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Giannella M, Pierrotti LC, Helanterä I, Manuel O. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in solid-organ transplant recipients: What the clinician needs to know. Transpl Int 2021; 34:1776-1788. [PMID: 34450686 PMCID: PMC8646251 DOI: 10.1111/tri.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been developed at an unparalleled speed, with 14 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines currently authorized. Solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at risk for developing a higher rate of COVID-19-related complications and therefore they are at priority for immunization against SARS-CoV-2. Preliminary data suggest that although SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are safe in SOT recipients (with similar rate of adverse events than in the general population), the antibody responses are decreased in this population. Risk factors for poor vaccine immunogenicity include older age, shorter time from transplantation, use of mycophenolate and belatacept, and worse allograft function. SOT recipients should continue to be advised to maintain hand hygiene, use of facemasks, and social distancing after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Vaccination of household contacts should be also prioritized. Although highly encouraged for research purposes, systematic assessment in clinical practice of humoral and cellular immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is controversial, since correlation between immunological findings and clinical protection from severe COVID-19, and cutoffs for protection are currently unknown in SOT recipients. Alternative immunization schemes, including a booster dose, higher doses, and modulation of immunosuppression during vaccination, need to be assessed in the context of well-designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Giannella
- Infectious Diseases UnitDepartment of Medical and Surgical SciencesIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico di Sant’OrsolaAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Lígia C. Pierrotti
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das ClínicasSão PauloBrazil
| | - Ilkka Helanterä
- Transplantation and Liver SurgeryHelsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Infectious Diseases Service and Transplantation CenterLausanne University HospitalLausanneSwitzerland
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202
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Rha MS, Shin EC. Activation or exhaustion of CD8 + T cells in patients with COVID-19. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2325-2333. [PMID: 34413488 PMCID: PMC8374113 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T cells and neutralizing antibodies, CD8+ T cells contribute to protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing pandemic disease. In patients with COVID-19, CD8+ T cells exhibiting activated phenotypes are commonly observed, although the absolute number of CD8+ T cells is decreased. In addition, several studies have reported an upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors, such as PD-1, and the expression of exhaustion-associated gene signatures in CD8+ T cells from patients with COVID-19. However, whether CD8+ T cells are truly exhausted during COVID-19 has been a controversial issue. In the present review, we summarize the current understanding of CD8+ T-cell exhaustion and describe the available knowledge on the phenotypes and functions of CD8+ T cells in the context of activation and exhaustion. We also summarize recent reports regarding phenotypical and functional analyses of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells and discuss long-term SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Rha
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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203
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Hu W, He M, Wang X, Sun Q, Kuang M. Specific CD8 + TCR Repertoire Recognizing Conserved Antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in Unexposed Population: A Prerequisite for Broad-Spectrum CD8 + T Cell Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1093. [PMID: 34696201 PMCID: PMC8541101 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed variants escaping neutralization antibody immunity established against the original virus. An understanding of broad-spectrum adaptive immunity, including CD8+ T cell immunity to wide range of epitopes, could help translational efforts to improve coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and therapy. However, there have been few direct studies in which such immunity exists in a population. METHODS We selected SARS-CoV-2-conserved structural peptides that are not prone to mutation as antigens for broad-spectrum CD8+ T cell immunity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from unexposed healthy donors were stimulated with these peptides in vitro and CD8+ T cell-specific response was monitored. The conserved peptide-specific CD8+ T cells were sorted for T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire sequencing. The presence of specific complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) clones was analyzed in a healthy cohort. RESULTS For each structural protein, including S, E, M, N, the conserved peptides could potentially provide the largest number of major histocompatibility complex-I (MHC-I) epitopes in the Oriental and Caucasian populations. For conserved peptides from spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) proteins, we found that there were no cross-reactive memory T cells in the unexposed individuals. Instead, their T cells contain naïve TCR repertoire recognizing these conserved peptides. Using TCR sequencing and CDR3 clustering for the conserved peptides specific T cells, we found that the recovered patients had a higher proportion of TCR repertoire similar with that of specific CD8+ T cells in unexposed individuals. Meanwhile, CDR3 clones of the above T cells were widely present in the healthy population. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 specific CD8+ TCR repertoire in unexposed healthy population, which is implicated in the development and implementation of broad-spectrum vaccines against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Meifang He
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China;
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2020RU009, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ming Kuang
- Division of Interventional Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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204
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Günl F, Mecate-Zambrano A, Rehländer S, Hinse S, Ludwig S, Brunotte L. Shooting at a Moving Target-Effectiveness and Emerging Challenges for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1052. [PMID: 34696160 PMCID: PMC8540924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since late 2019 the newly emerged pandemic SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has hit the world with recurring waves of infections necessitating the global implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, including strict social distancing rules, the wearing of masks and the isolation of infected individuals in order to restrict virus transmissions and prevent the breakdown of our healthcare systems. These measures are not only challenging on an economic level but also have a strong impact on social lifestyles. Using traditional and novel technologies, highly efficient vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were developed and underwent rapid clinical evaluation and approval to accelerate the immunization of the world population, aiming to end the pandemic and return to normality. However, the emergence of virus variants with improved transmission, enhanced fitness and partial immune escape from the first generation of vaccines poses new challenges, which are currently being addressed by scientists and pharmaceutical companies all over the world. In this ongoing pandemic, the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines underlies diverse unpredictable dynamics, posed by the first broad application of the mRNA vaccine technology and their compliance, the occurrence of unexpected side effects and the rapid emergence of variations in the viral antigen. However, despite these hurdles, we conclude that the available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are very safe and efficiently protect from severe COVID-19 and are thereby the most powerful tools to prevent further harm to our healthcare systems, economics and individual lives. This review summarizes the unprecedented pathways of vaccine development and approval during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We focus on the real-world effectiveness and unexpected positive and negative side effects of the available vaccines and summarize the timeline of the applied adaptations to the recommended vaccination strategies in the light of emerging virus variants. Finally, we highlight upcoming strategies to improve the next generations of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Günl
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Angeles Mecate-Zambrano
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Selina Rehländer
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Saskia Hinse
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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205
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[Are SARS-CoV-2 reactive T cells detectable and potentially protective in patients under anti-CD20 treatment with an impaired humoral response?]. Z Rheumatol 2021; 80:879-883. [PMID: 34529110 PMCID: PMC8445008 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-021-01083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Die durch das SARS-CoV-2-Virus bedingte Pandemie hat das Leben in den meisten Ländern der Welt seit über 1,5 Jahren ziemlich stark verändert. Durch Maskenpflicht und Kontakteinschränkungen sowie seit Anfang dieses Jahres auch durch Impfungen konnte die Ausbreitung mehr oder weniger gut kontrolliert werden, und Todesfälle konnten zum Teil verhindert werden. Patienten mit chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen und Transplantierte unter Immunsuppression sind wohl etwas mehr gefährdet, an COVID-19 zu erkranken. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Infektion bzw. ihres Schwergrades hängt von der Fähigkeit des humoralen und des zellulären Immunsystems ab, das Virus effektiv zu bekämpfen. Diese kann durch Vakzinierung erheblich verbessert werden. Der B‑Zell-depletierende monoklonale Antikörper Rituximab (RTX) wird bei rheumatischen Erkrankungen häufig eingesetzt, wodurch die Antikörperbildung gegen neue Pathogene im Rahmen von Vakzinierungen eingeschränkt wird. Neuere Studienergebnisse bei mit RTX behandelten Patienten deuten darauf hin, dass trotz der beeinträchtigten humoralen Antwort nach erfolgter Impfung, eine effektive zelluläre Immunantwort ausgebildet werden kann.
