201
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Lee S, Dong HH. FoxO integration of insulin signaling with glucose and lipid metabolism. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:R67-R79. [PMID: 28213398 PMCID: PMC5480241 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The forkhead box O family consists of FoxO1, FoxO3, FoxO4 and FoxO6 proteins in mammals. Expressed ubiquitously in the body, the four FoxO isoforms share in common the amino DNA-binding domain, known as 'forkhead box' domain. They mediate the inhibitory action of insulin or insulin-like growth factor on key functions involved in cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, oxidative stress, senescence, autophagy and aging. Genetic mutations in FoxO genes or abnormal expression of FoxO proteins are associated with metabolic disease, cancer or altered lifespan in humans and animals. Of the FoxO family, FoxO6 is the least characterized member and is shown to play pivotal roles in the liver, skeletal muscle and brain. Altered FoxO6 expression is associated with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, dietary obesity and type 2 diabetes and risk of neurodegeneration disease. FoxO6 is evolutionally divergent from other FoxO isoforms. FoxO6 mediates insulin action on target genes in a mechanism that is fundamentally different from other FoxO members. Here, we focus our review on the role of FoxO6, in contrast with other FoxO isoforms, in health and disease. We review the distinctive mechanism by which FoxO6 integrates insulin signaling to hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. We highlight the importance of FoxO6 dysregulation in the dual pathogenesis of fasting hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetes. We review the role of FoxO6 in memory consolidation and its contribution to neurodegeneration disease and aging. We discuss the potential therapeutic option of pharmacological FoxO6 inhibition for improving glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojin Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - H Henry Dong
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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202
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Hormetic efficacy of rutin to promote longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. Biogerontology 2017; 18:397-411. [PMID: 28389882 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hormetins are compounds that mediate hormesis by being beneficial at low doses but detrimental at high doses. Recent studies have highlighted that many compounds that extended lifespan in model organisms did so by mediating hormesis. Rutin is a glycosylate conjugate of quercetin and rutinose and is abundant in citrus fruits and buckwheat seeds. Rutin possess ROS scavenging, anti-cancer, cardio-protective, skin-regenerative and neuro-protective properties. Drosophila melanogaster is an attractive model organism for longevity studies owing to its homology of organ and cellular-pathways with mammals. In this study, we aimed to understand the effect of rutin on extending longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. Male and female flies were administered with a range of rutin doses (100-800 µM) to analyse whether rutin mediated lifespan-extension by hormesis. Effect of rutin on physiological parameters like food intake, fecundity, climbing activity, development and resistance to various stresses was also studied. Lifespan assays showed that rutin at 200 and 400 µM significantly extended median lifespan in both male and female flies beyond which flies exhibited drastically reduced longevity. Increase in survival at 400 µM was associated with reduced food intake and fecundity. Flies exhibited improved climbing capability with both 200 and 400 µM rutin. Flies fed with 100 and 200 µM rutin exhibited enhanced survival upon exposure to oxidative stress with 400 µM rutin exhibiting no improvement in median lifespan following oxidative stress. Analysis of endogenous peroxide upon treatment with rutin (100-400 µM) with or without 5% H2O2 showed elevated levels of endogenous peroxide with 400 µM rutin whereas no increase in hydrogen peroxide level was observed with rutin at 100 and 200 µM. Finally, gene expression studies in male flies revealed that rutin treatment at 200 and/or 400 µM elevated transcript levels of dFoxO, MnSod, Cat, dTsc1, dTsc2, Thor, dAtg1, dAtg5 and dAtg7 and reduced transcript levels of dTor. Collectively, rutin at 200 and 400 µM improved longevity in flies; 200 µM rutin acted as a mild stressor to prolong lifespan in flies by mediating hormesis whereas 400 µM, being a high dose for best positive effects.
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203
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The c-Jun N-terminal kinase prevents oxidative stress induced by UV and thermal stresses in corals and human cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45713. [PMID: 28374828 PMCID: PMC5379690 DOI: 10.1038/srep45713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are of major ecological and socio-economic interest. They are threatened by global warming and natural pressures such as solar ultraviolet radiation. While great efforts have been made to understand the physiological response of corals to these stresses, the signalling pathways involved in the immediate cellular response exhibited by corals remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation is involved in the early response of corals to thermal and UV stress. Furthermore, we found that JNK activity is required to repress stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in both the coral Stylophora pistillata and human skin cells. We also show that inhibiting JNK activation under stress conditions leads to ROS accumulation, subsequent coral bleaching and cell death. Taken together, our results suggest that an ancestral response, involving the JNK pathway, is remarkably conserved from corals to human, protecting cells from the adverse environmental effects.
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204
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PI3K-δ inhibition using CAL-101 exerts apoptotic effects and increases doxorubicin-induced cell death in pre-B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:436-445. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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205
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Abstract
The FOXO family of transcription factors plays a conserved role in longevity and tissue homeostasis across species. In the mammalian nervous system, emerging evidence has implicated FOXOs in cognitive performance, stem cell maintenance, regeneration, and protection against stress. Much of what we know about neuronal functions of FOXO emerged from recent studies in C. elegans. Similar to mammalian FOXO, the worm FOXO ortholog, called DAF-16, regulates learning and memory, regeneration, and stress resistance in neurons. Here, we discuss the current state of our knowledge of FOXO’s functions in neurons in mammals and invertebrates, and highlight areas where our understanding is limited. Defining the function of FOXO factors in the healthy, aged, and diseased brain may have important implications for improving healthspan and treating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Y Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ashley E Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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206
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PPARα activation by MHY908 attenuates age-related renal inflammation through modulation of the ROS/Akt/FoxO1 pathway. Exp Gerontol 2017; 92:87-95. [PMID: 28323024 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
2-[4-(5-Chlorobenzothiazothiazol-2-yl)phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionic acid (MHY908) has been shown to prevent insulin resistance-induced hyperinsulinemia in aged rats. However, the mechanism underlying MHY908-mediated amelioration of renal inflammation with insulin resistance during aging remains unknown. This study investigated the effects of MHY908 on age-related changes in the IRS/Akt/forkhead box (FoxO) 1 signaling pathway in the kidneys of aged rats and HEK293T cells. Experiments were performed in young, old, and MHY908-fed old rats (1mg or 3mg/kg/day MHY908 for 4 weeks). We found that MHY908-fed old rats suppressed phosphorylation of IRS/Akt and induced FoxO1 activation, leading to increased expression of MnSOD and catalase. In addition, in insulin-treated cells, MHY908 prevented the FoxO1 inactivation and increased the expression of MnSOD and catalase by inactivating IRS and Akt. In contrast, NF-κB signaling pathway decreased with MHY908 treatment in insulin-treated cells. Furthermore, MHY908 exclusively activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α in the kidneys, leading to the inhibition of insulin-induced NADPH oxidase subunit 4 (NOX4)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and FoxO1 inactivation. In conclusion, MHY908 improved the hyperinsulinemia-induced pro-inflammatory response through NF-κB inactivation and FoxO1 activation in aged rat kidneys. These phenomena suggest that PPARα activation by MHY908 attenuates NOX4-derived ROS generation in response to insulin.
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207
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Phosphorylation and acetylation modifications of FOXO3a: Independently or synergistically? Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2867-2872. [PMID: 28521392 PMCID: PMC5431355 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box class O 3a (FOXO3a) is a transcription factor that has emerged as being a tumor suppressor and longevity factor. The precise regulation of FOXO3a transactivation of target genes is achieved via post-translational modifications (PTMs) and specific protein-protein interactions. The multiple types of PTMs that FOXO3a undergoes, including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation and ubiquitination, serve important roles in directing its subcellular localization and transcription activity, which are central to the integration of insulin/growth factor signaling and oxidative/nutrient stress signaling. The present review summarizes the modifications of FOXO3a that occur via phosphorylation and acetylation. In addition, the synergistic effect of multiple phosphorylations on FOXO3a and the crosstalk between phosphorylation and acetylation in the regulation of FOXO3a are discussed. These discussions may highlight potential strategies for the prevention of cancer and aging.
