201
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Cho H, Jeong M, Lee S, Yoo S. Comparison of the qualitative and quantitative optical coherence tomographic features between sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome and normal eyes in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25 Suppl 1:144-163. [PMID: 35144323 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively and qualitatively characterize the retinal optical coherence tomographic features of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) and SARDS suspect dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED Fourteen SARDS affected dogs, 11 age-, breed-, and sex-matched control dogs, and two SARDS suspect dogs. PROCEDURES Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images were used to evaluate the quantitative features, including thickness, intereye asymmetry, and longitudinal changes in retinal layer thickness and the qualitative features, including retinal architecture and vitreous haze. RESULTS Mean outer retinal layer thickness (ORT), outer nuclear layer thickness (ONL), and photoreceptor layer thickness (PRL) were significantly lower in the SARDS group, whereas mean inner retinal layer thickness was significantly higher in the SARDS group than in the control group. While thickness values of all retinal layers did not differ significantly between paired eyes in each group, the absolute intereye asymmetries in the ORT (p < .0001), ONL (p = .008), and PRL (p < .0001) were significantly higher in the SARDS group than in the control group. Some SARDS patients and SARDS suspects had a greater PRL than the control group, and serial OCT evaluation showed an increase in PRL in one SARDS suspect. Vitreous haze severity was greater in the SARDS group than in the control group (vitreous relative intensity, p = .030). CONCLUSIONS We described the OCT features of SARDS patients and suspects. In particular, PRL thickening in the SARDS suspects might indicate an early change in SARDS. Although further studies are needed, this finding might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of SARDS.
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202
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Lu A, Hsieh F, Sharma BR, Vaughn SR, Enrich C, Pfeffer SR. CRISPR screens for lipid regulators reveal a role for ER-bound SNX13 in lysosomal cholesterol export. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212937. [PMID: 34936700 PMCID: PMC8704955 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here two genome-wide CRISPR screens performed to identify genes that, when knocked out, alter levels of lysosomal cholesterol or bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. In addition, these screens were also performed under conditions of NPC1 inhibition to identify modifiers of NPC1 function in lysosomal cholesterol export. The screens confirm tight coregulation of cholesterol and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in cells and reveal an unexpected role for the ER-localized SNX13 protein as a negative regulator of lysosomal cholesterol export and contributor to ER–lysosome membrane contact sites. In the absence of NPC1 function, SNX13 knockdown redistributes lysosomal cholesterol and is accompanied by triacylglycerol-rich lipid droplet accumulation and increased lysosomal bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. These experiments provide unexpected insight into the regulation of lysosomal lipids and modification of these processes by novel gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bikal R Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Sydney R Vaughn
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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203
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Cholesterol metabolism: from lipidomics to immunology. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100165. [PMID: 34953867 PMCID: PMC8953665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, the oxidized forms of cholesterol or of its precursors, are formed in the first steps of cholesterol metabolism. Oxysterols have interested chemists, biologists, and physicians for many decades, but their exact biological relevance in vivo, other than as intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis, has long been debated. However, in the first quarter of this century, a role for side-chain oxysterols and their C-7 oxidized metabolites has been convincingly established in the immune system. 25-Hydroxycholesterol has been shown to be synthesized by macrophages in response to the activation of Toll-like receptors and to offer protection against microbial pathogens, whereas 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol has been shown to act as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes expressing the G protein-coupled receptor Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 and to be important in coordinating the action of B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. There is a growing body of evidence that not only these two oxysterols but also many of their isomers are of importance to the proper function of the immune system. Here, we review recent findings related to the roles of oxysterols in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom.
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204
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Bonfili L, Cuccioloni M, Gong C, Cecarini V, Spina M, Zheng Y, Angeletti M, Eleuteri AM. Gut microbiota modulation in Alzheimer’s disease: focus on lipid metabolism. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:698-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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205
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Kanmalar M, Abdul Sani SF, Kamri NINB, Said NABM, Jamil AHBA, Kuppusamy S, Mun KS, Bradley DA. Raman spectroscopy biochemical characterisation of bladder cancer cisplatin resistance regulated by FDFT1: a review. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:9. [PMID: 35093030 PMCID: PMC8903573 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in males. It can present across the whole continuum of severity, from mild through well-differentiated disease to extremely malignant tumours with poor survival rates. As with other vital organ malignancies, proper clinical management involves accurate diagnosis and staging. Chemotherapy consisting of a cisplatin-based regimen is the mainstay in the management of muscle-invasive bladder cancers. Control via cisplatin-based chemotherapy is threatened by the development of chemoresistance. Intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis in bladder cancer cells is considered a contributory factor in determining the chemotherapy response. Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1), one of the main regulatory components in cholesterol biosynthesis, may play a role in determining sensitivity towards chemotherapy compounds in bladder cancer. FDFT1-associated molecular identification might serve as an alternative or appendage strategy for early prediction of potentially chemoresistant muscle-invasive bladder cancer tissues. This can be accomplished using Raman spectroscopy. Developments in the instrumentation have led to it becoming one of the most convenient forms of analysis, and there is a highly realistic chance that it will become an effective tool in the pathology lab. Chemosensitive bladder cancer tissues tend to have a higher lipid content, more protein genes and more cholesterol metabolites. These are believed to be associated with resistance towards bladder cancer chemotherapy. Herein, Raman peak assignments have been tabulated as an aid to indicating metabolic changes in bladder cancer tissues that are potentially correlated with FDFT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanmalar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fairus Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Nur Akmarina B M Said
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amirah Hajirah B A Jamil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Kuppusamy
- Department of Surgery, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K S Mun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, Sunway University, Jalan University, 46150, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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206
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Homo Sapiens (Hsa)-microRNA (miR)-6727-5p Contributes to the Impact of High-Density Lipoproteins on Fibroblast Wound Healing In Vitro. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020154. [PMID: 35207076 PMCID: PMC8876102 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, non-healing wounds are a significant cause of global morbidity and mortality, and strategies to improve delayed wound closure represent an unmet clinical need. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) can enhance wound healing, but exploitation of this finding is challenging due to the complexity and instability of these heterogeneous lipoproteins. The responsiveness of primary human neonatal keratinocytes, and neonatal and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) to HDL was confirmed by cholesterol efflux, but promotion of ‘scrape’ wound healing occurred only in primary human neonatal (HDFn) and adult fibroblasts (HDFa). Treatment of human fibroblasts with HDL induced multiple changes in the expression of small non-coding microRNA sequences, determined by microchip array, including hsa-miR-6727-5p. Intriguingly, levels of hsa-miR-6727-5p increased in HDFn, but decreased in HDFa, after exposure to HDL. Delivery of a hsa-miR-6727-5p mimic elicited repression of different target genes in HDFn (ZNF584) and HDFa (EDEM3, KRAS), and promoted wound closure in HDFn. By contrast, a hsa-miR-6727-5p inhibitor promoted wound closure in HDFa. We conclude that HDL treatment exerts distinct effects on the expression of hsa-miR-6727-5p in neonatal and adult fibroblasts, and that this is a sequence which plays differential roles in wound healing in these cell types, but cannot replicate the myriad effects of HDL.
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207
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Poznyak AV, Kashirskikh DA, Sukhorukov VN, Kalmykov V, Omelchenko AV, Orekhov AN. Cholesterol Transport Dysfunction and Its Involvement in Atherogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031332. [PMID: 35163256 PMCID: PMC8836120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the cause of the development of serious cardiovascular disorders, leading to disability and death. Numerous processes are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism disorders. Reverse transport of cholesterol is a mechanism presumably underlying the atheroprotective effect of high-density lipoprotein. In this review, we examined disorders of cholesterol metabolism and their possible effect on atherogenesis. We paid special attention to the reverse transport of cholesterol. Transformed cholesterol metabolism results in dyslipidemia and early atherosclerosis. Reverse cholesterol transport is an endogenous mechanism by which cells export cholesterol and maintain homeostasis. It is known that one of the main factors leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of blood vessels are multiple modifications of low-density lipoprotein, and the formation of foam cells following them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Dmitry A. Kashirskikh
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- AP Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladislav Kalmykov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.K.); (V.K.)
- AP Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey V. Omelchenko
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.K.); (V.K.)