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206
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Salzer R, Clark JJ, Vaysburd M, Chang VT, Albecka A, Kiss L, Sharma P, Gonzalez Llamazares A, Kipar A, Hiscox JA, Owen A, Aricescu AR, Stewart JP, James LC, Löwe J. Single-dose immunisation with a multimerised SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) induces an enhanced and protective response in mice. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2323-2340. [PMID: 34331769 PMCID: PMC8426897 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, has triggered a worldwide health emergency. Here, we show that ferritin-like Dps from hyperthermophilic Sulfolobus islandicus, covalently coupled with SARS-CoV-2 antigens via the SpyCatcher system, forms stable multivalent dodecameric vaccine nanoparticles that remain intact even after lyophilisation. Immunisation experiments in mice demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) coupled to Dps (RBD-S-Dps) elicited a higher antibody titre and an enhanced neutralising antibody response compared to monomeric RBD. A single immunisation with RBD-S-Dps completely protected hACE2-expressing mice from serious illness and led to viral clearance from the lungs upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data highlight that multimerised SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines are a highly efficacious modality, particularly when combined with an ultra-stable scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Salzer
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Jordan J. Clark
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolUK
| | | | | | | | - Leo Kiss
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Parul Sharma
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolUK
| | | | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolUK
- Laboratory for Animal Model PathologyInstitute of Veterinary PathologyVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolUK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsCentre of Excellence in Long‐acting Therapeutics (CELT)University of LiverpoolUK
| | | | - James P. Stewart
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolUK
| | | | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
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Ma T, Ryu H, McGregor M, Babcock B, Neidleman J, Xie G, George AF, Frouard J, Murray V, Gill G, Ghosn E, Newell EW, Lee SA, Roan NR. Protracted yet Coordinated Differentiation of Long-Lived SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD8 + T Cells during Convalescence. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:1344-1356. [PMID: 34389625 PMCID: PMC8763019 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells can potentiate long-lived immunity against COVID-19. We screened longitudinally-sampled convalescent human donors against SARS-CoV-2 tetramers and identified a participant with an immunodominant response against residues 322 to 311 of nucleocapsid (Nuc322-331), a peptide conserved in all variants of concern reported to date. We conducted 38-parameter cytometry by time of flight on tetramer-identified Nuc322-331-specific CD8+ T cells and on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognizing the entire nucleocapsid and spike proteins, and took 32 serological measurements. We discovered a coordination of the Nuc322-331-specific CD8+ T response with both the CD4+ T cell and Ab pillars of adaptive immunity. Over the approximately six month period of convalescence monitored, we observed a slow and progressive decrease in the activation state and polyfunctionality of Nuc322-331-specific CD8+ T cells, accompanied by an increase in their lymph node-homing and homeostatic proliferation potential. These results suggest that following a typical case of mild COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells not only persist but continuously differentiate in a coordinated fashion well into convalescence into a state characteristic of long-lived, self-renewing memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongcui Ma
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Heeju Ryu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Benjamin Babcock
- Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Guorui Xie
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ashley F George
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Julie Frouard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Victoria Murray
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Gurjot Gill
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Eliver Ghosn
- Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Sulggi A Lee
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA;
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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208
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Tut G, Lancaster T, Krutikov M, Sylla P, Bone D, Kaur N, Spalkova E, Bentley C, Amin U, Jadir AT, Hulme S, Butler MS, Ayodele M, Bruton R, Shrotri M, Azmi B, Fuller C, Irwin-Singer A, Hayward A, Copas A, Shallcross L, Moss P. Profile of humoral and cellular immune responses to single doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines in residents and staff within residential care homes (VIVALDI): an observational study. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2021; 2:e544-e553. [PMID: 34430954 PMCID: PMC8376213 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have been prioritised for COVID-19 vaccination because of the high COVID-19 mortality in this population. Several countries have implemented an extended interval of up to 12 weeks between the first and second vaccine doses to increase population coverage of single-dose vaccination. We aimed to assess the magnitude and quality of adaptive immune responses following a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine in LTCF residents and staff. METHODS From the LTCFs participating in the ongoing VIVALDI study (ISRCTN14447421), staff and residents who had received a first dose of COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2 [tozinameran] or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), had pre-vaccination and post-vaccination blood samples (collected between Dec 11, 2020, and Feb 16, 2021), and could be linked to a pseudoidentifier in the COVID-19 Data Store were included in our cohort. Past infection with SARS-CoV-2 was defined on the basis of nucleocapsid-specific IgG antibodies being detected through a semiquantitative immunoassay, and participants who tested positive on this assay after but not before vaccination were excluded from the study. Processed blood samples were assessed for spike-specific immune responses, including spike-specific IgG antibody titres, T-cell responses to spike protein peptide mixes, and inhibition of ACE2 binding by spike protein from four variants of SARS-CoV-2 (the original strain as well as the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 variants). Responses before and after vaccination were compared on the basis of age, previous infection status, role (staff or resident), and time since vaccination. FINDINGS Our cohort comprised 124 participants from 14 LTCFs: 89 (72%) staff (median age 48 years [IQR 35·5-56]) and 35 (28%) residents (87 years [77-90]). Blood samples were collected a median 40 days (IQR 25-47; range 6-52) after vaccination. 30 (24%) participants (18 [20%] staff and 12 [34%] residents) had serological evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. All participants with previous infection had high antibody titres following vaccination that were independent of age (r s=0·076, p=0·70). In participants without evidence of previous infection, titres were negatively correlated with age (r s=-0·434, p<0·0001) and were 8·2-times lower in residents than in staff. This effect appeared to result from a kinetic delay antibody generation in older infection-naive participants, with the negative age correlation disappearing only in samples taken more than 42 days post-vaccination (r s=-0·207, p=0·20; n=40), in contrast to samples taken after 0-21 days (r s=-0·774, p=0·0043; n=12) or 22-42 days (r s=-0·437, p=0·0034; n=43). Spike-specific cellular responses were similar between older and younger participants. In infection-naive participants, antibody inhibition of ACE2 binding by spike protein from the original SARS-CoV-2 strain was negatively correlated with age (r s=-0·439, p<0·0001), and was significantly lower against spike protein from the B.1.351 variant (median inhibition 31% [14-100], p=0·010) and the P.1 variant (23% [14-97], p<0·0001) than against the original strain (58% [27-100]). By contrast, a single dose of vaccine resulted in around 100% inhibition of the spike-ACE2 interaction against all variants in people with a history of infection. INTERPRETATION History of SARS-CoV-2 infection impacts the magnitude and quality of antibody response after a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine in LTCF residents. Residents who are infection-naive have delayed antibody responses to the first dose of vaccine and should be considered for an early second dose where possible. FUNDING UK Government Department of Health and Social Care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maria Krutikov
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Bone
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nayandeep Kaur
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eliska Spalkova
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Umayr Amin
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Azar T Jadir
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Hulme
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Megan S Butler
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Morenike Ayodele
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Madhumita Shrotri
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Borscha Azmi
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Fuller
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Copas
- UCL Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Shallcross
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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COVID-19 Subunit Vaccine with a Combination of TLR1/2 and TLR3 Agonists Induces Robust and Protective Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090957. [PMID: 34579194 PMCID: PMC8473206 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of COVID-19 vaccines is critical in controlling global health issues under the COVID-19 pandemic. The subunit vaccines are the safest and most widely used vaccine platform and highly effective against a multitude of infectious diseases. An adjuvant is essential for subunit vaccines to enhance the magnitude and durability of immune responses. In this study, we determined whether a combination of toll-like receptor (TLR)1/2 and TLR3 agonists (L-pampo) can be a potent adjuvant for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) subunit vaccine. We measured a neutralizing antibody (nAb) and an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-blocking antibody against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD). We also detected interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by using ELISPOT and ELISA assays. By employing a ferret model, we detected nAbs and IFN-γ producing cells and measured viral load in nasal wash after the challenge of SARS-CoV-2. We found that SARS-CoV-2 antigens with L-pampo stimulated robust humoral and cellular immune responses. The efficacy of L-pampo was higher than the other adjuvants. Furthermore, in the ferret model, SARS-CoV-2 antigens with L-pampo elicited nAb response and antigen-specific cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2, resulting in substantially decreased viral load in their nasal wash. Our study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 antigens formulated with TLR agonists, L-pampo, can be a potent subunit vaccine to promote sufficient protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Bates TA, Leier HC, Lyski ZL, McBride SK, Coulter FJ, Weinstein JB, Goodman JR, Lu Z, Siegel SAR, Sullivan P, Strnad M, Brunton AE, Lee DX, Adey AC, Bimber BN, O'Roak BJ, Curlin ME, Messer WB, Tafesse FG. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and BNT162b2 vaccinated serum. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5135. [PMID: 34446720 PMCID: PMC8390486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and its variants continue to infect hundreds of thousands every day despite the rollout of effective vaccines. Therefore, it is essential to understand the levels of protection that these vaccines provide in the face of emerging variants. Here, we report two demographically balanced cohorts of BNT162b2 vaccine recipients and COVID-19 patients, from which we evaluate neutralizing antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 as well as the B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta) variants. We show that both B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 are less well neutralized by serum from vaccinated individuals, and that B.1.351, but not B.1.1.7, is less well neutralized by convalescent serum. We also find that the levels of variant-specific anti-spike antibodies are proportional to neutralizing activities. Together, our results demonstrate the escape of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants from neutralization by serum antibodies, which may lead to reduced protection from re-infection or increased risk of vaccine breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hans C Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zoe L Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Felicity J Coulter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jules B Weinstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Zhengchun Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sarah A R Siegel
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Sullivan
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matt Strnad
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amanda E Brunton
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David X Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrew C Adey
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Brian J O'Roak
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marcel E Curlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA.
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA.
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211
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Melgaço JG, Azamor T, Silva AMV, Linhares JHR, dos Santos TP, Mendes YS, de Lima SMB, Fernandes CB, da Silva J, de Souza AF, Tubarão LN, Brito e Cunha D, Pereira TBS, Menezes CEL, Miranda MD, Matos AR, Caetano BC, Martins JSCC, Calvo TL, Rodrigues NF, Sacramento CQ, Siqueira MM, Moraes MO, Missailidis S, Neves PCC, Ano Bom APD. Two-Step In Vitro Model to Evaluate the Cellular Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2. Cells 2021; 10:2206. [PMID: 34571855 PMCID: PMC8465121 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular immune response plays an important role in COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2. This feature makes use of in vitro models' useful tools to evaluate vaccines and biopharmaceutical effects. Here, we developed a two-step model to evaluate the cellular immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced or spike protein stimulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from both unexposed and COVID-19 (primo-infected) individuals (Step1). Moreover, the supernatants of these cultures were used to evaluate its effects on lung cell lines (A549) (Step2). When PBMC from the unexposed were infected by SARS-CoV-2, cytotoxic natural killer and nonclassical monocytes expressing inflammatory cytokines genes were raised. The supernatant of these cells can induce apoptosis of A549 cells (mock vs. Step2 [mean]: 6.4% × 17.7%). Meanwhile, PBMCs from primo-infected presented their memory CD4+ T cells activated with a high production of IFNG and antiviral genes. Supernatant from past COVID-19 subjects contributed to reduce apoptosis (mock vs. Step2 [ratio]: 7.2 × 1.4) and to elevate the antiviral activity (iNOS) of A549 cells (mock vs. Step2 [mean]: 31.5% × 55.7%). Our findings showed features of immune primary cells and lung cell lines response after SARS-CoV-2 or spike protein stimulation that can be used as an in vitro model to study the immunity effects after SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana G. Melgaço
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Tamiris Azamor
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Andréa M. V. Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - José Henrique R. Linhares
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Tiago P. dos Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Ygara S. Mendes
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Sheila M. B. de Lima
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Camilla Bayma Fernandes
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Jane da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Alessandro F. de Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Luciana N. Tubarão
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Danielle Brito e Cunha
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Tamires B. S. Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Catarina E. L. Menezes
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Milene D. Miranda
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratório e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (M.D.M.); (A.R.M.); (B.C.C.); (J.S.C.C.M.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Aline R. Matos
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratório e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (M.D.M.); (A.R.M.); (B.C.C.); (J.S.C.C.M.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Braulia C. Caetano
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratório e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (M.D.M.); (A.R.M.); (B.C.C.); (J.S.C.C.M.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Jéssica S. C. C. Martins
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratório e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (M.D.M.); (A.R.M.); (B.C.C.); (J.S.C.C.M.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Thyago L. Calvo
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.L.C.); (M.O.M.)
| | - Natalia F. Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (C.Q.S.)
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Q. Sacramento
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (C.Q.S.)
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marilda M. Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratório e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (M.D.M.); (A.R.M.); (B.C.C.); (J.S.C.C.M.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Milton O. Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.L.C.); (M.O.M.)