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208
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Boronat S, Domènech A, Hidalgo E. Proteomic Characterization of Reversible Thiol Oxidations in Proteomes and Proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:329-344. [PMID: 27089838 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species are produced during normal metabolism in cells, and their excesses have been implicated in protein damage and toxicity, as well as in the activation of signaling events. In particular, hydrogen peroxide participates in the regulation of different physiological processes as well as in the induction of antioxidant cascades, and often the redox molecular events triggering these pathways are based on reversible cysteine (Cys) oxidation. Recent Advances: Increases in peroxides can cause the accumulation of reversible Cys oxidations in proteomes, which may be either protecting thiols from irreversible oxidations or may just be reporters of future toxicity. It is also becoming clear, however, that only a few proteins, such as the bacterial OxyR or peroxidases, can suffer direct oxidation of their Cys residues by hydrogen peroxide and, therefore, may be the only true sensors initiating signaling events. CRITICAL ISSUES We will in this study describe some of the methodologies used to characterize at the proteome level reversible thiol oxidations, specifically those combining gel-free approaches with mass spectrometry. In the second part of this review, we will summarize some of the electrophoretic and proteomic techniques used to monitor Cys oxidation at the protein level, needed to confirm that a protein contains redox Cys involved in signaling relays, using as examples some of the best characterized redox sensors such as bacterial OxyR or yeast Tpx1/Pap1. FUTURE DIRECTIONS While Cys oxidations are often detected in proteomes and in specific proteins, major efforts have to be made to establish that they are physiologically relevant. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 329-344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Domènech
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
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209
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Tsitsipatis D, Klotz LO, Steinbrenner H. Multifaceted functions of the forkhead box transcription factors FoxO1 and FoxO3 in skin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1057-1064. [PMID: 28249743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitously expressed forkhead box, class O (FoxO) transcription factors act as signaling integrators in extensive transcriptional networks, ensuring maintenance of cell and tissue homeostasis over time and in response to environmental challenges. Proteins whose biosynthesis is controlled through FoxOs fulfil key functions in antioxidant defense, metabolism, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. SCOPE OF REVIEW All four mammalian FoxO isoforms (FoxO1, FoxO3, FoxO4 and FoxO6) are expressed in skin but functions have been specified only for FoxO1 and FoxO3. This review provides an overview on the roles of FoxO1 and FoxO3 in the major types of skin cells: fibroblasts, keratinocytes and melanocytes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS As expected because of their target genes, FoxOs are involved in counter-acting oxidative stress and in decisions on cell fate regarding apoptosis or senescence. However, their role in skin surpasses these rather obvious tasks: FoxO1 is part of signaling axes related to the control of epidermal morphogenesis and the pathogenesis of acne. FoxO3 dampens the biosynthesis of melanin in melanocytes; on the other hand, FoxO3 suppression in melanoma is associated with impaired apoptosis and increased metastatic potential of melanoma cells. Upon skin injury, a well-balanced and -timed up-regulation of FoxOs appears to support the healing process through affecting proliferation, migration and apoptosis of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and other cells accumulating at the wounded site. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE FoxO1 and FoxO3 are discussed as homeostatic factors that influence morphogenesis, maintenance and repair processes in skin as well as the pathogenesis of disorders such as acne and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsitsipatis
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars-Oliver Klotz
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Steinbrenner
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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210
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Shavva VS, Bogomolova AM, Nikitin AA, Dizhe EB, Oleinikova GN, Lapikov IA, Tanyanskiy DA, Perevozchikov AP, Orlov SV. FOXO1 and LXRα downregulate the apolipoprotein A-I gene expression during hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:123-134. [PMID: 27896567 PMCID: PMC5225066 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species damage various cell components including DNA, proteins, and lipids, and these impairments could be a reason for severe human diseases including atherosclerosis. Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), an important metabolic transcription factor, upregulates antioxidant and proapoptotic genes during oxidative stress. Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) forms high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles that are responsible for cholesterol transfer from peripheral tissues to liver for removal in bile in vertebrates. The main sources for plasma ApoA-I in mammals are liver and jejunum. Hepatic apoA-I transcription depends on a multitude of metabolic transcription factors. We demonstrate that ApoA-I synthesis and secretion are decreased during H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Here, we first show that FOXO1 binds to site B of apoA-I hepatic enhancer and downregulates apoA-I gene activity in HepG2 cells. Moreover, FOXO1 and LXRα transcription factors participate in H2O2-triggered downregulation of apoA-I gene together with Src, JNK, p38, and AMPK kinase cascades. Mutations of sites B or C as well as the administration of siRNAs against FOXO1 or LXRα to HepG2 cells abolished the hydrogen peroxide-mediated suppression of apoA-I gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Shavva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Acad. Pavlov St., 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | | | - Artemy A Nikitin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Acad. Pavlov St., 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ella B Dizhe
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Acad. Pavlov St., 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Galina N Oleinikova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Acad. Pavlov St., 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Ivan A Lapikov
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Tanyanskiy
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Acad. Pavlov St., 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
- Department of Fundamental Medicine and Medical Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrej P Perevozchikov
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Acad. Pavlov St., 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey V Orlov
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Acad. Pavlov St., 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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211
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Weng Q, Liu Z, Li B, Liu K, Wu W, Liu H. Oxidative Stress Induces Mouse Follicular Granulosa Cells Apoptosis via JNK/FoxO1 Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167869. [PMID: 27936150 PMCID: PMC5148000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) plays an important role in the regulation of cell apoptosis. Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors are involved in diverse biological processes, including cellular metabolism, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle. However, the JNK/FoxO1 pathway involved in the process of apoptosis induced by oxidative stress remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that the JNK activity significantly increased in response to oxidative stress in mouse follicular granulosa cells (MGCs). SP600125, a selective JNK inhibitor, attenuated the oxidative stress-induced MGCs apoptosis. Oxidative stress enhanced the FoxO1 nuclear translocation by activating the JNK activity. Moreover, JNK mediated the dissociation of FoxO1 from 14-3-3 proteins in MGCs after the treatment with H2O2. Finally, oxidative stress up-regulated the expression of FoxO1 via JNK mediation of FoxO1 self-regulation in MGCs. Taken together, our findings suggest that JNK/FoxO1 is involved in the regulation of oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis in MGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Weng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zequn Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Liaoning Province of Animal Product Safety Supervision, Shenyang, China
| | - Bojiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaiqing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangjun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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212
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Ito T, Igaki T. Dissecting cellular senescence and SASP in Drosophila. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:25. [PMID: 29259698 PMCID: PMC5725765 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence can act as both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter depending on the cellular contexts. On one hand, premature senescence has been considered as an innate host defense mechanism against carcinogenesis in mammals. In response to various stresses including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and oncogenic stress, suffered cells undergo irreversible cell cycle arrest, leading to tumor suppression. On the other hand, recent studies in mammalian systems have revealed that senescent cells can drive oncogenesis by secreting diverse proteins such as inflammatory cytokines, matrix remodeling factors, and growth factors, the phenomenon called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, the mechanisms by which these contradictory effects regulate tumor growth and metastasis in vivo have been elusive. Here, we review the recent discovery of cellular senescence in Drosophila and the mechanisms underlying senescence-mediated tumor regulation dissected by Drosophila genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ito
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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213
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Zou J, Hong L, Luo C, Li Z, Zhu Y, Huang T, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Hu Y, Wen T, Zhuang W, Cai B, Zhang X, Huang J, Cheng J. Metformin inhibits estrogen-dependent endometrial cancer cell growth by activating the AMPK-FOXO1 signal pathway. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1806-1817. [PMID: 27636742 PMCID: PMC5198961 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is an oral biguanide commonly used for treating type II diabetes and has recently been reported to possess antiproliferative properties that can be exploited for the prevention and treatment of a variety of cancers. The mechanisms underlying this effect have not been fully elucidated. Our study shows a marked loss of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and nuclear human Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) protein in estrogen-dependent endometrial cancer (EC) tumors compared to normal control endometrium. Metformin treatment suppressed EC cell growth in a time-dependent manner in vitro; this effect was cancelled by cotreatment with an AMPK inhibitor, compound C. Metformin decreased FOXO1 phosphorylation and increased FOXO1 nuclear localization in Ishikawa and HEC-1B cells, with non-significant increase in FOXO1 mRNA expression. Moreover, compound C blocked the metformin-induced changes of FOXO1 and its phosphorylation protein, suggesting that metformin upregulated FOXO1 activity by AMPK activation. Similar results were obtained after treatment with insulin. In addition, transfection with siRNA for FOXO1 cancelled metformin-inhibited cell growth, indicating that FOXO1 mediated metformin to inhibit EC cell proliferation. A xenograft mouse model further revealed that metformin suppressed HEC-1B tumor growth, accompanied by downregulated ki-67 and upregulated AMPK phosphorylation and nuclear FOXO1 protein. Taken together, these data provide a novel mechanism of antineoplastic effect for metformin through the regulation of FOXO1, and suggest that the AMPK-FOXO1 pathway may be a therapeutic target to the development of new antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Zou
