201
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Dwyer DS. Crossing the Worm-Brain Barrier by Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Explore Fundamentals of Human Psychiatric Illness. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2018; 3:170-179. [PMID: 29594136 DOI: 10.1159/000485423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endophenotypes and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) represent recent efforts to deconvolute psychiatric illnesses into fundamental symptom clusters or biological markers more closely linked to genetic influences. By taking this one step farther, these biomarkers can be reduced to protophenotypes - endophenotypes conserved during evolution - with counterparts in lower organisms including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. Striking conservation in C. elegans of genes that increase the risk for mental illness bolsters the relevance of this model system for psychiatric research. Here, I review the characterization of several protophenotypes that are relevant for asociality, avolition/anhedonia, prepulse inhibition, and anorexia. Interestingly, the analogous behavioral defects in C. elegans are also corrected by psychotropic drugs used to treat the corresponding symptoms in man and/or are mediated by the same neurotransmitters. Overall, there is much we can learn about the complex human brain by studying simpler nervous systems directing evolutionarily conserved behaviors. The potential for generating important new insights from model organisms appears limitless when we begin to recognize the vestiges of evolution in ourselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donard S Dwyer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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202
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Cardiovascular Risk Factors as Differential Predictors of Incident Atypical and Typical Major Depressive Disorder in US Adults. Psychosom Med 2018; 80:508-514. [PMID: 29595710 PMCID: PMC6023772 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and future cardiovascular disease (CVD) is established, less is known about the relationship between CVD risk factors and future depression, and no studies have examined MDD subtypes. Our objective was to determine whether hypertension, tobacco use, and body mass index (BMI) differentially predict atypical and typical MDD in a national sample of US adults. METHODS We examined prospective data from 22,915 adults with no depressive disorder history at baseline who participated in Wave 1 (2001-2002) and Wave 2 (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. CVD risk factors (Wave 1) and incident MDD subtypes (Wave 2) were determined by structured interviews. RESULTS There were 252 patients with atypical MDD and 991 patients with typical MDD. In fully adjusted models, baseline hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.43-0.76), former tobacco use (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.20-1.78), and BMI (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.25-1.40; all p < .001) predicted incident atypical MDD versus no MDD, whereas no CVD risk factor predicted incident typical MDD. Baseline hypertension (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.39-0.70), former tobacco use (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.22-1.93), and BMI (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.18-1.36; all p < .001) also predicted incident atypical MDD versus typical MDD. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to report that CVD risk factors differentially predict MDD subtypes, with hypertension (protective factor), former tobacco use (risk factor), and BMI (risk factor) being stronger predictors of incident atypical versus typical MDD. Such evidence could provide insights into the etiologies of MDD subtypes and inform interventions tailored to MDD subtype.
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203
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Jaworska N, de la Salle S, Ibrahim MH, Blier P, Knott V. Leveraging Machine Learning Approaches for Predicting Antidepressant Treatment Response Using Electroencephalography (EEG) and Clinical Data. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:768. [PMID: 30692945 PMCID: PMC6339954 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) vary in their response to antidepressants. However, identifying objective biomarkers, prior to or early in the course of treatment that can predict antidepressant efficacy, remains a challenge. Methods: Individuals with MDD participated in a 12-week antidepressant pharmacotherapy trial. Electroencephalographic (EEG) data was collected before and 1 week post-treatment initiation in 51 patients. Response status at week 12 was established with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), with a ≥50% decrease characterizing responders (N = 27/24 responders/non-responders). We used a machine learning (ML)-approach for predicting response status. We focused on Random Forests, though other ML methods were compared. First, we used a tree-based estimator to select a relatively small number of significant features from: (a) demographic/clinical data (age, sex, individual item/total MADRS scores at baseline, week 1, change scores); (b) scalp-level EEG power; (c) source-localized current density (via exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography [eLORETA] software). Second, we applied kernel principal component analysis to reduce and map important features. Third, a set of ML models were constructed to classify response outcome based on mapped features. For each dataset, predictive features were extracted, followed by a model of all predictive features, and finally by a model of the most predictive features. Results: Fifty eLORETA features were predictive of response (across bands, both time-points); alpha1/theta eLORETA features showed the highest predictive value. Eighty-eight scalp EEG features were predictive of response (across bands, both time-points), with theta/alpha2 being most predictive. Clinical/demographic data consisted of 31 features, with the most important being week 1 "concentration difficulty" scores. When all features were included into one model, its predictive utility was high (88% accuracy). When the most important features were extracted in the final model, 12 predictive features emerged (78% accuracy), including baseline scalp-EEG frontopolar theta, parietal alpha2 and frontopolar alpha1. Conclusions: These findings suggest that ML models of pre- and early treatment-emergent EEG profiles and clinical features can serve as tools for predicting antidepressant response. While this must be replicated using large independent samples, it lays the groundwork for research on personalized, "biomarker"-based treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Jaworska
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sara de la Salle
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Blier
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Verner Knott
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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204
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Slaney C, Hinchcliffe JK, Robinson ESJ. Translational Shifts in Preclinical Models of Depression: Implications for Biomarkers for Improved Treatments. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 40:169-193. [PMID: 29696602 PMCID: PMC7614182 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) remains one of the major challenges in neuroscience. The disease is heterogeneous in nature, and patients present with a varied symptom profile. Studies seeking to identify biomarkers for MDD diagnosis and treatment have not yet found any one candidate which achieves sufficient sensitivity and specificity. In this article, we consider whether neuropsychological impairments, specifically affective biases, could provide a behavioural biomarker. Affective biases are observed when emotional states influence cognitive function. These biases have been shown to influence a number of different cognitive domains with some specific deficits observed in MDD. It has also been possible to use these neuropsychological tests to inform the development of translational tasks for non-human species. The results from studies in rodents suggest that quantification of affective biases is feasible and may provide a reliable method to predict antidepressant efficacy as well as pro-depressant risk. Animal studies suggest that affective state-induced biases in learning and memory operate over a different time course to biases influencing decision-making. The implications for these differences in terms of task validity and future ideas relating to affective biases and MDD are discussed. We also describe our most recent studies which have shown that depression-like phenotypes share a common deficit in reward-related learning and memory which we refer to as a reward-induced positive bias. This deficit is dissociable from more typical measures of hedonic behaviour and motivation for reward and may represent an important and distinct form of reward deficit linked to MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Slaney
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Justyna K Hinchcliffe
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma S J Robinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK.
