCs are susceptible to physical stimuli. This makes the regulation of HSCs by engineering physical parameters a promising approach for the targeted manipulation of these cells for clinical applications. Nevertheless, the biophysical regulation of these cells is still poorly understood. This review sheds light on the role of biophysical parameters in HSC biology and outlines which knowledge on biophysical regulation identified in other cell types could be applied to HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lee-Thedieck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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214
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Collins C, Osborne LD, Guilluy C, Chen Z, O'Brien ET, Reader JS, Burridge K, Superfine R, Tzima E. Haemodynamic and extracellular matrix cues regulate the mechanical phenotype and stiffness of aortic endothelial cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3984. [PMID: 24917553 PMCID: PMC4068264 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (ECs) lining blood vessels express many mechanosensors, including platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), that convert mechanical force to biochemical signals. While it is accepted that mechanical stresses and the mechanical properties of ECs regulate vessel health, the relationship between force and biological response remains elusive. Here we show that ECs integrate mechanical forces and extracellular matrix (ECM) cues to modulate their own mechanical properties. We demonstrate that the ECM influences EC response to tension on PECAM-1. ECs adherent on collagen display divergent stiffening and focal adhesion growth compared to ECs on fibronectin. This is due to PKA-dependent serine phosphorylation and inactivation of RhoA. PKA signaling regulates focal adhesion dynamics and EC compliance in response to shear stress in vitro and in vivo. Our study identifies a ECM-specific, mechanosensitive signaling pathway that regulates EC compliance and may serve as an atheroprotective mechanism maintains blood vessel integrity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Collins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Lukas D Osborne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Christophe Guilluy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - E Tim O'Brien
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - John S Reader
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Keith Burridge
- 1] Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [3] McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Richard Superfine
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ellie Tzima
- 1] Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [3] McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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215
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Jiang X, Nai MH, Lim CT, Le Visage C, Chan JKY, Chew SY. Polysaccharide nanofibers with variable compliance for directing cell fate. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:959-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jiang
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 138642
| | - Mui Hoon Nai
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore; Singapore 117411
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore; Singapore 117411
- Department of Bioengineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117576
| | - Catherine Le Visage
- Inserm, U791, LIOAD, Center for Osteoarticular and Dental Tissue Engineering, University of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Jerry K. Y. Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore 119074
- Department of Reproductive Medicine; KK Women's and Children's Hospital; Singapore 229899
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 138642
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216
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Fan AX, Papadopoulos GL, Hossain MA, Lin IJ, Hu J, Tang TM, Kilberg MS, Renne R, Strouboulis J, Bungert J. Genomic and proteomic analysis of transcription factor TFII-I reveals insight into the response to cellular stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7625-41. [PMID: 24875474 PMCID: PMC4081084 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed transcription factor TFII-I exerts both positive and negative effects on transcription. Using biotinylation tagging technology and high-throughput sequencing, we determined sites of chromatin interactions for TFII-I in the human erythroleukemia cell line K562. This analysis revealed that TFII-I binds upstream of the transcription start site of expressed genes, both upstream and downstream of the transcription start site of repressed genes, and downstream of RNA polymerase II peaks at the ATF3 and other stress responsive genes. At the ATF3 gene, TFII-I binds immediately downstream of a Pol II peak located 5 kb upstream of exon 1. Induction of ATF3 expression increases transcription throughout the ATF3 gene locus which requires TFII-I and correlates with increased association of Pol II and Elongin A. Pull-down assays demonstrated that TFII-I interacts with Elongin A. Partial depletion of TFII-I expression caused a reduction in the association of Elongin A with and transcription of the DNMT1 and EFR3A genes without a decrease in Pol II recruitment. The data reveal different interaction patterns of TFII-I at active, repressed, or inducible genes, identify novel TFII-I interacting proteins, implicate TFII-I in the regulation of transcription elongation and provide insight into the role of TFII-I during the response to cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Xiucheng Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Giorgio L Papadopoulos
- Departmentof Biology, University of Crete, GR1409 Heraklion, Greece Divisionof Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari GR 16672, Greece
| | - Mir A Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - I-Ju Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Departmentof Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Tommy Ming Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rolf Renne
- Divisionof Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari GR 16672, Greece
| | - John Strouboulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA Departmentof Biology, University of Crete, GR1409 Heraklion, Greece Divisionof Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari GR 16672, Greece Departmentof Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Jörg Bungert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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217
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Castaño O, Sachot N, Xuriguera E, Engel E, Planell JA, Park JH, Jin GZ, Kim TH, Kim JH, Kim HW. Angiogenesis in bone regeneration: tailored calcium release in hybrid fibrous scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:7512-7522. [PMID: 24754868 DOI: 10.1021/am500885v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In bone regeneration, silicon-based calcium phosphate glasses (Bioglasses) have been widely used since the 1970s. However, they dissolve very slowly because of their high amount of Si (SiO2 > 45%). Recently, our group has found that calcium ions released by the degradation of glasses in which the job of silicon is done by just 5% of TiO2 are effective angiogenic promoters, because of their stimulation of a cell-membrane calcium sensing receptor (CaSR). Based on this, other focused tests on angiogenesis have found that Bioglasses also have the potential to be angiogenic promoters even with high contents of silicon (80%); however, their slow degradation is still a problem, as the levels of silicon cannot be decreased any lower than 45%. In this work, we propose a new generation of hybrid organically modified glasses, ormoglasses, that enable the levels of silicon to be reduced, therefore speeding up the degradation process. Using electrospinning as a faithful way to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), we successfully produced hybrid fibrous mats with three different contents of Si (40, 52, and 70%), and thus three different calcium ion release rates, using an ormoglass-polycaprolactone blend approach. These mats offered a good platform to evaluate different calcium release rates as osteogenic promoters in an in vivo subcutaneous environment. Complementary data were collected to complement Ca(2+) release analysis, such as stiffness evaluation by AFM, ζ-potential, morphology evaluation by FESEM, proliferation and differentiation analysis, as well as in vivo subcutaneous implantations. Material and biological characterization suggested that compositions of organic/inorganic hybrid materials with a Si content equivalent to 40%, which were also those that released more calcium, were osteogenic. They also showed a greater ability to form blood vessels. These results suggest that Si-based ormoglasses can be considered an efficient tool for calcium release modulation, which could play a key role in the angiogenic promoting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Castaño
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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218
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Kawasaki J, Aegerter S, Fevurly RD, Mammoto A, Mammoto T, Sahin M, Mably JD, Fishman SJ, Chan J. RASA1 functions in EPHB4 signaling pathway to suppress endothelial mTORC1 activity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2774-84. [PMID: 24837431 DOI: 10.1172/jci67084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular malformations are linked to mutations in RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1, also known as p120RasGAP); however, due to the global expression of this gene, it is unclear how these mutations specifically affect the vasculature. Here, we tested the hypothesis that RASA1 performs a critical effector function downstream of the endothelial receptor EPHB4. In zebrafish models, we found that either RASA1 or EPHB4 deficiency induced strikingly similar abnormalities in blood vessel formation and function. Expression of WT EPHB4 receptor or engineered receptors with altered RASA1 binding revealed that the ability of EPHB4 to recruit RASA1 is required to restore blood flow in EPHB4-deficient animals. Analysis of EPHB4-deficient zebrafish tissue lysates revealed that mTORC1 is robustly overactivated, and pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 in these animals rescued both vessel structure and function. Furthermore, overexpression of mTORC1 in endothelial cells exacerbated vascular phenotypes in animals with reduced EPHB4 or RASA1, suggesting a functional EPHB4/RASA1/mTORC1 signaling axis in endothelial cells. Tissue samples from patients with arteriovenous malformations displayed strong endothelial phospho-S6 staining, indicating increased mTORC1 activity. These results indicate that deregulation of EPHB4/RASA1/mTORC1 signaling in endothelial cells promotes vascular malformation and suggest that mTORC1 inhibitors, many of which are approved for the treatment of certain cancers, should be further explored as a potential strategy to treat patients with vascular malformations.