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Patrícia C. C. Neves
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
| | - Ana Paula D. Ano Bom
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (A.M.V.S.); (J.H.R.L.); (T.P.d.S.); (Y.S.M.); (S.M.B.d.L.); (C.B.F.); (J.d.S.); (A.F.d.S.); (L.N.T.); (D.B.e.C.); (T.B.S.P.); (C.E.L.M.); (S.M.); (P.C.C.N.); (A.P.D.A.B.)
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Evidence of Long-Lasting Humoral and Cellular Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Even in Elderly COVID-19 Convalescents Showing a Mild to Moderate Disease Progression. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080805. [PMID: 34440549 PMCID: PMC8401673 DOI: 10.3390/life11080805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We here evaluate the humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in 41 COVID-19 convalescents. As previous studies mostly included younger individuals, one advantage of our study is the comparatively high mean age of the convalescents included in the cohort considered (54 ± 8.4 years). While anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were still detectable in 95% of convalescents up to 8 months post infection, an antibody-decay over time was generally observed in most donors. Using a multiplex assay, our data additionally reveal that most convalescents exhibit a broad humoral immunity against different viral epitopes. We demonstrate by flow cytometry that convalescent donors show a significantly elevated number of natural killer cells when compared to healthy controls, while no differences were found concerning other leucocyte subpopulations. We detected a specific long-lasting cellular immune response in convalescents by stimulating immune cells with SARS-CoV-2-specific peptides, covering domains of the viral spike, membrane and nucleocapsid protein, and measuring interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release thereafter. We modified a commercially available ELISA assay for IFN-γ determination in whole-blood specimens of COVID-19 convalescents. One advantage of this assay is that it does not require special equipment and can, thus, be performed in any standard laboratory. In conclusion, our study adds knowledge regarding the persistence of immunity of convalescents suffering from mild to moderate COVID-19. Moreover, our study provides a set of simple methods to characterize and confirm experienced COVID-19.
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213
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Olea B, Albert E, Torres I, Amat P, Remigia MJ, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Buesa J, Blasco ML, Redón J, Signes-Costa J, Navarro D. Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in recovered severe COVID-19 patients. J Clin Virol 2021; 142:104943. [PMID: 34391981 PMCID: PMC8349475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background There is an imperative need to determine the durability of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. We enumerated SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells targeting S1 and M proteins and measured RBD-specific serum IgG over a period of 2–6 months after symptoms onset in a cohort of subjects who had recovered from severe clinical forms of COVID-19. Patients and Methods We recruited 58 patients (38 males and 20 females; median age, 62.5 years), who had been hospitalized with bilateral pneumonia, 60% with one or more comorbidities. IgG antibodies binding to SARS-CoV-2 RBD were measured by ELISA. SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD69+-expressing-IFNγ-producing-CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were enumerated in heparinized whole blood by flow cytometry for ICS. Results Detectable SARS-CoV-2-S1/M-reactive CD69+-IFN-γ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were displayed in 17 (29.3%) and 6 (10.3%) subjects respectively, at a median of 84 days after onset of symptoms (range, 58–191 days). Concurrent comorbidities increased the risk (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.03–9.61; P = 0.04) of undetectable T–cell responses in models adjusted for age, sex and hospitalization ward. Twenty-one out of the 35 patients (60%) had detectable RBD-specific serum IgGs at a median of 118 days (range, 60–145 days) after symptoms onset. SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG serum levels were found to drop significantly over time. Conclusion A relatively limited number of subjects who developed severe forms of COVID-19 had detectable SARS-CoV-2-S1/M IFNγ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at midterm after clinical diagnosis. Our data also indicated that serum levels of RBD-specific IgGs decline over time, becoming undetectable in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Olea
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eliseo Albert
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Torres
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Amat
- Hematology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Remigia
- Hematology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Buesa
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Luisa Blasco
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep Redón
- Internal Medicine Department, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Signes-Costa
- Pneumology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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214
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Sowa P, Kiszkiel Ł, Laskowski PP, Alimowski M, Szczerbiński Ł, Paniczko M, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Kamiński K. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Poland-Multifactorial Impact Trajectories. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:876. [PMID: 34452001 PMCID: PMC8402463 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the declaration of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic confirmed by World Health Organization, work on the development of vaccines has been stimulated. When vaccines are commonly available, a major problem is persistent vaccine hesitancy in many European countries. The main goal of our study was to understand the multidimensional factors inducing this phenomenon in Poland. Our study was carried out at the third wave's peak of the pandemic, with record rates of daily cases and deaths associated with COVID-19. The results indicate that vaccine hesitancy/acceptability should always be considered in an interdisciplinary manner and according to identified factors where most negative attitudes could be altered. Our analyses included the assessment of a representative quota sample of adult Poles (N = 1000). The vaccine hesitancy in the studied group reached 49.2%. We performed stepwise logistic regression modeling to analyze variables set into six trajectories (groups) predicting the willingness to vaccinate. Apart from typical, socio-demographic and economic determinants, we identified the fear of vaccines' side effects, beliefs in conspiracy theories and physical fitness. We were also able to establish the order of importance of factors used in a full model of all impact trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sowa
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13A, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (P.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Łukasz Kiszkiel
- Society and Cognition Unit, University of Bialystok, 15-403 Bialystok, Poland; (Ł.K.); (P.P.L.)
| | - Piotr Paweł Laskowski
- Society and Cognition Unit, University of Bialystok, 15-403 Bialystok, Poland; (Ł.K.); (P.P.L.)
| | - Maciej Alimowski
- Doctoral School of Social Sciences, University of Bialystok, 15-403 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Szczerbiński
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Marlena Paniczko
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13A, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (P.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Karol Kamiński
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13A, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (P.S.); (M.P.)
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Bialystok, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
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215
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Borena W, Bánki Z, Bates K, Winner H, Riepler L, Rössler A, Pipperger L, Theurl I, Falkensammer B, Ulmer H, Walser A, Pichler D, Baumgartner M, Schönherr S, Forer L, Knabl L, Würzner R, von Laer D, Paetzold J, Kimpel J. Persistence of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 over time in the ski resort Ischgl. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103534. [PMID: 34392147 PMCID: PMC8358264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In early March 2020, a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the ski resort Ischgl in Austria triggered the spread of SARS-CoV-2 throughout Austria and Northern Europe. In a previous study, we found that the seroprevalence in the adult population of Ischgl had reached 45% by the end of April, representing an exceptionally high level of local seropositivity in Europe. We performed a follow-up study in Ischgl, which is the first to show persistence of immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 and some of its variants at a community level. Methods Of the 1259 adults that participated in the baseline study, 801 have been included in the follow-up in November 2020. The study involved the analysis of binding and neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses. In addition, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in Ischgl was compared to the incidence in similar municipalities in Tyrol until April 2021. Findings For the 801 individuals that participated in both studies, the seroprevalence declined from 51.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 47.9-54.9) to 45.4% (95% CI 42.0-49.0). Median antibody concentrations dropped considerably (5.345, 95% CI 4.833 - 6.123 to 2.298, 95% CI 2.141 - 2.527) but antibody avidity increased (17.02, 95% CI 16.49 - 17.94 to 42.46, 95% CI 41.06 - 46.26). Only one person had lost detectable antibodies and T cell responses. In parallel to this persistent immunity, we observed that Ischgl was relatively spared, compared to similar municipalities, from the prominent second COVID-19 wave that hit Austria in November 2020. In addition, we used sequencing data to show that the local immunity acquired from wild-type infections also helped to curb infections from variants of SARS-CoV-2 which spread in Austria since January 2021. Interpretation The relatively high level of seroprevalence (40-45%) in Ischgl persisted and might have been associated with the observed protection of Ischgl residents against virus infection during the second COVID-19 wave as well as against variant spread in 2021. Funding Funding was provided by the government of Tyrol and the FWF Austrian Science Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wegene Borena
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Katie Bates
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Winner
- University of Salzburg, Department of Economics, Residenzplatz 9, Salzburg A-5010, Austria
| | - Lydia Riepler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Lisa Pipperger
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Labor Dr. Theurl, Franz-Fischerstr.7b, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Falkensammer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Hanno Ulmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Daniel Pichler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Matthias Baumgartner
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Lukas Forer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludwig Knabl
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Jörg Paetzold
- University of Salzburg, Department of Economics, Residenzplatz 9, Salzburg A-5010, Austria.