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205
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Günther V, Zimmer J, Kersting A, Hoffmann KT, Lobsien D, Suslow T. Automatic processing of emotional facial expressions as a function of social anhedonia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 270:46-53. [PMID: 29055240 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anhedonia is an important feature of major depression and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Few neuroimaging studies have investigated neural alterations in high anhedonia, isolated from other psychopathological variables, by including only participants without clinical diagnoses. The present study examined healthy individuals scoring high (N = 18) vs. low (N = 19) in social anhedonia, who were carefully selected from a sample of N = 282 participants. To examine differences in automatic brain responses to social-affective stimuli between high vs. low social anhedonia participants, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging. To assess early, automatic stages of emotion processing, we administered a paradigm presenting brief (33ms), backward-masked happy, sad, and neutral facial expressions. Individuals high in social anhedonia demonstrated increased activation in the bilateral thalamus and left red nucleus in response to masked sad faces relative to individuals low in social anhedonia. No significant group differences in brain activation emerged in other regions known to be involved in emotion and reward processing, including the amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Our results suggest that high social anhedonia in otherwise healthy individuals is associated with exaggerated automatic reactivity in the thalamus, which is a brain structure that has been implicated in the mediation of attentional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Günther
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliane Zimmer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Donald Lobsien
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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206
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Dagenhardt J, Trinh A, Sumner H, Scott J, Aamodt E, Dwyer DS. Insulin Signaling Deficiency Produces Immobility in Caenorhabditis elegans That Models Diminished Motivation States in Man and Responds to Antidepressants. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2017; 3:97-107. [PMID: 29230398 PMCID: PMC5701274 DOI: 10.1159/000478049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Defects in insulin signaling have been reported in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, which also share certain negative symptoms such as avolition, anhedonia, and apathy. These symptoms reflect diminished motivational states, which have been modeled in rodents as increased immobility in the forced swimming test. We have discovered that loss-of-function mutations in the insulin receptor (daf-2) and syntaxin (unc-64) genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, brief food deprivation, and exposure to DMSO produce immobility and avolition in non-dauer adults. The animals remain responsive to external stimuli; however, they fail to forage and will remain in place for >12 days or until they die. Their immobility can be prevented with drugs used to treat depression and schizophrenia and that reduce immobility in the forced swimming test. This includes amitriptyline, amoxapine, clozapine, and olanzapine, but not benzodiazepines and haloperidol. Recovery experiments confirm that immobility is induced and maintained by excessive signaling via serotonergic and muscarinic cholinergic pathways. The immobility response described here represents a potential protophenotype for avolition/anhedonia in man. This work may provide clues about why there is a significant increase in depression in patients with diabetes and suggest new therapeutic pathways for disorders featuring diminished motivation as a prominent symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dagenhardt
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Angeline Trinh
- Department of Psychiatry, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Halen Sumner
- Department of Centenary College, Shreveport, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jeffrey Scott
- Department of Centenary College, Shreveport, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Eric Aamodt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Donard S. Dwyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Los Angeles, USA
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207
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Electroconvulsive therapy regulates emotional memory bias of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257:296-302. [PMID: 28787655 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Emotional memory bias is considered to be an important base of the etiology of depression and can be reversed by antidepressants via enhancing the memory for positive stimuli. Another antidepressant treatment, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), has rapid antidepressant effect and frequently causes short-term memory impairment. However, it is unclear about the short-term effect of ECT on memory bias. In this study, the incidental memory task with emotional pictures were applied to evaluate the emotional memory of twenty depressed patients at pre- and post-ECT (three days after ECT) compared to twenty healthy controls. The depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Hamilton rating scale of depression (HRSD). Before ECT, patients showed decreased recognition memory for positive pictures compared to controls and remembered negative pictures more easily than positive pictures in the recognition task. In patients, the main effect of session (pre-ECT and post-ECT) was significant for both recognition and recall memory with reduced memory performance. The interaction between valence (positive, neutral and negative) and session was significant for recognition memory, indicating that negative memory was impaired more severely than positive memory. Our study indicates that ECT relieves depressive symptoms and regulates emotional memory through more severe impairment on memory for negative stimuli.
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208
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Waszczuk MA, Zimmerman M, Ruggero C, Li K, MacNamara A, Weinberg A, Hajcak G, Watson D, Kotov R. What do clinicians treat: Diagnoses or symptoms? The incremental validity of a symptom-based, dimensional characterization of emotional disorders in predicting medication prescription patterns. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 79:80-88. [PMID: 28495012 PMCID: PMC5643213 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although practice guidelines are based on disorders specified in diagnostic manuals, such as the DSM, practitioners appear to follow symptoms when making treatment decisions. Psychiatric medication is generally prescribed in a transdiagnostic manner, further highlighting how symptoms, not diagnoses, often guide clinical practice. A quantitative approach to nosology promises to provide better guidance as it describes psychopathology dimensionally and its organization reflects patterns of covariation among symptoms. AIM To investigate whether a quantitative classification of emotional disorders can account for naturalistic medication prescription patterns better than traditional diagnoses. METHODS Symptom dimensions and DSM diagnoses of emotional disorders, as well as prescribed medications, were assessed using interviews in a psychiatric outpatient sample (N=318, mean age 42.5years old, 59% female, 81% Caucasian). RESULTS Each diagnosis was associated with prescription of multiple medication classes, and most medications were associated with multiple disorders. This was largely due to heterogeneity of clinical diagnoses, with narrow, homogenous dimensions underpinning diagnoses showing different medication profiles. Symptom dimensions predicted medication prescription better than DSM diagnoses, irrespective of whether this was examined broadly across all conditions, or focused on a specific disorder and medication indicated for it. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric medication was prescribed in line with symptoms rather than DSM diagnoses. A quantitative approach to nosology may better reflect treatment planning and be a more effective guide to pharmacotherapy than traditional diagnoses. This adds to a diverse body of evidence about superiority of the quantitative system in practical applications and highlights its potential to improve psychiatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mark Zimmerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Camilo Ruggero
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kaiqiao Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Annmarie MacNamara
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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209
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Miskowiak KW, Svendsen AMB, Harmer CJ, Elliott R, Macoveanu J, Siebner HR, Kessing LV, Vinberg M. Differences in neural and cognitive response to emotional faces in middle-aged dizygotic twins at familial risk of depression. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2345-2357. [PMID: 28397623 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative bias and aberrant neural processing of emotional faces are trait-marks of depression but findings in healthy high-risk groups are conflicting. METHODS Healthy middle-aged dizygotic twins (N = 42) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): 22 twins had a co-twin history of depression (high-risk) and 20 were without co-twin history of depression (low-risk). During fMRI, participants viewed fearful and happy faces while performing a gender discrimination task. After the scan, they were given a faces dot-probe task, a facial expression recognition task and questionnaires assessing mood, personality traits and coping. RESULTS Unexpectedly, high-risk twins showed reduced fear vigilance and lower recognition of fear and happiness relative to low-risk twins. During face processing in the scanner, high-risk twins displayed distinct negative functional coupling between the amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex and pregenual anterior cingulate. This was accompanied by greater fear-specific fronto-temporal response and reduced fronto-occipital response to all emotional faces relative to baseline. The risk groups showed no differences in mood, subjective state or coping. CONCLUSIONS Less susceptibility to fearful faces and negative cortico-limbic coupling during emotional face processing may reflect neurocognitive compensatory mechanisms in middle-aged dizygotic twins who remain healthy despite their familial risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Miskowiak
- Copenhagen Affective Disorders Research Centre,Copenhagen Psychiatric Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital,Rigshospitalet,Denmark
| | - A M B Svendsen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorders Research Centre,Copenhagen Psychiatric Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital,Rigshospitalet,Denmark
| | - C J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Oxford,UK
| | - R Elliott
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester,UK
| | - J Macoveanu
- Copenhagen Affective Disorders Research Centre,Copenhagen Psychiatric Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital,Rigshospitalet,Denmark
| | - H R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre,Denmark
| | - L V Kessing
- Copenhagen Affective Disorders Research Centre,Copenhagen Psychiatric Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital,Rigshospitalet,Denmark
| | - M Vinberg
- Copenhagen Affective Disorders Research Centre,Copenhagen Psychiatric Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital,Rigshospitalet,Denmark
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210
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Peters AT, Jacobs RH, Crane NA, Ryan KA, Weisenbach SL, Ajilore O, Lamar M, Kassel MT, Gabriel LB, West AE, Zubieta JK, Langenecker SA. Domain-specific impairment in cognitive control among remitted youth with a history of major depression. Early Interv Psychiatry 2017; 11:383-392. [PMID: 26177674 PMCID: PMC4844809 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Impairment in neuropsychological functioning is common in major depressive disorder (MDD), but it is not clear to what degree these deficits are related to risk (e.g. trait), scar, burden or state effects of MDD. The objective of this study was to use neuropsychological measures, with factor scores in verbal fluency, processing speed, attention, set-shifting and cognitive control in a unique population of young, remitted, unmedicated, early course individuals with a history of MDD in hopes of identifying putative trait markers of MDD. METHODS Youth aged 18-23 in remission from MDD (rMDD; n = 62) and healthy controls (HC; n = 43) were assessed with neuropsychological tests at two time points. These were from four domains of executive functioning, consistent with previous literature as impaired in MDD: verbal fluency and processing speed, conceptual reasoning and set-shifting, processing speed with interference resolution, and cognitive control. RESULTS rMDD youth performed comparably to HCs on verbal fluency and processing speed, processing speed with interference resolution, and conceptual reasoning and set-shifting, reliably over time. Individuals with rMDD demonstrated relative decrements in cognitive control at Time 1, with greater stability than HC participants. CONCLUSION MDD may be characterized by regulatory difficulties that do not pertain specifically to active mood state or fluctuations in symptoms. Deficient cognitive control may represent a trait vulnerability or early course scar of MDD that may prove a viable target for secondary prevention or early remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Peters
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rachel H Jacobs
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Natania A Crane
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kelly A Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sara L Weisenbach