- AP Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
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208
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Caradonna A, Patel T, Toleska M, Alabed S, Chang SL. Meta-Analysis of APP Expression Modulated by SARS-CoV-2 Infection via the ACE2 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031182. [PMID: 35163117 PMCID: PMC8835589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques from improper amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) cleavage. Following studies of inflammation caused by coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) infection, this study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on APP expression. A meta-analysis was conducted utilizing QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to examine the link between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the modulation of APP expression upon virus binding the Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor. A Core Analysis was run on the infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus node, which included molecules affected by SARS-CoV-2, revealing its upstream regulators. Intermediary molecules were found between the upstream regulators and ACE2 and between ACE2 and APP. Activation of the upstream regulators downregulated the expression of ACE2 with a Z-score of -1.719 (p-value = 0.086) and upregulated APP with a Z-score of 1.898 (p-value = 0.058), showing a less than 10% chance of the results occurring by chance and pointing to an inverse relationship between ACE2 and APP expression. The neuroinflammation signaling pathway was the fifth top canonical pathway involved in APP upregulation. The study results suggest that ACE2 could be downregulated by SARS-CoV-2, resulting in APP upregulation, and potentially exacerbating the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Caradonna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Tanvi Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Matea Toleska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Sedra Alabed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (S.L.C.)
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (S.L.C.)
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209
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Oxysterols in the Immune Response to Bacterial and Viral Infections. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020201. [PMID: 35053318 PMCID: PMC8773517 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized cholesterols, the so-called oxysterols, are widely known to regulate cholesterol homeostasis. However, more recently oxysterols have emerged as important lipid mediators in the response to both bacterial and viral infections. This review summarizes our current knowledge of selected oxysterols and their receptors in the control of intracellular bacterial growth as well as viral entry into the host cell and viral replication. Lastly, we briefly discuss the potential of oxysterols and their receptors as drug targets for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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210
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Dong Z, He F, Yan X, Xing Y, Lei Y, Gao J, He M, Li D, Bai L, Yuan Z, Y-J. Shyy J. Hepatic Reduction in Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Aggravates Diet-induced Steatosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1161-1179. [PMID: 34990887 PMCID: PMC8873960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (Ch25h), converting cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), is critical in modulating cellular lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. However, its role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains unclear. METHODS Ch25h expression was detected in livers of ob/ob mice and E3 rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Gain- or loss-of-function of Ch25h was performed using Ch25h+/+ (wild type [WT]) mice receiving AAV8-Ch25h or Ch25h knockout (Ch25h-/-) mice. WT mice fed an HFD were administered with 25-HC. The Ch25h-LXRα-CYP axis was measured in primary hepatocytes isolated from WT and Ch25h-/- mice. RESULTS We found that Ch25h level was decreased in livers of ob/ob mice and E3 rats fed an HFD. Ch25h-/- mice fed an HFD showed aggravated fatty liver and decreased level of cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1), in comparison with their WT littermates. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes in livers of HFD-fed Ch25h-/- mice were involved in pathways of positive regulation of lipid metabolic process, steroid metabolic process, cholesterol metabolic process, and bile acid biosynthetic process. As gain-of-function experiments, WT mice receiving AAV8-Ch25h or 25-HC showed alleviated NAFLD, when compared with the control group receiving AAV8-control or vehicle control. Consistently, Ch25h overexpression significantly elevated the levels of primary and secondary bile acids and CYP7A1 but decreased those of small heterodimer partner and FGFR4. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of Ch25h and its enzymatic product 25-HC alleviate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis via regulating enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. The underlying mechanism involves 25-HC activation of CYP7A1 via liver X receptor. These data suggest that targeting Ch25h or 25-HC may have therapeutic advantages against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Dong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangzhou He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaosong Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanming Xing
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuyang Lei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming He
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Dongmin Li
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Bai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Liang Bai, PhD, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China. tel: 86 298 265 5363; fax: 86 298 265 5362.
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - John Y-J. Shyy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California,John Y-J. Shyy, PhD, Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093. tel: (858) 534-3737.
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Alam MJ, Puppala V, Uppulapu SK, Das B, Banerjee SK. Human microbiome and cardiovascular diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 192:231-279. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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212
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Mc Auley MT. Modeling cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. WIREs Mech Dis 2021; 14:e1546. [PMID: 34931487 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Western populations. Many risk factors have been identified for ASCVD; however, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) remains the gold standard. Cholesterol metabolism at the cellular and whole-body level is maintained by an array of interacting components. These regulatory mechanisms have complex behavior. Likewise, the mechanisms which underpin atherogenesis are nontrivial and multifaceted. To help overcome the challenge of investigating these processes mathematical modeling, which is a core constituent of the systems biology paradigm has played a pivotal role in deciphering their dynamics. In so doing models have revealed new insights about the key drivers of ASCVD. The aim of this review is fourfold; to provide an overview of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis, to briefly introduce mathematical approaches used in this field, to critically discuss models of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis, and to highlight areas where mathematical modeling could help to investigate in the future. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Computational Models.
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213
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Insulin-Responsive Transcription Factors. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121886. [PMID: 34944530 PMCID: PMC8699568 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone insulin executes its function via binding and activating of the insulin receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, adipocytes, liver, pancreatic β-cells, and in some areas of the central nervous system. Stimulation of the insulin receptor activates intracellular signaling cascades involving the enzymes extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B/Akt, and phospholipase Cγ as signal transducers. Insulin receptor stimulation is correlated with multiple physiological and biochemical functions, including glucose transport, glucose homeostasis, food intake, proliferation, glycolysis, and lipogenesis. This review article focuses on the activation of gene transcription as a result of insulin receptor stimulation. Signal transducers such as protein kinases or the GLUT4-induced influx of glucose connect insulin receptor stimulation with transcription. We discuss insulin-responsive transcription factors that respond to insulin receptor activation and generate a transcriptional network executing the metabolic functions of insulin. Importantly, insulin receptor stimulation induces transcription of genes encoding essential enzymes of glycolysis and lipogenesis and inhibits genes encoding essential enzymes of gluconeogenesis. Overall, the activation or inhibition of insulin-responsive transcription factors is an essential aspect of orchestrating a wide range of insulin-induced changes in the biochemistry and physiology of insulin-responsive tissues.
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214
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Faghfouri AH, Khajebishak Y, Payahoo L, Faghfuri E, Alivand M. PPAR-gamma agonists: Potential modulators of autophagy in obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174562. [PMID: 34655597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of some obesity related health problems. As obesity is a nutrient sufficiency condition, autophagy process can be altered in obesity through AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibition. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) as the main modulator of adipogenesis process can be effective in the regulation of obesity related phenotypes. As well, it has been revealed that PPAR-gamma and its agonists can regulate autophagy in different normal or cancer cells. However, their effects on autophagy modulation in obesity have been investigated in the limited number of studies. In the current comprehensive mechanistic review, we aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of action of PPAR-gamma on the process of autophagy in obesity through narrating the effects of PPAR-gamma on autophagy in the non-obesity conditions. Moreover, mode of action of PPAR-gamma agonists on autophagy related implications comprehensively reviewed in the various studies. Understanding the different effects of PPAR-gamma agonists on autophagy in obesity can help to develop a new approach to management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Faghfouri
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaser Khajebishak
- Department of Nutrition, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, I.R., Iran
| | - Laleh Payahoo
- Department of Nutrition, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, I.R., Iran
| | - Elnaz Faghfuri
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Alivand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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215