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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216
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Chen J, Liu X, Zhang X, Lin Y, Liu D, Xun J, Wang Z, Gu L, Li Q, Yin D, Yang J, Lu H. Decline in neutralising antibody responses, but sustained T-cell immunity, in COVID-19 patients at 7 months post-infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1319. [PMID: 34336207 PMCID: PMC8313961 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to explore the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific humoral responses and T-cell responses in patients who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to understand the natural protective immune responses and to facilitate the development of vaccines. Methods We conducted a combined assessment of the changes in neutralising antibody levels and SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses over time in 27 patients up to 7 months after infection. Results The neutralising antibody remained detectable in 96.3% of the patients at their second visit at about 7 months post-onset of symptoms. However, their humoral responses, including titres of the spike receptor-binding domain IgG and neutralising antibody, decreased significantly compared with those at first clinic visit. By contrast, the proportions of spike-specific CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, in COVID-19 patients after recovery were persistently higher than those in healthy controls. No significant change was observed in the proportion of spike-specific CD4+ T cells in patients who had recovered from COVID-19 within 7 months. Conclusion The SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immune responses persisted, while the neutralising antibodies decayed. Further studies are needed to extend the longevity of neutralising antibodies and to evaluate whether these T cells are sufficient to protect patients from reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Scientific Research Center Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Scientific Research Center Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yixiao Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Danping Liu
- Scientific Research Center Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jingna Xun
- Scientific Research Center Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhenyan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Ling Gu
- Scientific Research Center Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Qian Li
- Scientific Research Center Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Dan Yin
- Scientific Research Center Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Junyang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China.,Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai China
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217
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Neidleman J, Luo X, George AF, McGregor M, Yang J, Yun C, Murray V, Gill G, Greene WC, Vasquez J, Lee SA, Ghosn E, Lynch KL, Roan NR. Distinctive features of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells predict recovery from severe COVID-19. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109414. [PMID: 34260965 PMCID: PMC8238659 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although T cells are likely players in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunity, little is known about the phenotypic features of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associated with recovery from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We analyze T cells from 34 individuals with COVID-19 with severity ranging from mild (outpatient) to critical, culminating in death. Relative to individuals who succumbed, individuals who recovered from severe COVID-19 harbor elevated and increasing numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells capable of homeostatic proliferation. In contrast, fatal COVID-19 cases display elevated numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific regulatory T cells and a time-dependent escalation in activated bystander CXCR4+ T cells, as assessed by longitudinal sampling. Together with the demonstration of increased proportions of inflammatory CXCR4+ T cells in the lungs of individuals with severe COVID-19, these results support a model where lung-homing T cells activated through bystander effects contribute to immunopathology, whereas a robust, non-suppressive SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response limits pathogenesis and promotes recovery from severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ashley F George
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Junkai Yang
- Deptartments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cassandra Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Victoria Murray
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Gurjot Gill
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Joshua Vasquez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Sulggi A Lee
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Eliver Ghosn
- Deptartments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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218
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Tarke A, Sidney J, Methot N, Yu ED, Zhang Y, Dan JM, Goodwin B, Rubiro P, Sutherland A, Wang E, Frazier A, Ramirez SI, Rawlings SA, Smith DM, da Silva Antunes R, Peters B, Scheuermann RH, Weiskopf D, Crotty S, Grifoni A, Sette A. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the total CD4 + and CD8 + T cell reactivity in infected or vaccinated individuals. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100355. [PMID: 34230917 PMCID: PMC8249675 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with evidence of antibody escape highlight the importance of addressing whether the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recognition is also affected. Here, we compare SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and CAL.20C lineages in COVID-19 convalescents and in recipients of the Moderna (mRNA-1273) or Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 vaccines. The total reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 variants is similar in terms of magnitude and frequency of response, with decreases in the 10%-22% range observed in some assay/VOC combinations. A total of 7% and 3% of previously identified CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes, respectively, are affected by mutations in the various VOCs. Thus, the SARS-CoV-2 variants analyzed here do not significantly disrupt the total SARS-CoV-2 T cell reactivity; however, the decreases observed highlight the importance for active monitoring of T cell reactivity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Tarke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nils Methot
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin Goodwin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul Rubiro
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron Sutherland
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sydney I. Ramirez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen A. Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Davey M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard H. Scheuermann
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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219
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Smith I, Mc Callum GJ, Sabljic AV, Marfia JI, Bombicino SS, Trabucchi A, Iacono RF, Birenbaum JM, Vazquez SC, Minoia JM, Cascone O, López MG, Taboga O, Targovnik AM, Wolman FJ, Fingermann M, Alonso LG, Valdez SN, Miranda MV. Rapid and cost-effective process based on insect larvae for scale-up production of SARS-COV-2 spike protein for serological COVID-19 testing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4129-4137. [PMID: 34264519 PMCID: PMC8426952 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serology testing for COVID‐19 is important in evaluating active immune response against SARS‐CoV‐2, studying the antibody kinetics, and monitoring reinfections with genetic variants and new virus strains, in particular, the duration of antibodies in virus‐exposed individuals and vaccine‐mediated immunity. In this study, recombinant S protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 was expressed in Rachiplusia nu, an important agronomic plague. One gram of insect larvae produces an amount of S protein sufficient for 150 determinations in the ELISA method herein developed. We established a rapid production process for SARS‐CoV‐2 S protein that showed immunoreactivity for anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies and was used as a single antigen for developing the ELISA method with high sensitivity (96.2%) and specificity (98.8%). Our findings provide an efficient and cost‐effective platform for large‐scale S protein production, and the scale‐up is linear, thus avoiding the use of complex equipment like bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Smith
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregorio Juan Mc Callum
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Victoria Sabljic
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Ignacio Marfia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Sonia Bombicino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Trabucchi
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruben Francisco Iacono
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joaquín Manuel Birenbaum
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Claudia Vazquez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Mauricio Minoia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Cascone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela López
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Taboga
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexandra Marisa Targovnik
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Javier Wolman
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Fingermann
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Gabriel Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Noemí Valdez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Miranda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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220
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Gallerani E, Proietto D, Dallan B, Campagnaro M, Pacifico S, Albanese V, Marzola E, Marconi P, Caputo A, Appay V, Gavioli R, Nicoli F. Impaired Priming of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Naive CD8 + T Cells in Older Subjects. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693054. [PMID: 34326844 PMCID: PMC8315546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is associated with severe symptoms and death upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses have shown to be protective toward critical COVID-19 manifestations, suggesting that suboptimal cellular immunity may contribute to the age-pattern of the disease. The induction of a CD8+ T-cell response against an emerging pathogen like SARS-CoV-2 relies on the activation of naive T cells. To investigate whether the primary CD8+ T-cell response against this virus is defective in advanced age, we used an in vitro approach to prime SARS-CoV-2-specific naive CD8+ T cells from healthy, unexposed donors of different age groups. Compared to younger adults, older individuals display a poor SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell priming capacity in terms of both magnitude and quality of the response. In addition, older subjects recognize a lower number of epitopes. Our results implicate that immune aging is associated with altered primary SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gallerani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Proietto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Dallan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Campagnaro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pacifico
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Albanese
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Marzola
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Caputo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Victor Appay
- CNRS UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Riccardo Gavioli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicoli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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221
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García-Torre A, Bueno-García E, López-Martínez R, Rioseras B, Moro-García MA, Alonso-Alvarez S, Lluna-González A, Sousa-Fernández A, Fernández-Gudin M, Campos-Riopedre L, Castro-Del Cueto C, Pérez-Fernéndez AB, Alonso-Rodríguez A, Menéndez-Peña C, Menéndez-Peña L, García-Arnaldo N, Feito-Díaz E, Fernández-Lorences A, Fraile-Manzano A, Fernández-Iglesias C, Rivera JA, Pérez-Fonseca C, Urdiales-Ruano E, Debán-Fernández M, Mendes-Moreira H, Herrero-Puente P, Alonso-Arias R. Surviving older patients show preserved cellular and humoral immunological memory several months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:33-40. [PMID: 34252180 PMCID: PMC8406858 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how older people respond to severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical if we are to confront the coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and establish effective vaccination strategies.
Immunosenescence reduces the ability to respond to neoantigens and may
compromise the life of infected individuals. Here, we analyzed the immunological
memory to SARS-CoV-2 in 102 recovered patients aged over 60 years several months
after the infection had been resolved. Specific memory T lymphocytes against the
virus were measured by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and granzyme B release by
ELISpot; memory B-lymphocyte responses were quantified by detection of anti-S
IgG1 producer cells by ELISpot and anti-S and anti-N antibodies were determined
by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Memory T lymphocytes were found in
peripheral blood of most of the studied donors, more than 7 months after the
infection in some of them. Fewer patients maintained memory B lymphocytes, but
antibodies, mainly anti-S, were highly durable and positively correlated with T
responses. More robust humoral responses were found in patients who had more
severe symptoms and had been admitted to hospital. We concluded that specific
immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is effectively preserved regardless of age, despite
the great heterogeneity of their immune responses, and that memory T lymphocytes
and anti-S IgG might be more durable than memory B cells and anti-N IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra García-Torre
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva Bueno-García
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rocío López-Martínez
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rioseras
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marco Antonio Moro-García
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Medicine Laboratory Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Alonso-Alvarez
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Haematology and Haemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alba Lluna-González
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandra Sousa-Fernández
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-Gudin
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Campos-Riopedre
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Corina Castro-Del Cueto
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Pérez-Fernéndez
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso-Rodríguez
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carla Menéndez-Peña
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lara Menéndez-Peña
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Noelia García-Arnaldo
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Estefanía Feito-Díaz
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Adriana Fernández-Lorences
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Agustín Fraile-Manzano
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carolina Fernández-Iglesias
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Arturo Rivera
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Fonseca
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Urdiales-Ruano
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Debán-Fernández
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Hugo Mendes-Moreira
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Herrero-Puente
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011-Oviedo, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011-Oviedo, Spain
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A novel geo-hierarchical population mobility model for spatial spreading of resurgent epidemics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14341. [PMID: 34253835 PMCID: PMC8275763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational models for large, resurgent epidemics are recognized as a crucial tool for predicting the spread of infectious diseases. It is widely agreed, that such models can be augmented with realistic multiscale population models and by incorporating human mobility patterns. Nevertheless, a large proportion of recent studies, aimed at better understanding global epidemics, like influenza, measles, H1N1, SARS, and COVID-19, underestimate the role of heterogeneous mixing in populations, characterized by strong social structures and geography. Motivated by the reduced tractability of studies employing homogeneous mixing, which make conclusions hard to deduce, we propose a new, very fine-grained model incorporating the spatial distribution of population into geographical settlements, with a hierarchical organization down to the level of households (inside which we assume homogeneous mixing). In addition, population is organized heterogeneously outside households, and we model the movement of individuals using travel distance and frequency parameters for inter- and intra-settlement movement. Discrete event simulation, employing an adapted SIR model with relapse, reproduces important qualitative characteristics of real epidemics, like high variation in size and temporal heterogeneity (e.g., waves), that are challenging to reproduce and to quantify with existing measures. Our results pinpoint an important aspect, that epidemic size is more sensitive to the increase in distance of travel, rather that the frequency of travel. Finally, we discuss implications for the control of epidemics by integrating human mobility restrictions, as well as progressive vaccination of individuals.