- Research & Development Program, The Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Olusola Ajilore
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michelle T Kassel
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Laura B Gabriel
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy E West
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott A Langenecker
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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211
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Tangen Ä, Borg J, Tiger M, Varnäs K, Sorjonen K, Lindefors N, Halldin C, Lundberg J. Associations between cognition and serotonin receptor 1B binding in patients with major depressive disorder - A pilot study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 267:15-21. [PMID: 28688337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ämma Tangen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jacqueline Borg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Tiger
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Varnäs
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kimmo Sorjonen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Divison of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Lindefors
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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212
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Kim JS, Jin MJ, Jung W, Hahn SW, Lee SH. Rumination as a Mediator between Childhood Trauma and Adulthood Depression/Anxiety in Non-clinical Participants. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1597. [PMID: 28993746 PMCID: PMC5622198 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Although there is strong evidence that childhood trauma is associated with the development of depression and anxiety, relatively few studies have explored potential mediating factors for this relationship. The present study aimed to evaluate the mediating role of rumination in the link between childhood trauma and mood status such as depression, anxiety and affective lability. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seven non-clinical participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Ruminative Response Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the State Anxiety Inventory, and the Affective Lability Scale. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the results. Results: Our results supported that rumination is a meaningful mediator between childhood trauma and depression/anxiety in non-clinical participants. The mediation model indicated that childhood trauma and its subtypes are linked to depression and anxiety through three subtypes of rumination, thereby supporting a significant indirect relationship (Standardized coefficient [SC] = 0.56, p < 0.001 for the path from trauma to rumination; SC = 0.67, p < 0.001, from rumination to mood). The direct relationship between childhood trauma and mood symptoms was also significant in a model including rumination (SC = 0.68, p < 0.001). The mediation effect of rumination in the relationship between childhood trauma and mood was more predominant in female participants. Conclusions: The present study found that rumination mediates the influence of childhood trauma on the development of mood symptoms in non-clinical participants. Childhood trauma appears to be a critical determinant for developing symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji S Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje UniversityGoyang, South Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University of College of MedicineChunan, South Korea
| | - Min J Jin
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje UniversityGoyang, South Korea.,Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Wookyoung Jung
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje UniversityGoyang, South Korea
| | - Sang W Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University of College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje UniversityGoyang, South Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik HospitalGoyang, South Korea
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Neural correlates of rumination in adolescents with remitted major depressive disorder and healthy controls. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:394-405. [PMID: 27921216 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to use fMRI to examine the neural correlates of engaging in rumination among a sample of remitted depressed adolescents, a population at high risk for future depressive relapse. A rumination induction task was used to assess differences in the patterns of neural activation during rumination versus a distraction condition among 26 adolescents in remission from major depressive disorder (rMDD) and in 15 healthy control adolescents. Self-report depression and rumination, as well as clinician-rated depression, were also assessed among all participants. All of the participants recruited regions in the default mode network (DMN), including the posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobe, and medial temporal gyrus, during rumination. Increased activation in these regions during rumination was correlated with increased self-report rumination and symptoms of depression across all participants. Adolescents with rMDD also exhibited greater activation in regions involved in visual, somatosensory, and emotion processing than did healthy peers. The present findings suggest that during ruminative thought, adolescents with rMDD are characterized by increased recruitment of regions within the DMN and in areas involved in visual, somatosensory, and emotion processing.
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214
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Park HS, Han A, Yeo HL, Park MJ, You MJ, Choi HJ, Hong CW, Lee SH, Kim SH, Kim B, Kwon MS. Chronic high dose of captopril induces depressive-like behaviors in mice: possible mechanism of regulatory T cell in depression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72528-72543. [PMID: 29069807 PMCID: PMC5641150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depression has various types of symptoms and disease courses with inconsistent response to monoamine-related antidepressants. Thus, monoamine theory may not be the only pathophysiologic pathway relevant to depression. Recently, it has been suggested that regulatory T cell (Treg) is associated with depression. Based on our previous study that showed decreased regulatory T cell (Treg) population following chronic high-dose captopril (CHC, 40 mg/kg/day * 21 days) administration, we examined whether CHC alone can induce depressive-like behaviors in mice even without stressful stimuli. In this study, we found that CHC induced depressive-like behaviors in tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) without systemic illness, while it did not induce anhedonic behavior, anxiety-like behaviors, or sociality-related behavior. The depressive-like behaviors were rescued by either CHC washout or antidepressant. CHC caused reduction in foxp3 and gata3 mRNA expression in the lymph nodes with elevation in plasma IL-1β and IL-6. Interestingly, CHC increased serum angiotensin II level. In the hippocampus, CHC increased TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression with microglia activation while reduced glucocorticoid receptor expression. However, CHC did not affect to hippocampal kynurenine pathway, serotonin level, hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA level, or serum corticosterone level. Consequently, we propose that CHC may induce a specific form of depressive-like behaviors via Treg reduction and microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Yeo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Cell Therapy Center and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung You
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Hong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Cell Therapy Center and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Borah Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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215
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The Lausanne-Geneva cohort study of offspring of parents with mood disorders: methodology, findings, current sample characteristics, and perspectives. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1041-1058. [PMID: 28396906 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies focusing on the offspring of affected parents utilize the well-established familial aggregation of mood disorders as a powerful tool for the identification of risk factors, early clinical manifestations, and prodromes of mood disorders in these offspring. The major goals of the Lausanne-Geneva mood cohort study are to: (1) assess the familial aggregation of bipolar and unipolar mood disorders; (2) prospectively identify risk factors for mood disorders as well as their early signs and prodromes; (3) identify their endophenotypes including cognitive features, alterations in brain structure, HPA-axis dysregulation, and abnormalities of the circadian rhythm of activity. METHODS Probands with bipolar disorders, major depressive disorder, and controls with at least one child aged from 4 to 17.9 years at study intake, their offspring, as well as their spouses are invited to take part in follow-up assessments at predetermined ages of the offspring. Direct semi-structured diagnostic interviews have been used for all participants. Probands, spouses, and adult offspring also undergo neurocognitive testing, anthropomorphic measures and biochemical exams, structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging, as well as objective assessments of physical activity using accelerometers in combination with ecological momentary assessments. RESULTS Currently, our study has up to seven follow-up assessments extending over a period of 20 years. There are 214 probands and 389 offspring with one direct interview before age 18 as well as a second assessment over follow-up. Data on 236 co-parents are also available from whom 55% have been directly interviewed. First publications support the specificity of the familial aggregation of BPD and the strong influence of an early onset of the parental BPD, which amplifies the risk of developing this disorder in offspring. CONCLUSIONS Information from clinical, biological, cognitive, and behavioral measures, based on contemporary knowledge, should further enhance our understanding of mood disorder psychopathology, its consequences, and underlying mechanisms.
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216
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Zaletel I, Filipović D, Puškaš N. Hippocampal BDNF in physiological conditions and social isolation. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:675-692. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExposure of an organism to chronic psychosocial stress may affect brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression that has been implicated in the etiology of psychiatric disorders, such as depression. Given that depression in humans has been linked with social stress, the chronic social stress paradigms for modeling psychiatric disorders in animals have thus been developed. Chronic social isolation in animal models generally causes changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, associated with anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Also, this chronic stress causes downregulation of BDNF protein and mRNA in the hippocampus, a stress-sensitive brain region closely related to the pathophysiology of depression. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the structure, function, intracellular signaling, inter-individual differences and epigenetic regulation of BDNF in both physiological conditions and depression and changes in corticosterone levels, as a marker of stress response. Since BDNF levels are age dependent in humans and rodents, this review will also highlight the effects of adolescent and adult chronic social isolation models of both genders on the BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zaletel
- Institute of Histology and Embryology “Aleksandar Ð. Kostić”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Filipović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences “Vinča”, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nela Puškaš
- Institute of Histology and Embryology “Aleksandar Ð. Kostić”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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217
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Genesis and Maintenance of Attentional Biases: The Role of the Locus Coeruleus-Noradrenaline System. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6817349. [PMID: 28808590 PMCID: PMC5541826 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6817349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotionally arousing events are typically better remembered than mundane ones, in part because emotionally relevant aspects of our environment are prioritized in attention. Such biased attentional tuning is itself the result of associative processes through which we learn affective and motivational relevance of cues. We propose that the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline (LC-NA) system plays an important role in the genesis of attentional biases through associative learning processes as well as their maintenance. We further propose that individual differences in and disruptions of the LC-NA system underlie the development of maladaptive biases linked to psychopathology. We provide support for the proposed role of the LC-NA system by first reviewing work on attentional biases in development and its link to psychopathology in relation to alterations and individual differences in NA availability. We focus on pharmacological manipulations to demonstrate the effect of a disrupted system as well as the ADRA2b polymorphism as a tool to investigate naturally occurring differences in NA availability. We next review associative learning processes that-modulated by the LC-NA system-result in such implicit attentional biases. Further, we demonstrate how NA may influence aversive and appetitive conditioning linked to anxiety disorders as well as addiction and depression.