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Kodama S, Yoshii N, Ota A, Takeshita JI, Yoshinari K, Ono A. Association between in vitro nuclear receptor-activating profiles of chemical compounds and their in vivo hepatotoxicity in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:569-587. [PMID: 34853243 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays critical roles to maintain homeostasis of living organisms and is also a major target organ of chemical toxicity. Meanwhile, nuclear receptors (NRs) are known to regulate major liver functions and also as a critical target for hepatotoxic compounds. In this study, we established mammalian one-hybrid assay systems for five rat-derived NRs, namely PXR, PPARα, LXRα, FXR and RXRα, and evaluated a total of 326 compounds for their NR-activating profiles. Then, we assessed the association between their NR-activating profile and hepatotoxic endpoints in repeated-dose toxicity data of male rats from Hazard Evaluation Support System. In the in vitro cell-based assays, 68, 38, 20, 17 and 17 compounds were identified as positives for PXR, PPARα, LXRα, FXR and RXRα, respectively. The association analyses demonstrated that the PXR-positive compounds showed high frequency of endpoints related to liver hypertrophy, such as centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy, suggesting that PXR activation is involved in chemical-induced liver hypertrophy in rats. It is intriguing to note that the PXR-positive compounds also showed statistically significant associations with both prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and prolonged prothrombin time, suggesting a possible involvement of PXR in the regulation of blood clotting factors. Collectively, our approach may be useful for discovering new functions of NRs as well as understanding the complex mechanism for hepatotoxicity caused by chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kodama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Nao Yoshii
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Akihiro Ota
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Jun-Ichi Takeshita
- Reserach Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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216
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Zhu C, Huang M, Kim HG, Chowdhury K, Gao J, Liu S, Wan J, Wei L, Dong XC. SIRT6 controls hepatic lipogenesis by suppressing LXR, ChREBP, and SREBP1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166249. [PMID: 34425214 PMCID: PMC8488016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is the most prevalent chronic liver disorder, which is manifested by hepatic triglyceride elevation, inflammation, and fibrosis. Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, has been implicated in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism; however, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize novel players and mechanisms that are responsible for the Sirt6-mediated metabolic regulation in the liver. We generated and characterized Sirt6 liver-specific knockout mice regarding its role in the development of fatty liver disease. We used cell models to validate the molecular alterations observed in the animal models. Biochemical and molecular biological approaches were used to illustrate protein-protein interactions and gene regulation. Our data show that Sirt6 liver-specific knockout mice develop more severe fatty liver disease than wild-type mice do on a Western diet. Hepatic Sirt6 deficiency leads to elevated levels and transcriptional activities of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Mechanistically, our data reveal protein-protein interactions between Sirt6 and liver X receptor α (LXRα), ChREBP, or SREBP1c in hepatocytes. Moreover, Sirt6 suppresses transcriptional activities of LXRα, ChREBP, and SREBP1c through direct deacetylation. In conclusion, this work has identified a key mechanism that is responsible for the salutary function of Sirt6 in the inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by suppressing LXR, ChREBP, and SREBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Menghao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Hyeong-Geug Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Kushan Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - X Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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217
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Katsuki H. Nuclear receptors of NR1 and NR4 subfamilies in the regulation of microglial functions and pathology. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00766. [PMID: 34676987 PMCID: PMC8532137 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of researches on the NR1 and NR4 nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of microglial functions. Nuclear receptors are attractive candidates for drug targets in the therapies of the central nervous system disorders, because the activation of these receptors is expected to regulate the functions and the phenotypes of microglia, by controlling the expression of specific gene subsets and also by regulating the cellular signaling mechanisms in a nongenomic manner. Several members of NR1 nuclear receptor subfamily have been examined for their ability to regulate microglial functions. For example, stimulation of vitamin D receptor inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory factors and increases the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Similar regulatory actions of nuclear receptor ligands on inflammation-related genes have also been reported for other NR1 members such as retinoic acid receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and liver X receptors (LXRs). In addition, stimulation of PPARγ and LXRs may also result in increased phagocytic activities of microglia. Consistent with these actions, the agonists at nuclear receptors of NR1 subfamily are shown to produce therapeutic effects on animal models of various neurological disorders such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke. On the other hand, increasing lines of evidence suggest that the stimulation of NR4 subfamily members of nuclear receptors such as Nur77 and Nurr1 also regulates microglial functions and alleviates neuropathological events in several disease models. Further advancement of these research fields may prove novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico‐Pharmacological SciencesGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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218
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He J, Siu MKY, Ngan HYS, Chan KKL. Aberrant Cholesterol Metabolism in Ovarian Cancer: Identification of Novel Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2021; 11:738177. [PMID: 34820325 PMCID: PMC8606538 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.738177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential substance in mammalian cells, and cholesterol metabolism plays crucial roles in multiple biological functions. Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism is a metabolic hallmark in several cancers, beyond the Warburg effect. Reprogrammed cholesterol metabolism has been reported to enhance tumorigenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance in multiple cancer types, including ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies worldwide. Alterations in metabolic pathways are characteristic features of ovarian cancer; however, the specific role of cholesterol metabolism remains to be established. In this report, we provide an overview of the key proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism in ovarian cancer, including the rate-limiting enzymes in cholesterol biosynthesis, and the proteins involved in cholesterol uptake, storage and trafficking. Also, we review the roles of cholesterol and its derivatives in ovarian cancer and the tumor microenvironment, and discuss promising related therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan He
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Michelle K Y Siu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Hextan Y S Ngan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Karen K L Chan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, SAR China
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219
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Effects of allyl isothiocyanate on the expression, function, and its mechanism of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in pulmonary of COPD rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108373. [PMID: 34802946 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Allyl isothiocyanate(AITC) has been shown to play an important role in the improved symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and the inhibition of inflammation, but the role in COPD lipid metabolism disorder and the molecular mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to explore whether and how AITC affects COPD by regulating lipid metabolism and inflammatory response. METHODS The COPD rat model was established by cigarette smoke exposure. Cigarette smoke extract stimulated 16HBE cells to induce a cell model. The effect of AITC treatment was detected by lung function test, H&E staining, Oil red O staining, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, CCK-8, HPLC, fluorescence efflux test, siRNA, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. Biological analysis was performed to analyze the results. Graphpad Prism 8.0 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS AITC can improve lung function and pathological injury in COPD rats. The levels of IL-1 β and TNF- α in the AITC treatment group were significantly lower than those in the model group(P < 0.05), and the lipid metabolism was also improved (P < 0.05). AITC reverses CSE-induced down-regulation of LXR α, ABCA1, and ABCG1 expression and function in a time-and concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). AITC regulates the cholesterol metabolism disorder induced by CSE in NR8383 cells and attenuates macrophage inflammation (P < 0.05). In addition, after silencing LXR α with siRNA, the effect of AITC was also inhibited. CONCLUSION These results suggest that AITC improves COPD by promoting RCT process and reducing inflammatory response via activating LXR pathways.
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220
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Lands B. Lipid nutrition: "In silico" studies and undeveloped experiments. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101142. [PMID: 34818526 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review examines lipids and lipid-binding sites on proteins in relation to cardiovascular disease. Lipid nutrition involves food energy from ingested fatty acids plus fatty acids formed from excess ingested carbohydrate and protein. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and lipoproteins have many detailed attributes not evident in their names. Recognizing attributes of lipid-protein interactions decreases unexpected outcomes. Details of double bond position and configuration interacting with protein binding sites have unexpected consequences in acyltransferase and cell replication events. Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) have n-3 and n-6 motifs with documented differences in intensity of destabilizing positive feedback loops amplifying pathophysiology. However, actions of NEFA have been neglected relative to cholesterol, which is co-produced from excess food. Native low-density lipoproteins (LDL) bind to a high-affinity cell surface receptor which poorly recognizes biologically modified LDLs. NEFA increase negative charge of LDL and decrease its processing by "normal" receptors while increasing processing by "scavenger" receptors. A positive feedback loop in the recruitment of monocytes and macrophages amplifies chronic inflammatory pathophysiology. Computer tools combine multiple components in lipid nutrition and predict balance of energy and n-3:n-6 HUFA. The tools help design and execute precise clinical nutrition monitoring that either supports or disproves expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Lands
- Fellow ASN, AAAS, SFRBM, ISSFAL, College Park, MD, USA.
