NF-κB signaling in inflammation

T-bet suppresses proliferation of malignant B cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

ABSTRACT

The T-box transcription factor T-bet is known as a master regulator of the T-cell response but its role in malignant B cells has not been sufficiently explored. Here, we conducted single-cell resolved multi-omics analyses of malignant B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and studied a CLL mouse model with a genetic knockout of Tbx21. We found that T-bet acts as a tumor suppressor in malignant B cells by decreasing their proliferation rate. NF-κB activity, induced by inflammatory signals provided by the microenvironment, triggered T-bet expression, which affected promoter-proximal and distal chromatin coaccessibility and controlled a specific gene signature by mainly suppressing transcription. Gene set enrichment analysis identified a positive regulation of interferon signaling and negative control of proliferation by T-bet. In line, we showed that T-bet represses cell cycling and is associated with longer overall survival of patients with CLL. Our study uncovered a novel tumor suppressive role of T-bet in malignant B cells via its regulation of inflammatory processes and cell cycling, which has implications for the stratification and therapy of patients with CLL. Linking T-bet activity to inflammation explains the good prognostic role of genetic alterations in the inflammatory signaling pathways in CLL.

Multiple sclerosis: the NLRP3 inflammasome, gasdermin D, and therapeutics

Multiple sclerosis (MS) stands as a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by its neurodegenerative impacts on the central nervous system. The complexity of MS and the significant challenges it poses to patients have made the exploration of effective treatments a crucial area of research. Among the various mechanisms under investigation, the role of inflammation in MS progression is of particular interest. Inflammatory responses within the body are regulated by various cellular mechanisms, one of which involves the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-, and pyrin domains (PYD)-containing protein 3 (NLRP3). NLRP3 acts as a sensor within cells, playing a pivotal role in controlling the inflammatory response. Its activation is a critical step leading to the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, a process that has profound implications for inflammatory diseases like MS. The NLRP3 inflammasome's activation is intricately linked to the subsequent activation of caspase 1 and gasdermin D (GsdmD), signaling pathways that are central to the inflammatory process. GsdmD, a prominent member of the Gasdermin protein family, is particularly noteworthy for its role in pyroptotic cell death, a form of programmed cell death that is distinct from apoptosis and is characterized by its inflammatory nature. This pathway's activation contributes significantly to the pathology of MS by exacerbating inflammatory responses within the nervous system. Given the detrimental effects of unregulated inflammation in MS, therapeutics targeting these inflammatory processes offer a promising avenue for alleviating the symptoms experienced by patients. This review delves into the intricacies of the pyroptotic pathways, highlighting how the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induces such pathways and the potential intervention points for therapeutic agents. By inhibiting key steps within these pathways, it is possible to mitigate the inflammatory response, thereby offering relief to those suffering from MS. Understanding these mechanisms not only sheds light on the pathophysiology of MS but also paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling the disease's progression through the modulation of the body's inflammatory response.

Honey vesicle-like nanoparticles protect aged liver from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has emerged as the leading cause of liver failure and related death. Currently, no medication is specifically approved to treat NAFLD or NASH. Here we report that oral administration of honey vesicle-like nanoparticles (H-VLNs) to naturally aged mice protects the liver from NASH development. H-VLNs are dominantly taken up by Kupffer cells in the liver and suppress hepatic chronic inflammation and further development of fibrosis and nodule formation in aged mice. Besides their reported anti-inflammasome function, H-VLNs are found to inhibit the transcriptional activities of C-JUN and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). MicroRNAs miR5119 and miR5108 and phenolic compound luteolin in H-VLNs are identified in suppressing both the C-JUN and NF-κB pathways. Collectively, oral intake of H-VLNs represents a promising new user-friendly modality to prevent the development of NASH.

The molecular mechanism of NF-κB dysregulation across different subtypes of renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a critical pathway that regulates various cellular functions, including immune response, proliferation, growth, and apoptosis. Furthermore, this pathway is tightly regulated to ensure stability in the presence of immunogenic triggers or genotoxic stimuli. The lack of control of the NF-κB pathway can lead to the initiation of different diseases, mainly autoimmune diseases and cancer, including Renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer and is characterized by complex genetic composition and elusive molecular mechanisms.

AIM OF REVIEW

The current review summarizes the mechanism of NF-κB dysregulation in different subtypes of RCC and its impact on pathogenesis.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT OF REVIEW

This review highlights the prominent role of NF-κB in RCC development and progression by driving the expression of multiple genes and interplaying with different pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. In silico analysis of RCC cohorts and molecular studies have revealed that multiple NF-κB members and target genes are dysregulated. The dysregulation includes receptors such as TLR2, signal-transmitting members including RelA, and target genes, for instance, HIF-1α. The lack of effective regulatory mechanisms results in a constitutively active NF-κB pathway, which promotes cancer growth, migration, and survival. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the role of dysregulated NF-κB-related genes in the most common subtypes of RCC, including clear cell RCC (ccRCC), chromophobe RCC (chRCC), and papillary RCC (PRCC).

Bacterial metabolomics: current applications for human welfare and future aspects

An imbalanced microbiome is linked to several diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and even neurological disorders. Bacteria and their by-products are used for various industrial and clinical purposes. The metabolites under discussion were chosen based on their biological impacts on host and gut microbiota interactions as established by metabolome research. The separation of bacterial metabolites by using statistics and machine learning analysis creates new opportunities for applications of bacteria and their metabolites in the environmental and medical sciences. Thus, the metabolite production strategies, methodologies, and importance of bacterial metabolites for human well-being are discussed in this review.

Exploring the Effects of Lignin Nanoparticles in Different Zebrafish Inflammatory Models

Purpose

Lignin is the most abundant source of aromatic biopolymers and has gained interest in industrial and biomedical applications due to the reported biocompatibility and defense provided against bacterial and fungal pathogens, besides antioxidant and UV-blocking properties. Especially in the form of nanoparticles (NPs), lignin may display also antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Methods

To evaluate these characteristics, sonochemically nano-formulated pristine lignin (LigNPs) and enzymatically-phenolated one (PheLigNPs) were used to expose zebrafish embryos, without chorion, at different concentrations. Furthermore, two different zebrafish inflammation models were generated, by injecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and by provoking a wound injury in the embryo caudal fin. The inflammatory process was investigated in both models by qPCR, analyzing the level of genes as il8, il6, il1β, tnfα, nfkbiaa, nfk2, and ccl34a.4, and by the evaluation of neutrophils recruitment, taking advantage of the Sudan Black staining, in the presence or not of LigNPs and PheLigNPs. Finally, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, related to tissue regeneration, was investigated at the molecular level in embryos wounded and exposed to NPs.

Results

The data obtained demonstrated that the lignin-based NPs showed the capacity to induce a positive response during an inflammatory event, increasing the recruitment of cytokines to accelerate their chemotactic function. Moreover, the LigNPs and PheLigNPs have a role in the resolution of wounds, favoring the regeneration process.

Conclusion

In this paper, we used zebrafish embryos within 5 days post fertilization (hpf). Despite being an early-stage exemplary, the zebrafish embryos have proven their potential as predicting models. Further long-term experiments in adults will be needed to explore completely the biomedical capabilities of lignin NPs. The results underlined the safety of both NPs tested paved the way for further evaluations to exploit the anti-inflammatory and pro-healing properties of the lignin nanoparticles examined.

Cardioprotective Effects of α-Asarone Against Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Oxidative Damage in Mice

Introduction

This comprehensive study investigated the therapeutic potential of α-asarone in mitigating myocardial oxidative damage, primarily induced by hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) exposure in mice.