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219
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Cui ZH, Shen SQ, Chen ZB, Hu C. Growth inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma tumor endothelial cells by miR-204-3p and underlying mechanism. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5493-5504. [PMID: 24833879 PMCID: PMC4017064 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the mechanism by which miR-204-3p inhibits the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor endothelial cells (TECs).
METHODS: Flow cytometry was used to identify HCCTECs and analyze their purity. Differentially expressed miRNAs in HCC TECs as compared to normal hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) were examined using the HmiOA v4 Human miRNA OneArray® microarray. miR-204-3p showed the most significant decrease in expression and was further studied. Over-expression of miR-204-3p was achieved using lentiviral transduction into TECs of HCC. The biological changes in HCC TECs before and after transduction were detected using MTT and apoptosis assays. The association between miR-204-3p and fibronectin 1 (FN1) was determined using the dual luciferase activity assay. Changes in FN1 protein expression before and after transduction were detected using Western blot analysis.
RESULTS: Microarray results showed that compared to normal HSECs, 15 miRNAs were differentially expressed in HCC TECs, including 6 miRNAs with increased expression and 9 miRNAs with decreased expression. Among them, miR-204-3p showed the most significant decrease in expression (log2 = -1.233477, P = 0.000307). Over-expression of miR-204-3p in HCC TECs via lentiviral transduction significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCC TECs and promoted apoptosis. Results from the dual luciferase activity experiment showed that the luciferase intensity in the wild type FN1 group was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05), while that in the mutant FN1 group was not obviously affected. This observation indicated that FN1 was one of the potential targets of miR-204-3p. After over-expression of miR-204-3p in HCC TECs, Western blot analysis showed that the expression of FN1 protein was significantly inhibited.
CONCLUSION: MiR-204-3p acts on its potential target gene, FN1, and inhibits its expression, thus blocking the adhesion function of FN1 in promoting the growth of TECs.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cell Shape
- Cluster Analysis
- Endoglin
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/blood supply
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transfection
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220
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Chen SY, Lin JS, Yang BC. Modulation of tumor cell stiffness and migration by type IV collagen through direct activation of integrin signaling pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 555-556:1-8. [PMID: 24823860 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive collagen deposition plays a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis. To understand how type IV collagen affects mechanical stiffness and migration, low-collagen-IV-expressing transfectants of B16F10, U118MG, and Huh7 (denoted shCol cells) were established by the lentiviral-mediated delivery of small interfering RNA against type IV-α1 collagen (Col4A1). Although having similar growth rates, shCol cells showed a flatter morphology compared to that of the corresponding controls. Notably, knocking down the Col4A1 gene conferred the cells with higher levels of elasticity and lower motility. Exposure to blocking antibodies against human β1 integrin or α2β1 integrin or the pharmacological inhibition of Src and ERK activity by PP1 and U0126, respectively, effectively reduced cell motility and raised cell stiffness. Reduced Src and ERK activities in shCol cells indicate the involvement of a collagen IV/integrin signaling pathway. The forced expression of β1 integrin significantly stimulated Src and ERK phosphorylation, reduced cell stiffness, and accelerated cell motility. In an experimental metastasis assay using C57BL/6 mice, B16F10 shCol cells formed significantly fewer and smaller lung nodules, confirming the contribution of collagen to metastasis. In summary, the integrin signaling pathway activated in a tumor environment with collagen deposition is responsible for low cell elasticity and high metastatic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Jo-Shi Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Bei-Chang Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Center for the Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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221
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Bloom AB, Zaman MH. Influence of the microenvironment on cell fate determination and migration. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:309-14. [PMID: 24619520 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00170.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several critical cell functions are influenced not only by internal cellular machinery but also by external mechanical and biochemical cues from the surrounding microenvironment. Slight changes to the microenvironment can result in dramatic changes to the cell's phenotype; for example, a change in the nutrients or pH of a tumor microenvironment can result in increased tumor metastasis. While cellular fate and the regulators of cell fate have been studied in detail for several decades now, our understanding of the extracellular regulators remains qualitative and far from comprehensive. In this review, we discuss the microenvironment influence on cell fate in terms of adhesion, migration, and differentiation and focus on both developments in experimental and computation tools to analyze cellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Bloom
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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222
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Integrated Effects of Matrix Mechanics and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) on Capillary Sprouting. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42:1024-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-0987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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223
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German AE, Mammoto T, Jiang E, Ingber DE, Mammoto A. Paxillin controls endothelial cell migration and tumor angiogenesis by altering neuropilin 2 expression. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1672-83. [PMID: 24522185 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.132316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a number of growth factors and receptors are known to control tumor angiogenesis, relatively little is known about the mechanism by which these factors influence the directional endothelial cell migration required for cancer microvessel formation. Recently, it has been shown that the focal adhesion protein paxillin is required for directional migration of fibroblasts in vitro. Here, we show that paxillin knockdown enhances endothelial cell migration in vitro and stimulates angiogenesis during normal development and in response to tumor angiogenic factors in vivo. Paxillin produces these effects by decreasing expression of neuropilin 2 (NRP2). Moreover, soluble factors secreted by tumors that stimulate vascular ingrowth, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), also decrease endothelial cell expression of paxillin and NRP2, and overexpression of NRP2 reverses these effects. These results suggest that the VEGF-paxillin-NRP2 pathway could represent a new therapeutic target for cancer and other angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E German
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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224