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218
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Reconsidering depression as a risk factor for substance use disorder: Insights from rodent models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:303-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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219
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Dunlop BW, Rajendra JK, Craighead WE, Kelley ME, McGrath CL, Choi KS, Kinkead B, Nemeroff CB, Mayberg HS. Functional Connectivity of the Subcallosal Cingulate Cortex And Differential Outcomes to Treatment With Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy or Antidepressant Medication for Major Depressive Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:533-545. [PMID: 28335622 PMCID: PMC5453828 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article was to inform the first-line treatment choice between cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or an antidepressant medication for treatment-naive adults with major depressive disorder by defining a neuroimaging biomarker that differentially identifies the outcomes of remission and treatment failure to these interventions. METHOD Functional MRI resting-state functional connectivity analyses using a bilateral subcallosal cingulate cortex (SCC) seed was applied to 122 patients from the Prediction of Remission to Individual and Combined Treatments (PReDICT) study who completed 12 weeks of randomized treatment with CBT or antidepressant medication. Of the 122 participants, 58 achieved remission (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAM-D] score ≤7 at weeks 10 and 12), and 24 had treatment failure (<30% decrease from baseline in HAM-D score). A 2×2 analysis of variance using voxel-wise subsampling permutation tests compared the interaction of treatment and outcome. Receiver operating characteristic curves constructed using brain connectivity measures were used to determine possible classification rates for differential treatment outcomes. RESULTS The resting-state functional connectivity of the following three regions with the SCC was differentially associated with outcomes of remission and treatment failure to CBT and antidepressant medication and survived application of the subsample permutation tests: the left anterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex/insula, the dorsal midbrain, and the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Using the summed SCC functional connectivity scores for these three regions, overall classification rates of 72%-78% for remission and 75%-89% for treatment failure was demonstrated. Positive summed functional connectivity was associated with remission with CBT and treatment failure with medication, whereas negative summed functional connectivity scores were associated with remission to medication and treatment failure with CBT. CONCLUSIONS Imaging-based depression subtypes defined using resting-state functional connectivity differentially identified an individual's probability of remission or treatment failure with first-line treatment options for major depression. This biomarker should be explored in future research through prospective testing and as a component of multivariate treatment prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boadie W. Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Justin K. Rajendra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - W. Edward Craighead
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary E. Kelley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Callie L. McGrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Ki Sueng Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Becky Kinkead
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helen S. Mayberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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220
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Anacker C, Hen R. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive flexibility - linking memory and mood. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:335-346. [PMID: 28469276 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in cognitive processes, such as pattern separation, and in the behavioural effects of stress and antidepressants. Young adult-born neurons have been shown to inhibit the overall activity of the dentate gyrus by recruiting local interneurons, which may result in sparse contextual representations and improved pattern separation. We propose that neurogenesis-mediated inhibition also reduces memory interference and enables reversal learning both in neutral situations and in emotionally charged ones. Such improved cognitive flexibility may in turn help to decrease anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Anacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York 10032, New York, USA
| | - René Hen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York 10032, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, Kolb Annex, 40 Haven Ave, New York 10032, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York 10032, New York, USA
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221
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Slattery DA, Cryan JF. Modelling depression in animals: at the interface of reward and stress pathways. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1451-1465. [PMID: 28224183 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite substantial research efforts the aetiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) remains poorly understood, which is due in part to the heterogeneity of the disorder and the complexity of designing appropriate animal models. However, in the last few decades, a focus on the development of novel stress-based paradigms and a focus on using hedonic/anhedonic behaviour have led to renewed optimism in the use of animal models to assess aspects of MDD. OBJECTIVES Therefore, in this review article, dedicated to Athina Markou, we summarise the use of stress-based animal models for studying MDD in rodents and how reward-related readouts can be used to validate/assess the model and/or treatment. RESULTS We reveal the use and limitations of chronic stress paradigms, which we split into non-social (i.e. chronic mild stress), social (i.e. chronic social defeat) and drug-withdrawal paradigms for studying MDD and detail numerous reward-related readouts that are employed in preclinical research. Finally, we finish with a section regarding important factors to consider when using animal models. CONCLUSIONS One of the most consistent findings following chronic stress exposure in rodents is a disruption of the brain reward system, which can be easily assessed using sucrose, social interaction, food, drug of abuse or intracranial self-stimulation as a readout. Probing the underlying causes of such alterations is providing a greater understanding of the potential systems and processes that are disrupted in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Slattery
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - J F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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222
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Becker A, Ehret AM, Kirsch P. From the neurobiological basis of comorbid alcohol dependence and depression to psychological treatment strategies: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:153. [PMID: 28454522 PMCID: PMC5410069 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder and depression occur commonly in the community. Even though this high-prevalence comorbidity is associated with poorer posttreatment outcomes and greater utilization of costly treatment services, existing treatment trials often exclude patients with comorbid depressive and alcohol use disorders. Past research suggests that symptoms such as craving and anhedonia might be associated with alterations within the reward circuit, while emotion regulation deficits are related to disruptions within the default mode network. The aim of this clinical neuroimaging study is to transfer previous research about the reward circuit and default mode network underlying alcohol use disorder and depression to achieve a better understanding of neural signatures characterizing their comorbidity. In addition, the neurobiological results will be used to test whether two psychotherapeutic intervention programs, mindfulness-based training and behavioral activation training, are able to positively influence the identified pathomechanisms. METHODS By means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 60 comorbid alcohol dependent and depressed patients are compared to 30 patients with depression only, 30 patients with alcohol use disorder only and 30 healthy control participants. Comorbid patients are randomized to either receive a behavioral activation or mindfulness based training and asked to participate in a second fMRI session and 3 month follow-up assessment. Thereby, we plan to explore whether these brief group psychotherapeutic intervention programs are able to positively influence the identified neurobiological pathomechanisms. The primary outcomes are reward and default mode network activity and connectivity evoked by paradigms measuring different facets of reward and emotion processing. Secondary outcome measures include craving and depression scores, as well as relapse rates. Predictors include participants' characteristics, personality traits and indicators of mental health. DISCUSSION The objective of the project is to identify common and/or distinct neural signatures underlying the comorbidity of alcohol dependence and depression. If the neurobiological understanding of alcohol addiction and depression is improved, this could potentially serve as a key predictor of treatment response to specific types of behavioral or mindfulness therapies hypothesized to alter reward and resting state systems. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trial Register DRKS00010249 . The trial was registered January 23th 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Becker
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Anna M. Ehret
- 0000 0001 2190 4373grid.7700.0Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- 0000 0001 2190 4373grid.7700.0Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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223
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Tambelli R, Cerniglia L, Cimino S, Ballarotto G, Paciello M, Lubrano C, Marchitelli S, Gnessi L, Lenzi A. An Exploratory Study on the Influence of Psychopathological Risk and Impulsivity on BMI and Perceived Quality of Life in Obese Patients. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050431. [PMID: 28445437 PMCID: PMC5452161 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the psychological profiles of adult male and female obese patients, as well as to verify the possible influence of their psychopathological risk and impulsivity on their body mass index (BMI) and perceived quality of life. A total of 64 obese subjects accessing a center for care of their obesity were assessed through anthropometric and psychometric measurements. All anthropometric measures in men were higher than in women, while in turn, women showed higher psychopathological symptoms. Furthermore, the symptoms of somatization and psychoticism were predictors for a higher BMI in men, but there was no effect of psychopathological symptoms on the perceived quality of life (QoL) of male subjects. Moreover, in women, somatization and attentional impulsivity were predictors for a higher BMI, whereas no correlation was found between their psychopathological risk and perceived QoL. The results of regression analysis underlined that somatization is a “core” psychopathological symptom in obese subjects regardless of their sex, which is a potential predictor for a higher BMI. The psychological difficulties of the subjects had no effect on their perceived QoL, suggesting that they find it difficult to reflect on the impact that obesity has on their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Tambelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Cerniglia
- Faculty of Psychology, International Telematic University UNINETTUNO, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Cimino
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ballarotto
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marinella Paciello
- Faculty of Psychology, International Telematic University UNINETTUNO, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carla Lubrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine-Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Serena Marchitelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine-Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Department of Experimental Medicine-Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine-Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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224