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221
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Wu Z, Zhang C. Role of the cytoskeleton in steroidogenesis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:549-557. [PMID: 34802411 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211119143653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex or gonads is a complicated process, modulated by various elements either at the tissue or molecular level. The substrate-cholesterol is first delivered to the outer membrane of mitochondria, undergoing a series of enzymatic reactions along with the material exchange between the mitochondria and the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and ultimately yield various steroids: aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone and estrone. Several valves are set to adjust the amount of production to the needs. e.g. StAR(steroidogenic acute regulator) is in charge of the rate-limiting step-traffic of cholesterol from outer membrane to inner membrane of mitochondria. And the "needs" is partly reflected by trophic signals like ACTH、LH and downstream pathways-- intracellular cAMP pathway, which represents the endocrinal regulation of steroid synthesis, too. The coordinated activities of these related factors are all associated with another crucial cellular constituent-the cytoskeleton, which plays a crucial role in the cellular architecture and substrate trafficking. Though considerable studies have been performed regarding steroid synthesis, details about the upstream signaling pathways and mechanisms of the regulation by cytoskeleton network still remain unclear. The metabolism and interplays of the pivotal cellular organelles with cytoskeleton are worth exploring as well. In this review, we summarize research of different time span, describing the roles of specific cytoskeleton elements in steroidogenesis and related signaling pathways involved in the steroid synthesis. In addition, we discussed the inner cytoskeletal network involved in steroidogenic processes such as mitochondrial movement, organelle interactions and cholesterol trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaichao Wu
- Joint Program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi. China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi. China
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222
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Associations between maternal mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate levels, nuclear receptor gene polymorphisms, and fatty acid levels in pregnant Japanese women in the Hokkaido study. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 107:22-32. [PMID: 34801790 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We assessed how the interaction between mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in maternal sera and the maternal genotypes associated with nuclear receptors affect fatty acid levels in a prospective birth cohort study of pregnant Japanese individuals (n = 437) recruited in Sapporo between 2002 and 2005. We analyzed MEHP and fatty acids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, PPAR gamma (PPARG), PPARG coactivator 1A (PPARGC1A), PPAR delta, constitutive androstane receptor, liver X receptor (LXR) alpha, and LXR beta (LXRB) were analyzed using real-time PCR. Multiple linear regression models were used to confirm the influence of log10-transformed MEHP levels and maternal genotypes on log10-transformed fatty acid levels. When the effects of the interaction between MEHP levels and the maternal PPARGC1A (rs8192678) genotype on oleic acid levels were evaluated, the estimated changes (95 % confidence intervals) in oleic acid levels against MEHP levels, maternal PPARGC1A (rs8192678)-GA/AA genotype, and the interaction between them showed a mean reduction of 0.200 (0.079, 0.322), mean reduction of 0.141 (0.000, 0.283), and mean increase of 0.145 (0.010, 0.281), respectively, after adjusting for the perfluorooctanesulfonate level. The effects of the interaction between MEHP levels and maternal LXRB (rs2303044) genotype on linoleic acid levels was also significant (pint = 0.010). In conclusion, the interaction between MEHP and the maternal genotypes PPARGC1A (rs8192678) and LXRB (rs2303044) decreased fatty acid levels. Further, the interaction between MEHP and PPARGC1A (rs8192678) may have a greater effect on fatty acid levels than the interaction between PFOS and PPARGC1A.
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223
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Landowski M, Bowes Rickman C. Targeting Lipid Metabolism for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Insights from Preclinical Mouse Models. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 38:3-32. [PMID: 34788573 PMCID: PMC8817708 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the world with limited therapeutic interventions. Histological, biochemical, genetic, and epidemiological studies strongly implicate dysregulated lipid metabolism in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) in AMD pathobiology. However, effective therapies targeting lipid metabolism still need to be identified and developed for this blinding disease. To test lipid metabolism-targeting therapies, preclinical AMD mouse models are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and the role of lipid metabolism in the development of AMD-like pathology. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current AMD mouse models available to researchers that could be used to provide preclinical evidence supporting therapies targeting lipid metabolism for AMD. Based on previous studies of AMD mouse models, we discuss strategies to modulate lipid metabolism as well as examples of studies evaluating lipid-targeting therapeutics to restore lipid processing in the RPE. The use of AMD mouse models may lead to worthy lipid-targeting candidate therapies for clinical trials to prevent the blindness caused by AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Landowski
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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224
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Zhang Y, Li H, Huang Y, Chen H, Rao H, Yang G, Wan Q, Peng Z, Bertin J, Geddes B, Reilly M, Tran JL, Wang M. Stage-Dependent Impact of RIPK1 Inhibition on Atherogenesis: Dual Effects on Inflammation and Foam Cell Dynamics. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:715337. [PMID: 34760938 PMCID: PMC8572953 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.715337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Atherosclerosis is an arterial occlusive disease with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension as common risk factors. Advanced-stage stenotic plaque, which features inflammation and necrotic core formation, is the major reason for clinical intervention. Receptor interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) mediates inflammation and cell death and is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions. The role of RIPK1 in advanced-stage atherosclerosis is unknown. Approach and Results: To investigate the effect of RIPK1 inhibition in advanced atherosclerotic plaque formation, we used ApoESA/SA mice, which exhibit hypercholesterolemia, and develop angiotensin-II mediated hypertension upon administration of doxycycline in drinking water. These mice readily develop severe atherosclerosis, including that in coronary arteries. Eight-week-old ApoESA/SA mice were randomized to orally receive a highly selective RIPK1 inhibitor (RIPK1i, GSK547) mixed with a western diet, or control diet. RIPK1i administration reduced atherosclerotic plaque lesion area at 2 weeks of treatment, consistent with suppressed inflammation (MCP-1, IL-1β, TNF-α) and reduced monocyte infiltration. However, administration of RIPK1i unexpectedly exacerbated atherosclerosis at 4 weeks of treatment, concomitant with increased macrophages and lipid deposition in the plaques. Incubation of isolated macrophages with oxidized LDL resulted in foam cell formation in vitro. RIPK1i treatment promoted such foam cell formation while suppressing the death of these cells. Accordingly, RIPK1i upregulated the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes (Cd36, Ppara, Lxrα, Lxrb, Srebp1c) in macrophage foam cells with ABCA1/ABCG1 unaltered. Furthermore, RIPK1i treatment inhibited ApoA1 synthesis in the liver and reduced plasma HDL levels. Conclusion: RIPK1 modulates the development of atherosclerosis in a stage-dependent manner, implicating both pro-atherosclerotic (monocyte infiltration and inflammation) and anti-atherosclerotic effects (suppressing foam cell accumulation and promoting ApoA1 synthesis). It is critical to identify an optimal therapeutic duration for potential clinical use of RIPK1 inhibitor in atherosclerosis or other related disease indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zekun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - John Bertin
- Innate Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Brad Geddes
- Innate Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Michael Reilly
- Innate Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Tran
- Innate Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Trzeciak A, Wang YT, Perry JSA. First we eat, then we do everything else: The dynamic metabolic regulation of efferocytosis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2126-2141. [PMID: 34433074 PMCID: PMC8568659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic cells, or "efferocytosis," is essential for diverse processes including embryonic development, tissue turnover, organ regeneration, and immune cell development. The human body is estimated to remove approximately 1% of its body mass via apoptotic cell clearance daily. This poses several intriguing cell metabolism problems. For instance, phagocytes such as macrophages must induce or suppress metabolic pathways to find, engulf, and digest apoptotic cells. Then, phagocytes must manage the potentially burdensome biomass of the engulfed apoptotic cell. Finally, phagocytes reside in complex tissue architectures that vary in nutrient availability, the types of dying cells or debris that require clearance, and the neighboring cells they interact with. Here, we review advances in our understanding of these three key areas of phagocyte metabolism. We end by proposing a model of efferocytosis that integrates recent findings and establishes a new paradigm for testing how efferocytosis prevents chronic inflammatory disease and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Trzeciak
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justin Shaun Arnold Perry
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 E 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, 417 E 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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226
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Li X, Ge J, Li Y, Cai Y, Zheng Q, Huang N, Gu Y, Han Q, Li Y, Sun R, Liu R. Integrative lipidomic and transcriptomic study unravels the therapeutic effects of saikosaponins A and D on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3527-3541. [PMID: 34900534 PMCID: PMC8642447 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most prominent causes of chronic liver diseases and malignancies. However, few therapy has been approved. Radix Bupleuri (RB) is the most frequently used herbal medicine for the treatment of liver diseases. In the current study, we aim to systemically evaluate the therapeutic effects of saikosaponin A (SSa) and saikosaponin D (SSd), the major bioactive monomers in RB, against NAFLD and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that both SSa and SSd improved diet-induced NAFLD. Integrative lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed that SSa and SSd modulated glycerolipid metabolism by regulating related genes, like Lipe and Lipg. SSd profoundly suppressed the fatty acid biosynthesis by downregulating Fasn and Acaca expression and promoted fatty acid degradation by inducing Acox1 and Cpt1a expression. Bioinformatic analysis further predicted the implication of master transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), in the protective effects of SSa and SSd. These results were further confirmed in vitro in mouse primary hepatocytes. In summary, our study uncoded the complicated mechanisms underlying the promising anti-steatosis activities of saikosaponins (SSs), and provided critical evidence inspiring the discovery of innovative therapies based on SSa and SSd for the treatment of NAFLD and related complications.
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227
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Lipid Metabolism Disorders in the Comorbid Course of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112978. [PMID: 34831201 PMCID: PMC8616072 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently among the most common liver diseases. Unfavorable data on the epidemiology of metabolic syndrome and obesity have increased the attention of clinicians and researchers to the problem of NAFLD. The research results allow us to emphasize the systemicity and multifactoriality of the pathogenesis of liver parenchyma lesion. At the same time, many aspects of its classification, etiology, and pathogenesis remain controversial. Local and systemic metabolic disorders are also a part of the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and can influence its course. The present article analyzes the metabolic pathways mediating the links of impaired lipid metabolism in NAFLD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides are involved in key metabolic and inflammatory pathways underlying the pathogenesis of both diseases. Moreover, inflammation and lipid metabolism demonstrate close links in the comorbid course of NAFLD and COPD.