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Al-Mahrouki AA, Iradji S, Tran WT, Czarnota GJ. Cellular characterization of ultrasound-stimulated microbubble radiation enhancement in a prostate cancer xenograft model. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:363-72. [PMID: 24487407 PMCID: PMC3944496 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor radiation resistance poses a major obstacle in achieving an optimal outcome in radiation therapy. In the current study, we characterize a novel therapeutic approach that combines ultrasound-driven microbubbles with radiation to increase treatment responses in a prostate cancer xenograft model in mice. Tumor response to ultrasound-driven microbubbles and radiation was assessed 24 hours after treatment, which consisted of radiation treatments alone (2 Gy or 8 Gy) or ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles only, or a combination of radiation and ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles. Immunohistochemical analysis using in situ end labeling (ISEL) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) revealed increased cell death within tumors exposed to combined treatments compared with untreated tumors or tumors exposed to radiation alone. Several biomarkers were investigated to evaluate cell proliferation (Ki67), blood leakage (factor VIII), angiogenesis (cluster of differentiation molecule CD31), ceramide-formation, angiogenesis signaling [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)], oxygen limitation (prolyl hydroxylase PHD2) and DNA damage/repair (γH2AX). Results demonstrated reduced vascularity due to vascular disruption by ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles, increased ceramide production and increased DNA damage of tumor cells, despite decreased tumor oxygenation with significantly less proliferating cells in the combined treatments. This combined approach could be a feasible option as a novel enhancing approach in radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A Al-Mahrouki
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
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225
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Mammoto T, Jiang E, Jiang A, Mammoto A. Extracellular matrix structure and tissue stiffness control postnatal lung development through the lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/Tie2 signaling system. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1009-18. [PMID: 23841513 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0147oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical properties of the tissues and remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) play an important role in organ development. Recently, we have reported that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 5/Tie2 signaling controls postnatal lung development by modulating angiogenesis. Here we show that tissue stiffness modulated by the ECM cross-linking enzyme, lysyl oxidase (LOX), regulates postnatal lung development through LRP5-Tie2 signaling. The expression of LRP5 and Tie2 is up-regulated twofold in lung microvascular endothelial cells when cultured on stiff matrix compared to those cultured on soft matrix in vitro. LOX inhibitor, β-aminopropionitrile, disrupts lung ECM (collagen I, III, and VI, and elastin) structures, softens neonatal mouse lung tissue by 20%, and down-regulates the expression of LRP5 and Tie2 by 20 and 60%, respectively, which leads to the inhibition of postnatal lung development (30% increase in mean linear intercept, 1.5-fold increase in air space area). Importantly, hyperoxia treatment (Postnatal Days 1-10) disrupts ECM structure and stiffens mouse lung tissue by up-regulating LOX activity, thereby increasing LRP5 and Tie2 expression and deregulating alveolar morphogenesis in neonatal mice, which is attenuated by inhibiting LOX activity. These findings suggest that appropriate physical properties of lung tissue are necessary for physiological postnatal lung development, and deregulation of this mechanism contributes to postnatal lung developmental disorders, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- 1 Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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226
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Sun J, Jamilpour N, Wang FY, Wong PK. Geometric control of capillary architecture via cell-matrix mechanical interactions. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3273-80. [PMID: 24439400 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis is a multistage, multicellular activity that plays a pivotal role in various developmental and pathological situations. In-depth understanding of the regulatory mechanism along with the capability of controlling the morphogenic process will have direct implications on tissue engineering and therapeutic angiogenesis. Extensive research has been devoted to elucidate the biochemical factors that regulate capillary morphogenesis. The roles of geometric confinement and cell-matrix mechanical interactions on the capillary architecture, nevertheless, remain largely unknown. Here, we show geometric control of endothelial network topology by creating physical confinements with microfabricated fences and wells. Decreasing the thickness of the matrix also results in comparable modulation of the network architecture, supporting the boundary effect is mediated mechanically. The regulatory role of cell-matrix mechanical interaction on the network topology is further supported by alternating the matrix stiffness by a cell-inert PEG-dextran hydrogel. Furthermore, reducing the cell traction force with a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor diminishes the boundary effect. Computational biomechanical analysis delineates the relationship between geometric confinement and cell-matrix mechanical interaction. Collectively, these results reveal a mechanoregulation scheme of endothelial cells to regulate the capillary network architecture via cell-matrix mechanical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Nima Jamilpour
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Fei-Yue Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, The Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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227
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Differential effects of cell adhesion, modulus and VEGFR-2 inhibition on capillary network formation in synthetic hydrogel arrays. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2149-61. [PMID: 24332391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Efficient biomaterial screening platforms can test a wide range of extracellular environments that modulate vascular growth. Here, we used synthetic hydrogel arrays to probe the combined effects of Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (CRGDS) cell adhesion peptide concentration, shear modulus and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibition on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) viability, proliferation and tubulogenesis. HUVECs were encapsulated in degradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels with defined CRGDS concentration and shear modulus. VEGFR2 activity was modulated using the VEGFR2 inhibitor SU5416. We demonstrate that synergy exists between VEGFR2 activity and CRGDS ligand presentation in the context of maintaining HUVEC viability. However, excessive CRGDS disrupts this synergy. HUVEC proliferation significantly decreased with VEGFR2 inhibition and increased modulus, but did not vary monotonically with CRGDS concentration. Capillary-like structure (CLS) formation was highly modulated by CRGDS concentration and modulus, but was largely unaffected by VEGFR2 inhibition. We conclude that the characteristics of the ECM surrounding encapsulated HUVECs significantly influence cell viability, proliferation and CLS formation. Additionally, the ECM modulates the effects of VEGFR2 signaling, ranging from changing the effectiveness of synergistic interactions between integrins and VEGFR2 to determining whether VEGFR2 upregulates, downregulates or has no effect on proliferation and CLS formation.