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Gunduz-Bruce H, Kenney J, Changlani S, Peixoto A, Gueorguieva R, Leone C, Stachenfeld N. A translational approach for NMDA receptor profiling as a vulnerability biomarker for depression and schizophrenia. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:587-597. [PMID: 28294453 DOI: 10.1113/ep086212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can the change in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration (P[AVP] ) in response to osmotic stimulation (POsm ) serve as a biomarker for NMDA receptor signalling in schizophrenia and depression and thereby distinguish between these mental illnesses? What is the main finding and its importance? In response to hyperosmotic challenge, depressed subjects showed increased P[AVP] response compared with healthy control and schizophrenic subjects. However, schizophrenic subjects were not different from healthy control subjects in this small sample. The 'P[AVP] response to POsm ' is a suitable biomarker to distinguish depressed versus schizophrenic patients when used with psychiatric screening. This is the first objective physiological measure for schizophrenia or depression. Altered NMDA receptor activity and glutamate signalling might underlie the pathogenesis of both schizophrenia and depression in subgroups of patients. In schizophrenia, pharmacological modelling, post-mortem and imaging data suggest reduced NMDA signalling. In contrast, recent clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of the NMDA antagonist ketamine in severely depressed patients suggest increased NMDA receptor signalling. We conducted a proof-of-concept study to assess whether there is any in vivo evidence for an inverse association in depression and schizophrenia with respect to the NMDA receptor function. For this purpose, we used a translational approach, based on findings from animal studies that NMDA receptor is a key mediator of arginine vasopressin (AVP) release into the bloodstream. Using hypertonic saline to increase plasma osmolality (POsm ) and thereby induce AVP release, as done in animal studies, we found that in depressed patients the NMDA receptor-mediated AVP release induced by hypertonic saline infusion was significantly increased [0.24 (0.15) pg ml-1 mosmol-1 , P < 0.05] compared with schizophrenia patients [0.07 (0.07) pg ml-1 mosmol-1 ]. Slopes for healthy control subjects were 0.11 (0.09) pg ml-1 mosmol-1 which was less than the depressed group. These findings are consistent with implicated NMDA receptor-related abnormalities in depression and schizophrenia in subgroups of patients and provide the first in vivo evidence of this dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Gunduz-Bruce
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,VA Medical Center, Psychiatry Service 116A, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, USA.,Current affiliation: Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Kenney
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,VA Medical Center, Psychiatry Service 116A, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Suravi Changlani
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,VA Medical Center, Psychiatry Service 116A, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aldo Peixoto
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cheryl Leone
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nina Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Canale V, Partyka A, Kurczab R, Krawczyk M, Kos T, Satała G, Kubica B, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Wesołowska A, Bojarski AJ, Popik P, Zajdel P. Novel 5-HT 7R antagonists, arylsulfonamide derivatives of (aryloxy)propyl piperidines: Add-on effect to the antidepressant activity of SSRI and DRI, and pro-cognitive profile. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2789-2799. [PMID: 28391970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of arylsulfonamide derivatives of (aryloxy)propyl piperidines was designed to obtain potent 5-HT7R antagonists. Among the compounds evaluated herein, 3-chloro-N-{1-[3-(1,1-biphenyl-2-yloxy)2-hydroxypropyl]piperidin-4-yl}benzenesulfonamide (25) exhibited antagonistic properties at 5-HT7R and showed selectivity over selected serotoninergic and dopaminergic receptors, as well as over serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine transporters. Compound 25 demonstrated significant antidepressant-like activity in the forced swim test (0.625-2.5mg/kg, i.p.) and in the tail suspension test (1.25mg/kg, i.p.), augmented the antidepressant effect of inactive doses of escitalopram (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and bupropion (dopamine reuptake inhibitor) in the FST in mice, and similarly to SB-269970, exerted pro-cognitive properties in the novel object recognition task in cognitively unimpaired conditions in rats (0.3mg/kg, i.p.). Such an extended pharmacological profile, especially the augmentation effect of the identified 5-HT7R antagonist on SSRI activity, seems promising regarding the complexity of affective disorders and potentially improved outcomes, including mnemonic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Canale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Kurczab
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Krawczyk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kos
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Kubica
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jastrzębska-Więsek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Michałowskiego Street, 31-126 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Zajdel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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226
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Walsh E, Carl H, Eisenlohr-Moul T, Minkel J, Crowther A, Moore T, Gibbs D, Petty C, Bizzell J, Smoski MJ, Dichter GS. Attenuation of Frontostriatal Connectivity During Reward Processing Predicts Response to Psychotherapy in Major Depressive Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:831-843. [PMID: 27585739 PMCID: PMC5312060 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are few reliable predictors of response to antidepressant treatments. In the present investigation, we examined pretreatment functional brain connectivity during reward processing as a potential predictor of response to Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression (BATD), a validated psychotherapy that promotes engagement with rewarding stimuli and reduces avoidance behaviors. Thirty-three outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 20 matched controls completed two runs of the monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging after which participants with MDD received up to 15 sessions of BATD. Seed-based generalized psychophysiological interaction analyses focused on task-based connectivity across task runs, as well as the attenuation of connectivity from the first to the second run of the task. The average change in Beck Depression Inventory-II scores due to treatment was 10.54 points, a clinically meaningful response. Groups differed in seed-based functional connectivity among multiple frontostriatal regions. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that improved treatment response to BATD was predicted by greater connectivity between the left putamen and paracingulate gyrus during reward anticipation. In addition, MDD participants with greater attenuation of connectivity between several frontostriatal seeds, and midline subcallosal cortex and left paracingulate gyrus demonstrated improved response to BATD. These findings indicate that pretreatment frontostriatal functional connectivity during reward processing is predictive of response to a psychotherapy modality that promotes improving approach-related behaviors in MDD. Furthermore, connectivity attenuation among reward-processing regions may be a particularly powerful endophenotypic predictor of response to BATD in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Walsh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Program on Integrative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Carl
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tory Eisenlohr-Moul
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jared Minkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Crowther
- UNC Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tyler Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Devin Gibbs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chris Petty
- Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Josh Bizzell
- Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Moria J Smoski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gabriel S Dichter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,UNC Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB 7155, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7155, USA, Tel: +1 919 445 0132, Fax: + 1 919 966 4520, E-mail:
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227
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Rzepa E, Fisk J, McCabe C. Blunted neural response to anticipation, effort and consummation of reward and aversion in adolescents with depression symptomatology. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:303-311. [PMID: 28093022 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116681416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural reward function has been proposed as a possible biomarker for depression. However, how the neural response to reward and aversion might differ in young adolescents with current symptoms of depression is as yet unclear. Thirty-three adolescents were recruited, 17 scoring low on the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (low risk group) and 16 scoring high (high risk group). Our functional magnetic resonance imaging task measured; anticipation (pleasant/unpleasant cue), effort (achieve a pleasant taste or avoid an unpleasant taste) and consummation (pleasant/unpleasant tastes) in regions of interest; ventral medial prefrontal cortex, pregenual cingulate cortex, the insula and ventral striatum. We also examined whole brain group differences. In the regions of interest analysis we found reduced activity in the high risk group in the pregenual cingulate cortex during anticipation and reduced pregenual cingulate cortex and ventral medial prefrontal cortex during effort and consummation. In the whole brain analysis we also found reduced activity in the high risk group in the prefrontal cortex and the precuneus during anticipation. We found reduced activity in the hippocampus during the effort phase and in the anterior cingulate/frontal pole during consummation in the high risk group. Increased anhedonia measures correlated with decreased pregenual cingulate cortex activity during consummation in the high risk group only. Our results are the first to show that adolescents with depression symptoms have blunted neural responses during the anticipation, effort and consummation of rewarding and aversive stimuli. This study suggests that interventions in young people at risk of depression, that can reverse blunted responses, might be beneficial as preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Rzepa
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Jennifer Fisk
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Ciara McCabe
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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228
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McLaren ME, Szymkowicz SM, O'Shea A, Woods AJ, Anton SD, Dotson VM. Vertex-wise examination of depressive symptom dimensions and brain volumes in older adults. Psychiatry Res 2017; 260:70-75. [PMID: 28039796 PMCID: PMC5272855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Differences in brain volumes have commonly been reported in older adults with both subthreshold and major depression. Few studies have examined the association between specific symptom dimensions of depression and brain volumes. This study used vertex-wise analyses to examine the association between specific symptom dimensions of depression and brain volumes in older adults with subthreshold levels of depressive symptoms. Forty-three community-dwelling adults between the ages of 55 and 81 years underwent a structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan and completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Vertex-wise analyses were conducted using Freesurfer Imaging Suite to examine the relationship between CES-D subscale scores and gray matter volumes while controlling for sex, age, and education. We found distinct associations between depressed mood, somatic symptoms, and lack of positive affect subscales with regional volumes, including primarily positive relationships in temporal regions and a negative association with the lingual gyrus. The relationship between higher depressed mood subscale scores and larger volumes in the left inferior temporal lobe withstood Monte-Carlo correction for multiple comparisons. Results from this preliminary study highlight the importance of examining depression on a symptom dimension level and identify brain regions that may be important in larger studies of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E McLaren