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228
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Sterols, Oxysterols, and Accessible Cholesterol: Signalling for Homeostasis, in Immunity and During Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723224. [PMID: 34690800 PMCID: PMC8531217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we discuss the concept of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol and its involvement as a signalling molecule. Changes in plasma membrane accessible cholesterol, although only being minor in the context of total cholesterol plasma membrane cholesterol and total cell cholesterol, are a key regulator of overall cellular cholesterol homeostasis by the SREBP pathway. Accessible cholesterol also provides the second messenger between patched 1 and smoothened in the hedgehog signalling pathway important during development, and its depletion may provide a mechanism of resistance to microbial pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. We revise the hypothesis that oxysterols are a signalling form of cholesterol, in this instance as a rapidly acting and paracrine version of accessible cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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229
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Choi HN, Shin JY, Kim JI. Ameliorative Effect of Myricetin on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in ob/ob Mice. J Med Food 2021; 24:1092-1099. [PMID: 34668765 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress are important risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed at determining the beneficial effects of myricetin against NAFLD in ob/ob mice. C57BL/6-Lepob/ob mice (n = 21) were fed an AIN-93G diet (ob/ob control group) or diet containing 0.04% (low myricetin; LMTN group) or 0.08% (high myricetin; HMTN group) myricetin, and lean heterozygous littermates (lean control group, n = 7) were fed AIN-93G diet for 10 weeks. HMTN consumption significantly lowered serum glucose levels and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance values in ob/ob mice. In addition to reducing serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels, HMTN significantly decreased total hepatic lipid and TG levels partly through downregulation of carbohydrate response element-binding protein and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c expression. The reduction in the levels of hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances by HMTN likely resulted from the elevation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 expression. Tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expressions were reduced by LMTN and HMTN, and HMTN also decreased interleukin-6 expression. These results suggest that myricetin has beneficial effects against NAFLD by regulating the expression of transcription factors of hepatic lipid metabolism, the antioxidant system, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Neul Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongnam, Korea
| | - Jin-Yeong Shin
- Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Korea
| | - Jung-In Kim
- Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Korea
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230
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van Daal MT, Folkerts G, Garssen J, Braber S. Pharmacological Modulation of Immune Responses by Nutritional Components. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:198-232. [PMID: 34663688 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has increased over the last few decades, and one of the major contributors to this is lifestyle, especially diet. High intake of saturated fatty acids and low intake of dietary fiber is linked to an increase in NCDs. Conversely, a low intake of saturated fatty acids and a high intake of dietary fiber seem to have a protective effect on general health. Several mechanisms have been identified that underlie this phenomenon. In this review, we focus on pharmacological receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, binding partners of the retinoid X receptor, G-coupled protein receptors, and toll-like receptors, which can be activated by nutritional components and their metabolites. Depending on the nutritional component and the receptors involved, both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects occur, leading to an altered immune response. These insights may provide opportunities for the prevention and treatment of NCDs and their inherent (sub)chronic inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review summarizes the reported effects of nutritional components and their metabolites on the immune system through manipulation of specific (pharmacological) receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, binding partners of the retinoid X receptor, G-coupled protein receptors, and toll-like receptors. Nutritional components, such as vitamins, fibers, and unsaturated fatty acids are able to resolve inflammation, whereas saturated fatty acids tend to exhibit proinflammatory effects. This may aid decision makers and scientists in developing strategies to decrease the incidence of noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T van Daal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
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231
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Wang M, Ma H, Guan S, Luo T, Zhao C, Cai G, Zheng Y, Jia X, Di J, Li R, Cui H. Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis alleviates obesity by modulating lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2021; 12:9719-9738. [PMID: 34664590 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global chronic disease epidemic that is attributed to the abnormal accumulation of lipids in adipose tissue. Astaxanthin (AST) from Haematococcus pluvialis, a natural carotenoid, exhibits antioxidant, anti-lipogenic, anti-diabetic and other potent effects. Herein, we evaluated the effect of AST to illuminate its efficacy and mechanisms in high-fat diet-fed mice. AST supplementation not only significantly decreased body weight and lipid droplet accumulation in the liver but also modulated liver function and serum lipid levels. Lipidomic analysis revealed that 13 lipids might be potential biomarkers responsible for the effects of AST in lipid reduction, such as total free fatty acids (FFAs), triacylglycerols (TGs) and cholesterol esters (CEs). The gut microbiota sequencing results indicated that AST alleviated HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis by optimizing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroides and inhibiting the abundance of obesity-related pathogenic microbiota while promoting the abundance of probiotics related to glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, qRT-PCR demonstrated that AST could regulate the gene expressions of the AMPK/SREBP1c pathway by downregulating lipogenesis correlated-genes and upregulating the lipid oxidant related-gene. The present study revealed the new function of AST in regulating lipid metabolism, which provided a theoretical basis for the development of high-quality AST functional food and the application of diet active substances in obesity, as demonstrated in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Haotian Ma
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Siyu Guan
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Tao Luo
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Chunchao Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Guiping Cai
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yubin Zheng
- Shandong Jinjing Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Weifang 261000, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jianbing Di
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Hongli Cui
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
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232
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Miranda-Bautista J, Rodríguez-Feo JA, Puerto M, López-Cauce B, Lara JM, González-Novo R, Martín-Hernández D, Ferreiro-Iglesias R, Bañares R, Menchén L. Liver X Receptor Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Colonic Epithelial Cells via ABCA1 and Its Expression Is Decreased in Human and Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1661-1673. [PMID: 33609028 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptor (LXR) exerts anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and function of LXR in the colonic epithelium under inflammatory conditions. METHODS The expression of LXR was explored by Western blot and immunohistochemistry in colonic biopsies from patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and control patients. In addition, LXR and its target gene expression were analyzed in the colon from interleukin (IL)-10-deficient (IL-10-/-) and wild-type mice. Caco-2 cells were pretreated with the synthetic LXR agonist GW3965 and further challenged with IL-1β, the expression of IL-8 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)-28 chemokines, the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, and the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B was evaluated. Glibenclamide was used as an ABCA1 antagonist. RESULTS We found that LXR expression was downregulated in colonic samples from patients with IBD and IL-10-/- mice. The nuclear positivity of LXR inversely correlated with ulcerative colitis histologic activity. Colonic IL-1β mRNA levels negatively correlated with both LXRα and LXRβ in the colon of IL-10-/- mice, where a decreased mRNA expression of the LXR target genes ABCA1 and FAS was shown. In addition, IL-1β decreased the expression of the LXR target gene ABCA1 in cultured intestinal epithelial cells. The synthetic LXR agonist GW3965 led to a decreased nuclear positivity of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B, a phosphorylation ratio of the p44-42 MAP kinase, and the expression of CCL-28 and IL-8 in IL-1β-stimulated Caco-2 cells. The pharmacological inhibition of ABCA1 increased the phosphorylation of p44-42 after GW3965 treatment and IL-1β stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The LXR-ABCA1 pathway exerts anti-inflammatory effects in intestinal epithelial cells and is impaired in the colonic mucosa of patients with IBD and IL-10-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miranda-Bautista
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Rodríguez-Feo
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Puerto
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz López-Cauce
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Lara
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel González-Novo
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Martín-Hernández
- Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Bañares
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Menchén
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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233
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Xi Y, Yani Z, Jing M, Yinhang W, Xiaohui H, Jing Z, Quan Q, Shuwen H. Mechanisms of induction of tumors by cholesterol and potential therapeutic prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112277. [PMID: 34624674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggested that cholesterol is an important integrant of cell membranes, that plays a key role in tumor progression, immune dysregulation, and pathological changes in epigenetic mechanisms. Based on these theories, there is a growing interest on targeting cholesterol in the treatment of cancer. Here, we comprehensively reviewed the major function of cholesterol on oncogenicity, the therapeutic targets of cholesterol and its metabolites in cancer, and provide detailed insight into the essential roles of cholesterol in mediating immune and epigenetic mechanisms of the tumor microenvironment. It is also worth mentioning that the gut microbiome is an indispensable component of cancer mediation because of its role in cholesterol metabolism. Finally, we summarized recent studies on the potential targets of cholesterol and their metabolism, to provide more therapeutic interventions in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| | - Zhou Yani
- Graduate School of Medical College of Zhejiang University, No. 268 Kaixuan Road, Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China.
| | - Mao Jing
- Graduate School of Medical College of Zhejiang University, No. 268 Kaixuan Road, Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China.