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228
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Salvati E, Zizza P, Rizzo A, Iachettini S, Cingolani C, D’Angelo C, Porru M, Randazzo A, Pagano B, Novellino E, Pisanu ME, Stoppacciaro A, Spinella F, Bagnato A, Gilson E, Leonetti C, Biroccio A. Evidence for G-quadruplex in the promoter of vegfr-2 and its targeting to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:2945-57. [PMID: 24335081 PMCID: PMC3950687 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is mainly mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic factor produced by cancer cells and active on the endothelium through the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2). Here we identify a G-rich sequence within the proximal promoter region of vegfr-2, able to form an antiparallel G-quadruplex (G4) structure. This G4 structure can be efficiently stabilized by small molecules with the consequent inhibition of vegfr-2 expression. Functionally, the G4-mediated reduction of VEGFR-2 protein causes a switching off of signaling components that, converging on actin cytoskeleton, regulate the cellular events leading to endothelial cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. As a result of endothelial cell function impairment, angiogenic process is strongly inhibited by G4 ligands both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the G4-mediated antiangiogenic effect seems to recapitulate that observed by using a specific interference RNA against vegfr-2, and it is strongly antagonized by overexpressing the vegfr-2 gene. In conclusion, we describe the evidence for the existence of G4 in the promoter of vegfr-2, whose expression and function can be markedly inhibited by G4 ligands, thereby revealing a new, and so far undescribed, way to block VEGFR-2 as target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Salvati
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Pasquale Zizza
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Angela Rizzo
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Sara Iachettini
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Chiara Cingolani
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Carmen D’Angelo
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Manuela Porru
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Bruno Pagano
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Maria Elena Pisanu
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Antonella Stoppacciaro
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Francesca Spinella
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Anna Bagnato
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Eric Gilson
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
| | - Annamaria Biroccio
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice University, CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France and Department of Medical Genetics, Archet 2 Hospital, CHU of Nice, France
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +39 06 52662569; Fax: +39 06 52662592;
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229
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Gao X, Johnson KD, Chang YI, Boyer ME, Dewey CN, Zhang J, Bresnick EH. Gata2 cis-element is required for hematopoietic stem cell generation in the mammalian embryo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2833-42. [PMID: 24297994 PMCID: PMC3865483 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cis-element requirement for the emergence of HSCs in the AGM and for hemogenic endothelium to generate HSC-containing c-Kit+ cell clusters. The generation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from hemogenic endothelium within the aorta, gonad, mesonephros (AGM) region of the mammalian embryo is crucial for development of the adult hematopoietic system. We described a deletion of a Gata2 cis-element (+9.5) that depletes fetal liver HSCs, is lethal at E13–14 of embryogenesis, and is mutated in an immunodeficiency that progresses to myelodysplasia/leukemia. Here, we demonstrate that the +9.5 element enhances Gata2 expression and is required to generate long-term repopulating HSCs in the AGM. Deletion of the +9.5 element abrogated the capacity of hemogenic endothelium to generate HSC-containing clusters in the aorta. Genomic analyses indicated that the +9.5 element regulated a rich ensemble of genes that control hemogenic endothelium and HSCs, as well as genes not implicated in hematopoiesis. These results reveal a mechanism that controls stem cell emergence from hemogenic endothelium to establish the adult hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, and 2 McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 3 UW-Madison Blood Research Program; and 4 Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
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230
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Xiao L, Tong Z, Chen Y, Pochan DJ, Sabanayagam CR, Jia X. Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels containing covalently integrated drug depots: implication for controlling inflammation in mechanically stressed tissues. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3808-19. [PMID: 24093583 PMCID: PMC3856199 DOI: 10.1021/bm4011276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic hydrogels containing covalently integrated soft and deformable drug depots capable of releasing therapeutic molecules in response to mechanical forces are attractive candidates for the treatment of degenerated tissues that are normally load bearing. Herein, radically cross-linkable block copolymer micelles (xBCM) assembled from an amphiphilic block copolymer consisting of hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) partially modified with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and hydrophobic poly(n-butyl acryclate) (PnBA) were employed as the drug depots and the microscopic cross-linkers for the preparation of hyaluronic acid (HA)-based, hydrogels. HA hydrogels containing covalently integrated micelles (HAxBCM) were prepared by radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-modified HA (HAGMA) in the presence of xBCMs. When micelles prepared from the parent PAA-b-PnBA without any polymerizable double bonds were used, hydrogels containing physically entrapped micelles (HApBCM) were obtained. The addition of xBCMs to a HAGMA precursor solution accelerated the gelation kinetics and altered the hydrogel mechanical properties. The resultant HAxBCM gels exhibit an elastic modulus of 847 ± 43 Pa and a compressive modulus of 9.2 ± 0.7 kPa. Diffusion analysis of Nile Red (NR)-labeled xBCMs employing fluorescence correlation spectroscopy confirmed the covalent immobilization of xBCMs in HA networks. Covalent integration of dexamethasone (DEX)-loaded xBCMs in HA gels significantly reduced the initial burst release and provided sustained release over a prolonged period. Importantly, DEX release from HAxBCM gels was accelerated by intermittently applied external compression in a strain-dependent manner. Culturing macrophages in the presence of DEX-releasing HAxBCM gels significantly reduced cellular production of inflammatory cytokines. Incorporating mechano-responsive modules in synthetic matrices offers a novel strategy to harvest mechanical stress present in the healing wounds to initiate tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxi Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Zhixiang Tong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Yingchao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Darrin J. Pochan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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231