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32610-0165, USA
| | - Sarah M Szymkowicz
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32610-0165, USA
| | - Andrew O'Shea
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32610-0165, USA; Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32610-0165, USA; Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, PO Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stephen D Anton
- Department of Aging & Geriartric Research, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vonetta M Dotson
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32610-0165, USA; Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, PO Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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229
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Coplan JD, Gopinath S, Abdallah CG, Margolis J, Chen W, Scharf BA, Rosenblum LA, Batuman OA, Smith ELP. Effects of Acute Confinement Stress-induced Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Activation and Concomitant Peripheral and Central Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Measures in Nonhuman Primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1. [PMID: 28393139 PMCID: PMC5381663 DOI: 10.1177/2470547016688693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and neuroprotective properties. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system exert bidirectional influences on each other, via cortisol and TGF-β1, but the exact nature of the interaction is not well characterized. The current study examined the effects, in bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata), of two consecutive acute confinement stress periods in an unfamiliar room while mildly restrained, first without and then with dexamethasone pretreatment (0.01 mg/kg intramuscular). Preceding the confinement studies, a non-stress control condition obtained contemporaneous levels of cortisol and TGF-β1 in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid to match the confinement stress studies. Subjects were reared under either normative or variable foraging demand conditions. Since there were no rearing effects at baseline or for any of the conditions tested—either for cortisol or TGF-β—the study analyses were conducted on the combined rearing groups. The stress condition increased both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid cortisol levels whereas dexamethasone pretreatment decreased cortisol concentrations to below baseline levels despite stress. The stress condition decreased TGF-β1 concentrations only in cerebrospinal fluid but not in serum. Together, the data suggested that stress-induced reductions of a centrally active neuroprotective cytokine occur in the face of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, potentially facilitating glucocortoid-induced neurotoxicity. Stress-induced reductions of neuroprotective cytokines prompt exploration of protective measures against glucocorticoid-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Srinath Gopinath
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chadi G Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Bruce A Scharf
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Leonard A Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Olcay A Batuman
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Eric L P Smith
- Division of hematology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Broioklyn, NY, USA
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230
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Leal SL, Noche JA, Murray EA, Yassa MA. Disruption of amygdala-entorhinal-hippocampal network in late-life depression. Hippocampus 2017; 27:464-476. [PMID: 28085210 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory deficits are evident in late-life depression (LLD) and are associated with subtle synaptic and neurochemical changes in the medial temporal lobes (MTL). However, the particular mechanisms by which memory impairment occurs in LLD are currently unknown. We tested older adults with (DS+) and without (DS-) depressive symptoms using high-resolution fMRI that is capable of discerning signals in hippocampal subfields and amygdala nuclei. Scanning was conducted during performance of an emotional discrimination task used previously to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and amygdala-mediated emotional modulation of hippocampal pattern separation in young adults. We found that hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG)/CA3 activity was reduced during correct discrimination of negative stimuli and increased during correct discrimination of neutral items in DS+ compared to DS- adults. The extent of the latter increase was correlated with symptom severity. Furthermore, DG/CA3 and basolateral amygdala (BLA) activity predicted discrimination performance on negative trials, a relationship that depended on symptom severity. The impact of the BLA on depressive symptom severity was mediated by the DG/CA3 during discrimination of neutral items, and by the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) during false recognition of positive items. These results shed light on a novel mechanistic account for amygdala-hippocampal network changes and concurrent alterations in emotional episodic memory in LLD. The BLA-LEC-DG/CA3 network, which comprises a key pathway by which emotion modulates memory, is specifically implicated in LLD. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Leal
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Jessica A Noche
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Elizabeth A Murray
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
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231
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Qiao-Tasserit E, Garcia Quesada M, Antico L, Bavelier D, Vuilleumier P, Pichon S. Transient emotional events and individual affective traits affect emotion recognition in a perceptual decision-making task. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171375. [PMID: 28151976 PMCID: PMC5289590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Both affective states and personality traits shape how we perceive the social world and interpret emotions. The literature on affective priming has mostly focused on brief influences of emotional stimuli and emotional states on perceptual and cognitive processes. Yet this approach does not fully capture more dynamic processes at the root of emotional states, with such states lingering beyond the duration of the inducing external stimuli. Our goal was to put in perspective three different types of affective states (induced affective states, more sustained mood states and affective traits such as depression and anxiety) and investigate how they may interact and influence emotion perception. Here, we hypothesized that absorption into positive and negative emotional episodes generate sustained affective states that outlast the episode period and bias the interpretation of facial expressions in a perceptual decision-making task. We also investigated how such effects are influenced by more sustained mood states and by individual affect traits (depression and anxiety) and whether they interact. Transient emotional states were induced using movie-clips, after which participants performed a forced-choice emotion classification task with morphed facial expressions ranging from fear to happiness. Using a psychometric approach, we show that negative (vs. neutral) clips increased participants' propensity to classify ambiguous faces as fearful during several minutes. In contrast, positive movies biased classification toward happiness only for those clips perceived as most absorbing. Negative mood, anxiety and depression had a stronger effect than transient states and increased the propensity to classify ambiguous faces as fearful. These results provide the first evidence that absorption and different temporal dimensions of emotions have a significant effect on how we perceive facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Qiao-Tasserit
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Garcia Quesada
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lia Antico
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daphne Bavelier
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Swann Pichon
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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232
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Wang L, Li X, Li K, Su Y, Zeng Y, Zhang Q, Wang G, Jin Z, Kong Q, Si T. Mapping the effect of escitalopram treatment on amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in patients with depression: a resting-state fMRI study. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:147-154. [PMID: 27524655 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressant medications represent the most common treatment option for major depressive disorder (MDD), but the neuro-psychological mechanisms by which antidepressants act to improve depressive symptoms remain under-specified. We designed this study to assess the effects of escitalopram treatment on spontaneous brain activity of MDD patients using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty first-episode drug-naive MDD patients received resting-state fMRI scans before and after 8 weeks of treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - escitalopram. Twenty age- and gender-matched healthy controls were also scanned twice with an 8-week interval. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) was used to characterize the spontaneous brain activity. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to determine treatment-related changes in fALFF. The symptoms were significantly improved in MDD patients after treatment. We observed significant group-by-time interaction on fALFF in the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the right middle frontal gyrus, and the left putamen. Post-hoc analyses showed that the fALFF values in these regions were significantly higher in the MDD patients compared to healthy controls at baseline and were reduced after treatment. The findings suggest that abnormalities in the brain areas involved in emotional processing and regulation could be normalized by effective antidepressant treatment with escitalopram in the MDD patients and free of a task situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health), and the Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xueni Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health), and the Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Radiology, 306 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yunai Su
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health), and the Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yawei Zeng
- Department of Radiology, 306 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Qinge Zhang
- Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Department of Radiology, 306 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Qingmei Kong
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health), and the Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Division, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Tianmei Si
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health), and the Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Division, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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233
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Cléry-Melin ML, Gorwood P. A simple attention test in the acute phase of a major depressive episode is predictive of later functional remission. Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:159-170. [PMID: 27781337 DOI: 10.1002/da.22575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional recovery after a major depressive episode (MDE) requires both clinical remission and preservation of cognitive skills. As attentional deficit may persist after remission, leading to functional impairment, its role as a prognosis marker needs to be considered. METHODS Five hundred eight depressed outpatients (DSM-IV) were assessed at baseline for clinical symptoms (QIDS-SR), social functioning (Sheehan Disability Scale, SDS) and attention through the d2 test of attention and the trail making test, simple tests, respectively, requiring to quote or to interconnect relevant items. All patients were treated by agomelatine, and examined 6 to 8 weeks after baseline to assess clinical remission (QIDS-SR ≤ 5) and/or functional remission (SDS ≤ 6). RESULTS At follow up, 154 patients (31%) were in clinical and functional remission. Shorter cumulative duration of prior depression, shorter present MDE, and two parameters of the d2 test of attention were predictive of such positive outcome, the number of omission mistakes (F1) being the only one still significantly predictive (P < .05) with a multivariate approach. F1 was unchanged after remission, patients with less than 11 mistakes had a 2.27 times increased chance to reach full remission, and a dose-response relationship was observed, with a regular increase of positive outcome for less mistakes. CONCLUSIONS The number of omission mistakes (F1) of the d2 test of attention was a stable marker, being predictive of, and with a dose-effect for, clinical plus functional remission. It may constitute a specific marker of attentional deficit, involved in the resilience process that enables individuals to develop more adequate strategies to cope with everyday functional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Cléry-Melin