Methods

In this experiment, 24 mice were divided into four groups to assess the cardioprotective role of α-asarone. The study focused on two treatment groups, receiving 25 mg and 50 mg of α-asarone, respectively. These groups were compared against a control group subjected to Cr(VI) without α-asarone treatment, and a normal control negative group. The key biochemical parameters evaluated included serum levels of Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) and Troponin I, markers indicative of myocardial damage. Additionally, the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured to assess lipid peroxidation, alongside the evaluation of key inflammatory biomarkers in cardiac tissue homogenates, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Results Remarkably, α-asarone treatment resulted in a significant reduction in these markers compared to the control group. The treatment also elevated the activity of cardinal antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced the glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, a notable upregulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-γ) in cardiac tissue homogenates was observed, highlighting a potential pathway through which α-asarone exerts its protective effects. Histopathological analysis of cardiac tissues revealed that α-asarone ameliorated the structural lesions induced by Cr(VI). The study thus provides substantial evidence that α-asarone ameliorates Cr(VI)-induced cardiotoxicity through a multifaceted approach. It enhances cardiac enzyme function, modulates free radical generation, improves antioxidant status, and mitigates histopathological damage in cardiac tissues. Given these findings, α-asarone emerges as a promising agent against Cr(VI)-induced myocardial injury.

Purpose

This study paves the way for further research into the cardioprotective properties of α-asarone and its potential application in clinical settings by specifically exploring the protective efficacy of α-asarone against Cr(VI)-induced cardiotoxicity and delineating the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved.

The powerful antioxidant effects of plant fruits, flowers, and leaves help to improve retinal damage and support the relief of visual fatigue

With the popularization of electronic products, visual fatigue is inevitably frequent. The causes of visual fatigue are varied, but from the perspective of physiological mechanisms, it is mainly closely related to retinal function or structural damage, especially the light source from various mobile devices and office equipments nowadays, which induces oxidative stress damage in the retina and exacerbates the degree of visual fatigue, resulting in the inability to use the eyes for a long period of time, pain in the eyes and periorbital area, blurred vision, dry eyes, tearing, and other discomforts. Food ingredients derived from natural plants have greater application in relieving visual fatigue. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed compilation of six plants that are widely used for their visual fatigue-relieving function, in the hope of providing more raw material choices for the development of products with visual fatigue-relieving functions in the future.

mRNA Profiling and Transcriptomics Analysis of Chickens Received Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype II and Genotype VII Vaccines

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) genotype VII (GVII) is becoming the predominant strain of NDV in the poultry industry. It causes high mortality even in vaccinated chickens with a common NDV genotype II vaccine (GII-vacc). To overcome this, the killed GVII vaccine has been used to prevent NDV outbreaks. However, the debate about vaccine differences remains ongoing. Hence, this study investigated the difference in chickens' responses to the two vaccines at the molecular level. The spleen transcriptomes from vaccinated chickens reveal that GVII-vacc affected the immune response by downregulating neuroinflammation. It also enhanced a synaptogenesis pathway that operates typically in the nervous system, suggesting a mechanism for the neurotrophic effect of this strain. We speculated that the down-regulated immune system regulation correlated with protecting the nervous system from excess leukocytes and cytokine activity. In contrast, GII-vacc inhibited apoptosis by downregulating PERK/ATF4/CHOP as part of the unfolded protein response pathway but did not affect the expression of the same synaptogenesis pathway. Thus, the application of GVII-vacc needs to be considered in countries where GVII is the leading cause of NDV outbreaks. The predicted molecular signatures may also be used in developing new vaccines that trigger specific genes in the immune system in combating NDV outbreaks.

The Role of Estrogen across Multiple Disease Mechanisms

Estrogen is a significant hormone that is involved in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes. In addition to its pivotal role in the reproductive system, estrogen is also implicated in the pathogenesis of a multitude of diseases. Nevertheless, previous research on the role of estrogen in a multitude of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, gastrointestinal diseases, and estrogen-dependent cancers, has concentrated on a single disease area, resulting in a lack of comprehensive understanding of cross-disease mechanisms. This has brought some challenges to the current treatment methods for these diseases, because estrogen as a potential therapeutic tool has not yet fully developed its potential. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively explore the mechanism of estrogen in these seven types of diseases. The objective of this study is to describe the relationship between each disease and estrogen, including the ways in which estrogen participates in regulating disease mechanisms, and to outline the efficacy of estrogen in treating these diseases in clinical practice. By studying the role of estrogen in a variety of disease mechanisms, it is hoped that a more accurate theoretical basis and clinical guidance for future treatment strategies will be provided, thus promoting the effective management and treatment of these diseases.

Linalool and Geraniol Defend Neurons from Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Iron Accumulation in In Vitro Parkinson's Models

Parkinson's disease is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. There is a growing demand for novel and natural substances as complementary therapies. Essential oils and their various compounds are highly investigated natural plant-based products as potential treatment options for common human diseases, such as microbial infections, chronic diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The present study focuses on the beneficial effects of linalool and geraniol, the major compounds of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. in Aiton) essential oils, on oxidative stress, inflammation, and iron metabolism of the rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced in vitro Parkinson's models. The experiments were carried out on all-trans retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. The effects of linalool and geraniol were compared to rasagiline, an MAO-B inhibitor. The results revealed that both essential oil compounds reduce the level of reactive oxygen species and alter the antioxidant capacity of the cells. They lower the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, linalool and geraniol change the expression of iron-related genes, such as the iron importer transferrin receptor 1, heme-oxygenase-1, and ferroportin iron exporter, and influence the intracellular iron contents. In addition, it has been unveiled that iron availability is concatenated with the actions of the essential oil compounds. Based on the results, linalool and geraniol are vigorous candidates as an alternative therapy for Parkinson's disease.

Cytokines in PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor adverse events and implications for the treatment of uveitis

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as Programmed cell Death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have improved cancer treatment by enhancing the immune system's ability to target malignant cells. Their use is associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including uveitis. The profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines underlying Anti-PD-1-induced uveitis shares significant overlap with that of non-infectious uveitis. Current corticosteroid treatments for uveitis while effective are fraught with vision threatening side effects. The cytokine profile in ICI-related uveitis has a large overlap with that of noninfectious uveitis, this overlap strongly supports the potential for therapy that activates the PD-1 axis in the eye to treat uveitis. Indeed, ICI related uveitis often resolves with cessation of the ICI, restoring the endogenous PD-1 axis. The potential benefit of targeting many pro-inflammatory cytokines via local PD-1 axis activation is mitigating ocular inflammation while minimizing adverse effects.

The Transcript Levels and the Serum Profile of Biomarkers Associated with Clinical Endometritis Susceptibility in Buffalo Cows

Determining the gene expression and serum profile of the indicators linked to clinical endometritis susceptibility in Egyptian buffalo cows was the aim of this investigation. The buffalo cows that were enrolled were divided into two groups: forty infected buffalo cows with clinical endometritis and forty seemingly healthy buffalo cows that served as the control group. For the purposes of gene expression and biochemical analysis, ten milliliters of blood was obtained via jugular venipuncture from each buffalo cow. TLR4, IL-8, IL-17, NFKB, SLCA11A1, NCF4, Keap1, HMOX1, OXSR1, ST1P1, and SERP1 were manifestly expressed at much higher levels in the buffaloes with endometritis. On the other hand, the genes that encode SOD, CAT, NDUFS6, Nrf2, and PRDX2 were down-regulated. There was a significant (p < 0.05) elevation of the serum levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), beta hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA), triglycerides (TGs), globulin, creatinine, and cortisol, along with a reduction in the serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, total protein albumin, urea, estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroxine (T4), prostaglandin F2 α (PGF2α), calcium, iron, and selenium, in the endometritis group in comparison with the control. However, no significant change was observed in the values of phosphorus, magnesium, copper, or zinc in either group. Within the selective breeding of naturally resistant animals, the variation in the genes under study and the changes in the serum profiles of the indicators under investigation may serve as a reference guide for reducing endometritis in Egyptian buffalo cows.

Nanoligomers targeting NF-κB and NLRP3 reduce neuroinflammation and improve cognitive function with aging and tauopathy

Neuroinflammation contributes to impaired cognitive function in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by the aggregation of pathological tau. One major driver of both age- and tau-associated neuroinflammation is the NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling axis. However, current treatments targeting NF-κB or NLRP3 may have adverse/systemic effects, and most have not been clinically translatable. In this study, we tested the efficacy of a novel, nucleic acid therapeutic (Nanoligomer) cocktail specifically targeting both NF-κB and NLRP3 in the brain for reducing neuroinflammation and improving cognitive function in old (aged 19 months) wildtype mice, and in rTg4510 tau pathology mice (aged 2 months). We found that 4 weeks of NF-κB/NLRP3-targeting Nanoligomer treatment strongly reduced neuro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in the brain and improved cognitive-behavioral function in both old and rTg4510 mice. These effects of NF-κB/NLRP3-targeting Nanoligomers were also associated with reduced glial cell activation and pathology, favorable changes in transcriptome signatures of glia-associated inflammation (reduced) and neuronal health (increased), and positive systemic effects. Collectively, our results provide a basis for future translational studies targeting both NF-κB and NLRP3 in the brain, perhaps using Nanoligomers, to inhibit neuroinflammation and improve cognitive function with aging and neurodegeneration.