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223
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Polat C, Ergunay K. Insights into the virologic and immunologic features of SARS-COV-2. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:5007-5018. [PMID: 34307551 PMCID: PMC8283606 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immunity is crucial in determining the clinical course and prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019, where some systemic and severe manifestations are associated with excessive or suboptimal responses. Several antigenic epitopes in spike, nucleocapsid and membrane proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 are targeted by the immune system, and a robust response with innate and adaptive components develops in infected individuals. High titer neutralizing antibodies and a balanced T cell response appears to constitute the optimal immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, where innate and mucosal defenses also contribute significantly. Following exposure, immunological memory seems to develop and be maintained for substantial periods. Here, we provide an overview of the main aspects in antiviral immunity involving innate and adaptive responses with insights into virus structure, individual variations pertaining to disease severity as well as long-term protective immunity expected to be attained by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceylan Polat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Koray Ergunay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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224
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Siggins MK, Thwaites RS, Openshaw PJM. Durability of Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:648-662. [PMID: 33896688 PMCID: PMC8026254 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Even in nonpandemic times, respiratory viruses account for a vast global burden of disease. They remain a major cause of illness and death and they pose a perpetual threat of breaking out into epidemics and pandemics. Many of these respiratory viruses infect repeatedly and appear to induce only narrow transient immunity, but the situation varies from one virus to another. In the absence of effective specific treatments, understanding the role of immunity in protection, disease, and resolution is of paramount importance. These problems have been brought into sharp focus by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we summarise what is now known about adaptive immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and draw comparisons with immunity to other respiratory viruses, focusing on the longevity of protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Siggins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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225
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SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory is sustained in COVID-19 convalescent patients for 10 months with successful development of stem cell-like memory T cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4043. [PMID: 34193870 PMCID: PMC8245549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells contribute to rapid viral clearance during re-infection, but the longevity and differentiation of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells remain unclear. Here we conduct ex vivo assays to evaluate SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent patients up to 317 days post-symptom onset (DPSO), and find that memory T cell responses are maintained during the study period regardless of the severity of COVID-19. In particular, we observe sustained polyfunctionality and proliferation capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Among SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells detected by activation-induced markers, the proportion of stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cells is increased, peaking at approximately 120 DPSO. Development of TSCM cells is confirmed by SARS-CoV-2-specific MHC-I multimer staining. Considering the self-renewal capacity and multipotency of TSCM cells, our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells are long-lasting after recovery from COVID-19, thus support the feasibility of effective vaccination programs as a measure for COVID-19 control. T cells are instrumental to protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Here the authors show that, in convalescent COVID-19 patients, memory T cell responses are detectable up to 317 days post-symptom onset, in which the presence of stem cell-like memory T cells further hints long-lasting immunity.
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226
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Jung MK, Shin EC. Phenotypes and Functions of SARS-CoV-2-Reactive T Cells. Mol Cells 2021; 44:401-407. [PMID: 34120892 PMCID: PMC8245315 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is an ongoing pandemic disease. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses have been detected and characterized not only in COVID-19 patients and convalescents, but also unexposed individuals. Here, we review the phenotypes and functions of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients and the relationships between SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses and COVID-19 severity. In addition, we describe the phenotypes and functions of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells after recovery from COVID-19 and discuss the presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in unexposed individuals and SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses elicited by COVID-19 vaccines. A better understanding of T-cell responses is important for effective control of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Jung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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227
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Motozono C, Toyoda M, Zahradnik J, Saito A, Nasser H, Tan TS, Ngare I, Kimura I, Uriu K, Kosugi Y, Yue Y, Shimizu R, Ito J, Torii S, Yonekawa A, Shimono N, Nagasaki Y, Minami R, Toya T, Sekiya N, Fukuhara T, Matsuura Y, Schreiber G, Ikeda T, Nakagawa S, Ueno T, Sato K. SARS-CoV-2 spike L452R variant evades cellular immunity and increases infectivity. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1124-1136.e11. [PMID: 34171266 PMCID: PMC8205251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Many SARS-CoV-2 variants with naturally acquired mutations have emerged. These mutations can affect viral properties such as infectivity and immune resistance. Although the sensitivity of naturally occurring SARS-CoV-2 variants to humoral immunity has been investigated, sensitivity to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted cellular immunity remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that two recently emerging mutations in the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, L452R (in B.1.427/429 and B.1.617) and Y453F (in B.1.1.298), confer escape from HLA-A24-restricted cellular immunity. These mutations reinforce affinity toward the host entry receptor ACE2. Notably, the L452R mutation increases spike stability, viral infectivity, viral fusogenicity, and thereby promotes viral replication. These data suggest that HLA-restricted cellular immunity potentially affects the evolution of viral phenotypes and that a further threat of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is escape from cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Motozono
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Mako Toyoda
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Jiri Zahradnik
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan
| | - Hesham Nasser
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41511, Egypt
| | - Toong Seng Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Isaac Ngare
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Izumi Kimura
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Keiya Uriu
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kosugi
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Yuan Yue
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Ryo Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Akiko Yonekawa
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimono
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagasaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospitalization Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka 8108563, Japan
| | - Rumi Minami
- Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka 8108563, Japan
| | - Takashi Toya
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 1138677, Japan
| | - Noritaka Sekiya
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 1138677, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 1138677, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 0608638, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan.
| | - So Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 2591193, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 3220012, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan.
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 3220012, Japan.
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228
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Vulpis E, Giulimondi F, Digiacomo L, Zingoni A, Safavi-Sohi R, Sharifi S, Caracciolo G, Mahmoudi M. The Possible Role of Sex As an Important Factor in Development and Administration of Lipid Nanomedicine-Based COVID-19 Vaccine. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2448-2453. [PMID: 33983745 PMCID: PMC8130523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has demonstrated a substantial role in vaccine development against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19). Although nanomedicine-based vaccines have now been validated in millions of individuals worldwide in phase 4 and tracking of sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 is ongoing, immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes have not been clarified yet. A full understanding of sex-role effects on the response to nanomedicine products is essential to building an effective and unbiased response to the pandemic. Here, we exposed model lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to whole blood of 18 healthy donors (10 females and 8 males) and used flow cytometry to measure cellular uptake by circulating leukocytes. Our results demonstrated significant differences in the uptake of LNP between male and female natural killer (NK) cells. The results of this proof-of-concept study show the importance of recipient sex as a critical factor which enables researchers to better consider sex in the development and administration of vaccines for safer and more-efficient sex-specific outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vulpis
- Department of Molecular Medicine,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Italy
| | | | - Luca Digiacomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Italy
| | - Reihaneh Safavi-Sohi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Italy
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
- Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women’s Health
and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United
States
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229
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Abstract
Antibiotics underpin the 'modern medicine' that has increased life expectancy, leading to societies with sizeable vulnerable elderly populations who have suffered disproportionately during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Governments have responded by shuttering economies, limiting social interactions and refocusing healthcare. There are implications for antibiotic resistance both during and after these events. During spring 2020, COVID-19-stressed ICUs relaxed stewardship, perhaps promoting resistance. Counterpoised to this, more citizens died at home and total hospital antibiotic use declined, reducing selection pressure. Restricted travel and social distancing potentially reduced community import and transmission of resistant bacteria, though hard data are lacking. The future depends on the vaccines now being deployed. Unequivocal vaccine success should allow a swift return to normality. Vaccine failure followed by extended and successful non-pharmaceutical suppression may lead to the same point, but only after some delay, and with indefinite travel restrictions; sustainability is doubtful. Alternatively, failure of vaccines and control measures may prompt acceptance that we must live with the virus, as in the prolonged 1889-94 'influenza' (or coronavirus OC43) pandemic. Vaccine failure scenarios, particularly those accepting 'learning to live with the virus', favour increased outpatient management of non-COVID-19 infections using oral and long t ½ antibiotics. Ultimately, all models-except those envisaging societal collapse-suggest that COVID-19 will be controlled and that hospitals will revert to pre-2020 patterns with a large backlog of non-COVID-19 patients awaiting treatment. Clearing this will increase workloads, stresses, nosocomial infections, antibiotic use and resistance. New antibiotics, including cefiderocol, are part of the answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Livermore
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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230
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Cromer D, Juno JA, Khoury D, Reynaldi A, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Davenport MP. Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:395-404. [PMID: 33927374 PMCID: PMC8082486 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is central to long-term control of the current pandemic. Despite our rapidly advancing knowledge of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2, understanding how these responses translate into protection against reinfection at both the individual and population levels remains a major challenge. An ideal outcome following infection or after vaccination would be a highly protective and durable immunity that allows for the establishment of high levels of population immunity. However, current studies suggest a decay of neutralizing antibody responses in convalescent patients, and documented cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection are increasing. Understanding the dynamics of memory responses to SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms of immune control are crucial for the rational design and deployment of vaccines and for understanding the possible future trajectories of the pandemic. Here, we summarize our current understanding of immune responses to and immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and the implications for prevention of reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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231
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Barrios Y, Franco A, Sánchez-Machín I, Poza-Guedes P, González-Pérez R, Matheu V. The Beauty of Simplicity: Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reaction to Measure Cellular Immune Responses in RNA-SARS-Cov-2 Vaccinated Individuals. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060575. [PMID: 34205888 PMCID: PMC8227045 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Monitoring cellular immune responses elicited in vaccinated individuals is highly complicated. Methods: 28 individuals participated during the vaccination process with 12 BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer) vaccine. Specific anti-RBD IgG using a classic ELISA was performed in days 10 and 20 (after one dose of the vaccine) and on day 35 (after two vaccine doses) in serum samples of all participants. In parallel, DTH (delayed-type hypersensitivity) Skin Test using S protein was performed before (11/28) and after two doses (28/28) of the vaccine. Results: 6/28 individuals were considered positive for the specific anti-RBD IgG positive at day 10, whereas all 28 individuals were positive at day 20. Moreover, 28/28 individuals increased the OD ratios at day 36 (2 doses). DTH cutaneous test was performed on 11/28 participants at day 20 (1 dose) showing 8/11 a positive reaction at 12 h. DTH of all participants was performed on day 36 (2 doses), showing 28/28 positive reactions at 12 h. Conclusion: This report describes the first publication of the results obtained using an in vivo method, the classical DTH response to the Spike protein to assess T-cell immune responses in vaccinated individuals. This affordable and simple test would help to answer basic immunogenicity questions on large-scale population vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvelise Barrios
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (Y.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Andres Franco
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (Y.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Inmaculada Sánchez-Machín
- Department of Allergy, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (P.P.-G.); (R.G.-P.)
| | - Paloma Poza-Guedes
- Department of Allergy, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (P.P.-G.); (R.G.-P.)
| | - Ruperto González-Pérez
- Department of Allergy, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (P.P.-G.); (R.G.-P.)
| | - Victor Matheu
- Department of Allergy, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (P.P.-G.); (R.G.-P.)