- CMME (Groupe Hospitalier Sainte-Anne), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM U894, Centre of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- CMME (Groupe Hospitalier Sainte-Anne), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM U894, Centre of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
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234
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Navrady LB, Ritchie SJ, Chan SWY, Kerr DM, Adams MJ, Hawkins EH, Porteous D, Deary IJ, Gale CR, Batty GD, McIntosh AM. Intelligence and neuroticism in relation to depression and psychological distress: Evidence from two large population cohorts. Eur Psychiatry 2017; 43:58-65. [PMID: 28365468 PMCID: PMC5486156 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroticism is a risk factor for selected mental and physical illnesses and is inversely associated with intelligence. Intelligence appears to interact with neuroticism and mitigate its detrimental effects on physical health and mortality. However, the inter-relationships of neuroticism and intelligence for major depressive disorder (MDD) and psychological distress has not been well examined. Methods Associations and interactions between neuroticism and general intelligence (g) on MDD, self-reported depression, and psychological distress were examined in two population-based cohorts: Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS, n = 19,200) and UK Biobank (n = 90,529). The Eysenck Personality Scale Short Form-Revised measured neuroticism and g was extracted from multiple cognitive ability tests in each cohort. Family structure was adjusted for in GS:SFHS. Results Neuroticism was strongly associated with increased risk for depression and higher psychological distress in both samples. Although intelligence conferred no consistent independent effects on depression, it did increase the risk for depression across samples once neuroticism was adjusted for. Results suggest that higher intelligence may ameliorate the association between neuroticism and self-reported depression although no significant interaction was found for clinical MDD. Intelligence was inversely associated with psychological distress across cohorts. A small interaction was found across samples such that lower psychological distress associates with higher intelligence and lower neuroticism, although effect sizes were small. Conclusions From two large cohort studies, our findings suggest intelligence acts a protective factor in mitigating the effects of neuroticism on psychological distress. Intelligence does not confer protection against diagnosis of depression in those high in neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Navrady
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK.
| | - S J Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - S W Y Chan
- Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Medical Quad, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - D M Kerr
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow, G12 0XH, UK
| | - M J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - E H Hawkins
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - D Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK; Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - C R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - G D Batty
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Generation Scotland, Centre for Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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235
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The 52 symptoms of major depression: Lack of content overlap among seven common depression scales. J Affect Disord 2017; 208:191-197. [PMID: 27792962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression severity is assessed in numerous research disciplines, ranging from the social sciences to genetics, and used as a dependent variable, predictor, covariate, or to enroll participants. The routine practice is to assess depression severity with one particular depression scale, and draw conclusions about depression in general, relying on the assumption that scales are interchangeable measures of depression. The present paper investigates to which degree 7 common depression scales differ in their item content and generalizability. METHODS A content analysis is carried out to determine symptom overlap among the 7 scales via the Jaccard index (0=no overlap, 1=full overlap). Per scale, rates of idiosyncratic symptoms, and rates of specific vs. compound symptoms, are computed. RESULTS The 7 instruments encompass 52 disparate symptoms. Mean overlap among all scales is low (0.36), mean overlap of each scale with all others ranges from 0.27 to 0.40, overlap among individual scales from 0.26 to 0.61. Symptoms feature across a mean of 3 scales, 40% of the symptoms appear in only a single scale, 12% across all instruments. Scales differ regarding their rates of idiosyncratic symptoms (0-33%) and compound symptoms (22-90%). LIMITATIONS Future studies analyzing more and different scales will be required to obtain a better estimate of the number of depression symptoms; the present content analysis was carried out conservatively and likely underestimates heterogeneity across the 7 scales. CONCLUSION The substantial heterogeneity of the depressive syndrome and low overlap among scales may lead to research results idiosyncratic to particular scales used, posing a threat to the replicability and generalizability of depression research. Implications and future research opportunities are discussed.
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236
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Vilgis V. Can Affective Neuroscience Predict Who Will Develop Depression? BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:7-8. [PMID: 29560888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vilgis
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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237
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Moraitis AG, Block T, Nguyen D, Belanoff JK. The role of glucocorticoid receptors in metabolic syndrome and psychiatric illness. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:114-120. [PMID: 27002803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are involved in a large number of the physiological changes associated with metabolic syndrome and certain psychiatric illness. Although significance is often given to the concentration of GC, its biological action is determined by the activation of intracellular GC receptors (GR). Genetic polymorphisms of the GR and the large array of GR related cofactors can directly or indirectly affect the pathophysiology and evolution of these conditions. This review will discuss the effects of GR mutations on metabolic syndrome and psychotic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaddeus Block
- Corcept Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Dat Nguyen
- Corcept Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Joseph K Belanoff
- Corcept Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
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238
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Kroes RA, Nilsson CL. Towards the Molecular Foundations of Glutamatergic-targeted Antidepressants. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:35-46. [PMID: 26955966 PMCID: PMC5327457 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160309114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression affects over 120 million individuals of all ages and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. The lack of objective diagnostic criteria, together with the heterogeneity of the depressive disorder itself, makes it challenging to develop effective therapies. The accumulation of preclinical data over the past 20 years derived from a multitude of models using many divergent approaches, has fueled the resurgence of interest in targeting glutamatergic neurotransmission for the treatment of major depression. OBJECTIVE The emergence of mechanistic studies are advancing our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of depression. While clearly far from complete and conclusive, they offer the potential to lead to the rational design of more specific therapeutic strategies and the development of safer and more effective rapid acting, long lasting antidepressants. METHODS The development of comprehensive omics-based approaches to the dysregulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity that underlies the core pathophysiology of MDD are reviewed to illustrate the fundamental elements. RESULTS This review frames the rationale for the conceptualization of depression as a "pathway disease". As such, it culminates in the call for the development of novel state-of-the-art "-omics approaches" and neurosystems biological techniques necessary to advance our understanding of spatiotemporal interactions associated with targeting glutamatergic-triggered signaling in the CNS. CONCLUSION These technologies will enable the development of novel psychiatric medications specifically targeted to impact specific, critical intracellular networks in a more focused manner and have the potential to offer new dimensions in the area of translational neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. Kroes
- Naurex, Inc., 1801 Maple Street, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Carol L. Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1074, United States
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239
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Benca CE, Derringer JL, Corley RP, Young SE, Keller MC, Hewitt JK, Friedman NP. Predicting Cognitive Executive Functioning with Polygenic Risk Scores for Psychiatric Disorders. Behav Genet 2017; 47:11-24. [PMID: 27743041 PMCID: PMC5225028 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) have been proposed as an endophenotype for psychopathology because EF deficits are associated with most psychiatric disorders. To examine this hypothesis, we derived polygenic risk scores for autism, attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depression (MDD), and schizophrenia, using genome-wide data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium as discovery samples. We then examined the relationships between these polygenic risk scores and three separable EF components measured with a latent variable model. We also examined the relationship between genetic risk for ADHD and MDD and their respective symptom counts and lifetime diagnoses. We found no evidence for larger effect sizes for EFs as endophenotypes for psychiatric disorders. However, larger sample sizes will be important in examining this relationship further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie E Benca
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Jaime L Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Susan E Young
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Rigas P, Leontiadis LJ, Tsakanikas P, Skaliora I. Spontaneous Neuronal Network Persistent Activity in the Neocortex: A(n) (Endo)phenotype of Brain (Patho)physiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 988:235-247. [PMID: 28971403 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56246-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal synaptic homeostasis in the cerebral cortex represents a risk factor for both psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, from autism and schizophrenia to Alzheimer's disease. Neurons via synapses form recurrent networks that are intrinsically active in the form of oscillating activity, visible at increasingly macroscopic neurophysiological levels: from single cell recordings to the local field potentials (LFPs) to the clinically relevant electroencephalography (EEG). Understanding in animal models the defects at the level of neural circuits is important in order to link molecular and cellular phenotypes with behavioral phenotypes of neurodevelopmental and/or neurodegenerative brain disorders. In this study we introduce the novel idea that recurring persistent network activity (Up states) in the neocortex at the reduced level of the brain slice may be used as an endophenotype of brain disorders that will help us understand not only how local microcircuits of the cortex may be affected in brain diseases, but also when, since an important issue for the design of successful treatment strategies concerns the time window available for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Rigas
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efessiou 4, Athens, 11527, Greece.