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Infanger DW, Cho Y, Lopez BS, Mohanan S, Liu SC, Gursel D, Boockvar JA, Fischbach C. Glioblastoma stem cells are regulated by interleukin-8 signaling in a tumoral perivascular niche. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7079-89. [PMID: 24121485 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme contains a subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells (CSC) believed to underlie tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance. Recent studies have localized CSCs in this disease adjacent to endothelial cells (EC) in what has been termed a perivascular niche, spurring investigation into the role of EC-CSC interactions in glioblastoma multiforme pathobiology. However, these studies have been limited by a lack of in vitro models of three-dimensional disease that can recapitulate the relevant conditions of the niche. In this study, we engineered a scaffold-based culture system enabling brain endothelial cells to form vascular networks. Using this system, we showed that vascular assembly induces CSC maintenance and growth in vitro and accelerates tumor growth in vivo through paracrine interleukin (IL)-8 signaling. Relative to conventional monolayers, endothelial cells cultured in this three-dimensional system not only secreted enhanced levels of IL-8 but also induced CSCs to upregulate the IL-8 cognate receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, which collectively enhanced CSC migration, growth, and stemness properties. CXCR2 silencing in CSCs abolished the tumor-promoting effects of endothelial cells in vivo, confirming a critical role for this signaling pathway in GMB pathogenesis. Together, our results reveal synergistic interactions between endothelial cells and CSCs that promote the malignant properties of CSCs in an IL-8-dependent manner. Furthermore, our findings underscore the relevance of tissue-engineered cell culture platforms to fully analyze signaling mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Infanger
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and Laboratory for Translational Stem Cell Research, Weill Cornell Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
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232
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Simon KA, Park KM, Mosadegh B, Subramaniam AB, Mazzeo AD, Ngo PM, Whitesides GM. Polymer-based mesh as supports for multi-layered 3D cell culture and assays. Biomaterials 2013; 35:259-68. [PMID: 24095253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems can mimic certain aspects of the cellular microenvironment found in vivo, but generation, analysis and imaging of current model systems for 3D cellular constructs and tissues remain challenging. This work demonstrates a 3D culture system-Cells-in-Gels-in-Mesh (CiGiM)-that uses stacked sheets of polymer-based mesh to support cells embedded in gels to form tissue-like constructs; the stacked sheets can be disassembled by peeling the sheets apart to analyze cultured cells-layer-by-layer-within the construct. The mesh sheets leave openings large enough for light to pass through with minimal scattering, and thus allowing multiple options for analysis-(i) using straightforward analysis by optical light microscopy, (ii) by high-resolution analysis with fluorescence microscopy, or (iii) with a fluorescence gel scanner. The sheets can be patterned into separate zones with paraffin film-based decals, in order to conduct multiple experiments in parallel; the paraffin-based decal films also block lateral diffusion of oxygen effectively. CiGiM simplifies the generation and analysis of 3D culture without compromising throughput, and quality of the data collected: it is especially useful in experiments that require control of oxygen levels, and isolation of adjacent wells in a multi-zone format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Simon
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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233
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Shwartz Y, Blitz E, Zelzer E. One load to rule them all: Mechanical control of the musculoskeletal system in development and aging. Differentiation 2013; 86:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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234
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Janmey PA, Wells RG, Assoian RK, McCulloch CA. From tissue mechanics to transcription factors. Differentiation 2013; 86:112-20. [PMID: 23969122 PMCID: PMC4545622 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in tissue stiffness are frequently associated with diseases such as cancer, fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. Several recent studies suggest that, in addition to resulting from pathology, mechanical changes may play a role akin to soluble factors in causing the progression of disease, and similar mechanical control might be essential for normal tissue development and homeostasis. Many cell types alter their structure and function in response to exogenous forces or as a function of the mechanical properties of the materials to which they adhere. This review summarizes recent progress in identifying intracellular signaling pathways, and especially transcriptional programs, that are differentially activated when cells adhere to materials with different mechanical properties or when they are subject to tension arising from external forces. Several cytoplasmic or cytoskeletal signaling pathways involving small GTPases, focal adhesion kinase and transforming growth factor beta as well as the transcriptional regulators MRTF-A, NFκB, and Yap/Taz have emerged as important mediators of mechanical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Janmey
- Departments of Physiology and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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235
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Mammoto T, Jiang E, Jiang A, Lu Y, Juan AM, Chen J, Mammoto A. Twist1 controls lung vascular permeability and endotoxin-induced pulmonary edema by altering Tie2 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73407. [PMID: 24023872 PMCID: PMC3759405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of vascular permeability is necessary for normal development and deregulated vascular barrier function contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, cancer and inflammation. The angiopoietin (Ang)-Tie2 pathway is known to control vascular permeability. However, the mechanism by which the expression of Tie2 is regulated to control vascular permeability has not been fully elucidated. Here we show that transcription factor Twist1 modulates pulmonary vascular leakage by altering the expression of Tie2 in a context-dependent way. Twist1 knockdown in cultured human lung microvascular endothelial cells decreases Tie2 expression and phosphorylation and increases RhoA activity, which disrupts cell-cell junctional integrity and increases vascular permeability in vitro. In physiological conditions, where Ang1 is dominant, pulmonary vascular permeability is elevated in the Tie2-specific Twist1 knockout mice. However, depletion of Twist1 and resultant suppression of Tie2 expression prevent increase in vascular permeability in an endotoxin-induced lung injury model, where the balance of Angs shifts toward Ang2. These results suggest that Twist1-Tie2-Angs signaling is important for controlling vascular permeability and modulation of this mechanism may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for pulmonary edema and other diseases caused by abnormal vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- 1 Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Jiang
- 1 Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda Jiang
- 1 Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yongbo Lu
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aimee M. Juan
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jing Chen
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- 1 Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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236