| | - Wu Yinhang
- Graduate School of Second Clinical Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Hou Xiaohui
- Graduate School of Nursing, Huzhou University, No. 1 Bachelor Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| | - Zhuang Jing
- Department of Nursing, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| | - Qi Quan
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| | - Han Shuwen
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
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234
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Michaels AJ, Campbell C, Bou-Puerto R, Rudensky AY. Nuclear receptor LXRβ controls fitness and functionality of activated T cells. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211640. [PMID: 33373442 PMCID: PMC7774588 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells increase cholesterol biosynthesis upon activation to generate substrates for cellular growth and proliferation. The ubiquitously expressed liver X receptor β (LXRβ) encoded by the Nr1h2 gene is a critical regulator of cholesterol homeostasis in mammalian cells; however, its cell-intrinsic role in T cell biology remains poorly understood. We report that ablation of LXRβ in T cells leads to spontaneous T cell activation and T lymphocytopenia. Unexpectedly, analysis of mixed bone marrow chimeric mice revealed a cell-autonomous survival defect that reduced the fitness of LXRβ-deficient effector T cells, suggesting that the heightened immune activation in mice harboring LXRβ-deficient T cells was due to impaired regulatory T (T reg) cell functionality. Indeed, we found that single-copy deletion of Nr1h2 in T reg cells disrupted activated T reg cell metabolism and fitness and resulted in early-onset fatal autoimmune disease. Our study demonstrated an indispensable requirement for T reg cell–intrinsic LXRβ function in immune homeostasis and provides a basis for immunological therapies through targeting of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Michaels
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program at Sloan Kettering Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill-Cornell Graduate School for Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | - Clarissa Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program at Sloan Kettering Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Regina Bou-Puerto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program at Sloan Kettering Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill-Cornell Graduate School for Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program at Sloan Kettering Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill-Cornell Graduate School for Medical Sciences, New York, NY
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235
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Zakyrjanova GF, Tsentsevitsky AN, Kuznetsova EA, Petrov AM. Immune-related oxysterol modulates neuromuscular transmission via non-genomic liver X receptor-dependent mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:121-134. [PMID: 34391813 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions induce changes in the neuromuscular system. The mechanisms underlying this link are unclear. Besides cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), production of an antiviral oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) by immune cells is quickly increased in response to inflammation. Hypothetically, 25HC could contribute to regulation of neuromuscular activity as well as redox status. We found that 25HC (0.01-10 μM) can bidirectionally modulate neurotransmission in mice diaphragm, the main respiratory muscle. Low concentrations (≤0.1 μM) of 25HC reduced involvement of synaptic vesicles (SVs) into exocytosis during 20-Hz activity, whereas higher inflammatory-related concentrations (≥1 μM) had a profound potentiating effect on SV mobilization. The latter stimulatory action of 25HC was accompanied by increase in Ca2+ release from intracellular stores via IP3 receptors. Both increase in SV mobilization and [Ca2+]in were suppressed by a specific antagonist of liver X receptors (LXRs). These receptors formed clusters within the synaptic membranes in a lipid raft-dependent manner. Either raft disruption or intracellular Ca2+ chelation prevented 25HC-mediated acceleration of the exocytotic rate. The same action had inhibition of estrogen receptor α, Gi-protein, Gβγ, phospholipase C and protein kinase C. Additionally, 1 μM 25HC upregulated ROS production in a Ca2+-dependent way and an antioxidant partially decreased the exocytosis-promoting effect of 25HC. Thus, 25HC has prooxidant properties and it is a potent regulator of SV mobilization via activation of lipid raft-associated LXRs which can trigger signaling via estrogen receptor α - Gi-protein - Gβγ - phospholipase C - Ca2+ - protein kinase C pathway. 25HC-mediated increase in ROS may modulate this signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel F Zakyrjanova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Department of Normal Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medial University, 49 Butlerova Street, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Andrei N Tsentsevitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Eva A Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia; Department of Normal Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medial University, 49 Butlerova Street, Kazan, 420012, Russia.
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236
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Parra-Landazury NM, Cordova-Gallardo J, Méndez-Sánchez N. Obesity and Gallstones. Visc Med 2021; 37:394-402. [PMID: 34722722 PMCID: PMC8543292 DOI: 10.1159/000515545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity has been increasing globally and represents the main risk factor for the development of gallstone disease (GD). SUMMARY Excess body weight represents the main cause for the development of GD; nevertheless, there have been described multiple risk factors for its development, among them modifiable risk factors as diet, lifestyle, physical inactivity, and non-modifiable risk factors as ethnicity, female sex, advanced age, parity, and genetic mutations. Body mass index, abdominal perimeter, and waist-hip index have been used to determine the degree of adiposity of a person. Hence, central abdominal fat has been mostly associated with insulin resistance with the consequent increase in the hepatic cholesterol secretion; contributing as one of the multiple mechanisms associated with the development of gallstones. This disease has a low mortality; however, it has been associated with multiple diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, carotid atherosclerosis, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, and gallbladder cancer, probably because they share many of the risk factors. KEY MESSAGES GD continues to be considered a disease with a high medical burden, in which it is sought to intervene in modifiable risk factors to reduce its development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline Cordova-Gallardo
- Department of Hepatology, Service of Surgery and Obesity Clinic, General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
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237
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Ormsby TJR, Owens SE, Horlock AD, Davies D, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Cronin JG, Bromfield JJ, Sheldon IM. Oxysterols protect bovine endometrial cells against pore-forming toxins from pathogenic bacteria. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21889. [PMID: 34569656 PMCID: PMC9272411 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100036r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many species of pathogenic bacteria secrete toxins that form pores in mammalian cell membranes. These membrane pores enable the delivery of virulence factors into cells, result in the leakage of molecules that bacteria can use as nutrients, and facilitate pathogen invasion. Inflammatory responses to bacteria are regulated by the side-chain-hydroxycholesterols 27-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol, but their effect on the intrinsic protection of cells against pore-forming toxins is unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that 27-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol help protect cells against pore-forming toxins. We treated bovine endometrial epithelial and stromal cells with 27-hydroxycholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol, and then challenged the cells with pyolysin, which is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin from Trueperella pyogenes that targets these endometrial cells. We found that treatment with 27-hydroxycholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol protected both epithelial and stomal cells against pore formation and the damage caused by pyolysin. The oxysterols limited pyolysin-induced leakage of potassium and lactate dehydrogenase from cells, and reduced cytoskeletal changes and cytolysis. This oxysterol cytoprotection against pyolysin was partially dependent on reducing cytolysin-accessible cholesterol in the cell membrane and on activating liver X receptors. Treatment with 27-hydroxycholesterol also protected the endometrial cells against Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin. Using mass spectrometry, we found 27-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol in uterine and follicular fluid. Furthermore, epithelial cells released additional 25-hydroxycholesterol in response to pyolysin. In conclusion, both 27-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol increased the intrinsic protection of bovine endometrial cells against pore-forming toxins. Our findings imply that side-chain-hydroxycholesterols may help defend the endometrium against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sian E Owens
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Daphne Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - James G Cronin
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - John J Bromfield
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Iain M Sheldon
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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238
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Dong XC, Chowdhury K, Huang M, Kim HG. Signal Transduction and Molecular Regulation in Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:689-717. [PMID: 33906425 PMCID: PMC8558079 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Fatty liver disease is a major liver disorder in the modern societies. Comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms is essential for the prevention and treatment of the disease. Recent Advances: Remarkable progress has been made in the recent years in basic and translational research in the field of fatty liver disease. Multiple signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of fatty liver disease, including AMP-activated protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, transforming growth factor β, and yes1-associated transcriptional regulator/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ). In addition, critical molecular regulations at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels have been linked to the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease. Critical Issues: Some critical issues remain to be solved so that research findings can be translated into clinical applications. Robust and reliable biomarkers are needed for diagnosis of different stages of the fatty liver disease. Effective and safe molecular targets remain to be identified and validated. Prevention strategies require solid scientific evidence and population-wide feasibility. Future Directions: As more data are generated with time, integrative approaches are needed to comprehensively understand the disease pathophysiology and mechanisms at multiple levels from population, organismal system, organ/tissue, to cell. The interactions between genes and environmental factors require deeper investigation for the purposes of prevention and personalized treatment of fatty liver disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 689-717.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kushan Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Menghao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hyeong Geug Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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239