Bromine/Sulfur-Substituted 9H-Carbazoles Produced by the Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-5511 upon NaBr Exposure

Ten undocumented carbazole derivatives (2-11) along with the reported analogue (1) were isolated from the mangrove-derived Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-5511, cultured with NaBr-supplemented liquid medium. Compounds 1-7 are brominated carbazoles, and 8, 10, and 11 feature an additional thiazole or 2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine rings, respectively. Their structures were identified through spectroscopic techniques, computational chemistry, and X-ray crystallography. Notably, compounds 6 and 8 effectively inhibited immune cell migration, indicating anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, potentially via Myd88/Nf-κB pathways, as suggested for compound 6.

Mitigating Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review of Supplementation and Dietary Protocols

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) constitute a significant public health issue and a major source of disability and death in the United States and worldwide. TBIs are strongly associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a host of negative health outcomes and long-term complications and placing a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. One promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of brain injuries is the design of TBI-specific supplementation and dietary protocols centred around nutraceuticals and biochemical compounds whose mechanisms of action have been shown to interfere with, and potentially alleviate, some of the neurophysiological processes triggered by TBI. For example, evidence suggests that creatine monohydrate and omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) help decrease inflammation, reduce neural damage and maintain adequate energy supply to the brain following injury. Similarly, melatonin supplementation may improve some of the sleep disturbances often experienced post-TBI. The scope of this narrative review is to summarise the available literature on the neuroprotective effects of selected nutrients in the context of TBI-related outcomes and provide an evidence-based overview of supplementation and dietary protocols that may be considered in individuals affected by-or at high risk for-concussion and more severe head traumas. Prophylactic and/or therapeutic compounds under investigation include creatine monohydrate, omega-3 fatty acids, BCAAs, riboflavin, choline, magnesium, berry anthocyanins, Boswellia serrata, enzogenol, N-Acetylcysteine and melatonin. Results from this analysis are also placed in the context of assessing and addressing important health-related and physiological parameters in the peri-impact period such as premorbid nutrient and metabolic health status, blood glucose regulation and thermoregulation following injury, caffeine consumption and sleep behaviours. As clinical evidence in this research field is rapidly emerging, a comprehensive approach including appropriate nutritional interventions has the potential to mitigate some of the physical, neurological, and emotional damage inflicted by TBIs, promote timely and effective recovery, and inform policymakers in the development of prevention strategies.

The Dual Faces of Oestrogen: The Impact of Exogenous Oestrogen on the Physiological and Pathophysiological Functions of Tissues and Organs

Oestrogen plays a crucial physiological role in both women and men. It regulates reproductive functions and maintains various non-reproductive tissues through its receptors, such as oestrogen receptor 1/oestrogen receptor α (ESR1/Erα), oestrogen receptor 2/oestrogen receptor β (ESR2/Erβ), and G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 (GPER). This hormone is essential for the proper functioning of women's ovaries and uterus. Oestrogen supports testicular function and spermatogenesis in men and contributes to bone density, cardiovascular health, and metabolic processes in both sexes. Nuclear receptors Er-α and Er-β belong to the group of transcription activators that stimulate cell proliferation. In the environment, compounds similar in structure to the oestrogens compete with endogenous hormones for binding sites to receptors and to disrupt homeostasis. The lack of balance in oestrogen levels can lead to infertility, cancer, immunological disorders, and other conditions. Exogenous endocrine-active compounds, such as bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, and organic phosphoric acid esters, can disrupt signalling pathways responsible for cell division and apoptosis processes. The metabolism of oestrogen and its structurally similar compounds can produce carcinogenic substances. It can also stimulate the growth of cancer cells by regulating genes crucial for cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, with long-term elevated levels linked to hormone-dependent cancers such as breast cancer. Oestrogens can also affect markers of immunological activation and contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. Hormone replacement therapy, oral contraception, in vitro fertilisation stimulation, and hormonal stimulation of transgender people can increase the risk of breast cancer. Cortisol, similar in structure to oestrogen, can serve as a biomarker associated with the risk of developing breast cancer. The aim of this review is to analyse the sources of oestrogens and their effects on the endogenous and exogenous process of homeostasis.

The Genetic Architecture of the Human Corpus Callosum and its Subregions

The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest set of white matter fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. In humans, it is essential for coordinating sensorimotor responses, performing associative/executive functions, and representing information in multiple dimensions. Understanding which genetic variants underpin corpus callosum morphometry, and their shared influence on cortical structure and susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders, can provide molecular insights into the CC's role in mediating cortical development and its contribution to neuropsychiatric disease. To characterize the morphometry of the midsagittal corpus callosum, we developed a publicly available artificial intelligence based tool to extract, parcellate, and calculate its total and regional area and thickness. Using the UK Biobank (UKB) and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (ABCD), we extracted measures of midsagittal corpus callosum morphometry and performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of European participants (combined N = 46,685). We then examined evidence for generalization to the non-European participants of the UKB and ABCD cohorts (combined N = 7,040). Post-GWAS analyses implicate prenatal intracellular organization and cell growth patterns, and high heritability in regions of open chromatin, suggesting transcriptional activity regulation in early development. Results suggest programmed cell death mediated by the immune system drives the thinning of the posterior body and isthmus. Global and local genetic overlap, along with causal genetic liability, between the corpus callosum, cerebral cortex, and neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity and bipolar disorders were identified. These results provide insight into variability of corpus callosum development, its genetic influence on the cerebral cortex, and biological mechanisms related to neuropsychiatric dysfunction.

The First Discovery of Marine Polyoxygenated Cembranolides as Potential Agents for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis

Cembranolides are characteristic metabolites in marine soft corals, with complex structures and widespread biological activities. However, seldom has an intensive pharmacological study been done for these intriguing marine natural products. In this work, systematic chemical investigation was performed on Sinularia pedunculata by HSQC-based small molecule accurate recognition technology (SMART), resulting in the isolation and identification of 31 cembrane-type diterpenoids, including six new ones. In the bioassay, several compounds showed significant anti-inflammatory activities on the inhibition of NO production. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) was comprehensively analyzed, and two most bioactive and less toxic compounds 8 and 9 could inhibit inflammation through suppressing NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, and reduce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis, 8 and 9 exhibited good anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to repair the colon epithelium, giving insight into the application of cembranolides as potential ulcerative colitis (UC) agents.

Extracellular Vesicle-Inspired Minimalist Flexible Nanocapsules Assembled with Whole Active Ingredients for Highly Efficient Enhancement of DC-Mediated Tumor Immunotherapy

The development of nanovaccines capable of eliciting tumor-specific immune responses holds significant promise for tumor immunotherapy. However, many nanovaccine designs rely heavily on incorporating multiple adjuvants and carriers, increasing the biological hazards associated with these additional components. Here, this work introduces novel flexible nanocapsules (OVAnano) designed to mimic extracellular vesicles, primarily using the ovalbumin antigen and minimal polyethylenimine adjuvant components. These results show that the biomimetic flexible structure of OVAnano facilitates enhanced antigen uptake by dendritic cells (DCs), leading to efficient antigen and adjuvant release into the cytosol via endosomal escape, and ultimately, successful antigen cross-presentation by DCs. Furthermore, OVAnano modulates the intracellular nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, promoting DC maturation. The highly purified antigens in OVAnano demonstrate remarkable antigen-specific immunogenicity, triggering strong antitumor immune responses mediated by DCs. Therapeutic tumor vaccination studies have also shown that OVAnano administration effectively suppresses tumor growth in mice by inducing immune responses from CD8+ and CD4+ T cells targeting specific antigens, reducing immunosuppression by regulatory T cells, and boosting the populations of effector memory T cells. These findings underscore that the simple yet potent strategy of employing minimal flexible nanocapsules markedly enhances DC-mediated antitumor immunotherapy, offering promising avenues for future clinical applications.