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Gundavaram MS, Shentu TP, Kowalsky GB, Volkov S, Schraufnagel DE, Levitan I. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein alters the effect of matrix stiffness on the formation of endothelial networks and capillary lumens. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:622-31. [PMID: 24618546 PMCID: PMC4070812 DOI: 10.1086/674309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Formation of new blood vessels is essential for vascular repair and remodeling, and it is known that biomechanical properties of extracellular matrix play a major role in this process. Our earlier studies have also shown that exposing endothelial cells to oxidized modification of low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) increases endothelial stiffness and facilitates their ability to form cellular networks, suggesting that it facilitates endothelial angiogenic potential. The goal of this study, therefore, was to test the interrelationship between matrix stiffness and oxLDL in the regulation of angiogenesis. Our results show that, as expected, an increase in matrix stiffness inhibited endothelial network formation and that exposure to oxLDL significantly facilitated this process. We also show, however, that oxLDL-induced facilitation of endothelial networks was observed only in stiff (3 mg/mL) but not in soft (1 mg/mL) collagen gels, resulting in blunting the effect of matrix stiffness. Also unexpectedly, we show that an increase in matrix stiffness results in a significant increase in the number of capillary lumens that are formed by single cells or pairs of cells, suggesting that while endothelial connectivity is impaired, formation of single-cell lumens is facilitated. oxLDL facilitates lumen formation, but this effect is also matrix dependent and is observed only in soft gels and not in stiff gels. Finally, an increase in both matrix stiffness and oxLDL exposure results in changes in capillary morphology, with the formation of larger capillary lumens. Overall, our study suggests that oxLDL plays an important role in formation of new capillaries and their morphology and that this effect is critically dependent on the extracellular environment's compliance, thereby underlining the importance of the interdependence of these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu S. Gundavaram
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tzu Pin Shentu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gregory B. Kowalsky
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Suncica Volkov
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dean E. Schraufnagel
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Irena Levitan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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237
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Mammoto T, Jiang A, Jiang E, Panigrahy D, Kieran MW, Mammoto A. Role of collagen matrix in tumor angiogenesis and glioblastoma multiforme progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1293-1305. [PMID: 23928381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly vascularized brain tumor, and antiangiogenic therapy improves its progression-free survival. However, current antiangiogenic therapy induces serious adverse effects including neuronal cytotoxicity and tumor invasiveness and resistance to therapy. Although it has been suggested that the physical microenvironment has a key role in tumor angiogenesis and progression, the mechanism by which physical properties of extracellular matrix control tumor angiogenesis and glioblastoma progression is not completely understood. Herein we show that physical compaction (the process in which cells gather and pack together and cause associated changes in cell shape and size) of human glioblastoma cell lines U87MG, U251, and LN229 induces expression of collagen types IV and VI and the collagen crosslinking enzyme lysyl oxidase and up-regulates in vitro expression of the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor. The lysyl oxidase inhibitor β-aminopropionitrile disrupts collagen structure in the tumor and inhibits tumor angiogenesis and glioblastoma multiforme growth in a mouse orthotopic brain tumor model. Similarly, d-penicillamine, which inhibits lysyl oxidase enzymatic activity by depleting intracerebral copper, also exhibits antiangiogenic effects on brain tumor growth in mice. These findings suggest that tumor microenvironment controlled by collagen structure is important in tumor angiogenesis and brain tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisabeth Jiang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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238
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DelNero P, Song YH, Fischbach C. Microengineered tumor models: insights & opportunities from a physical sciences-oncology perspective. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 15:583-593. [PMID: 23559404 PMCID: PMC3714360 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-013-9763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prevailing evidence has established the fundamental role of microenvironmental conditions in tumorigenesis. However, the ability to identify, interrupt, and translate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms into meaningful therapies remains limited, due in part to a lack of organotypic culture systems that accurately recapitulate tumor physiology. Integration of tissue engineering with microfabrication technologies has the potential to address this challenge and mimic tumor heterogeneity with pathological fidelity. Specifically, this approach allows recapitulating global changes of tissue-level phenomena, while also controlling microscale variability of various conditions including spatiotemporal presentation of soluble signals, biochemical and physical characteristics of the extracellular matrix, and cellular composition. Such platforms have continued to elucidate the role of the microenvironment in cancer pathogenesis and significantly improve drug discovery and screening, particularly for therapies that target tumor-enabling stromal components. This review discusses some of the landmark efforts in the field of micro-tumor engineering with a particular emphasis on deregulated tissue organization and mass transport phenomena in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter DelNero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Young Hye Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- , 157 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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239
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Coma S, Allard-Ratick M, Akino T, van Meeteren LA, Mammoto A, Klagsbrun M. GATA2 and Lmo2 control angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis via direct transcriptional regulation of neuropilin-2. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:939-52. [PMID: 23892628 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2) and LIM domain only 2 (Lmo2) form common transcription complexes during hematopoietic differentiation. Here we show that these two transcription factors also play a key role in endothelial cells (EC) and lymphatic EC (LEC) function. Primary EC and tumor-associated blood vessels expressed GATA2 and Lmo2. VEGF-induced sprouting angiogenesis in both differentiating embryonic stem cells (embryoid bodies) and primary EC increased GATA2 and Lmo2 levels. Conversely, silencing of GATA2 and Lmo2 expression in primary EC inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenic activity, including EC migration and sprouting in vitro, two key steps of angiogenesis in vivo. This inhibition of EC function was associated with downregulated expression of neuropilin-2 (NRP2), a co-receptor of VEGFRs for VEGF, at the protein, mRNA and promoter levels. NRP2 overexpression partially rescued the impaired angiogenic sprouting in the GATA2/Lmo2 knockdown EC, confirming that GATA2 and Lmo2 mediated EC function, at least in part, by directly regulating NRP2 gene expression. Furthermore, it was found that primary LEC expressed GATA2 and Lmo2 as well. Silencing of GATA2 and Lmo2 expression in LEC inhibited VEGF-induced LEC sprouting, also in a NRP2-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that GATA2 and Lmo2 cooperatively regulate VEGF-induced angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis via NRP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Coma
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Karp Building, Room 12.210, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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240
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Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate cell adhesion to neighboring cells and to the extracellular matrix. Here, the various modes in which integrin-mediated adhesion regulates intracellular signaling pathways impinging on cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation are considered. Subsequently, evidence that integrins also control crucial signaling cascades in cancer cells is discussed. Lastly, the important role of integrin signaling in tumor cells as well as in stromal cells that support cancer growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance indicates that integrin signaling may be an attractive target for (combined) cancer therapy strategies. Current approaches to target integrins in this context are reviewed.