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Steck TL, Tabei SMA, Lange Y. A basic model for cell cholesterol homeostasis. Traffic 2021; 22:471-481. [PMID: 34528339 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cells manage their cholesterol by negative feedback using a battery of sterol-responsive proteins. How these activities are coordinated so as to specify the abundance and distribution of the sterol is unclear. We present a simple mathematical model that addresses this question. It assumes that almost all of the cholesterol is associated with phospholipids in stoichiometric complexes. A small fraction of the sterol is uncomplexed and thermodynamically active. It equilibrates among the organelles, setting their sterol level according to the affinity of their phospholipids. The activity of the homeostatic proteins in the cytoplasmic membranes is then set by their fractional saturation with uncomplexed cholesterol in competition with the phospholipids. The high-affinity phospholipids in the plasma membrane (PM) are filled to near stoichiometric equivalence, giving it most of the cell sterol. Notably, the affinity of the phospholipids in the endomembranes (EMs) is lower by orders of magnitude than that of the phospholipids in the PM. Thus, the small amount of sterol in the EMs rests far below stoichiometric capacity. Simulations match a variety of experimental data. The model captures the essence of cell cholesterol homeostasis, makes coherent a diverse set of experimental findings, provides a surprising prediction and suggests new experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore L Steck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - S M Ali Tabei
- Department of Physics, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA
| | - Yvonne Lange
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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240
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Shimizu-Albergine M, Basu D, Kanter JE, Kramer F, Kothari V, Barnhart S, Thornock C, Mullick AE, Clouet-Foraison N, Vaisar T, Heinecke JW, Hegele RA, Goldberg IJ, Bornfeldt KE. CREBH normalizes dyslipidemia and halts atherosclerosis in diabetes by decreasing circulating remnant lipoproteins. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e153285. [PMID: 34491909 DOI: 10.1172/jci153285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the transcription factor CREB3L3 (CREBH) associate with severe hypertriglyceridemia in humans. CREBH is believed to lower plasma triglycerides by augmenting the action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). However, by using a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), we found that greater liver expression of active CREBH normalized both elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. Residual triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) remnants were enriched in apolipoprotein E (APOE) and impoverished in APOC3, an apolipoprotein composition indicative of increased hepatic clearance. The underlying mechanism was independent of LPL as CREBH reduced both triglycerides and cholesterol in LPL-deficient mice. Instead, APOE was critical for CREBH's ability to lower circulating remnant lipoproteins because it failed to reduce TRL cholesterol in Apoe-/- mice. Importantly, humans with CREB3L3 loss-of-function mutations exhibited increased levels of remnant lipoproteins that were deprived of APOE. Recent evidence suggests that impaired clearance of TRL remnants promotes cardiovascular disease in patients with T1DM. Consistently, we found that hepatic expression of CREBH prevented the progression of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. Our results support the proposal that CREBH acts through an APOE-dependent pathway to increase hepatic clearance of remnant lipoproteins. They also implicate elevated levels of remnants in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debapriya Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Farah Kramer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Vishal Kothari
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Shelley Barnhart
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Carissa Thornock
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Adam E Mullick
- Cardiovascular Disease Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, United States of America
| | | | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
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241
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Zou H, Yang N, Zhang X, Chen HW. RORγ is a context-specific master regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis and an emerging therapeutic target in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114725. [PMID: 34384758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis in the form of elevated cholesterol biosynthesis and dysregulated efflux and metabolism is well recognized as a major feature of metabolic reprogramming in solid tumors. Recent studies have emphasized on major drivers and regulators such as Myc, mutant p53, SREBP2, LXRs and oncogenic signaling pathways that play crucial roles in tumor cholesterol metabolic reprogramming. Therapeutics such as statins targeting the mevalonate pathway were tried at the clinic without showing consistent benefits to cancer patients. Nuclear receptors are prominent regulators of mammalian metabolism. Their de-regulation often drives tumorigenesis. RORγ and its immune cell-specific isoform RORγt play important functions in control of mammalian metabolism, circadian rhythm and immune responses. Although RORγ, together with its closely related members RORα and RORβ were identified initially as orphan receptors, recent studies strongly support the conclusion that specific intermediates and metabolites of cholesterol pathways serve as endogenous ligands of RORγ. More recent studies also reveal a critical role of RORγ in tumorigenesis through major oncogenic pathways including acting a new master-like regulator of tumor cholesterol biosynthesis program. Importantly, an increasing number of RORγ orthosteric and allosteric ligands are being identified that display potent activities in blocking tumor growth and autoimmune disorders in preclinical models. This review summarizes the recent preclinical and clinical progress on RORγ with emphasis on its role in reprogramming tumor cholesterol metabolism and its regulation. It will also discuss RORγ functional mechanisms, context-specificity and its value as a therapeutic target for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nianxin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, USA.
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242
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Eslahi M, Maleki Dana P, Sadoughi F, Hallajzadeh J, Asemi Z, Sharifi M, Mansournia MA, Yousefi B. The Effects of Sterol-Related Signaling Pathways on Glioma. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1527-1537. [PMID: 34338098 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1957488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are considered as one of the important brain tumors in adults due to their impact on life quality and cognitive functions. Current methods that are used for treating glioma are not satisfying enough. Understanding cellular and molecular events underlying its pathogenesis and progression may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches. Sterols are a subtype of steroids and are essential for the physiologic functions of eukaryotic cells. Sterols can be produced by protozoans and microheterotrophs. Moreover, they are found in some natural sources, such as plants, animals, fungi, microalgae, and yeasts. Besides the roles of sterols in physiologic processes, studies have shown that they are involved in pathologic processes, including tumorigenesis and tumor progression. As investigations have revealed, sterol-related signaling pathways are involved in glioma and targeting them may result in new therapeutic options for patients. Thus, we summarized some of the sterol-related signaling pathways in glioma and how they can be associated with other signaling pathways, including EGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR, P53, and retinoblastoma protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Eslahi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Parisa Maleki Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehran Sharifi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Cancer Prevention Research Center, Seyyed Al-Shohada Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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243
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Huang H, Wu X, Meng D, Feng Y, Zhou L, Liu Z, Tang S, Li X, Cao Y, He H, Xie Z, Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhao T, Wu Y, Zhou X. Liver X receptor β is required for the survival of single-positive thymocytes by regulating IL-7Rα expression. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1969-1980. [PMID: 32963358 PMCID: PMC8322414 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are known as key transcription factors in lipid metabolism and have been reported to play an important role in T-cell proliferation. However, whether LXRs play a role in thymocyte development remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that LXRβ deficiency caused a reduction in single-positive (SP) thymocytes, whereas the transitions from the double-negative to SP stage were normal. Meanwhile, LXRβ-null SP thymocytes exhibited increased apoptosis and impairment of the IL-7Rα-Bcl2 axis. In addition, the LXR agonist T0901317 promoted the survival of SP thymocytes with enhanced IL-7Rα expression in wild-type mice but not in LXRβ-deficient mice. Mechanistically, LXRβ positively regulated the expression of IL-7Rα via direct binding to the Il7r allele in SP thymocytes, and forced expression of IL-7Rα or Bcl2 restored the survival of LXRβ-defective SP thymocytes. Thus, our results indicate that LXRβ functions as an important transcription factor upstream of IL-7Rα to promote the survival of SP thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Institute for Cancer Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Dongwei Meng
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yizhou Feng
- Chengdu No. 7 Wanda High School, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610036, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shupei Tang
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Haiyang He
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhunyi Xie
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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244
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Abstract
Introduction: Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are essential for physiological homeostasis of the liver extracellular matrix (ECM). Excessive transdifferentiation of HSC from a quiescent to an activated phenotype contributes to disrupt this balance and can lead to liver fibrosis. Accumulating evidence has suggested that nuclear receptors (NRs) are involved in the regulation of HSC activation, proliferation, and function. Therefore, these NRs may be therapeutic targets to balance ECM homeostasis and inhibit HSC activation in liver fibrosis.Areas covered: In this review, the authors summarized the recent progress in the understanding of the regulatory role of NRs in HSCs and their potential as drug targets in liver fibrosis.Expert opinion: NRs are still potential therapy targets for inhibiting HSCs activation and liver fibrosis. However, the development of NRs agonists or antagonists to inhibit HSCs requires fully consideration of systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Pu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanxin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Houfeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
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245
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Orphan Nuclear Receptor RORγ Modulates the Genome-Wide Binding of the Cholesterol Metabolic Genes during Mycotoxin-Induced Liver Injury. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082539. [PMID: 34444698 PMCID: PMC8397974 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining lipid homeostasis is crucial to liver function, the key organ that governs the whole-body energy metabolism. In contrast, lipid dysregulation has been implicated in mycotoxin-induced liver injury, by which the pathophysiological regulation and the molecular components involved remain elusive. Here we focused on the potential roles of orphan nuclear receptor (NR) RORγ in lipid programming, and aimed to explore its action on cholesterol regulation in the liver of mycotoxin-exposed piglets. We found that liver tissues were damaged in the mycotoxin-exposed piglets compared to the healthy controls, revealed by histological analysis, elevated seral ALT, AST and ALP levels, and increased caspase 3/7 activities. Consistent with the transcriptomic finding of down-regulated cholesterol metabolism, we demonstrated that both cholesterol contents and cholesterol biosynthesis/transformation gene expressions in the mycotoxin-exposed livers were reduced, including HMGCS1, FDPS, SQLE, EBP, FDFT1 and VLDLR. Furthermore, we reported that RORγ binds to the cholesterol metabolic genes in porcine hepatocytes using a genome-wide ChIP-seq analysis, whereas mycotoxin decreased the RORγ binding occupancies genome-wide, especially at the cholesterol metabolic pathway. In addition, we revealed the enrichment of co-factors p300 and SRC, the histone marks H3K27ac and H3K4me2, together with RNA Polymerase II (Pol-II) at the locus of HMGCS1 in hepatocytes, which were reduced by mycotoxin-exposure. Our results provide a deep insight into the cholesterol metabolism regulation during mycotoxin-induced liver injury, and propose NRs as therapeutic targets for anti-mycotoxin treatments.