Salidroside Alleviates Furan-Induced Impaired Gut Barrier and Inflammation via Gut Microbiota-SCFA-TLR4 Signaling

As a food contaminant that can be quickly absorbed through the gastrointestinal system, furan has been shown to disrupt the intestinal flora and barrier. Investigation of the intestinal toxicity mechanism of furan is of great significance to health. We previously identified the regulatory impact of salidroside (SAL) against furan-provoked intestinal damage, and the present work further explored whether the alleviating effect of SAL against furan-caused intestinal injury was based on the intestinal flora; three models, normal, pseudo-germ-free, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), were established, and the changes in intestinal morphology, barrier, and inflammation were observed. Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing observed the variation of the fecal flora associated with inflammation and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Results obtained from the LC-MS/MS suggested that SAL increased furan-inhibited SCFA levels, activated the mRNA expressions of SCFA receptors (GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A), and inhibited the furan-activated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. Analysis of protein-protein interaction further confirmed the aforementioned effects of SAL, which inhibited furan-induced barrier damage and intestinal inflammation.

Taming the storm: potential anti-inflammatory compounds targeting SARS-CoV-2 MPro

In severe COVID-19 cases, an exacerbated inflammatory response triggers a cytokine storm that can worsen the prognosis. Compounds with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities show promise as candidates for COVID-19 therapy, as they potentially act against the SARS-CoV-2 infection regardless of the disease stage. One of the most attractive drug targets among coronaviruses is the main protease (MPro). This enzyme is crucial for cleaving polyproteins into non-structural proteins required for viral replication. The aim of this review was to identify SARS-CoV-2 MPro inhibitors with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. The interactions of the compounds within the SARS-CoV-2 MPro binding site were analyzed through molecular docking when data from crystallographic structures were unavailable. 18 compounds were selected and classified into five different superclasses. Five of them exhibit high potency against MPro: GC-376, baicalein, naringenin, heparin, and carmofur, with IC50 values below 0.2 μM. The MPro inhibitors selected have the potential to alleviate lung edema and decrease cytokine release. These molecules mainly target three critical inflammatory pathways: NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK, all previously associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis. The structures of the compounds occupy the S1/S2 substrate binding subsite of the MPro. They interact with residues from the catalytic dyad (His41 and Cys145) and/or with the oxyanion hole (Gly143, Ser144, and Cys145), which are pivotal for substrate recognition. The MPro SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors with potential anti-inflammatory activities present here could be optimized for maximum efficacy and safety and be explored as potential treatment of both mild and severe COVID-19.

Rosuvastatin repurposing for prophylaxis against ethanol-induced acute gastric ulceration in rats: a biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural perspective

Ethanol (EtOH) consumption is frequently associated with acute and chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Rosuvastatin (RSV), a third-generation statin, has demonstrated certain biological functions beyond its lipid-lowering properties. This study is designed to explore the gastroprotective impact of RSV in a rat model of EtOH-induced gastric ulceration in a dose-dependent manner through the evaluation of oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers, inflammatory myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in gastric tissues, along with histopathological examination of the gastric tissues. Therefore, 40 adult male rats were randomly divided into five equal groups as control, EtOH (gastric ulcer), RSV-low dose plus EtOH and RSV-high dose plus EtOH. The EtOH rat model of gastric ulceration was achieved by intragastric administration of a single dose of EtOH. Seven days before EtOH administration, rats were orally administered either omeprazole (20 mg/kg/day) or RSV (10 mg/kg/day or 20 mg/kg/day). RSV administration enhanced the antioxidant glutathione reduced, countered oxidative malondialdehyde, augmented cytoprotective PGE2, suppressed inflammatory MPO enzyme activity in gastric tissues, decreased ulcer index scoring, increased the percentage of ulcer inhibition, and reversed the associated histological and ultrastructural abnormalities, additionally, RSV treatment resulted in weak positive nuclear staining for the inflammatory nuclear factor kappa B in a dose-dependent manner. It is concluded that RSV demonstrates gastroprotective potential, attributable at least in part, to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its ability to promote ulcer protection through the maintenance of mucosal content and PGE2 levels. Thus, RSV therapy emerges as a safe option for patients with gastric ulcers.

Ningxiang Pig-Derived Parabacteroides distasonis HNAU0205 Alleviates ETEC-Induced Intestinal Apoptosis, Oxidative Damage, and Inflammation in Piglets

Weaning is a critical stage in the growth and development of piglets, often inducing stress reactions. This study aims to investigate the effects of Parabacteroides distasonis (PBd) derived from Ningxiang pigs on growth performance, intestinal apoptosis, oxidative damage, and inflammation in ETEC-challenged weaned piglets. A total of 22 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) piglets, 24 days old with similar body weights, were randomly divided into three groups: Control (n = 7), ETEC (n = 7), and PBd + ETEC (n = 8). The results show that, compared to the Control group, ETEC challenge led to decreased growth performance, reduced villus height in the duodenum and jejunum, increased crypt depth in the duodenum, a decreased villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio, increased expression of apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-8 and Caspase-9), increased expression of oxidative damage-related genes (Nrf2, GSH-PX, mTOR, and Beclin1), increased expression of inflammation-related genes (Myd88, P65, TNF-α, and IL-6), and reduced the contents of SCFAs in the colonic chyme (acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and total SCFAs). Compared to the ETEC group, the PBd + ETEC group alleviated the reduction in growth performance, mitigated intestinal morphological damage, and reduced the expression of the aforementioned apoptosis, oxidative damage, and inflammation-related genes with the increase in SCFAs. In conclusion, PBd derived from Ningxiang pigs effectively reduces ETEC-induced intestinal damage in weaned piglets, improves intestinal health, and increases the content of SCFAs in the colonic chyme, thereby enhancing growth performance.

The genomic and molecular landscape of splenic marginal zone lymphoma, biological and clinical implications

Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a rare, predominantly indolent B-cell lymphoma constituting fewer than 2% of lymphoid neoplasms. However, around 30% of patients have a shorter survival despite currently available treatments and the prognosis is especially poor for the 5-15% of cases that transform to a large cell lymphoma. Mounting evidence suggests that the molecular pathogenesis of SMZL is critically shaped by microenvironmental triggering and cell-intrinsic aberrations. Immunogenetic investigations have revealed biases in the immunoglobulin gene repertoire, indicating a role of antigen selection. Furthermore, cytogenetic studies have identified recurrent chromosomal abnormalities such as deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7, though specific disease-associated genes remain elusive. Our knowledge of SMZL's mutational landscape, based on a limited number of cases, has identified recurring mutations in KLF2, NOTCH2, and TP53, as well as genes clustering within vital B-cell differentiation pathways. These mutations can be clustered within patient subgroups with different patterns of chromosomal lesions, immunogenetic features, transcriptional signatures, immune microenvironments, and clinical outcomes. Regarding SMZL epigenetics, initial DNA methylation profiling has unveiled epigenetically distinct patient subgroups, including one characterized by elevated expression of Polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2) components. Furthermore, it has also demonstrated that patients with evidence of high historical cell division, inferred from methylation data, exhibit inferior treatment-free survival. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of SMZL's molecular basis and its implications for patient outcomes. Additionally, it addresses existing knowledge gaps, proposes future research directions, and discusses how a comprehensive molecular understanding of the disease will lead to improved management and treatment choices for patients.