- Correspondence:
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232
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Saxena A, Guttmann A, Masson M, Kim MY, Haberman RH, Castillo R, Scher JU, Deonaraine KK, Engel AJ, Belmont HM, Blazer AD, Buyon JP, Fernandez-Ruiz R, Izmirly PM. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody reactivity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of a multi-racial and multi-ethnic cohort. LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY 2021; 3:e585-e594. [PMID: 34075358 PMCID: PMC8159192 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk of developing COVID-19 due to underlying immune abnormalities and regular use of immunosuppressant medications. We aimed to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in patients with SLE with or without previous COVID-19-related symptoms or RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods For this analysis, we included patients with SLE from two cohorts based in New York City: the Web-based Assessment of Autoimmune, Immune-Mediated and Rheumatic Patients during the COVID-19 pandemic (WARCOV) study; and the NYU Lupus Cohort (a prospective registry of patients at NYU Langone Health and NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue). Patients in both cohorts were tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies via commercially available immunoassays, processed through hospital or outpatient laboratories. Patients recruited from the NYU Lupus Cohort, referred from affiliated providers, or admitted to hospital with COVID-19 were tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies as part of routine surveillance during follow-up clinical visits. Findings 329 patients with SLE were included in this analysis, 146 from the WARCOV study and 183 from the NYU Lupus Cohort, and were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies between April 29, 2020, and Feb 9, 2021. 309 (94%) were women and 91 (28%) were of Hispanic ethnicity. 51 (16%) of 329 patients had a positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test. Seropositive patients were more likely than seronegative patients to be Hispanic (24 [47%] of 51 vsz 67 [24%] of 278). Other demographic variables, SLE-specific factors, and immunosuppressant use were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Of the 29 patients with COVID-19 previously confirmed by RT-PCR, 18 (62%) were on immunosuppressants; 24 (83%) of 29 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Of 17 patients who had symptoms of COVID-19 but negative concurrent RT-PCR testing, one (6%) developed an antibody response. Of 26 patients who had COVID-19-related symptoms but did not undergo RT-PCR testing, six (23%) developed an antibody response. Of 83 patients who had no symptoms of COVID-19 and no RT-PCR testing, four (5%) developed an antibody response. Among 36 patients who were initially SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive, the majority maintained reactivity serially (88% up to 10 weeks, 83% up to 20 weeks, and 80% up to 30 weeks). Seven (70%) of ten patients with confirmed COVID-19 had antibody positivity beyond 30 weeks from disease onset. Interpretation Most patients with SLE and confirmed COVID-19 were able to produce and maintain a serological response despite the use of a variety of immunosuppressants, providing reassurance about the efficacy and durability of humoral immunity and possible protection against re-infection with SARS-CoV-2. Funding National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and Bloomberg Philanthropies COVID-19 Response Initiative Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Saxena
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Allison Guttmann
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Mala Masson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Mimi Y Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca H Haberman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Rochelle Castillo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Jose U Scher
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Kristina K Deonaraine
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Alexis J Engel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - H Michael Belmont
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Ashira D Blazer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Ruth Fernandez-Ruiz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Peter M Izmirly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
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233
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Repeated Exposure to Subinfectious Doses of SARS-CoV-2 May Promote T Cell Immunity and Protection against Severe COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060961. [PMID: 34067349 PMCID: PMC8224680 DOI: 10.3390/v13060961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Europe is experiencing a third wave of COVID-19 due to the spread of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants. A number of positive and negative factors constantly shape the rates of COVID-19 infections, hospitalization, and mortality. Among these factors, the rise in increasingly transmissible variants on one side and the effect of vaccinations on the other side create a picture deeply different from that of the first pandemic wave. Starting from the observation that in several European countries the number of COVID-19 infections in the second and third pandemic wave increased without a proportional rise in disease severity and mortality, we hypothesize the existence of an additional factor influencing SARS-CoV-2 dynamics. This factor consists of an immune defence against severe COVID-19, provided by SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells progressively developing upon natural exposure to low virus doses present in populated environments. As suggested by recent studies, low-dose viral particles entering the respiratory and intestinal tracts may be able to induce T cell memory in the absence of inflammation, potentially resulting in different degrees of immunization. In this scenario, non-pharmaceutical interventions would play a double role, one in the short term by reducing the detrimental spreading of SARS-CoV-2 particles, and one in the long term by allowing the development of a widespread (although heterogeneous and uncontrollable) form of immune protection.
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234
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Ward BJ, Gobeil P, Séguin A, Atkins J, Boulay I, Charbonneau PY, Couture M, D'Aoust MA, Dhaliwall J, Finkle C, Hager K, Mahmood A, Makarkov A, Cheng MP, Pillet S, Schimke P, St-Martin S, Trépanier S, Landry N. Phase 1 randomized trial of a plant-derived virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19. Nat Med 2021; 27:1071-1078. [PMID: 34007070 PMCID: PMC8205852 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are being deployed, but the global need greatly exceeds the supply, and different formulations might be required for specific populations. Here we report Day 42 interim safety and immunogenicity data from an observer-blinded, dose escalation, randomized controlled study of a virus-like particle vaccine candidate produced in plants that displays the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (CoVLP: NCT04450004). The co-primary outcomes were the short-term tolerability/safety and immunogenicity of CoVLP formulations assessed by neutralizing antibody (NAb) and cellular responses. Secondary outcomes in this ongoing study include safety and immunogenicity assessments up to 12 months after vaccination. Adults (18–55 years, n = 180) were randomized at two sites in Quebec, Canada, to receive two intramuscular doses of CoVLP (3.75 μg, 7.5 μg, and 15 μg) 21 d apart, alone or adjuvanted with AS03 or CpG1018. All formulations were well tolerated, and adverse events after vaccination were generally mild to moderate, transient and highest in the adjuvanted groups. There was no CoVLP dose effect on serum NAbs, but titers increased significantly with both adjuvants. After the second dose, NAbs in the CoVLP + AS03 groups were more than tenfold higher than titers in Coronavirus 2019 convalescent sera. Both spike protein-specific interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cellular responses were also induced. This pre-specified interim analysis supports further evaluation of the CoVLP vaccine candidate. Safety and immunogenicity results in humans of a two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine made from plants support further assessment of potential efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Ward
- Medicago Inc., Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. .,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew P Cheng
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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235
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Zhang C, Jin X, Chen X, Qiu L, Leng Q, Qiu T. Antigenic Evolution on a Global Scale Reveals the Potential Natural Selection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 by Pre-existing Cross-Reactive T-Cell Immunity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:599562. [PMID: 34093454 PMCID: PMC8169977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.599562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutation pattern of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has changed constantly during worldwide community transmission of this virus. However, the reasons for the changes in mutation patterns are still unclear. Accordingly, in this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of over 300 million peptides derived from 13,432 SARS-CoV-2 strains harboring 4,420 amino acid mutations to analyze the potential selective pressure of the host immune system and reveal the driver of mutations in circulating SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The results showed that the nonstructural protein ORF1ab and the structural protein Spike were most susceptible to mutations. Furthermore, mutations in cross-reactive T-cell epitopes between SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal human coronavirus may help SARS-CoV-2 to escape cellular immunity under long-term and large-scale community transmission. Additionally, through homology modeling and protein docking, mutations in Spike protein may enhance the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to invade host cells and escape antibody-mediated B-cell immunity. Our research provided insights into the potential mutation patterns of SARS-CoV-2 under natural selection, improved our understanding of the evolution of the virus, and established important guidance for potential vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanxuan Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qibin Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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236
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Harris RJ, Whitaker HJ, Andrews NJ, Aiano F, Amin-Chowdhury Z, Flood J, Borrow R, Linley E, Ahmad S, Stapley L, Hallis B, Amirthalingam G, Höschler K, Parker B, Horsley A, Brooks TJG, Brown KE, Ramsay ME, Ladhani SN. Serological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Six-month trends and antibody response in a cohort of public health workers. J Infect 2021; 82:162-169. [PMID: 33766553 PMCID: PMC7982645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody waning after SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in reduction in long-term immunity following natural infection and vaccination, and is therefore a major public health issue. We undertook prospective serosurveillance in a large cohort of healthy adults from the start of the epidemic in England. METHODS Clinical and non-clinical healthcare workers were recruited across three English regions and tested monthly from March to November 2020 for SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and nucleoprotein (N) antibodies using five different immunoassays. In positive individuals, antibody responses and long-term trends were modelled using mixed effects regression. FINDINGS In total, 2246 individuals attended 12,247 visits and 264 were seropositive in ≥ 2 assays. Most seroconversions occurred between March and April 2020. The assays showed > 85% agreement for ever-positivity, although this changed markedly over time. Antibodies were detected earlier with Abbott (N) but declined rapidly thereafter. With the EuroImmun (S) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) assays, responses increased for 4 weeks then fell until week 12-16 before stabilising. For Roche (N), responses increased until 8 weeks, stabilised, then declined, but most remained above the positive threshold. For Roche (S), responses continued to climb over the full 24 weeks, with no sero-reversions. Predicted proportions sero-reverting after 52 weeks were 100% for Abbott, 59% (95% credible interval 50-68%) Euroimmun, 41% (30-52%) RBD, 10% (8-14%) Roche (N) < 2% Roche (S). INTERPRETATION Trends in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies following infection are highly dependent on the assay used. Ongoing serosurveillance using multiple assays is critical for monitoring the course and long-term progression of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Harris
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Heather J Whitaker
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Nick J Andrews
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Felicity Aiano
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, PHE Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Zahin Amin-Chowdhury
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, PHE Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Jessica Flood
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, PHE Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Ray Borrow
- Sero-epidemiology Unit, Public Health England, Public Health Laboratory Manchester, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Ezra Linley
- Sero-epidemiology Unit, Public Health England, Public Health Laboratory Manchester, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | | | - Lorraine Stapley
- Immunoassay Lab, National Infection Service, Porton Down, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- Immunoassay Lab, National Infection Service, Porton Down, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Gayatri Amirthalingam
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, PHE Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Katja Höschler
- Virus Reference Department, Reference Microbiology, Public Health England Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Ben Parker
- NIHR Manchester Clinical Research Facility, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Alex Horsley
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Timothy J G Brooks
- Rare & Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury SO4 0JG, UK
| | - Kevin E Brown
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, PHE Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Mary E Ramsay
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, PHE Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, PHE Colindale, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (PIDRG), St. Georges University of London (SGUL), London, UK.