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Liangli Hong
- Departments of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Chaohuan Luo
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Zhi Li
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yuzhang Zhu
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Tianliang Huang
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yongneng Zhang
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Huier Yuan
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yaqiu Hu
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Tengfei Wen
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Wanling Zhuang
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Bozhi Cai
- The Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- The Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Jiexiong Huang
- Departments of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Jidong Cheng
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
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214
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Roper PM, Abbasnia P, Vuchkovska A, Natoli RM, Callaci JJ. Alcohol-related deficient fracture healing is associated with activation of FoxO transcription factors in mice. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:2106-2115. [PMID: 26998841 PMCID: PMC5031548 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The process of fracture healing is complex, and poor or incomplete healing remains a significant health problem. Proper fracture healing relies upon resident mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, which are necessary for callus formation and ossification. Alcohol abuse is a leading contributor to poor fracture healing. Although the mechanism behind this action is unknown, excessive alcohol consumption is known to promote systemic oxidative stress. The family of FoxO transcription factors is activated by oxidative stress, and FoxO activation antagonizes Wnt signaling, which regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. We hypothesize that alcohol exposure increases oxidative stress leading to deficient fracture repair by activating FoxO transcription factors within the fracture callus which disrupts chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Our laboratory has developed an experimental model of delayed fracture union in mice using ethanol administration. We have found that ethanol administration significantly decreases external, cartilaginous callus formation, and hallmarks of endochondral ossification, and these changes are concomitant with increases in FoxO expression and markers of activation in fracture callus tissue of these mice. We were able to prevent these alcohol-induced effects with the administration of the antioxidant n-acetyl cysteine (NAC), suggesting that alcohol-induced oxidative stress produces the perturbed endochondral ossification and FoxO expression. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2106-2115, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Roper
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois,Integrative Cellular Biology Program, Health Sciences Campus, Loyola University Chicago, Building 110, Room 4244, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Pegah Abbasnia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Aleksandra Vuchkovska
- Integrative Cellular Biology Program, Health Sciences Campus, Loyola University Chicago, Building 110, Room 4244, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Roman M. Natoli
- University of Maryland Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John J. Callaci
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois,Integrative Cellular Biology Program, Health Sciences Campus, Loyola University Chicago, Building 110, Room 4244, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, Illinois
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215
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Xu S, Stern M, McNew JA. Beneficial effects of rapamycin in a Drosophila model for hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:453-465. [PMID: 27909242 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The locomotor deficits in the group of diseases referred to as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) reflect degeneration of upper motor neurons, but the mechanisms underlying this neurodegeneration are unknown. We established a Drosophila model for HSP, atlastin (atl), which encodes an ER fusion protein. Here, we show that neuronal atl loss causes degeneration of specific thoracic muscles that is preceded by other pathologies, including accumulation of aggregates containing polyubiquitin, increased generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of the JNK-Foxo stress response pathway. We show that inhibiting the Tor kinase, either genetically or by administering rapamycin, at least partially reversed many of these pathologies. atl loss from muscle also triggered muscle degeneration and rapamycin-sensitive locomotor deficits, as well as polyubiquitin aggregate accumulation. These results indicate that atl loss triggers muscle degeneration both cell autonomously and nonautonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xu
- Department of BioSciences, Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Michael Stern
- Department of BioSciences, Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - James A McNew
- Department of BioSciences, Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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216
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Ma S, Upneja A, Galecki A, Tsai YM, Burant CF, Raskind S, Zhang Q, Zhang ZD, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Clish CB, Miller RA, Gladyshev VN. Cell culture-based profiling across mammals reveals DNA repair and metabolism as determinants of species longevity. eLife 2016; 5:e19130. [PMID: 27874830 PMCID: PMC5148604 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian lifespan differs by >100 fold, but the mechanisms associated with such longevity differences are not understood. Here, we conducted a study on primary skin fibroblasts isolated from 16 species of mammals and maintained under identical cell culture conditions. We developed a pipeline for obtaining species-specific ortholog sequences, profiled gene expression by RNA-seq and small molecules by metabolite profiling, and identified genes and metabolites correlating with species longevity. Cells from longer lived species up-regulated genes involved in DNA repair and glucose metabolism, down-regulated proteolysis and protein transport, and showed high levels of amino acids but low levels of lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. The amino acid patterns were recapitulated by further analyses of primate and bird fibroblasts. The study suggests that fibroblast profiling captures differences in longevity across mammals at the level of global gene expression and metabolite levels and reveals pathways that define these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Ma
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Akhil Upneja
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Andrzej Galecki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
- Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Yi-Miau Tsai
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
- Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Charles F Burant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Sasha Raskind
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Zhengdong D Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | | | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
- Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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217
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Shao H, Mohamed EM, Xu GG, Waters M, Jing K, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Spiegel S, Idowu MO, Fang X. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A functions to repress FoxO transcription factors to allow cell cycle progression in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3832-46. [PMID: 26716645 PMCID: PMC4826173 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells rely on hyperactive de novo lipid synthesis for maintaining malignancy. Recent studies suggest involvement in cancer of fatty acid oxidation, a process functionally opposite to lipogenesis. A mechanistic link from lipid catabolism to oncogenic processes is yet to be established. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) is a rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) that catalyzes the transfer of long-chain acyl group of the acyl-CoA ester to carnitine, thereby shuttling fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for β-oxidation. In the present study, we demonstrated that CPT1A was highly expressed in most ovarian cancer cell lines and primary ovarian serous carcinomas. Overexpression of CPT1A correlated with a poor overall survival of ovarian cancer patients. Inactivation of CPT1A decreased cellular ATP levels and induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1, suggesting that ovarian cancer cells depend on or are addicted to CPT1A-mediated FAO for cell cycle progression. CPT1A deficiency also suppressed anchorage-independent growth and formation of xenografts from ovarian cancer cell lines. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1 (p21) was identified as most consistently and robustly induced cell cycle regulator upon inactivation of CPT1A. Furthermore, p21 was transcriptionally upregulated by the FoxO transcription factors, which were in turn phosphorylated and activated by AMP-activated protein kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinases JNK and p38. Our results established the oncogenic relevance of CPT1A and a mechanistic link from lipid catabolism to cell cycle regulation, suggesting that CPT1A could be a prognostic biomarker and rational target for therapeutic intervention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Shao
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Esraa M Mohamed
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Guoyan G Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Michael Waters
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kai Jing
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yibao Ma
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Michael O Idowu
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xianjun Fang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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218
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Liu X, Cai X, Hu B, Mei Z, Zhang D, Ouyang G, Wang J, Zhang W, Xiao W. Forkhead Transcription Factor 3a (FOXO3a) Modulates Hypoxia Signaling via Up-regulation of the von Hippel-Lindau Gene (VHL). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25692-25705. [PMID: 27777301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXO3a, a member of the forkhead homeobox type O (FOXO) family of transcriptional factors, regulates cell survival in response to DNA damage, caloric restriction, and oxidative stress. The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene encodes a component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates hypoxia-inducible factor α degradation under aerobic conditions, thus acting as one of the key regulators of hypoxia signaling. However, whether FOXO3a impacts cellular hypoxia stress remains unknown. Here we show that FOXO3a directly binds to the VHL promoter and up-regulates VHL expression. Using a zebrafish model, we confirmed the up-regulation of vhl by foxo3b, an ortholog of mammalian FOXO3a Furthermore, by employing the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology, we deleted foxo3b in zebrafish and determined that expression of hypoxia-inducible genes was affected under hypoxia. Moreover, foxo3b-null zebrafish exhibited impaired acute hypoxic tolerance, resulting in death. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, by modulating hypoxia-inducible factor activity via up-regulation of VHL, FOXO3a (foxo3b) plays an important role in survival in response to hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Xiaolian Cai
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Bo Hu
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Zhichao Mei
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Dawei Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Gang Ouyang
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Jing Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- From the Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation and .,State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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219
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Coenzyme Q10 protects renal proximal tubule cells against nicotine-induced apoptosis through induction of p66shc-dependent antioxidant responses. Apoptosis 2016; 22:220-228. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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220