Optimization of long-term incubation of precision-cut kidney slices

Precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS) provide a powerful model to close the gap between in vivo and in vitro research. Publications by various authors favor different incubation conditions, media and antibiotics, that have not yet been compared in a standardized manner. After preparation, rat-PCKS were incubated in a total of nine combinations of incubation media and antibiotics for 4 days. We found that a combination of DMEM/F-12 and gentamicin showed the highest levels of viability. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods, we observed stable levels of cellular viability for ten days when incubated in the most suitable medium combination of DMEM and gentamicin. Additionally, a Calcein Acetoxymethyl/Ethidium Homodimer-1 based live/dead Staining, analysis of total protein content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were explored to assess both short- and long-term tissue viability. PCKS showed a significant decrease in total protein content, leveling off at around 60% over the duration of 10 days. To be able to evaluate viability irrespective of decreases in total protein detected, we chose to utilize the alamarBlue Cell Viability Assay. Quantifying both intra- and extracellular activity of LDH, while using different concentrations of ethanol as a positive control, we explored enzyme content as a parameter for cell membrane damage and cytotoxicity in PCKS. Overall, we showed that PCKS are suitable for both short- and long-term observation by optimizing incubation parameters, with numerous possibilities for other assays and methods in future studies.

Manganese-Loaded Liposomes: An In Vitro Study for Possible Diagnostic Application

The present study investigates the possible use of manganese (Mn)-based liposomal formulations for diagnostic applications in imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with the aim of overcoming the toxicity limitations associated with the use of free Mn2+. Specifically, anionic liposomes carrying two model Mn(II)-based compounds, MnCl2 (MC) and Mn(HMTA) (MH), were prepared and characterised in terms of morphology, size, loading capacity, and in vitro activity. Homogeneous dispersions characterised mainly by unilamellar vesicles were obtained; furthermore, no differences in size and morphology were detected between unloaded and Mn-loaded vesicles. The encapsulation efficiency of MC and MH was evaluated on extruded liposomes by means of ICP-OES analysis. The obtained results showed that both MC and MH are almost completely retained by the lipid portion of liposomes (LPs), with encapsulation efficiencies of 99.7% for MC and 98.8% for MH. The magnetic imaging properties of the produced liposomal formulations were investigated for application in a potential preclinical scenario by collecting magnetic resonance images of a phantom designed to compare the paramagnetic contrast properties of free MC and MH compounds and the corresponding manganese-containing liposome dispersions. It was found that both LP-MC and LP-MH at low concentrations (0.5 mM) show better contrast (contrast-to-noise ratios of 194 and 209, respectively) than solutions containing free Mn at the same concentrations (117 and 134, respectively) and are safe to use on human cells at the selected dose. Taken together, the results of this comparative analysis suggest that these liposome-containing Mn compounds might be suitable for diagnostic purposes.

Pathological insights into activin A: Molecular underpinnings and therapeutic prospects in various diseases

Activin A (Act A) is a member of the TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) superfamily. It communicates via the Suppressor of Mothers against Decapentaplegic Homolog (SMAD2/3) proteins which govern processes such as cell proliferation, wound healing, apoptosis, and metabolism. Act A produces its action by attaching to activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA) or activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB). Increasing circulating Act A increases ActRII signalling, which on phosphorylation initiates the ALK4 (activin receptor-like kinase 4) type 1 receptor which further turns on the SMAD pathway and hinders cell functioning. Once triggered, this route leads to gene transcription, differentiation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. Act A also governs the immunological and inflammatory responses of the body, as well as cell death. Moreover, Act A levels have been observed to elevate in several disorders like renal fibrosis, CKD, asthma, NAFLD, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammatory conditions etc. Here, we provide an update on the recent studies relevant to the role of Act A in the modulation of various pathological disorders, giving an overview of the biology of Act A and its signalling pathways, and discuss the possibility of incorporating activin-A targeting as a novel therapeutic approach for the control of various disorders. Pathways such as SMAD signaling, in which SMAD moves to the nucleus by making a complex and leads to tissue fibrosis in CKD, STAT3, which drives renal fibroblast activity and the production of ECM, Kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) in the synthesis, deposition of ECM proteins, SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase) in cardiac dysfunction, and NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in inflammation are involved in Act A signaling, have also been discussed.

Incretin-Based Multi-Agonist Peptides Are Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory in Cellular Models of Neurodegeneration

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based drugs have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are widely used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. More recent developments of unimolecular peptides targeting multiple incretin-related receptors ("multi-agonists"), including the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor (GIPR) and the glucagon (Gcg) receptor (GcgR), have emerged with the aim of enhancing drug benefits. In this study, we utilized human and mouse microglial cell lines, HMC3 and IMG, respectively, together with the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line as cellular models of neurodegeneration. Using these cell lines, we studied the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory capacity of several multi-agonists in comparison with a single GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, exendin-4. Our data demonstrate that the two selected GLP-1R/GIPR dual agonists and a GLP-1R/GIPR/GcgR triple agonist not only have neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects but also have anti-neuroinflammatory properties, as indicated by the decreased microglial cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) expression, nitrite production, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In addition, our results indicate that these multi-agonists have the potential to outperform commercially available single GLP-1R agonists in neurodegenerative disease treatment.

Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Insight into Pathological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Benefits of Chinese Herbal Medicines

Cytokine storm (CS) is the main driver of SARS-CoV-2-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The pathological mechanisms of CS are quite complex and involve multiple critical molecular targets that turn self-limited and mild COVID-19 into a severe and life-threatening concern. At present, vaccines are strongly recommended as safe and effective treatments for preventing serious illness or death from COVID-19. However, effective treatment options are still lacking for people who are at the most risk or hospitalized with severe disease. Chinese herbal medicines have been shown to improve the clinical outcomes of mild to severe COVID-19 as an adjunct therapy, particular preventing the development of mild to severe ARDS. This review illustrates in detail the pathogenesis of CS-involved ARDS and its associated key molecular targets, cytokines and signalling pathways. The therapeutic targets were identified particularly in relation to the turning points of the development of COVID-19, from mild symptoms to severe ARDS. Preclinical and clinical studies were reviewed for the effects of Chinese herbal medicines together with conventional therapies in reducing ARDS symptoms and addressing critical therapeutic targets associated with CS. Multiple herbal formulations, herbal extracts and single bioactive phytochemicals with or without conventional therapies demonstrated strong anti-CS effects through multiple mechanisms. However, evidence from larger, well-designed clinical trials is lacking and their detailed mechanisms of action are yet to be well elucidated. More research is warranted to further evaluate the therapeutic value of Chinese herbal medicine for CS in COVID-19-induced ARDS.

Sphinganine recruits TLR4 adaptors in macrophages and promotes inflammation in murine models of sepsis and melanoma

After recognizing its ligand lipopolysaccharide, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recruits adaptor proteins to the cell membrane, thereby initiating downstream signaling and triggering inflammation. Whether this recruitment of adaptor proteins is dependent solely on protein-protein interactions is unknown. Here, we report that the sphingolipid sphinganine physically interacts with the adaptor proteins MyD88 and TIRAP and promotes MyD88 recruitment in macrophages. Myeloid cell-specific deficiency in serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 2, which encodes the key enzyme catalyzing sphingolipid biosynthesis, decreases the membrane recruitment of MyD88 and inhibits inflammatory responses in in vitro bone marrow-derived macrophage and in vivo sepsis models. In a melanoma mouse model, serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 2 deficiency decreases anti-tumor myeloid cell responses and increases tumor growth. Therefore, sphinganine biosynthesis is required for the initiation of TLR4 signal transduction and serves as a checkpoint for macrophage pattern recognition in sepsis and melanoma mouse models.

Artemvulactone E isolated from Artemisia vulgaris L. ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in both RAW264.7 and zebrafish model

Introduction

Natural plants are valuable resources for exploring new bioactive compounds. Artemisia vulgaris L. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been historically used for treating multiple diseases. Active compounds isolated and extracted from A. vulgaris L. typically possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Artemvulactone E (AE) is a new sesquiterpene lactone isolated and extracted from A. vulgaris L. with unclear biological activities.

Methods

The immunoregulatory effects of AE on macrophages were assessed by ELISA, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, and western blot assay. The effect of AE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -relates signaling pathways was examined by western blot assay. In zebrafish models, the larvae were yolk-microinjected with LPS to establish inflammation model and the effect of AE was evaluated by determining the survival rate, heart rate, yolk sac edema size, neutrophils and macrophages infiltration of zebrafish. The interaction between AE and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was examined by molecular docking and dynamic stimulation.