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246
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Han YH, Onufer EJ, Huang LH, Sprung RW, Davidson WS, Czepielewski RS, Wohltmann M, Sorci-Thomas MG, Warner BW, Randolph GJ. Enterically derived high-density lipoprotein restrains liver injury through the portal vein. Science 2021; 373:eabe6729. [PMID: 34437091 PMCID: PMC8478306 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe6729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) requires apoA1 and the cholesterol transporter ABCA1. Although the liver generates most of the HDL in the blood, HDL synthesis also occurs in the small intestine. Here, we show that intestine-derived HDL traverses the portal vein in the HDL3 subspecies form, in complex with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP). HDL3, but not HDL2 or low-density lipoprotein, prevented LPS binding to and inflammatory activation of liver macrophages and instead supported extracellular inactivation of LPS. In mouse models involving surgical, dietary, or alcoholic intestinal insult, loss of intestine-derived HDL worsened liver injury, whereas outcomes were improved by therapeutics that elevated and depended upon raising intestinal HDL. Thus, protection of the liver from injury in response to gut-derived LPS is a major function of intestinally synthesized HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Han
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Laboratory of Pathology and Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Emily J Onufer
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert W Sprung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Rafael S Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mary Wohltmann
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brad W Warner
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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247
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Paredes A, Santos-Clemente R, Ricote M. Untangling the Cooperative Role of Nuclear Receptors in Cardiovascular Physiology and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157775. [PMID: 34360540 PMCID: PMC8346021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to acquire its physiological function during development, enabling it to supply the organism with oxygen and nutrients. Given this early commitment, cardiomyocytes were traditionally considered transcriptionally stable cells fully committed to contractile function. However, growing evidence suggests that the maintenance of cardiac function in health and disease depends on transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Several studies have revealed that the complex transcriptional alterations underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) manifestations such as myocardial infarction and hypertrophy is mediated by cardiac retinoid X receptors (RXR) and their partners. RXRs are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and drive essential biological processes such as ion handling, mitochondrial biogenesis, and glucose and lipid metabolism. RXRs are thus attractive molecular targets for the development of effective pharmacological strategies for CVD treatment and prevention. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of RXR partnership biology in cardiac homeostasis and disease, providing an up-to-date view of the molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways that sustain cardiomyocyte physiology.
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248
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Qu B, Brown RJP. Strategies to Inhibit Hepatitis B Virus at the Transcript Level. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071327. [PMID: 34372533 PMCID: PMC8310268 DOI: 10.3390/v13071327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), despite four decades of effective HBV vaccination. During chronic infection, HBV forms two distinct templates responsible for viral transcription: (1) episomal covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA and (2) host genome-integrated viral templates. Multiple ubiquitous and liver-specific transcription factors are recruited onto these templates and modulate viral gene transcription. This review details the latest developments in antivirals that inhibit HBV gene transcription or destabilize viral transcripts. Notably, nuclear receptor agonists exhibit potent inhibition of viral gene transcription from cccDNA. Small molecule inhibitors repress HBV X protein-mediated transcription from cccDNA, while small interfering RNAs and single-stranded oligonucleotides result in transcript degradation from both cccDNA and integrated templates. These antivirals mediate their effects by reducing viral transcripts abundance, some leading to a loss of surface antigen expression, and they can potentially be added to the arsenal of drugs with demonstrable anti-HBV activity. Thus, these candidates deserve special attention for future repurposing or further development as anti-HBV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Qu
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.Q.); (R.J.P.B.)
| | - Richard J. P. Brown
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.Q.); (R.J.P.B.)
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Fernández-Suárez ME, Daimiel L, Villa-Turégano G, Pavón MV, Busto R, Escolà-Gil JC, Platt FM, Lasunción MA, Martínez-Botas J, Gómez-Coronado D. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) affect cholesterol homeostasis through the master regulators SREBP and LXR. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111871. [PMID: 34225017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are nonsteroidal drugs that display an estrogen-agonist or estrogen-antagonist effect depending on the tissue targeted. SERMs have attracted great clinical interest for the treatment of several pathologies, most notably breast cancer and osteoporosis. There is strong evidence that SERMs secondarily affect cholesterol metabolism, although the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we analysed the effect of the SERMs tamoxifen, raloxifene, and toremifene on the expression of lipid metabolism genes by microarrays and quantitative PCR in different cell types, and ascertained the main mechanisms involved. The three SERMs increased the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) target genes, especially those targeted by SREBP-2. In consonance, SERMs increased SREBP-2 processing. These effects were associated to the interference with intracellular LDL-derived cholesterol trafficking. When the cells were exposed to LDL, but not to cholesterol/methyl-cyclodextrin complexes, the SERM-induced increases in gene expression were synergistic with those induced by lovastatin. Furthermore, the SERMs reduced the stimulation of the transcriptional activity of the liver X receptor (LXR) by exogenous cholesterol. However, their impact on the expression of the LXR canonical target ABCA1 in the presence of LDL was cell-type dependent. These actions of SERMs were independent of estrogen receptors. We conclude that, by inhibiting the intracellular trafficking of LDL-derived cholesterol, SERMs promote the activation of SREBP-2 and prevent the activation of LXR, two master regulators of cellular cholesterol metabolism. This study highlights the impact of SERMs on lipid homeostasis regulation beyond their actions as estrogen receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Fernández-Suárez
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Lidia Daimiel
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Gemma Villa-Turégano
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vázquez Pavón
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Busto
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Joan C Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A Lasunción
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Botas
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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250
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Salisbury DA, Casero D, Zhang Z, Wang D, Kim J, Wu X, Vergnes L, Mirza AH, Leon-Mimila P, Williams KJ, Huertas-Vazquez A, Jaffrey SR, Reue K, Chen J, Sallam T. Transcriptional regulation of N 6-methyladenosine orchestrates sex-dimorphic metabolic traits. Nat Metab 2021; 3:940-953. [PMID: 34282353 PMCID: PMC8422857 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Males and females exhibit striking differences in the prevalence of metabolic traits including hepatic steatosis, a key driver of cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. RNA methylation is a widespread regulatory mechanism of transcript turnover. Here, we show that presence of the RNA modification N6-methyladenosine (m6A) triages lipogenic transcripts for degradation and guards against hepatic triglyceride accumulation. In male but not female mice, this protective checkpoint stalls under lipid-rich conditions. Loss of m6A control in male livers increases hepatic triglyceride stores, leading to a more 'feminized' hepatic lipid composition. Crucially, liver-specific deletion of the m6A complex protein Mettl14 from male and female mice significantly diminishes sex-specific differences in steatosis. We further surmise that the m6A installing machinery is subject to transcriptional control by the sex-responsive BCL6-STAT5 axis in response to dietary conditions. These data show that m6A is essential for precise and synchronized control of lipogenic enzyme activity and provide insights into the molecular basis for the existence of sex-specific differences in hepatic lipid traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Salisbury
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Casero
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhengyi Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aashiq H Mirza
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paola Leon-Mimila
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adriana Huertas-Vazquez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samie R Jaffrey
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Tamer Sallam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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