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237
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Abstract
T cell responses probably play important roles in the control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but they have been relatively understudied. Data now suggest that the majority of infected individuals develop robust and long-lasting T cell immunity, which has implications for the durability of immunity and future vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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238
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Ward H, Cooke GS, Atchison C, Whitaker M, Elliott J, Moshe M, Brown JC, Flower B, Daunt A, Ainslie K, Ashby D, Donnelly CA, Riley S, Darzi A, Barclay W, Elliott P. Prevalence of antibody positivity to SARS-CoV-2 following the first peak of infection in England: Serial cross-sectional studies of 365,000 adults. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2021; 4:100098. [PMID: 33969335 PMCID: PMC8088780 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The time-concentrated nature of the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in England in March and April 2020 provides a natural experiment to measure changes in antibody positivity at the population level before onset of the second wave and initiation of the vaccination programme. METHODS Three cross-sectional national surveys with non-overlapping random samples of the population in England undertaken between late June and September 2020 (REACT-2 study). 365,104 adults completed questionnaires and self-administered lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) tests for IgG against SARS-CoV-2. FINDINGS Overall, 17,576 people had detectable antibodies, a prevalence of 4.9% (95% confidence intervals 4.9, 5.0) when adjusted for test characteristics and weighted to the adult population of England. The prevalence declined from 6.0% (5.8, 6.1), to 4.8% (4.7, 5.0) and 4.4% (4.3, 4.5), over the three rounds of the study a difference of -26.5% (-29.0, -23.8). The highest prevalence and smallest overall decline in positivity was in the youngest age group (18-24 years) at -14.9% (-21.6, -8.1), and lowest prevalence and largest decline in the oldest group (>74 years) at -39.0% (-50.8, -27.2). The decline from June to September 2020 was largest in those who did not report a history of COVID-19 at -64.0% (-75.6, -52.3), compared to -22.3% (-27.0, -17.7) in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed on PCR. INTERPRETATION A large proportion of the population remained susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection in England based on naturally acquired immunity from the first wave. Widespread vaccination is needed to confer immunity and control the epidemic at population level. FUNDING This work was funded by the Department of Health and Social Care in England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ward
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Global infectious Disease Analysis and Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Graham S. Cooke
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Christina Atchison
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthew Whitaker
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Joshua Elliott
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Maya Moshe
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Barnaby Flower
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anna Daunt
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kylie Ainslie
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Centre for Global infectious Disease Analysis and Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Deborah Ashby
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Centre for Global infectious Disease Analysis and Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Steven Riley
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Centre for Global infectious Disease Analysis and Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ara Darzi
- Institute for Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Health Data Research (HDR) UK London, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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239
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Harvey RA, Rassen JA, Kabelac CA, Turenne W, Leonard S, Klesh R, Meyer WA, Kaufman HW, Anderson S, Cohen O, Petkov VI, Cronin KA, Van Dyke AL, Lowy DR, Sharpless NE, Penberthy LT. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositive Antibody Test With Risk of Future Infection. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181:672-679. [PMID: 33625463 PMCID: PMC7905701 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Importance Understanding the effect of serum antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on susceptibility to infection is important for identifying at-risk populations and could have implications for vaccine deployment. Objective The study purpose was to evaluate evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on diagnostic nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) among patients with positive vs negative test results for antibodies in an observational descriptive cohort study of clinical laboratory and linked claims data. Design, Setting, and Participants The study created cohorts from a deidentified data set composed of commercial laboratory tests, medical and pharmacy claims, electronic health records, and hospital chargemaster data. Patients were categorized as antibody-positive or antibody-negative according to their first SARS-CoV-2 antibody test in the database. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary end points were post-index diagnostic NAAT results, with infection defined as a positive diagnostic test post-index, measured in 30-day intervals (0-30, 31-60, 61-90, >90 days). Additional measures included demographic, geographic, and clinical characteristics at the time of the index antibody test, including recorded signs and symptoms or prior evidence of coronavirus 2019 (COVID) diagnoses or positive NAAT results and recorded comorbidities. Results The cohort included 3 257 478 unique patients with an index antibody test; 56% were female with a median (SD) age of 48 (20) years. Of these, 2 876 773 (88.3%) had a negative index antibody result, and 378 606 (11.6%) had a positive index antibody result. Patients with a negative antibody test result were older than those with a positive result (mean age 48 vs 44 years). Of index-positive patients, 18.4% converted to seronegative over the follow-up period. During the follow-up periods, the ratio (95% CI) of positive NAAT results among individuals who had a positive antibody test at index vs those with a negative antibody test at index was 2.85 (95% CI, 2.73-2.97) at 0 to 30 days, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.6-0.74) at 31 to 60 days, 0.29 (95% CI, 0.24-0.35) at 61 to 90 days, and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.05-0.19) at more than 90 days. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, patients with positive antibody test results were initially more likely to have positive NAAT results, consistent with prolonged RNA shedding, but became markedly less likely to have positive NAAT results over time, suggesting that seropositivity is associated with protection from infection. The duration of protection is unknown, and protection may wane over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valentina I. Petkov
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathy A. Cronin
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alison L. Van Dyke
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Douglas R. Lowy
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Norman E. Sharpless
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lynne T. Penberthy
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Ma T, Ryu H, McGregor M, Babcock B, Neidleman J, Xie G, George AF, Frouard J, Murray V, Gill G, Ghosn E, Newell E, Lee S, Roan NR. Protracted yet coordinated differentiation of long-lived SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells during COVID-19 convalescence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.04.28.441880. [PMID: 33948597 PMCID: PMC8095211 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.28.441880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are important antiviral effectors that can potentiate long-lived immunity against COVID-19, but a detailed characterization of these cells has been hampered by technical challenges. We screened 21 well-characterized, longitudinally-sampled convalescent donors that recovered from mild COVID-19 against a collection of SARS-CoV-2 tetramers, and identified one participant with an immunodominant response against Nuc322-331, a peptide that is conserved in all the SARS-CoV-2 variants-of-concern reported to date. We conducted 38-parameter CyTOF phenotyping on tetramer-identified Nuc322-331-specific CD8+ T cells, and on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognizing the entire nucleocapsid and spike proteins from SARS-CoV-2, and took 32 serological measurements on longitudinal specimens from this participant. We discovered a coordination of the Nuc322-331-specific CD8+ T response with both the CD4+ T cell and antibody pillars of adaptive immunity. Nuc322-331-specific CD8+ T cells were predominantly central memory T cells, but continually evolved over a ~6-month period of convalescence. We observed a slow and progressive decrease in the activation state and polyfunctionality of the Nuc322-331-specific CD8+ T cells, accompanied by an increase in their lymph-node homing and homeostatic proliferation potential. These results suggest that following a typical case of mild COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells not only persist but continuously differentiate in a coordinated fashion well into convalescence, into a state characteristic of long-lived, self-renewing memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongcui Ma
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heeju Ryu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Babcock
- Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guorui Xie
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashley F. George
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Frouard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Murray
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gurjot Gill
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eliver Ghosn
- Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evan Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sulggi Lee
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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241
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Müller TM, Becker E, Wiendl M, Schulze LL, Voskens C, Völkl S, Kremer AE, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Circulating Adaptive Immune Cells Expressing the Gut Homing Marker α4β7 Integrin Are Decreased in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639329. [PMID: 33959123 PMCID: PMC8093414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a wide range of symptoms including gastrointestinal manifestations, and intestinal epithelial cells are a target of the virus. However, it is unknown how the intestinal immune system contributes to systemic immune responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods We characterized peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with active COVID-19 and convalescent patients as well as healthy controls by flow cytometry. Results The frequency and absolute number of circulating memory T and B cells expressing the gut homing integrin α4β7 integrin was reduced during COVID-19, whether gastrointestinal symptoms were present or not. While total IgA-expressing B cells were increased, gut-imprinted B cells with IgA expression were stable. Conclusion COVID-19 is associated with a decrease in circulating adaptive immune cells expressing the key gut homing marker α4β7 suggesting that these cells are preferentially recruited to extra-intestinal tissues independently of α4β7 or that the systemic immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is at least numerically dominated by extraintestinal, particularly pulmonary, immune cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja M Müller
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Emily Becker
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wiendl
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Lou Schulze
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caroline Voskens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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242
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Bates TA, Leier HC, Lyski ZL, McBride SK, Coulter FJ, Weinstein JB, Goodman JR, Lu Z, Siegel SAR, Sullivan P, Strnad M, Brunton AE, Lee DX, Curlin ME, Messer WB, Tafesse FG. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and vaccinated serum. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.04.04.21254881. [PMID: 33851185 PMCID: PMC8043482 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.04.21254881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We tested human sera from large, demographically balanced cohorts of BNT162b2 vaccine recipients (n=51) and COVID-19 patients (n=44) for neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. Although the effect is more pronounced in the vaccine cohort, both B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 show significantly reduced levels of neutralization by vaccinated and convalescent sera. Age is negatively correlated with neutralization in vaccinee, and levels of variant-specific RBD antibodies are proportional to neutralizing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hans C. Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zoe L. Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Felicity J. Coulter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jules B. Weinstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - James R. Goodman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zhengchun Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sarah A. R. Siegel
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR 97339
| | - Peter Sullivan
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR 97339
| | - Matt Strnad
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR 97339
| | - Amanda E. Brunton
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR 97339
| | - David X. Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Marcel E. Curlin
- USA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR 97339
- USA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
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243
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Immune memory in convalescent patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19. Cell Discov 2021; 7:18. [PMID: 33767156 PMCID: PMC7993859 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to evaluate the durability of the protective immune response elicited by primary infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we systematically evaluated the SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cell and T cell responses in healthy controls and individuals recovered from asymptomatic or symptomatic infection approximately 6 months prior. Comparatively low frequencies of memory B cells specific for the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike glycoprotein (S) persisted in the peripheral blood of individuals who recovered from infection (median 0.62%, interquartile range 0.48-0.69). The SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific memory B cell response was detected in 2 of 13 individuals who recovered from asymptomatic infection and 10 of 20 individuals who recovered from symptomatic infection. T cell responses induced by S, membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) peptide libraries from SARS-CoV-2 were observed in individuals recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and cross-reactive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were also detected in healthy controls.