Results

AE reduced the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), inflammatory mediators iNOS and COX-2, as well as decreases the production of intracellular NO and ROS in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In addition, AE exerted its anti-inflammatory effect synergistically by inhibiting MAPK/JAK/STAT3-NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, AE enhanced the survival rate and attenuated inflammatory response in zebrafish embryos treated with LPS. Finally, the molecular dynamics results indicate that AE forms stable complexes with LPS receptor TLR4 through the Ser127 residue, thus completely impairing the subsequent activation of MAPK-NF-κB signaling.

Conclusion

AE exhibits notable anti-inflammatory activity and represents as a potential agent for treating inflammation-associated diseases.

The A53T Mutation in α-Synuclein Enhances Proinflammatory Activation in Human Microglia Upon Inflammatory Stimulus

BACKGROUND

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, following Alzheimer's. It is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein into Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain. Microglia-driven neuroinflammation may contribute to neuronal death in PD; however, the exact role of microglia remains unclear and has been understudied. The A53T mutation in the gene coding for α-synuclein has been linked to early-onset PD, and exposure to A53T mutant human α-synuclein increases the potential for inflammation of murine microglia. To date, its effect has not been studied in human microglia.

METHODS

Here, we used 2-dimensional cultures of human pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia and transplantation of these cells into the mouse brain to assess the cell autonomous effects of the A53T mutation on human microglia.

RESULTS

We found that A53T mutant human microglia had an intrinsically increased propensity toward proinflammatory activation upon inflammatory stimulus. Additionally, transplanted A53T mutant microglia showed a strong decrease in catalase expression in noninflammatory conditions and increased oxidative stress.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that A53T mutant human microglia display cell autonomous phenotypes that may worsen neuronal damage in early-onset PD.

The Effect of Protein Nutritional Support on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Potential Mechanisms

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a complex chronic inflammatory bowel disorder that includes Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), has become a globally increasing health concern. Nutrition, as an important factor influencing the occurrence and development of IBD, has attracted more and more attention. As the most important nutrient, protein can not only provide energy and nutrition required by patients, but also help repair damaged intestinal tissue, enhance immunity, and thus alleviate inflammation. Numerous studies have shown that protein nutritional support plays a significant role in the treatment and remission of IBD. This article presents a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis of IBD and analyzes and summarizes the potential mechanisms of protein nutritional support in IBD. Additionally, it provides an overview of the clinical effects of protein nutritional support in IBD and its impact on clinical complications. Research findings reveal that protein nutritional support demonstrates significant benefits in improving clinical symptoms, reducing the risk of complications, and improving quality of life in IBD patients. Therefore, protein nutritional support is expected to provide a new approach for the treatment of IBD.

High-molecular-weight Fucoidan exerts an immune-enhancing effect in RAW 264.7 cells and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression rat by altering the gut microbiome

High-molecular-weight fucoidan (Fucoidan P), sourced from Undaria pinnatifida exhibits several health benefits, including immunomodulation. However, the mechanisms underlying the immune-enhancing effects of Fucoidan P remain unclear. Here, we investigated the immune-enhancing effects and the potential mechanisms of Fucoidan P using RAW 264.7 macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppression rat model. In macrophages, Fucoidan P showed dose-dependent stimulation by increasing cell proliferation, nitric oxide production, and gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and proinflammatory cytokines. These effects are mediated through the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Moreover, orally administered Fucoidan P was evaluated in immunosuppressed rats treated with CP. Fucoidan P administration increased hematological values and natural killer cell activity, and positively affected nitrite and prostaglandin E2 levels. The Fucoidan P treatment groups exhibited improved serum cytokine levels as well as splenic and intestinal cytokine mRNA expression compared to the model group. Fucoidan P also mitigated splenic damage and increased the phosphorylation of NF-κB and NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα). Furthermore, Fucoidan P treatment altered the gut microbiota composition, enhancing the alpha diversity, evenness, and abundance of Bacteroidetes, which are associated with immune function. Taken together, our findings suggest that Fucoidan P exerts beneficial effects on immune function by activating NF-κB and modulating gut microbiota. These findings suggested its potential as a therapeutic agent for immune enhancement.

SGLT2 inhibitors attenuate endothelial to mesenchymal transition and cardiac fibroblast activation

Beneficial effects of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in cardiovascular diseases have been extensively reported leading to the inclusion of these drugs in the treatment guidelines for heart failure. However, molecular actions especially on non-myocyte cells remain uncertain. We observed dose-dependent inhibitory effects of two SGLT2is, dapagliflozin (DAPA) and empagliflozin (EMPA), on inflammatory signaling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Proteomic analyses and subsequent enrichment analyses discovered profound effects of these SGLT2is on proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and actin cytoskeleton. Validation in functional oxygen consumption measurements as well as tube formation and migration assays revealed strong impacts of DAPA. Considering that most influenced parameters played central roles in endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), we performed in vitro EndMT assays and identified substantial reduction of mesenchymal and fibrosis marker expression as well as changes in cellular morphology upon treatment with SGLT2is. In line, human cardiac fibroblasts exposed to DAPA showed less proliferation, reduced ATP production, and decelerated migration capacity while less extensive impacts were observed upon EMPA. Mechanistically, sodium proton exchanger 1 (NHE1) as well as sodium-myoinositol cotransporter (SMIT) and sodium-multivitamin cotransporter (SMVT) could be identified as relevant targets of SGLT2is in non-myocyte cardiovascular cells as validated by individual siRNA-knockdown experiments. In summary, we found comprehensive beneficial effects of SGLT2is on human endothelial cells and cardiac fibroblasts. The results of this study therefore support a distinct effect of selected SGLT2i on non-myocyte cardiovascular cells and grant further insights into potential molecular mode of action of these drugs.

Enhancing acute inflammatory and sepsis treatment: superiority of membrane receptor blockade

Conditions such as acute pancreatitis, ulcerative colitis, delayed graft function and infections caused by a variety of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, increase the risk of sepsis and therefore mortality. Immune dysfunction is a characterization of sepsis, so timely and effective treatment strategies are needed. The conventional approaches, such as antibiotic-based treatments, face challenges such as antibiotic resistance, and cytokine-based treatments have shown limited efficacy. To address these limitations, a novel approach focusing on membrane receptors, the initiators of the inflammatory cascade, is proposed. Membrane receptors such as Toll-like receptors, interleukin-1 receptor, endothelial protein C receptor, μ-opioid receptor, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1, and G-protein coupled receptors play pivotal roles in the inflammatory response, offering opportunities for rapid regulation. Various membrane receptor blockade strategies have demonstrated efficacy in both preclinical and clinical studies. These membrane receptor blockades act as early stage inflammation modulators, providing faster responses compared to conventional therapies. Importantly, these blockers exhibit immunomodulatory capabilities without inducing complete immunosuppression. Finally, this review underscores the critical need for early intervention in acute inflammatory and infectious diseases, particularly those posing a risk of progressing to sepsis. And, exploring membrane receptor blockade as an adjunctive treatment for acute inflammatory and infectious diseases presents a promising avenue. These novel approaches, when combined with antibiotics, have the potential to enhance patient outcomes, particularly in conditions prone to sepsis, while minimizing risks associated with antibiotic resistance and immune suppression.

Changes in the Expression of Genes Regulating the Response to Hypoxia, Inflammation, Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, and Epithelial Barrier Functioning during Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Depend on Individual Hypoxia Tolerance

One of the factors contributing to colorectal cancer (CRC) development is inflammation, which is mostly hypoxia-associated. This study aimed to characterize the morphological and molecular biological features of colon tumors in mice that were tolerant and susceptible to hypoxia based on colitis-associated CRC (CAC). Hypoxia tolerance was assessed through a gasping time evaluation in a decompression chamber. One month later, the animals were experimentally modeled for colitis-associated CRC by intraperitoneal azoxymethane administration and three dextran sulfate sodium consumption cycles. The incidence of tumor development in the distal colon in the susceptible to hypoxia mice was two times higher and all tumors (100%) were represented by adenocarcinomas, while in the tolerant mice, only 14% were adenocarcinomas and 86% were glandular intraepithelial neoplasia. The tumor area assessed on serially stepped sections was statistically significantly higher in the susceptible animals. The number of macrophages, CD3-CD19+, CD3+CD4+, and NK cells in tumors did not differ between animals; however, the number of CD3+CD8+ and vimentin+ cells was higher in the susceptible mice. Changes in the expression of genes regulating the response to hypoxia, inflammation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and epithelial barrier functioning in tumors and the peritumoral area depended on the initial mouse's hypoxia tolerance, which should be taken into account for new CAC diagnostics and treatment approaches development.