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241
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Akahori H, Tsujino T, Naito Y, Yoshida C, Lee-Kawabata M, Ohyanagi M, Mitsuno M, Miyamoto Y, Daimon T, Masuyama T. Intraleaflet haemorrhage as a mechanism of rapid progression of stenosis in bicuspid aortic valve. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:514-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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242
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Lee PF, Bai Y, Smith RL, Bayless KJ, Yeh AT. Angiogenic responses are enhanced in mechanically and microscopically characterized, microbial transglutaminase crosslinked collagen matrices with increased stiffness. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7178-90. [PMID: 23571003 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During angiogenesis, endothelial cells (ECs) use both soluble and insoluble cues to expand the existing vascular network to meet the changing trophic needs of the tissue. Fundamental to this expansion are physical interactions between ECs and extracellular matrix (ECM) that influence sprout migration, lumen formation and stabilization. These physical interactions suggest that ECM mechanical properties may influence sprouting ECs and, therefore, angiogenic responses. In a three-dimensional angiogenic model in which a monolayer of ECs is induced to invade an underlying collagen matrix, angiogenic responses were measured as a function of collagen matrix stiffness by inducing collagen crosslinking with microbial transglutaminase (mTG). By biaxial mechanical testing, stiffer collagen matrices were measured with both mTG treatment and incubation time. Using two-photon excited fluorescence (TPF) and second harmonic generation (SHG), it was shown that collagen TPF intensity increased with mTG treatment, and the TPF/SHG ratio correlated with biaxially tested mechanical stiffness. SHG and OCM were further used to show that other ECM physical properties such as porosity and pore size did not change with mTG treatment, thus verifying that matrix stiffness was tuned independently of matrix density. The results showed that stiffer matrices promote more angiogenic sprouts that invade deeper. No differences in lumen size were observed between control and mTG stiffened matrices, but greater remodeling was revealed in stiffer gels using SHG and OCM. The results of this study show that angiogenic responses are influenced by stiffness and suggest that ECM properties may be useful in regenerative medicine applications to engineer angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-F Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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243
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Kim WS, Lee S, Yoon YS. Cardiovascular repair with bone marrow-derived cells. Blood Res 2013; 48:76-86. [PMID: 23826576 PMCID: PMC3698412 DOI: 10.5045/br.2013.48.2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While bone marrow (BM)-derived cells have been comprehensively studied for their propitious pre-clinical results, clinical trials have shown controversial outcomes. Unlike previously acknowledged, more recent studies have now confirmed that humoral and paracrine effects are the key mechanisms for tissue regeneration and functional recovery, instead of transdifferentiation of BM-derived cells into cardiovascular tissues. The progression of the understanding of BM-derived cells has further led to exploring efficient methods to isolate and obtain, without mobilization, sufficient number of cell populations that would eventually have a higher therapeutic potential. As such, hematopoietic CD31+ cells, prevalent in both bone marrow and peripheral blood, have been discovered, in recent studies, to have angiogenic and vasculogenic activities and to show strong potential for therapeutic neovascularization in ischemic tissues. This article will discuss recent advancement on BM-derived cell therapy and the implication of newly discovered CD31+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Sang Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, GA, USA
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244
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Lin RZ, Chen YC, Moreno-Luna R, Khademhosseini A, Melero-Martin JM. Transdermal regulation of vascular network bioengineering using a photopolymerizable methacrylated gelatin hydrogel. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6785-96. [PMID: 23773819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The search for hydrogel materials compatible with vascular morphogenesis is an active area of investigation in tissue engineering. One candidate material is methacrylated gelatin (GelMA), a UV-photocrosslinkable hydrogel that is synthesized by adding methacrylate groups to the amine-containing side-groups of gelatin. GelMA hydrogels containing human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be photopolymerized ex vivo and then surgically transplanted in vivo as a means to generate vascular networks. However, the full clinical potential of GelMA will be best captured by enabling minimally invasive implantation and in situ polymerization. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of bioengineering human vascular networks inside GelMA constructs that were first subcutaneously injected into immunodeficient mice while in liquid form, and then rapidly crosslinked via transdermal exposure to UV light. These bioengineered vascular networks developed within 7 days, formed functional anastomoses with the host vasculature, and were uniformly distributed throughout the constructs. Most notably, we demonstrated that the vascularization process can be directly modulated by adjusting the initial exposure time to UV light (15-45 s range), with constructs displaying progressively less vascular density and smaller average lumen size as the degree of GelMA crosslinking was increased. Our studies support the use of GelMA in its injectable form, followed by in situ transdermal photopolymerization, as a preferable means to deliver cells in applications that require the formation of vascular networks in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Zeng Lin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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245
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Curtis ASG, Reid S, Martin I, Vaidyanathan R, Smith CA, Nikukar H, Dalby MJ. Cell interactions at the nanoscale: piezoelectric stimulation. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2013; 12:247-54. [PMID: 23771395 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2013.2257837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nanometric movements of the substrate on which endothelial cells are growing, driven by periodic sinusoidal vibration from 1 Hz to 50 Hz applied by piezo actuators, upregulate endothelin-1 and Kruppel-like factor 2 expression, and increase cell adhesion. These movements are in the z (vertical) axis and ranges from 5 to 50 nm and are similar in vertical extent to protrusions from the cells themselves already reported in the literature. White noise vibrations do not to produce these effects. Vibrational sweeps, if suitably confined within a narrow frequency range, produce similar stimulatory effects but not at wider sweeps. These effects suggest that coherent vibration is crucial for driving these cellular responses. In addition to this, the applied stimulations are observed to be close to or below the random seismic noise of the surroundings, which may suggest stochastic resonance is being employed. The stimulations also interact with the effects of nanometric patterning of the substrates on cell adhesion and Kruppel-like factor 2 and endothelin-1 expression thus linking cell reactions to nanotopographically patterned surfaces with those to mechanical stimulation.