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Post-translational modifications of FOXO family proteins. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4931-4941. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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221
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Chu JMT, Lee DKM, Wong DPK, Wong GTC, Yue KKM. Methylglyoxal-induced neuroinflammatory response in in vitro astrocytic cultures and hippocampus of experimental animals. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1055-64. [PMID: 27250968 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and its diverse complications. Hyperglycemia is associated with inflammatory responses in different organs and diabetic patients have a higher risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders. Methylglyoxal is a reactive advanced glycation end product precursor that accumulates in diabetic patients. It induces various stress responses in the central nervous system and causes neuronal dysfunction. Astrocytes are actively involved in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and possibly play a role in protecting the brain against neurodegeneration. However it is not clear whether methylglyoxal exerts any adverse effects towards these astrocytes. In the present study we investigated the effects of methylglyoxal in astrocytic cultures and hippocampi of experimental animals. The cells from the astrocytic line DITNC1 were treated with methylglyoxal for 1 to 24 h. For the in vivo model, 3 months old C57BL/6 mice were treated with methylglyoxal solution for 6 weeks by intraperitoneal injection. Following the treatment, both astrocytes and hippocampi were harvested for MTT assay, Western blot and real time PCR analyses. We found that methylglyoxal induced astrogliosis in DITNC1 astrocytic cultures and C57BL/6 mice. Further, activation of the pro-inflammatory JNK signaling pathway and its downstream effectors c-Jun were observed. Furthermore, increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and astrocytic markers were observed from real time PCR analyses. In addition, inhibition of JNK activities resulted in down-regulation of TNF-α gene expression in methylglyoxal treated astrocytes. Our results suggest that methylglyoxal may contribute to the progression of diabetes related neurodegeneration through JNK pathway activation in astrocytes and the subsequent neuroinflammatory responses in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M T Chu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dicky K M Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniella P K Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gordon T C Wong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kevin K M Yue
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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222
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Chettimada S, Joshi SR, Dhagia V, Aiezza A, Lincoln TM, Gupte R, Miano JM, Gupte SA. Vascular smooth muscle cell contractile protein expression is increased through protein kinase G-dependent and -independent pathways by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibition and deficiency. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H904-H912. [PMID: 27521420 PMCID: PMC5114469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00335.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic control of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation is critical for contractile activity and regulation of blood flow. Recently, we reported that precontracted blood vessels are relaxed and the phenotype of VSMC is regulated from a synthetic to contractile state by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) inhibition. In the current study, we investigated whether the increase in the expression of VSMC contractile proteins by inhibition and knockdown of G6PD is mediated through a protein kinase G (PKG)-dependent pathway and whether it regulates blood pressure. We found that the expression of VSMC-restricted contractile proteins, myocardin (MYOCD), and miR-1 and miR-143 are increased by G6PD inhibition or knockdown. Importantly, RNA-sequence analysis of aortic tissue from G6PD-deficient mice revealed uniform increases in VSMC-restricted genes, particularly those regulated by the MYOCD-serum response factor (SRF) switch. Conversely, expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is decreased by G6PD inhibition. Interestingly, the G6PD inhibition-induced expression of miR-1 and contractile proteins was blocked by Rp-β-phenyl-1,N2-etheno-8-bromo-guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, a PKG inhibitor. On the other hand, MYOCD and miR-143 levels are increased by G6PD inhibition through a PKG-independent manner. Furthermore, blood pressure was lower in the G6PD-deficient compared with wild-type mice. Therefore, our results suggest that the expression of VSMC contractile proteins induced by G6PD inhibition occurs via PKG1α-dependent and -independent pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cattle
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Contractile Proteins/drug effects
- Contractile Proteins/genetics
- Contractile Proteins/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Immunoprecipitation
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/drug effects
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/drug effects
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/drug effects
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rats
- Serum Response Factor/drug effects
- Serum Response Factor/genetics
- Serum Response Factor/metabolism
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Trans-Activators/drug effects
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukrutha Chettimada
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Sachindra Raj Joshi
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Vidhi Dhagia
- Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Alessandro Aiezza
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and
| | | | - Rakhee Gupte
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Joseph M Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and
| | - Sachin A Gupte
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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223
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Charytoniuk T, Drygalski K, Konstantynowicz-Nowicka K, Berk K, Chabowski A. Alternative treatment methods attenuate the development of NAFLD: A review of resveratrol molecular mechanisms and clinical trials. Nutrition 2016; 34:108-117. [PMID: 28063505 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be one of the most common liver pathologies that occur widely among societies with a predominance of the Western dietary pattern. NAFLD may progress from hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), subsequently leading to cirrhosis and becoming a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus its prevention and therapy play an important role in hepatology. To our knowledge, there is no effective treatment for patients with NAFLD. The aim of this review was to summarize the results of recent alternative treatment studies conducted both on cell cultures and in vivo that concern molecular effects of resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) in the treatment of NAFLD. The precise metabolism, pharmacology, and clinical trials with different concentrations of resveratrol were described. The review also presents a brief summary of other alternative treatment methods of NAFLD and their mechanisms compared with current clinical understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Charytoniuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Drygalski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Klaudia Berk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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224
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Inhibition of skeletal muscle atrophy during torpor in ground squirrels occurs through downregulation of MyoG and inactivation of Foxo4. Cryobiology 2016; 73:112-9. [PMID: 27593478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Foxo4 and MyoG proteins regulate the transcription of numerous genes, including the E3 ubiquitin ligases MAFbx and MuRF1, which are activated in skeletal muscle under atrophy-inducing conditions. In the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, there is little muscle wasting that occurs during hibernation, a process characterized by bouts of torpor and arousal, despite virtual inactivity. Consequently, we were interested in studying the regulatory role of Foxo4 and MyoG on ubiquitin ligases throughout torpor-arousal cycles. Findings indicate that MAFbx and MuRF1 decreased during early torpor (ET) by 42% and 40%, respectively, relative to euthermic control (EC), although MuRF1 expression subsequently increased at late torpor (LT). The expression pattern of MyoG most closely resembled that of MAFbx, with levels decreasing during LT. In addition, the phosphorylation of Foxo4 at Thr-451 showed an initial increase during EN, followed by a decline throughout the remainder of the torpor-arousal cycle, suggesting Foxo4 inhibition. This trend was mirrored by inhibition of the Ras-Ral pathway, as the Ras and Ral proteins were decreased by 77% and 41% respectively, at ET. Foxo4 phosphorylation at S197 was depressed during entrance and torpor, suggesting Foxo4 nuclear localization, and possibly regulating the increase in MuRF1 levels at LT. These findings indicate that signaling pathways involved in regulating muscle atrophy, such as MyoG and Foxo4 through the Ras-Ral pathway, contribute to important muscle-specific changes during hibernation. Therefore, this data provides novel insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating muscle remodeling in a hibernator model.
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225
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE For a healthy cell to turn into a cancer cell and grow out to become a tumor, it needs to undergo a series of complex changes and acquire certain traits, summarized as "The Hallmarks of Cancer." These hallmarks can all be regarded as the result of altered signal transduction cascades and an understanding of these cascades is essential for cancer treatment. RECENT ADVANCES Redox signaling is a long overlooked form of signal transduction that proceeds through the reversible oxidation of cysteines in proteins and that uses hydrogen peroxide as a second messenger. CRITICAL ISSUES In this article, we provide examples that show that redox signaling is involved in the regulation of proteins and signaling cascades that play roles in every hallmark of cancer. FUTURE DIRECTIONS An understanding of how redox signaling and "classical" signal transduction are intertwined could hold promising strategies for cancer therapy in the future. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 300-325.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Hornsveld
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias B Dansen
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
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226
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Gómez-Puerto MC, Verhagen LP, Braat AK, Lam EWF, Coffer PJ, Lorenowicz MJ. Activation of autophagy by FOXO3 regulates redox homeostasis during osteogenic differentiation. Autophagy 2016; 12:1804-1816. [PMID: 27532863 PMCID: PMC5079670 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1203484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a continuous physiological process that requires constant generation of new osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Differentiation of MSCs to osteoblast requires a metabolic switch from glycolysis to increased mitochondrial respiration to ensure the sufficient energy supply to complete this process. As a consequence of this increased mitochondrial metabolism, the levels of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) rise. In the current study we analyzed the role of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) in the control of ROS levels in human MSCs (hMSCs) during osteogenic differentiation. Treatment of hMSCs with H2O2 induced FOXO3 phosphorylation at Ser294 and nuclear translocation. This ROS-mediated activation of FOXO3 was dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8/JNK) activity. Upon FOXO3 downregulation, osteoblastic differentiation was impaired and hMSCs lost their ability to control elevated ROS levels. Our results also demonstrate that in response to elevated ROS levels, FOXO3 induces autophagy in hMSCs. In line with this, impairment of autophagy by autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) knockdown resulted in a reduced capacity of hMSCs to regulate elevated ROS levels, together with a reduced osteoblast differentiation. Taken together our findings are consistent with a model where in hMSCs, FOXO3 is required to induce autophagy and thereby reduce elevated ROS levels resulting from the increased mitochondrial respiration during osteoblast differentiation. These new molecular insights provide an important contribution to our better understanding of bone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gómez-Puerto