Enhanced Tissue Regeneration Through Immunomodulatory Extracellular Vesicles Encapsulated in Diversified Silk-Based Injectable Hydrogels

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) immunologically trained using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) display enhanced immunomodulatory capabilities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from MSCs are widely used in regenerative medicine owing to their bioactive properties without the drawbacks of cell therapy. However, it remains unclear whether EVs derived from LPS-stimulated (trained) MSCs (L-EVs) inherit the enhanced reparative potential from their parent cells. Thus, this study first aims to explore the effect of immunological training on the bioactivity of L-EVs. LPS-trained bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) secrete more EVs, and these EVs significantly promote M2 macrophage polarization. Subsequently, hydrogel systems based on thixotropic injectable silk fibroin are prepared for in vivo EV delivery. These hydrogels have controllable gelation time and exhibit outstanding reparative effects on rat skin wounds and alveolar bone defects. Finally, it is revealed that L-EVs promote M2 macrophage polarization by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of PKM2. Overall, this study shows that the immunological training of BMSCs effectively improves the therapeutic effects of their EVs and provides a convenient and diversified EV delivery strategy using an injectable silk fibroin hydrogel. This strategy has broad clinical application prospects for tissue regeneration.

Loss of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 confers inflammation via dysregulation of Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

Background

Aberrant activation of mTORC1 is clearly defined in TSC, causing uncontrolled cell growth. While mTORC1 inhibitors show efficacy to stabilise tumour growth in TSC, they are not fully curative. Disease facets of TSC that are not restored with mTOR inhibitors might involve NF-κB. The study aimed to characterise NF-κB in the context of TSC.

Results

Enrichment of NF-κB-regulated genes was observed in TSC patient tumours, SEN/SEGAs, cortical tubers and a TSC tumour-derived cell line (621 - 101). Highlighting an inflammatory component of TSC, TSC cell models showed an elevated level of NF-κB and STAT3 activation. Herein, we report a dysregulated inflammatory phenotype of TSC2-deficient cells where NF-κB promotes autocrine signalling involving IL-6. Of importance, mTORC1 inhibition does not block this inflammatory signal to promote STAT3, while NF-κB inhibition was much more effective. Combined mTORC1 and NF-κB inhibition was potent at preventing anchorage-independent growth of TSC2-deficient cells, and unlike mTORC1 inhibition alone was sufficient to prevent colony regrowth after cessation of treatment.

Conclusion

This study reveals autocrine signalling crosstalk between NF-κB and STAT3 in TSC cell models. Furthermore, the data presented indicate that NF-κB pathway inhibitors could be a viable adjunct therapy with the current mTOR inhibitors to treat TSC.

Adipose-Derived exosome from Diet-Induced-Obese mouse attenuates LPS-Induced acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammation and Apoptosis: In vivo and in silico insight

BACKGROUND

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe clinical condition in the intensive care units, and obesity is a high risk of ALI. Paradoxically, obese ALI patients had better prognosis than non-obese patients, and the mechanism remains largely unknown.

METHODS

Mouse models of ALI and diet-induced-obesity (DIO) were used to investigate the effect of exosomes derived from adipose tissue. The adipose-derived exosomes (ADEs) were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and the role of exosomal miRNAs in the ALI was studied.

RESULTS

Compared with ADEs of control mice (C-Exo), ADEs of DIO mice (D-Exo) increased survival rate and mitigated pulmonary lesions of ALI mice. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the target genes of 40 differentially expressed miRNAs between D-Exo and C-Exo were mainly involved with inflammation, apoptosis and cell cycle. Furthermore, the D-Exo treatment significantly decreased Ly6G+ cell infiltration, down-regulated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, MCP-1) and chemokines (IL-8 and MIP-2), reduced pulmonary apoptosis and arrest at G0G1 phase (P < 0.01). And the protective effects of D-Exo were better than those of C-Exo (P < 0.05). Compared with the C-Exo mice, the levels of miR-16-5p and miR-335-3p in the D-Exo mice were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05), and the expressions of IKBKB and TNFSF10, respective target of miR-16-5p and miR-335-3p by bioinformatic analysis, were significantly down-regulated in the D-Exo mice (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Exosomes derived from adipose tissue of DIO mice are potent to attenuate LPS-induced ALI, which could be contributed by exosome-carried miRNAs. Our data shed light on the interaction between obesity and ALI.

The emerging role of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated condition that affects the digestive system and includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Although the exact etiology of IBD remains uncertain, dysfunctional immunoregulation of the gut is believed to be the main culprit. Amongst the immunoregulatory factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), components of the oxidative stress event, are produced at abnormally high levels in IBD. Their destructive effects may contribute to the disease's initiation and propagation, as they damage the gut lining and activate inflammatory signaling pathways, further exacerbating the inflammation. Oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and serum-free thiols (R-SH), can be measured in the blood and stool of patients with IBD. These markers are elevated in patients with IBD, and their levels correlate with the severity of the disease. Thus, oxidative stress markers can be used not only in IBD diagnosis but also in monitoring the response to treatment. It can also be targeted in IBD treatment through the use of antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and N-acetylcysteine. In this review, we summarize the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of IBD, its diagnostic targets, and the potential application of antioxidant therapies to manage and treat IBD.

The relationship between Nuclear Factor-Kappa B and Inhibitor-Kappa B parameters with clinical course in COVID-19 patients

BACKGROUND

We aimed to investigate the serum Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) p105, NF-κB p65 and Inhibitor Kappa B Alpha (IκBα) levels in patients with mild/moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their association with the course of the disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood was drawn from 35 COVID-19 patients who applied to the Department of Emergency Medicine of Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa at the time of diagnosis and from 35 healthy individuals. The patients were evaluated to have mild/moderate degree of disease according to National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) scoring and computed tomography (CT) findings. The markers were studied in the obtained serum samples, using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed. Statistical significance was evaluated to be p < 0.05.

RESULTS

NF-κB p105 levels were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group compared to the control group. C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, ferritin levels of the patients were significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the control group, while the lymphocyte count was found lower (p = 0.001). IκBα and NF-κB p65 levels are similar in both groups. Threshold value for NF-κB p105 was above 0.78 ng/mL, sensitivity was 71.4% and specificity was 97.1% (p < 0.05). NF-κB p105 levels at the time of diagnosis of the patients who required supplemental oxygen (O2), were significantly higher (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The rise in serum NF-κB p105 levels during the early stages of infection holds diagnostic value. Besides its relation with severity might have a prognostic feature to foresee the requirement for supplemental O2 that occurs during hospitalization.

CuO nanoparticles elicit intestinal immunotoxicity in zebrafish based on intestinal microbiota dysbiosis

Copper II oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), a kind of widely used nanomaterial, have been detected in food and the environment, which has aroused widespread public concern. Recently, increasing data have suggested that intestinal microecology is closely related to immune homeostasis. However, the intestinal immunotoxicity induced by CuO NPs through intestinal microbiota is still unknown. Therefore, in this study, zebrafish were exposed to CuO NPs to explore intestinal immunotoxicity by evaluating physiological indicators, intestinal tissue injury, antioxidant enzyme activities, gene expression of immune factors, and changes in intestinal microbiota and its metabolites (short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)). The results revealed that the intestinal immunotoxicity of CuO NPs was mediated by the impact on intestinal microbiota and its metabolite levels. Specifically, changes were observed in the abundance of microbes that participated in the metabolism of SCFAs and LPS. The reduction in acetic acid, propionic acid and valeric acid upregulated GPR84 expression, and the decline in LPS levels further resulted in the suppression of the key immune regulatory pathways TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, ultimately leading to intestinal immunotoxicity. This study would provide a scientific basis for the risk assessment of CuO NPs and a new perspective for research on the immunotoxicity of nanoparticles.