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246
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Yang JJ, Wang XL, Shi BW, Huang F. The angiogenic peptide vascular endothelial growth factor-basic fibroblast growth factor signaling is up-regulated in a rat pressure ulcer model. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1161-8. [PMID: 23740668 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in pressure ulcers, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which VEGF and bFGF are involved in pressure ulcer formation. A rat model of ischemia-reperfusion pressure ulcer was established by magnetic disk circulating compression method. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot assays were conducted to detect the mRNA and protein expression of VEGF and bFGF in the tissues of rat I-, II-, and III-degree pressure ulcers, the surrounding tissues, and normal skin. Our study confirmed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of VEGF and bFGF in the tissues of rat I-degree pressure ulcer were significantly higher than that in the II- and III-degree pressure ulcer tissues (P < 0.05). The expression of VEGF and bFGF in the tissues surrounding I- and II-degree pressure ulcers were higher than the rats with normal skin. The expression of VEGF and bFGF in the tissues of rat III-degree pressure ulcer was lower than that in the surrounding tissues and normal skin (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between change in the VEGF and bFGF. The results showed that with an increase in the degree of pressure ulcers, the expression of VEGF and bFGF in pressure ulcers tissue are decreased. This leads to a reduction in angiogenesis and may be a crucial factor in the formation of pressure ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jin Yang
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
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247
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Ciau-Uitz A, Pinheiro P, Kirmizitas A, Zuo J, Patient R. VEGFA-dependent and -independent pathways synergise to drive Scl expression and initiate programming of the blood stem cell lineage in Xenopus. Development 2013; 140:2632-42. [PMID: 23637333 PMCID: PMC3666388 DOI: 10.1242/dev.090829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first haematopoietic stem cells share a common origin with the dorsal aorta and derive from putative adult haemangioblasts in the dorsal lateral plate (DLP) mesoderm. Here we show that the transcription factor (TF) stem cell leukaemia (Scl/Tal1) is crucial for development of these adult haemangioblasts in Xenopus and establish the regulatory cascade controlling its expression. We show that VEGFA produced in the somites is required to initiate adult haemangioblast programming in the adjacent DLP by establishing endogenous VEGFA signalling. This response depends on expression of the VEGF receptor Flk1, driven by Fli1 and Gata2. Scl activation requires synergy between this VEGFA-controlled pathway and a VEGFA-independent pathway controlled by Fli1, Gata2 and Etv2/Etsrp/ER71, which also drives expression of the Scl partner Lmo2. Thus, the two ETS factors Fli1 and Etv6, which drives the VEGFA expression in both somites and the DLP, sit at the top of the adult haemangioblast gene regulatory network (GRN). Furthermore, Gata2 is initially activated by Fli1 but later maintained by another ETS factor, Etv2. We also establish that Flk1 and Etv2 act independently in the two pathways to Scl activation. Thus, detailed temporal, epistatic measurements of key TFs and VEGFA plus its receptor have enabled us to build a Xenopus adult haemangioblast GRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Ciau-Uitz
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Philip Pinheiro
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Arif Kirmizitas
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jie Zuo
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Roger Patient
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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248
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cells of mesenchymal origin are strongly influenced by their biomechanical environment. They also help to shape tissue architecture and reciprocally influence tissue mechanical environments through their capacity to deposit, remodel, and resorb extracellular matrix and to promote tissue vascularization. Although mechanical regulation of cell function and tissue remodeling has long been appreciated in other contexts, the purpose of this review is to highlight the increasing appreciation of its importance in fibrosis and hypertrophic scarring. RECENT FINDINGS Experiments in both animal and cellular model systems have demonstrated pivotal roles for the biomechanical environment in regulating myofibroblast differentiation and contraction, endothelial barrier function and angiogenesis, and mesenchymal stem cell fate decisions. Through these studies, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms transducing the biomechanical environment is emerging, with prominent and interacting roles recently identified for key network components including transforming growth factor-β/SMAD, focal adhesion kinase, MRTFs, Wnt/β-catenin and YAP/TAZ signaling pathways. SUMMARY Progress in understanding biomechanical regulation of mesenchymal cell function is leading to novel approaches for improving clinical outcomes in fibrotic diseases and wound healing. These approaches include interventions aimed at modifying the tissue biomechanical environment, and efforts to target mesenchymal cell activation by, and reciprocal interactions with, the mechanical environment.
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249
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Sivaraj KK, Takefuji M, Schmidt I, Adams RH, Offermanns S, Wettschureck N. G13 controls angiogenesis through regulation of VEGFR-2 expression. Dev Cell 2013; 25:427-34. [PMID: 23664862 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
At sites of angiogenesis, the expression of the key angiogenesis regulator vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its main receptor, VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), are strongly upregulated. Whereas the processes controlling VEGF expression are well described, the mechanisms underlying VEGFR-2 upregulation have remained unclear. We found that endothelial VEGFR-2 expression is strongly reduced in the absence of the G protein G13, resulting in an impaired responsiveness to VEGF-A, a phenotype that can be rescued by normalization of VEGFR-2 levels. G13-mediated VEGFR-2 expression involved activation of the small GTPase RhoA and transcription factor NF-κB, the latter acting via a specific binding site at position -84 of the VEGFR-2 promoter. Mice with endothelial cell-specific loss of G13 showed reduced VEGFR-2 expression at sites of angiogenesis and attenuated VEGF effects, resulting in impaired retinal angiogenesis and tumor vascularization. Taken together, we identified G-protein-mediated signaling via G13 as a critical regulator of VEGFR-2 expression during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Kumar Sivaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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250
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Mammoto T, Jiang A, Jiang E, Mammoto A. Platelet rich plasma extract promotes angiogenesis through the angiopoietin1-Tie2 pathway. Microvasc Res 2013; 89:15-24. [PMID: 23660186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Development and regeneration of tissues and organs require precise coordination among endothelial, epithelial and mesenchymal morphogenesis. Angiogenesis plays key roles in normal development, wound healing, recovery from ischemic disease, and organ regeneration. It has been recognized that the combination of various angiogenic factors in an appropriate physiological ratio is critical for long-term functional blood vessel formation. Here we show that mouse soluble platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) extract, which includes abundant angiopoetin-1 (Ang1) and other angiogenic factors, stimulates endothelial cell growth, migration and differentiation in cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro and neonatal mouse retinal angiogenesis in vivo. Mouse platelet rich fibrin (PRF) matrix, the three-dimensional fibrin matrix that releases angiogenic factors with similar concentrations and proportions to the PRP extract, also recapitulates robust angiogenesis inside the matrix when implanted subcutaneously on the living mouse. Inhibition of Ang1-Tie2 signaling suppresses PRP extract-induced angiogenesis in vitro and angiogenic ability of the PRF matrix in vivo. Since human PRP extract and PRF matrix can be prepared from autologous peripheral blood, our findings may lead to the development of novel therapeutic interventions for various angiogenesis-related diseases as well as to the improvement of strategies for tissue engineering and organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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