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Regenerative Medicine Center , Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - L P Verhagen
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - A K Braat
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Regenerative Medicine Center , Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - E W-F Lam
- c Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus , London , UK
| | - P J Coffer
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Regenerative Medicine Center , Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - M J Lorenowicz
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Regenerative Medicine Center , Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht , The Netherlands
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227
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Zhang Y, Aguilar OA, Storey KB. Transcriptional activation of muscle atrophy promotes cardiac muscle remodeling during mammalian hibernation. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2317. [PMID: 27602284 PMCID: PMC4991874 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Mammalian hibernation in thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) is characterized by dramatic changes on a physiological and molecular level. During hibernation, mammalian hearts show a propensity to hypertrophy due to the need for increasing contractility to pump colder and more viscous blood. While cardiac hypertrophy is quite often a process characterized by decompensation, the ground squirrel studied is an excellent model of cardiac plasticity and cardioprotection under conditions of hypothermia and ischemia. The forkhead box O (Foxo) family of proteins and myogenin (MyoG) are transcription factors that control protein degradation and muscle atrophy by regulating the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligases, MAFbx and MuRF1. These ligases are part of the ubiquitin proteasome system by transferring ubiquitin to proteins and targeting these proteins for degradation. Regulation of Foxo1 and 3a occurs through phosphorylation at different residues. The threonine-24 (Thr-24) and serine-319 (Ser-319) residues on Foxo1, and the Thr-32 residue on Foxo3a are phosphorylated by Akt, leading to cytoplasmic localization of Foxo. We propose that the described mechanism contributes to the changes taking place in cardiac muscle throughout hibernation. Methods. Total and phosphorylated protein levels of Foxo1 and Foxo3a, as well as total protein levels of MyoG, MAFbx, and MuRF1, were studied using immunoblotting. Results. Immunoblotting results demonstrated upregulations in Foxo1 and Foxo3a total protein levels (1.3- and 4.5-fold increases relative to euthermic control, for Foxo1 and 3a respectively) during late torpor, and protein levels remained elevated throughout the rest of torpor and at interbout arousal. We also observed decreases in inactive, phosphorylated Foxo1 and 3a proteins during throughout torpor, where levels of p-Foxo1 Ser319 and Thr24, as well as p-Foxo3a Thr32 decreased by at least 45% throughout torpor. MyoG was upregulated only during late torpor by 2.4-fold. Protein levels of MAFbx and MuRF1 increased in late torpor as well as during early arousal by as much as 2.8-fold, and MAFbx levels remained elevated during interbout arousal, whereas MuRF1 levels returned to control levels. Discussion. The present results indicate that upregulation and activation of Foxo1 and 3a, in addition to the increase in MyoG levels at late torpor, may be upregulating the expression of MAFbx and MuRF1. These findings suggest that there is activation of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) as ground squirrels arouse from torpor. Therefore, the signalling pathway involving MyoG, and the E3 ligases MAFbx and MuRF1, plays a significant role in cardiac muscle remodelling during hibernation. These findings provide insights into the regulation of protein degradation and turnover in the cardiac muscle of a hibernator model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichi Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Oscar A Aguilar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University , Ottawa , ON , Canada
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JNK Signaling: Regulation and Functions Based on Complex Protein-Protein Partnerships. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:793-835. [PMID: 27466283 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, mediate eukaryotic cell responses to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stress insults. JNKs also regulate important physiological processes, including neuronal functions, immunological actions, and embryonic development, via their impact on gene expression, cytoskeletal protein dynamics, and cell death/survival pathways. Although the JNK pathway has been under study for >20 years, its complexity is still perplexing, with multiple protein partners of JNKs underlying the diversity of actions. Here we review the current knowledge of JNK structure and isoforms as well as the partnerships of JNKs with a range of intracellular proteins. Many of these proteins are direct substrates of the JNKs. We analyzed almost 100 of these target proteins in detail within a framework of their classification based on their regulation by JNKs. Examples of these JNK substrates include a diverse assortment of nuclear transcription factors (Jun, ATF2, Myc, Elk1), cytoplasmic proteins involved in cytoskeleton regulation (DCX, Tau, WDR62) or vesicular transport (JIP1, JIP3), cell membrane receptors (BMPR2), and mitochondrial proteins (Mcl1, Bim). In addition, because upstream signaling components impact JNK activity, we critically assessed the involvement of signaling scaffolds and the roles of feedback mechanisms in the JNK pathway. Despite a clarification of many regulatory events in JNK-dependent signaling during the past decade, many other structural and mechanistic insights are just beginning to be revealed. These advances open new opportunities to understand the role of JNK signaling in diverse physiological and pathophysiological states.
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229
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Arany I, Hall S, Reed DK, Dixit M. The pro-oxidant gene p66shc increases nicotine exposure-induced lipotoxic oxidative stress in renal proximal tubule cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2771-7. [PMID: 27486058 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine (NIC) exposure augments free fatty acid (FFA) deposition and oxidative stress, with a concomitant increase in the expression of the pro-oxidant p66shc. In addition, a decrease in the antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has been observed in the kidneys of mice fed a high‑fat diet. The present study aimed to determine whether the pro‑oxidant p66shc mediates NIC‑dependent increases in renal oxidative stress by augmenting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppressing the FFA‑induced antioxidant response in cultured NRK52E renal proximal tubule cells. Briefly, NRK52E renal proximal tubule cells were treated with 200 µM NIC, 100 µM oleic acid (OA), or a combination of NIC and OA. The expression levels of p66shc and MnSOD were modulated according to genetic methods. ROS production and cell injury, in the form of lactate dehydrogenase release, were subsequently detected. Promoter activity of p66shc and MnSOD, as well as forkhead box (FOXO)‑dependent transcription, was investigated using reporter luciferase assays. The results demonstrated that NIC exacerbated OA‑mediated intracellular ROS production and cell injury through the transcriptional activation of p66shc. NIC also suppressed OA‑mediated induction of the antioxidant MnSOD promoter activity through p66shc‑dependent inactivation of FOXO activity. Overexpression of p66shc and knockdown of MnSOD had the same effect as treatment with NIC on OA‑mediated lipotoxicity. These data may be used to generate a therapeutic means to ameliorate renal lipotoxicity in obese smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Arany
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Samuel Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Dustin K Reed
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Mehul Dixit
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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230
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Kim SM, Grenert JP, Patterson C, Correia MA. CHIP(-/-)-Mouse Liver: Adiponectin-AMPK-FOXO-Activation Overrides CYP2E1-Elicited JNK1-Activation, Delaying Onset of NASH: Therapeutic Implications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29423. [PMID: 27406999 PMCID: PMC4942616 DOI: 10.1038/srep29423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic ablation of C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) E3 ubiquitin-ligase impairs hepatic cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 degradation. Consequent CYP2E1 gain of function accelerates reactive O2 species (ROS) production, triggering oxidative/proteotoxic stress associated with sustained activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-signaling cascades, pro-inflammatory effectors/cytokines, insulin resistance, progressive hepatocellular ballooning and microvesicular steatosis. Despite this, little evidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was found in CHIP(-/-)-mice over the first 8-9-months of life. We herein document that this lack of tissue injury is largely due to the concurrent up-regulation and/or activation of the adiponectin-5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-forkhead box O (FOXO)-signaling axis stemming from at the least three synergistic features: Up-regulated expression of adipose tissue adiponectin and its hepatic adipoR1/adipoR2 receptors, stabilization of hepatic AMPKα1-isoform, identified herein for the first time as a CHIP-ubiquitination substrate (unlike its AMPKα2-isoform), as well as nuclear stabilization of FOXOs, well-known CHIP-ubiquitination targets. Such beneficial predominance of the adiponectin-AMPK-FOXO-signaling axis over the sustained JNK-elevation and injurious insulin resistance in CHIP(-/-)-livers apparently counteracts/delays rapid progression of the hepatic microvesicular steatosis to the characteristic macrovesicular steatosis observed in clinical NASH and/or rodent NASH-models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Mi Kim
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - James P Grenert
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA.,The Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Cam Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria Almira Correia
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA.,The Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA
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231
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Kim J, Cho SY, Kim SH, Cho D, Kim S, Park CW, Shimizu T, Cho JY, Seo DB, Shin SS. Effects of Korean ginseng berry on skin antipigmentation and antiaging via FoxO3a activation. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:277-283. [PMID: 28701867 PMCID: PMC5489743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ginseng berry has various bioactivities, including antidiabetic, anticancer, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative properties. Moreover, we have revealed that the active antiaging component of the ginseng berry, syringaresinol, has the ability to stimulate longevity via gene activation. Despite the many known beneficial effects of ginseng, its effects on skin aging are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of ginseng and the ginseng berry on one of the skin aging processes, melanogenesis, and age-related pigment lipofuscin accumulation, to elucidate the mechanism of action with respect to antiaging. Methods The human melanoma MNT1 cell line was treated with ginseng root extract, ginseng berry extract, or syringaresinol. Then, the cells were analyzed using a melanin assay, and the tyrosinase activity was estimated. The Caenorhabditis elegans wild type N2 strain was used for the life span assay to analyze the antiaging effects of the samples. A lipofuscin fluorescence assay was performed during 10 passages with the syringaresinol treatment. Results A 7-d treatment with ginseng berry extract reduced melanin accumulation and tyrosinase activity more than ginseng root extract. These results may be due to the active compound of the ginseng berry, syringaresinol. The antimelanogenic activity was strongly coordinated with the activation of the longevity gene foxo3a. Moreover, the ginseng berry extract had more potent antiaging effects, caused a life span extension, and reduced lipofuscin accumulation. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest that these antimelanogenic effects and antiaging effects of ginseng berry mediate the activation of antioxidation–FoxO3a signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juewon Kim