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244
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Elyanow R, Snyder TM, Dalai SC, Gittelman RM, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Wald A, Selke S, Wener MH, Morishima C, Greninger AL, Holbrook MR, Kaplan IM, Zahid HJ, Carlson JM, Baldo L, Manley T, Robins HS, Koelle DM. T-cell receptor sequencing identifies prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and correlates with neutralizing antibody titers and disease severity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.03.19.21251426. [PMID: 33791723 PMCID: PMC8010755 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.19.21251426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Measuring the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 can enable the assessment of past infection as well as protective immunity and the risk of reinfection. While neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers are one measure of protection, such assays are challenging to perform at a large scale and the longevity of the SARS-CoV-2 nAb response is not fully understood. Here, we apply a T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing assay that can be performed on a small volume standard blood sample to assess the adaptive T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Samples were collected from a cohort of 302 individuals recovered from COVID-19 up to 6 months after infection. Previously published findings in this cohort showed that two commercially available SARS-CoV-2 serologic assays correlate well with nAb testing. We demonstrate that the magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response strongly correlates with nAb titer, as well as clinical indicators of disease severity including hospitalization, fever, or difficulty breathing. While the depth and breadth of the T-cell response declines during convalescence, the T-cell signal remains well above background with high sensitivity up to at least 6 months following initial infection. Compared to serology tests detecting binding antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleoprotein, the overall sensitivity of the TCR-based assay across the entire cohort and all timepoints was approximately 5% greater for identifying prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, the improved performance of T-cell testing compared to serology was most apparent in recovered individuals who were not hospitalized and were sampled beyond 150 days of their initial illness, suggesting that antibody testing may have reduced sensitivity in individuals who experienced less severe COVID-19 illness and at later timepoints. Finally, T-cell testing was able to identify SARS-CoV-2 infection in 68% (55/81) of convalescent samples having nAb titers below the lower limit of detection, as well as 37% (13/35) of samples testing negative by all three antibody assays. These results demonstrate the utility of a TCR-based assay as a scalable, reliable measure of past SARS-CoV-2 infection across a spectrum of disease severity. Additionally, the TCR repertoire may be useful as a surrogate for protective immunity with additive clinical value beyond serologic or nAb testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudeb C. Dalai
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark H. Wener
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chihiro Morishima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alex L. Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Integrated Research Facility, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lance Baldo
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Alrubayyi A, Gea-Mallorquí E, Touizer E, Hameiri-Bowen D, Kopycinski J, Charlton B, Fisher-Pearson N, Muir L, Rosa A, Roustan C, Earl C, Cherepanov P, Pellegrino P, Waters L, Burns F, Kinloch S, Dong T, Dorrell L, Rowland-Jones S, McCoy LE, Peppa D. Characterization of humoral and SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in people living with HIV. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-309746. [PMID: 33758833 PMCID: PMC7987102 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-309746/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to understand the nature of immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, to inform risk-mitigation strategies for people living with HIV (PLWH). We show that the majority of PLWH, controlled on ART, mount a functional adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Humoral and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are comparable between HIV-positive and negative subjects and persist 5-7 months following predominately mild COVID-19 disease. T cell responses against Spike, Membrane and Nucleocapsid are the most prominent, with SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells outnumbering CD8 T cells. We further show that the overall magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses relates to the size of the naive CD4 T cell pool and the CD4:CD8 ratio in PLWH, in whom disparate antibody and T cell responses are observed. These findings suggest that inadequate immune reconstitution on ART, could hinder immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with implications for the individual management and vaccine effectiveness in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Touizer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Hameiri-Bowen
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Charlton
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luke Muir
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annachiara Rosa
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Earl
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Waters
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Burns
- Institute for Global Health UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laura E. McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Phadke VK, Scanlon N, Jordan SC, Rouphael NG. Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2021; 8:127-139. [PMID: 33688459 PMCID: PMC7931983 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-021-00322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a complex interplay between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dynamics and host immune responses. Hosts with altered immunity, including solid organ transplant recipients, may be at increased risk of complications and death due to COVID-19. A synthesis of the available data on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection is needed to inform therapeutic and preventative strategies in this special population. RECENT FINDINGS Few studies have directly compared immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 between transplant recipients and the general population. Like non-transplant patients, transplant recipients mount an exuberant inflammatory response following initial SARS-CoV2 infection, with IL-6 levels correlating with disease severity in some, but not all studies. Transplant recipients display anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and activated B cells in a time frame and magnitude similar to non-transplant patients-limited data suggest these antibodies can be detected within 15 days of symptom onset and may be durable for several months. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphopenia, a hallmark of COVID-19, is more profound in transplant recipients, but SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells can be detected among patients with both mild and severe disease. SUMMARY The limited available data indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are similar between transplant recipients and the general population, but no studies have been sufficiently comprehensive to understand nuances between organ types or level of immunosuppression to meaningfully inform individualized therapeutic decisions. The ongoing pandemic provides an opportunity to generate higher-quality data to support rational treatment and vaccination strategies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun K. Phadke
- Emory University Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit (VTEU), Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030 USA
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Decatur, GA USA
| | - Nicholas Scanlon
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Decatur, GA USA
| | - Stanley C. Jordan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Nadine G. Rouphael
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Decatur, GA USA
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Subramanian R, He Q, Pascual M. Quantifying asymptomatic infection and transmission of COVID-19 in New York City using observed cases, serology, and testing capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019716118. [PMID: 33571106 PMCID: PMC7936345 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019716118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contributions of asymptomatic infections to herd immunity and community transmission are key to the resurgence and control of COVID-19, but are difficult to estimate using current models that ignore changes in testing capacity. Using a model that incorporates daily testing information fit to the case and serology data from New York City, we show that the proportion of symptomatic cases is low, ranging from 13 to 18%, and that the reproductive number may be larger than often assumed. Asymptomatic infections contribute substantially to herd immunity, and to community transmission together with presymptomatic ones. If asymptomatic infections transmit at similar rates as symptomatic ones, the overall reproductive number across all classes is larger than often assumed, with estimates ranging from 3.2 to 4.4. If they transmit poorly, then symptomatic cases have a larger reproductive number ranging from 3.9 to 8.1. Even in this regime, presymptomatic and asymptomatic cases together comprise at least 50% of the force of infection at the outbreak peak. We find no regimes in which all infection subpopulations have reproductive numbers lower than three. These findings elucidate the uncertainty that current case and serology data cannot resolve, despite consideration of different model structures. They also emphasize how temporal data on testing can reduce and better define this uncertainty, as we move forward through longer surveillance and second epidemic waves. Complementary information is required to determine the transmissibility of asymptomatic cases, which we discuss. Regardless, current assumptions about the basic reproductive number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Subramanian
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Qixin He
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
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248
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Madison AA, Shrout MR, Renna ME, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Psychological and Behavioral Predictors of Vaccine Efficacy: Considerations for COVID-19. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:191-203. [PMID: 33501900 PMCID: PMC7841255 DOI: 10.1177/1745691621989243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine candidates are being evaluated, with the goal of conferring immunity on the highest percentage of people who receive the vaccine as possible. It is noteworthy that vaccine efficacy depends not only on the vaccine but also on characteristics of the vaccinated. Over the past 30 years, a series of studies has documented the impact of psychological factors on the immune system's vaccine response. Robust evidence has demonstrated that stress, depression, loneliness, and poor health behaviors can impair the immune system's response to vaccines, and this effect may be greatest in vulnerable groups such as the elderly. Psychological factors are also implicated in the prevalence and severity of vaccine-related side effects. These findings have generalized across many vaccine types and therefore may be relevant to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In this review, we discuss these psychological and behavioral risk factors for poor vaccine responses, their relevance to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as targeted psychological and behavioral interventions to boost vaccine efficacy and reduce side effects. Recent data suggest these psychological and behavioral risk factors are highly prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic, but intervention research suggests that psychological and behavioral interventions can increase vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise A. Madison
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University
| | - M. Rosie Shrout
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | - Megan E. Renna
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | - Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
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Shayak B, Sharma MM, Gaur M, Mishra AK. Impact of reproduction number on the multiwave spreading dynamics of COVID-19 with temporary immunity: A mathematical model. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:649-654. [PMID: 33444746 PMCID: PMC7836705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The recent discoveries of phylogenetically confirmed COVID-19 reinfection cases worldwide, together with studies suggesting that antibody titres decrease over time, raise the question of what course the epidemic trajectories may take if immunity were really to be temporary in a significant fraction of the population. The objective of this study is to obtain an answer for this important question. METHODS We construct a ground-up delay differential equation model tailored to incorporate different types of immune response. We considered two immune responses: (a) short-lived immunity of all types, and (b) short-lived sterilizing immunity with durable severity-reducing immunity. RESULTS Multiple wave solutions to the model are manifest for intermediate values of the reproduction number R; interestingly, for sufficiently low as well as sufficiently high R, we find conventional single-wave solutions despite temporary immunity. CONCLUSIONS The versatility of our model, and its very modest demands on computational resources, ensure that a set of disease trajectories can be computed virtually on the same day that a new and relevant immune response study is released. Our work can also be used to analyse the disease dynamics after a vaccine is certified for use and information regarding its immune response becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shayak
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, NY, USA
| | - Mohit M Sharma
- Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York 10065, NY, USA.
| | - Manas Gaur
- College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, SC, USA
| | - Anand Kumar Mishra
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, NY, USA
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Sette A, Crotty S. Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Cell 2021; 184:861-880. [PMID: 33497610 PMCID: PMC7803150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1142] [Impact Index Per Article: 380.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is important for control of most viral infections. The three fundamental components of the adaptive immune system are B cells (the source of antibodies), CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. The armamentarium of B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells has differing roles in different viral infections and in vaccines, and thus it is critical to directly study adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 to understand COVID-19. Knowledge is now available on relationships between antigen-specific immune responses and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although more studies are needed, a picture has begun to emerge that reveals that CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and neutralizing antibodies all contribute to control of SARS-CoV-2 in both non-hospitalized and hospitalized cases of COVID-19. The specific functions and kinetics of these adaptive immune responses are discussed, as well as their interplay with innate immunity and implications for COVID-19 vaccines and immune memory against re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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