Exploring Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Modulating Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: A Review of Inflammatory Markers and Potential Effects

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by numerous motor and non-motor symptoms. Recent data highlight a potential interplay between the gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of PD. The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD leads to motor symptoms (tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia), with antecedent gastrointestinal manifestations, most notably constipation. Consequently, the gut emerges as a plausible modulator in the neurodegenerative progression of PD. Key molecular changes in PD are discussed in the context of the gut-brain axis. Evidence suggests that the alterations in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to gastroenteric inflammation and influence PD symptoms. Disturbances in the levels of inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF α), interleukin -1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), have been observed in PD patients. These implicate the involvement of systemic inflammation in disease pathology. Fecal microbiota transplantation emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy for PD. It may mitigate inflammation by restoring gut homeostasis. Preclinical studies in animal models and initial clinical trials have shown promising results. Overall, understanding the interplay between inflammation, the gut microbiota, and PD pathology provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic interventions. This review presents recent data about the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain in PD, specifically focusing on the involvement of inflammatory biomarkers.

The Brain-Gut Axis, an Important Player in Alzheimer and Parkinson Disease: A Narrative Review

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), are severe age-related disorders with complex and multifactorial causes. Recent research suggests a critical link between neurodegeneration and the gut microbiome, via the gut-brain communication pathway. This review examines the role of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, in the development of AD and PD, and investigates its interaction with microRNAs (miRNAs) along this bidirectional pathway. TMAO, which is produced from dietary metabolites like choline and carnitine, has been linked to increased neuroinflammation, protein misfolding, and cognitive decline. In AD, elevated TMAO levels are associated with amyloid-beta and tau pathologies, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neuronal death. TMAO can cross the blood-brain barrier and promote the aggregation of amyloid and tau proteins. Similarly, TMAO affects alpha-synuclein conformation and aggregation, a hallmark of PD. TMAO also activates pro-inflammatory pathways such as NF-kB signaling, exacerbating neuroinflammation further. Moreover, TMAO modulates the expression of various miRNAs that are involved in neurodegenerative processes. Thus, the gut microbiome-miRNA-brain axis represents a newly discovered mechanistic link between gut dysbiosis and neurodegeneration. MiRNAs regulate the key pathways involved in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal death, contributing to disease progression. As a direct consequence, specific miRNA signatures may serve as potential biomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of AD and PD progression. This review aims to elucidate the complex interrelationships between the gut microbiota, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), microRNAs (miRNAs), and the central nervous system, and the implications of these connections in neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, an overview of the current neuroradiology techniques available for studying neuroinflammation and of the animal models used to investigate these intricate pathologies will also be provided. In summary, a bulk of evidence supports the concept that modulating the gut-brain communication pathway through dietary changes, the manipulation of the microbiome, and/or miRNA-based therapies may offer novel approaches for implementing the treatment of debilitating neurological disorders.

Rubus urticifolius Compounds with Antioxidant Activity, and Inhibition Potential against Tyrosinase, Melanin, Hyaluronidase, Elastase, and Collagenase

In our study, using chromatographic techniques, we isolated three bioactive compounds, which were structurally elucidated as (E)-2-(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)-N-methylbenzamide (1), 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (2), and (E)-2-Cyano-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid (3), using spectroscopic methods. The anti-melanogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties were evaluated in vitro by measuring the activity of pharmacological targets including tyrosinase, melanin, NF-κB, hyaluronidase, elastase, collagenase, and Nrf2. Our results show that compound 1 is the most active with IC50 values of 14.19 μM (tyrosinase inhibition), 22.24 μM (melanin inhibition), 9.82-12.72 μM (NF-κB inhibition), 79.71 μM (hyaluronidase inhibition), 80.13 μM (elastase inhibition), 76.59 μM (collagenase inhibition), and 116-385 nM (Nrf2 activation) in the THP-1, HEK001, WS1, and HMCB cells. These findings underscore the promising profiles of the aqueous extract of R. urticifolius at safe cytotoxic concentrations. Additionally, we report, for the first time, the isolation and characterisation of these nitrogenous compounds in the R. urticifolius species. Finally, compound 1, isolated from R. urticifolius, is a promising candidate for the development of more effective and safer compounds for diseases related to skin pigmentation, protection against inflammation, and oxidative stress.

Mitigating sTNF/TNFR1 activation on VGluT2+ spinal cord interneurons improves immune function after mid-thoracic spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with 250,000 to 500,000 new cases globally each year. Respiratory infections, e.g., pneumonia and influenza are the leading cause of death after SCI. Unfortunately, there is a poor understanding of how altered neuro-immune communication impacts an individual's outcome to infection. In humans and rodents, SCI leads to maladaptive changes in the spinal-sympathetic reflex (SSR) circuit which is crucial to sympathetic function. The cause of the impaired immune function may be related to harmful neuroinflammation which is detrimental to homeostatic neuronal function, aberrant plasticity, and hyperexcitable circuits. Soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is elevated in the CNS after SCI and remains elevated for several months after injury. By pharmacologically attenuating sTNF in the CNS after SCI we were able to demonstrate improved immune function. Furthermore, when we investigated the specific cellular population which may be involved in altered neuro-immune communication we reported that excessive TNFR1 activity on excitatory INs promotes immune dysfunction. Furthermore, this observation is NF-κB dependent in VGluT2+ INs. Our data is the first report of a target within the CNS, TNFR1, that contributes to SCI-induced immune dysfunction after T9-SCI and is a potential avenue for future therapeutics.

A novel PROTAC molecule dBET1 alleviates pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice by degrading BRD4

Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), a bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) protein family member, is indispensable for the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Therefore, inhibiting BRD4 may be a prospective therapeutic approach for modulating the inflammatory response and regulating the course of MS. dBET1, a newly synthesized proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), exhibits effectively degrades of BRD4. However, the precise effects of dBET1 on MS require further investigation. Therefore, we assessed the effect of dBET1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a typical MS experimental model. Our findings revealed that BRD4 is mainly expressed in astrocytes and neurons of the spinal cords, and is up-regulated in the spinal cords of EAE mice. The dBET1 attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of astrocytic pro-inflammatory mediators and inhibited deleterious molecular activity in astrocytes. Correspondingly, dBET1, used in preventive and therapeutic settings, alleviated the behavioral symptoms in EAE mice, as demonstrated by decreased demyelination, alleviated leukocyte infiltration, reduced microglial and astrocyte activation, and diminished inflammatory mediator levels. In addition, dBET1 corrected the imbalance in peripheral T cells and protected blood-brain barrier integrity in EAE mice. The underlying mechanism involved suppressing the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen-activated protein kinase /extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B pathways. In summary, our data strongly suggests that dBET1 is a promising treatment option for MS.

Leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. kurrat) aqueous extract loaded on selenium nanoparticles protects against testis and brain injury induced by mercuric chloride in rats

BACKGROUND

Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is poisonous to humans and animals and typically damages the nervous system and other organs. Mercuric chloride exposition disclosed to initiation of oxidative stress pathway can result in a defect in male fertility and testis tissue. Synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were characterized with a diameter range minimal than 100 nm, having the effective sets of the biological matter. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biosynthesized SeNPs, prepared by leek extract on Wistar rats' testicles and brain.

METHODS

Thirty-five Wistar male rats (120-150 g) were randomly split into five groups (n = 7), orally ingested with leek aqueous extract loaded on SeNPs, and then the animals were administered with mercury II chloride (HgCl2) to induce testis injury and damage the nervous system.

RESULTS

The used dose of mercuric chloride led to oxidative stress damage in the testis of the rats which was evidenced by a decrease in testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels, and an increase in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and caspase-3. Also, HgCl2 decreased the levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brains of rats. In addition, A decrease was observed in the levels of antioxidant markers, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), as well as an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and Bax in both testes and brains. Pre-treatment with leek extract loaded on SeNPs significantly ameliorated testosterone, LH, FSH, PCNA and caspase-3 levels in the testis and DA, 5-HT, NE and BDNF in brains. Although the contents of MDA, NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB and Bax decreased significantly in both. glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and Bcl-2 levels were significantly improved in both organs.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that treatment with aqueous leek extract loaded on SeNPs may offer promising prospects for the advancement of anti-inflammation activity against testis injury and also have a very key role in neurobehavioral alterations as a result of mercury toxicity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.