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Si Young Cho
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Cho
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Woong Park
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Department of Advanced Aging Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Bang Seo
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Seok Shin
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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232
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Wang Y, Xu Q, Sack L, Kang C, Elledge SJ. A gain-of-function senescence bypass screen identifies the homeobox transcription factor DLX2 as a regulator of ATM-p53 signaling. Genes Dev 2016; 30:293-306. [PMID: 26833729 PMCID: PMC4743059 DOI: 10.1101/gad.271445.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wang et al. performed a two-stage, gain-of function screen to select for the genes whose enhanced expression can bypass replicative senescence. Among the new genes that they identified, DLX2 reduces the protein components of the TTI1/TTI2/TEL2 complex, a key complex required for the proper folding and stabilization of ATM and other members of the PIKK family kinase, leading to reduced ATM–p53 signaling and senescence bypass. Senescence stimuli activate multiple tumor suppressor pathways to initiate cycle arrest and a differentiation program characteristic of senescent cells. We performed a two-stage, gain-of-function screen to select for the genes whose enhanced expression can bypass replicative senescence. We uncovered multiple genes known to be involved in p53 and Rb regulation and ATM regulation, two components of the CST (CTC1–STN1–TEN1) complex involved in preventing telomere erosion, and genes such as REST and FOXO4 that have been implicated in aging. Among the new genes now implicated in senescence, we identified DLX2, a homeobox transcription factor that has been shown to be required for tumor growth and metastasis and is associated with poor cancer prognosis. Growth analysis showed that DLX2 expression led to increased cellular replicative life span. Our data suggest that DLX2 expression reduces the protein components of the TTI1/TTI2/TEL2 complex, a key complex required for the proper folding and stabilization of ATM and other members of the PIKK (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase) family kinase, leading to reduced ATM–p53 signaling and senescence bypass. We also found that the overexpression of DLX2 exhibited a mutually exclusive relationship with p53 alterations in cancer patients. Our functional screen identified novel players that may promote tumorigenesis by regulating the ATM–p53 pathway and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Qikai Xu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Laura Sack
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Chanhee Kang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
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233
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La Colla A, Vasconsuelo A, Milanesi L, Pronsato L. 17β-Estradiol Protects Skeletal Myoblasts From Apoptosis Through p53, Bcl-2, and FoxO Families. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:104-115. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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234
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Lee JJ, Lee HJ, Son BH, Kim SB, Ahn JH, Ahn SD, Cho EY, Gong G. Expression of FOXM1 and related proteins in breast cancer molecular subtypes. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:170-7. [PMID: 27277416 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins constitute an extended family of transcriptional regulators. FOXM1 is ubiquitously expressed in cells undergoing proliferation, and overexpression of FOXM1 is associated with poor prognosis in various malignant tumours. FOXM1 and FOXO3a are often transcriptionally antagonistic. FOXO3a plays a critical tumour-suppressive role in breast cancer. FOXO activity is modulated by its acetylation status, which is regulated by class III histone deacetylases (sirtuins; also known as SIRTs). This study evaluated the role of FOX proteins and their regulators in each molecular subtype of breast cancer. Immunohistochemical expressions of FOXM1, FOXO3a, SIRT1 and SIRT6 were evaluated in tissue microarray blocks containing 688 consecutive breast cancer samples. Mean expression levels were used to categorize tumours according to the expression of each protein (high or low). High expression of FOXM1 was significantly correlated with high SIRT1 and SIRT6 expression, higher histologic grade and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). High expression of nuclear FOXO3a and nuclear SIRT1 was correlated with a lower histologic grade and the hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative subtype. In survival analysis, FOXM1 was an independent adverse prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival in the hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative subtype but not in the HER2-positive subtype or TNBC. In conclusion, although high FOXM1 expression was noted in the TNBC subtype, it had no prognostic impact in TNBC. However, it had prognostic significance in the hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ju Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seonam University College of Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Deokyang-gu, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Son
- Department of Pathology Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Bae Kim
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Ahn
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Do Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Yoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyungyub Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
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235
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Choi Y, Park J, Choi Y, Ko YS, Yu DA, Kim Y, Pyo JS, Jang BG, Kim MA, Kim WH, Lee BL. c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation has a prognostic implication and is negatively associated with FOXO1 activation in gastric cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:59. [PMID: 27268017 PMCID: PMC4895928 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the biological function of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in gastric cancer remains unclear, we investigated the clinical significance of JNK activation and its association with FOXO1 activation. Methods Immunohistochemical tissue array analysis of 483 human gastric cancer specimens was performed, and the results of the immunostaining were quantified. The correlation between JNK activation (nuclear staining for pJNK) and clinicopathological features, the proliferation index, prognosis or FOXO1 inactivation (cytoplasmic staining for pFOXO1) was analyzed. The SNU-638 gastric cancer cell line was used for in vitro analysis. Results Nuclear staining of pJNK was found in 38 % of the gastric carcinomas and was higher in the early stages of pTNM (P < 0.001). pJNK staining negatively correlated with lymphatic invasion (P = 0.034) and positively correlated with intestinal type by Lauren’s classification (P = 0.037), Ki-67-labeling index (P < 0.001), cyclin D1 (P = 0.045), cyclin E (P < 0.001) and pFOXO1 (P < 0.001). JNK activation correlated with a longer patients survival (P =0.008) and patients with a JNK-active and FOXO1-inactive tumor had a higher survival rate than the remainder of the population (P = 0.004). In vitro analysis showed that JNK inhibition by SP600125 in SNU-638 cells decreased cyclin D1 protein expression and increased FOXO1 activation. Further, JNK inhibition markedly suppressed colony formation, which was partially restored by FOXO1 shRNA expression. Conclusions Our results indicate that JNK activation may serve as a valuable prognostic factor in gastric cancer, and that it is implicated in gastric tumorigenesis, at least in part, through FOXO1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun Choi
- Department of Tumor Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Jinju Park
- Department of Tumor Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Yiseul Choi
- Department of Tumor Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Young San Ko
- Departments of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Da-Ae Yu
- Departments of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, 690-767, South Korea
| | - Min A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Byung Lan Lee
- Department of Tumor Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea. .,Departments of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea. .,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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Karvela M, Baquero P, Kuntz EM, Mukhopadhyay A, Mitchell R, Allan EK, Chan E, Kranc KR, Calabretta B, Salomoni P, Gottlieb E, Holyoake TL, Helgason GV. ATG7 regulates energy metabolism, differentiation and survival of Philadelphia-chromosome-positive cells. Autophagy 2016; 12:936-48. [PMID: 27168493 PMCID: PMC4922442 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1162359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A major drawback of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is that primitive CML cells are able to survive TKI-mediated BCR-ABL inhibition, leading to disease persistence in patients. Investigation of strategies aiming to inhibit alternative survival pathways in CML is therefore critical. We have previously shown that a nonspecific pharmacological inhibition of autophagy potentiates TKI-induced death in Philadelphia chromosome-positive cells. Here we provide further understanding of how specific and pharmacological autophagy inhibition affects nonmitochondrial and mitochondrial energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated differentiation of CML cells and highlight ATG7 (a critical component of the LC3 conjugation system) as a potential specific therapeutic target. By combining extra- and intracellular steady state metabolite measurements by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with metabolic flux assays using labeled glucose and functional assays, we demonstrate that knockdown of ATG7 results in decreased glycolysis and increased flux of labeled carbons through the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle. This leads to increased oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Furthermore, following ROS accumulation, CML cells, including primary CML CD34(+) progenitor cells, differentiate toward the erythroid lineage. Finally, ATG7 knockdown sensitizes CML progenitor cells to TKI-induced death, without affecting survival of normal cells, suggesting that specific inhibitors of ATG7 in combination with TKI would provide a novel therapeutic approach for CML patients exhibiting persistent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karvela
- Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pablo Baquero
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Elodie M. Kuntz
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arunima Mukhopadhyay
- Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rebecca Mitchell
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Elaine K. Allan
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Edmond Chan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kamil R. Kranc
- Medical Research Council Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Paolo Salomoni
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tessa L. Holyoake
- Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - G. Vignir Helgason
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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237
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Protein breakdown in cancer cachexia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 54:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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238
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Legaz S, Exposito JY, Lethias C, Viginier B, Terzian C, Verrier B. Evaluation of polylactic acid nanoparticles safety using Drosophila model. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1136-43. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1181806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Legaz
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Fédération de Recherche 3302, SFR BioSciences (Unité Mixte de Service 3444/US8) Gerland-Lyon Sud, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France,
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5305, Lyon, France, and
| | - Jean-Yves Exposito
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Fédération de Recherche 3302, SFR BioSciences (Unité Mixte de Service 3444/US8) Gerland-Lyon Sud, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France,
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5305, Lyon, France, and
| | - Claire Lethias
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Fédération de Recherche 3302, SFR BioSciences (Unité Mixte de Service 3444/US8) Gerland-Lyon Sud, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France,
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5305, Lyon, France, and
| | - Barbara Viginier
- Infections Virales et Pathologie Comparée, Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Unité Mixte De Recherche 754, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Terzian
- Infections Virales et Pathologie Comparée, Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Unité Mixte De Recherche 754, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Fédération de Recherche 3302, SFR BioSciences (Unité Mixte de Service 3444/US8) Gerland-Lyon Sud, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France,
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5305, Lyon, France, and
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TNFα/IFNγ Mediated Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction Is Attenuated by MicroRNA-93 Downregulation of PTK6 in Mouse Colonic Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154351. [PMID: 27119373 PMCID: PMC4847919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) represent significant morbidity and mortality in the US, the need for defining novel drug targets and inflammatory mechanisms would be of considerable benefit. Although protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6, also known as breast tumor kinase BRK) has been primarily studied in an oncogenic context, it was noted that PTK6 null mice exhibited significantly enhanced colonic epithelial barrier function. Considering that the inflammatory functions of PTK6 have not yet been explored, we hypothesized that cytokines responsible for mediating IBD, such as TNFα/IFNγ, may solicit the action of PTK6 to alter barrier function. After first assessing critical mediators of TNFα/IFNγ driven epithelial barrier dysfunction, we further explored the possibility of PTK6 in this inflammatory context. In this report, we showed that PTK6 siRNA and PTK6 null young adult mouse colonic epithelial cells (YAMC) exhibited significant attenuation of TNFα/IFNγ induced barrier dysfunction as measured by electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) assay and permeability assays. In addition, PTK6 null cells transfected with PTK6 cDNA displayed restored barrier dysfunction in response to TNFα/IFNγ, while the cells transfected with vector alone showed similar attenuation of barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, using subcellular fractionation and immunocytochemistry experiments, we found that PTK6 plays a role in FoxO1 nuclear accumulation leading to down-regulation of claudin-3, a tight junction protein. Moreover, we searched for relevant miRNA candidates putative for targeting PTK6 in order to identify and assess the impact of microRNA that target PTK6 with respect to TNFα/IFNγ induced barrier dysfunction. Subsequently, we assayed likely targets and determined their effectiveness in attenuating PTK6 expression as well as cytokine induced barrier dysfunction. Results showed that miR-93 reduced PTK6 expression and attenuated TNFα/IFNγ imposed decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), as well as excluded FoxO1 from the nucleus. Our results indicate that PTK6 may act as a novel mediator of intestinal epithelial permeability during inflammatory injury, and miR-93 may protect intestinal epithelial barrier function, at least in part, by targeting PTK6.
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240
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Cordycepin Prevents Bone Loss through Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis by Scavenging ROS Generation. Nutrients 2016; 8:231. [PMID: 27104563 PMCID: PMC4848699 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin was previously reported to have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. However, the potential role of cordycepin in bone metabolism and cell biology of osteoclasts remains unclear. In our study, we focused on the in vitro effects of cordycepin on osteoclastogenesis and its in vivo effects in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Osteoclast differentiation, formation and fusion were evaluated by Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain, focal adhesion stain and fusion assay, respectively. Osteoclastic bone resorption was evaluated by pit formation assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and removal were detected by the ROS assay. OVX mice were orally administered with 10 mg/kg of cordycepin daily for four weeks. In vitro results revealed that cordycepin inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation, formation, fusion and bone resorption activity. We further proved that cordycepin treatments scavenged the generation of ROS, upregulated interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8) and suppressed the activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) during osteoclastogenesis. In vivo results indicated cordycepin prevents bone loss, rescues bone microarchitecture, and restores bone mineralization in OVX mice. Our observations strongly suggested that cordycepin is an efficient osteoclast inhibitor and hold potential therapeutic value in preventing bone loss among postmenopausal osteoporosis patients.
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241
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Martins R, Lithgow GJ, Link W. Long live FOXO: unraveling the role of FOXO proteins in aging and longevity. Aging Cell 2016; 15:196-207. [PMID: 26643314 PMCID: PMC4783344 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging constitutes the key risk factor for age‐related diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Human longevity and healthy aging are complex phenotypes influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The fact that genetic contribution to lifespan strongly increases with greater age provides basis for research on which “protective genes” are carried by long‐lived individuals. Studies have consistently revealed FOXO (Forkhead box O) transcription factors as important determinants in aging and longevity. FOXO proteins represent a subfamily of transcription factors conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to mammals that act as key regulators of longevity downstream of insulin and insulin‐like growth factor signaling. Invertebrate genomes have one FOXO gene, while mammals have four FOXO genes: FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6. In mammals, this subfamily is involved in a wide range of crucial cellular processes regulating stress resistance, metabolism, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Their role in longevity determination is complex and remains to be fully elucidated. Throughout this review, the mechanisms by which FOXO factors contribute to longevity will be discussed in diverse animal models, from Hydra to mammals. Moreover, compelling evidence of FOXOs as contributors for extreme longevity and health span in humans will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Martins
- Regenerative Medicine Program Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine University of Algarve Campus de Gambelas 8005‐139 Faro Portugal
| | | | - Wolfgang Link
- Regenerative Medicine Program Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine University of Algarve Campus de Gambelas 8005‐139 Faro Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR) University of Algarve Campus de Gambelas 8005‐139 Faro Portugal
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242
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Wu C, Chen C, Dai J, Zhang F, Chen Y, Li W, Pastor-Pareja JC, Xue L. Toll pathway modulates TNF-induced JNK-dependent cell death in Drosophila. Open Biol 2016. [PMID: 26202785 PMCID: PMC4632500 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling networks that control the life or death of a cell are of central interest in modern biology. While the defined roles of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in regulating cell death have been well-established, additional factors that modulate JNK-mediated cell death have yet to be fully elucidated. To identify novel regulators of JNK-dependent cell death, we performed a dominant-modifier screen in Drosophila and found that the Toll pathway participates in JNK-mediated cell death. Loss of Toll signalling suppresses ectopically and physiologically activated JNK signalling-induced cell death. Our epistasis analysis suggests that the Toll pathway acts as a downstream modulator for JNK-dependent cell death. In addition, gain of JNK signalling results in Toll pathway activation, revealed by stimulated transcription of Drosomycin (Drs) and increased cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation of Dorsal. Furthermore, the Spätzle (Spz) family ligands for the Toll receptor are transcriptionally upregulated by activated JNK signalling in a non-cell-autonomous manner, providing a molecular mechanism for JNK-induced Toll pathway activation. Finally, gain of Toll signalling exacerbates JNK-mediated cell death and promotes cell death independent of caspases. Thus, we have identified another important function for the evolutionarily conserved Toll pathway, in addition to its well-studied roles in embryonic dorso-ventral patterning and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wu
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyan Chen
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building, D224, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Chen
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - José Carlos Pastor-Pareja
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building, D224, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xue
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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243
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Characterization of temporal expressions of FOXO and pFOXO proteins in the hippocampus by kainic acid in mice: involvement of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:660-7. [PMID: 26987339 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we characterized the expression and role of forkhead box O (FoxO3a) in kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expression in the CA1, CA2, and dentate gyrus regions in the hippocampus increased 0.5 and 1 h after intracerebroventricular administration of KA. In addition, both FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expression in the hippocampal CA3 region increased significantly and equally for 1 h but decreased gradually for 24 h after KA administration. In particular, the KA-induced increases in FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expression in the hippocampal CA3 region were inhibited by pretreatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (MK-801, dizocilpine, 1 µg/5 µl) or a non-NMDA receptor antagonist (CNQX, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, 0.5 µg/5 µl). Furthermore, dizocilpine and CNQX produced a neuroprotective effect against KA-induced neuronal death in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Our results suggest that FoxO3a and pFoxO3 expression is upregulated by KA. Both FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expression appear to be responsible for KA-induced neuronal death in the CA3 region of the hippocampus.
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244
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Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates a wide range of physiological functions, including embryogenesis, organ maintenance, cell proliferation and cell fate decision. Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in various cancers, but its role in cell death has not yet been fully elucidated. Here we show that activation of Wg signaling induces cell death in Drosophila eyes and wings, which depends on dFoxO, a transcription factor known to be involved in cell death. In addition, dFoxO is required for ectopic and endogenous Wg signaling to regulate wing patterning. Moreover, dFoxO is necessary for activated Wg signaling-induced target genes expression. Furthermore, Arm is reciprocally required for dFoxO-induced cell death. Finally, dFoxO physically interacts with Arm both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we have characterized a previously unknown role of dFoxO in promoting Wg signaling, and that a dFoxO-Arm complex is likely involved in their mutual functions, e.g. cell death.
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245
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Chen S, Villalta A, Agrawal DK. FOXO1 Mediates Vitamin D Deficiency-Induced Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:585-95. [PMID: 26462119 PMCID: PMC4814301 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prospective epidemiological studies have consistently shown a relationship between vitamin D deficiency, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). This is supported by recent trials showing that vitamin D supplementation in prediabetic or insulin-resistant patients with inadequate vitamin D levels improves insulin sensitivity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying vitamin D deficiency-induced insulin resistance and DM2 remain unknown. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a primary defect in the majority of patients with DM2. Although sustained activation of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) in skeletal muscle causes insulin resistance, a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and FOXO1 activation in muscle is unknown. We generated skeletal muscle-specific vitamin D receptor (VDR)-null mice and discovered that these mice developed insulin resistance and glucose intolerance accompanied by increased expression and activity of FOXO1. We also found sustained FOXO1 activation in the skeletal muscle of global VDR-null mice. Treatment of C2C12 muscle cells with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (VD3) reduced FOXO1 expression, nuclear translocation, and activity. The VD3-dependent suppression of FOXO1 activation disappeared by knockdown of VDR, indicating that it is VDR-dependent. Taken together, these results suggest that FOXO1 is a critical target mediating VDR-null signaling in skeletal muscle. The novel findings provide the conceptual support that persistent FOXO1 activation may be responsible for insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism in vitamin D signaling-deficient mice, as well as evidence for the utility of vitamin D supplementation for intervention in DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songcang Chen
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha NE 68178 USA
| | - Armando Villalta
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha NE 68178 USA
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246
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Abstract
The majority of metastatic breast cancers cannot be cured and present a major public health problem worldwide. Approximately 70% of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor, and endocrine-based therapies have significantly improved patient outcomes. However, the development of endocrine resistance is extremely common. Understanding the molecular pathways that regulate the hormone sensitivity of breast cancer cells is important to improving the efficacy of endocrine therapy. It is becoming clearer that the PI3K-AKT-forkhead box O (FOXO) signaling axis is a key player in the hormone-independent growth of many breast cancers. Constitutive PI3K-AKT pathway activation, a driver of breast cancer growth, causes down-regulation of FOXO tumor suppressor functions. This review will summarize what is currently known about the role of FOXOs in endocrine-resistance mechanisms. It will also suggest potential therapeutic strategies for the restoration of normal FOXO transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bullock
- Hormones and Cancer GroupCancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Highway Saint Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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247
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Abstract
This study demonstrates, for the first time, that loss of a single forkhead box class O (FoxO) transcription factor, can promote lymphomagenesis. Using two different mouse models, we show that FoxO3 has a significant tumour-suppressor function in the context of Myc-driven lymphomagenesis. Loss of FoxO3 significantly accelerated myeloid tumorigenesis in vavP-MYC10 transgenic mice and B lymphomagenesis in Eμ-myc transgenic mice. Tumour analysis indicated that the selective pressure for mutation of the p53 pathway during Eμ-myc lymphomagenesis was not altered. Frank tumours were preceded by elevated macrophage numbers in FoxO3(-/-) vavP-MYC10 mice but, surprisingly, pre-B-cell numbers were relatively normal in healthy young FoxO3(-/-)Eμ-myc mice. In vitro assays revealed enhanced survival capacity of Myc-driven cells lacking FoxO3, but no change in cell cycling was detected. The loss of FoxO3 may also be affecting other tumour-suppressive functions for which FoxO1/4 cannot fully compensate.
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248
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Kanzaki H, Shinohara F, Kanako I, Yamaguchi Y, Fukaya S, Miyamoto Y, Wada S, Nakamura Y. Molecular regulatory mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis through cytoprotective enzymes. Redox Biol 2016; 8:186-91. [PMID: 26795736 PMCID: PMC4732015 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, take part in osteoclast differentiation as intra-cellular signaling molecules. The current assumed signaling cascade from RANK to ROS production is RANK, TRAF6, Rac1, and then Nox. The target molecules of ROS in RANKL signaling remain unclear; however, several reports support the theory that NF-κB signaling could be the crucial downstream signaling molecule of RANKL-mediated ROS signaling. Furthermore, ROS exert cytotoxic effects such as peroxidation of lipids and phospholipids and oxidative damage to proteins and DNA. Therefore, cells have several protective mechanisms against oxidative stressors that mainly induce cytoprotective enzymes and ROS scavenging. Three well-known mechanisms regulate cytoprotective enzymes including Nrf2-, FOXO-, and sirtuin-dependent mechanisms. Several reports have indicated a crosslink between FOXO- and sirtuin-dependent regulatory mechanisms. The agonists against the regulatory mechanisms are reported to induce these cytoprotective enzymes successfully. Some of them inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone destruction via attenuation of intracellular ROS signaling. In this review article, we discuss the above topics and summarize the current information available on the relationship between cytoprotective enzymes and osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kanzaki
- Tohoku University Hospital, Maxillo-Oral Disorders, Japan; Department of orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Shinohara
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Oral Microbiology, Japan
| | - Itohiya Kanako
- Department of orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan
| | - Yuuki Yamaguchi
- Department of orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan
| | - Sari Fukaya
- Department of orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miyamoto
- Department of orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Department of orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakamura
- Department of orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan
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249
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Tsai JS, Chao CH, Lin LY. Cadmium Activates Multiple Signaling Pathways That Coordinately Stimulate Akt Activity to Enhance c-Myc mRNA Stability. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147011. [PMID: 26751215 PMCID: PMC4709241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a known environmental carcinogen. Exposure of Cd leads to the activation of several proto-oncogenes in cells. We investigated here the mechanism of c-Myc expression in hepatic cells under Cd treatment. The c-Myc protein and mRNA levels increased in dose- and time-dependent manners in HepG2 cells with Cd treatment. This increase was due to an increase in c-Myc mRNA stability. To explore the mechanism involved in enhancing the mRNA stability, several cellular signaling factors that evoked by Cd treatment were analyzed. PI3K, p38, ERK and JNK were activated by Cd. However, ERK did not participate in the Cd-induced c-Myc expression. Further analysis revealed that mTORC2 was a downstream factor of p38. PI3K, JNK and mTORC2 coordinately activated Akt. Akt was phosphorylated at Thr450 in the untreated cells. Cd treatment led to additional phosphorylation at Thr308 and Ser473. Blocking any of the three signaling factors resulted in the reduction of phosphorylation level at all three Akt sites. The activated Akt phosphorylated Foxo1 and allowed the modified protein to translocate into the cytoplasm. We conclude that Cd-induced accumulation of c-Myc requires the activation of several signaling pathways. The signals act coordinately for Akt activation and drive the Foxo1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Reduction of Foxo1 in the nucleus reduces the transcription of its target genes that may affect c-Myc mRNA stability, resulting in a higher accumulation of the c-Myc proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shiuan Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Han Chao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lih-Yuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
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250
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Shanaki M, Hossein-nezhad A, Meshkani R, Beigy M, Shirzad M, Pasalar P, Golmohammadi T. Effects of Resveratrol on Crosstalk between Canonical Β-Catenin/Wnt and FOXO Pathways in Coronary Artery Disease Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Case Control Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2016; 15:547-559. [PMID: 27980591 PMCID: PMC5149043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of resveratrol (RES) on Canonical β-catenin/Wnt and forkhead box O (FOXO) pathways in CAD patients. We performed this study on 10 metabolic syndrome patients with three-vessel CAD and 10 sex-aged matched healthy subjects. The effects of RES on β-Catenin, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-δ) expression were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of participants. RES could increase the MnSOD expression in CAD patients (38%, p < 0.0001). After RES treatment, the MnSOD expression of patients is still non-significantly lower than controls. In both blank and RES treatments, a significant positive correlation between β-catenin and MnSOD mRNA expressions was found in controls, whereas no correlation between these gene expressions was found in untreated PBMCs of CAD patients. However, RES could modestly improve this pathway in CAD. RES could increase the MnSOD activity in healthy and CAD subjects (p = 0.051 and p = 0.009, respectively). Furthermore, in both blank and RES treatments, the significant correlation was found between total β-catenin protein and the MnSOD activity in PBMCs of the controls but not in patients. The cross-talk between β-catenin/Wnt and FOXO pathways was impaired in PBMCs of CAD patients. RES treatment could lead to a modest increase in the MnSOD activity independent of β-catenin/FOXO pathway. Despite a modest improvement in the β-catenin/FOXO pathway after RES treatment, this pathway was not completely repaired in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Shanaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Hossein-nezhad
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,,Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA,
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maani Beigy
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Shirzad
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Tehran Heart Center ,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parvin Pasalar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Taghi Golmohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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