| | - Leonidas J Leontiadis
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efessiou 4, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsakanikas
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efessiou 4, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Irini Skaliora
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efessiou 4, Athens, 11527, Greece
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241
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Cook JW, Baker TB, Beckham JC, McFall M. Smoking-induced affect modulation in nonwithdrawn smokers with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and in those with no psychiatric disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 126:184-198. [PMID: 28004948 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This research sought to determine whether smoking influences affect by means other than withdrawal reduction. Little previous evidence suggests such an effect. We surmised that such an effect would be especially apparent in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), 2 disorders that are frequently comorbid with smoking and that involve dysregulated affect. Participants were U.S. veterans who were regular smokers (N = 159): 52 with PTSD (58% with comorbid MDD), 51 with MDD, and 56 controls with no psychiatric disorder. During 3 positive and 3 negative mood induction trials (scheduled over 2 sessions), nonwithdrawn participants smoked either a nicotine-containing cigarette (NIC+), a nicotine-free cigarette (NIC-), or held a pen. Positive and negative affect were each measured before and after mood induction. Results showed a significant 2-way interaction of Smoking Condition × Time on negative affect during the negative mood induction (F(6, 576) = 2.41, p = .03) in those with PTSD and controls. In these groups, both NIC+ and NIC-, relative to pen, produced lower negative affect ratings after the negative mood induction. There was also a 2-way interaction of Smoking Condition × Time on positive affect response to the positive mood induction among those with PTSD and controls (F(6, 564) = 3.17, p = .005) and among MDD and controls (F(6, 564) = 2.27, p = .036). Among all smokers, NIC+ enhanced the magnitude and duration of positive affect more than did NIC-. Results revealed affect modulation outside the context of withdrawal relief; such effects may motivate smoking among those with psychiatric diagnoses, and among smokers in general. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Cook
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Timothy B Baker
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | | | - Miles McFall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine and Public Health
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242
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Hankin BL, Badanes LS, Smolen A, Young JF. Cortisol reactivity to stress among youth: stability over time and genetic variants for stress sensitivity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 124:54-67. [PMID: 25688432 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress sensitivity may be one process that can explain why some genetically at-risk individuals are more susceptible to some types of stress-reactive psychopathologies. Dysregulation of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis, including cortisol reactivity to challenge, represents a key aspect of stress sensitivity. However, the degree of stability over time among youth, especially differential stability as a function of particular genetic variants, has not been investigated. A general community sample of children and adolescents (mean age = 11.4; 56% girls) provided a DNA sample and completed 2 separate laboratory stress challenges, across an 18-month follow-up (N = 224 at Time 1; N = 194 at Time 2), with repeated measures of salivary cortisol. Results showed that test-retest stability for several indices of cortisol reactivity across the laboratory challenge visits were significant and of moderate magnitude for the whole sample. Moreover, gene variants of several biologically plausible systems relevant for stress sensitivity (especially 5-HTTLPR and CRHR1) demonstrated differential stability of cortisol reactivity over 18-months, such that carriers of genotypes conferring enhanced environmental susceptibility exhibited greater stability of cortisol levels over time for some LHPA axis indices. Findings suggest that LHPA axis dysregulation may exhibit some trait-like aspects underlying stress sensitivity in youth, especially for those who carry genes related to greater genetic susceptibility to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa S Badanes
- Department of Psychology, Metropolitan State University of Denver
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243
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Chevallier C, Tonge N, Safra L, Kahn D, Kohls G, Miller J, Schultz RT. Measuring Social Motivation Using Signal Detection and Reward Responsiveness. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167024. [PMID: 27907025 PMCID: PMC5132309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent trends in psychiatry have emphasized the need for a shift from categorical to dimensional approaches. Of critical importance to this transformation is the availability of tools to objectively quantify behaviors dimensionally. The present study focuses on social motivation, a dimension of behavior that is central to a range of psychiatric conditions but for which a particularly small number of assays currently exist. Methods In Study 1 (N = 48), healthy adults completed a monetary reward task and a social reward task, followed by completion of the Chapman Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales. In Study 2 (N = 26), an independent sample was recruited to assess the robustness of Study 1’s findings. Results The reward tasks were analyzed using signal detection theory to quantify how much reward cues bias participants’ responses. In both Study 1 and Study 2, social anhedonia scores were negatively correlated with change in response bias in the social reward task but not in the monetary reward task. A median split on social anhedonia scores confirmed that participants with high social anhedonia showed less change in response bias in the social reward task compared to participants with low social anhedonia. Conclusions This study confirms that social anhedonia selectively affects how much an individual changes their behavior based on the presence of socially rewarding cues and establishes a tool to quantify social reward responsiveness dimensionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Chevallier
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, ENS-PSL, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Natasha Tonge
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lou Safra
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, ENS-PSL, Paris, France
| | - David Kahn
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Gregor Kohls
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Miller
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Sica C, Bottesi G, Caudek C, Orsucci A, Ghisi M. "Not Just Right Experiences" as a psychological endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from an Italian family study. Psychiatry Res 2016; 245:27-35. [PMID: 27526314 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The heart of the obsessional process may be considered the subject's underlying impression that "something is wrong" or "that something is not just as it should be". This phenomenon, labeled "not just right experiences" (NJREs), has increasingly been receiving attention as a possible marker of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The present study sought to add to the evidence that NJREs may be a putative endophenotype of obsessional symptoms. To this aim, measures of NJREs, obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms and psychological distress were compared in offspring of parents with and without OC symptoms. The offspring of parents with OC symptoms (N=120) reported higher frequency and severity of NJREs compared to offspring of parents without OC symptoms (N=106). Such differences remained significant for NJREs frequency and close to significance for NJREs severity, when general distress (i.e., anxiety and depression) was controlled. The possible role of NJREs as an endophenotype for OCD is discussed in reference to Gottesman and Gould criteria and the National Institute of Mental Health RDoC initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Sica
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy.
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Corrado Caudek
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
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245
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Sharpley CF, Hussain R, Wark SG, Bitsika V, McEvoy MA, Attia JR. Prevalence of depressed mood versus anhedonia in older persons: implications for clinical practice. ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21507686.2016.1249382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafat Hussain
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Stuart G. Wark
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Vicki Bitsika
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Mark A. McEvoy
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - John R. Attia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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246
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Surget A, Van Nieuwenhuijzen PS, Heinzmann JM, Knapman A, McIlwrick S, Westphal WP, Touma C, Belzung C. Antidepressant treatment differentially affects the phenotype of high and low stress reactive mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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247
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Levinthal DJ. The Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Threshold: A Framework for Understanding Pathogenesis and Predicting Successful Treatments. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e198. [PMID: 27787513 PMCID: PMC5288589 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is an uncommon, idiopathic disorder defined by recurrent, sudden-onset attacks of repetitive retching and vomiting that are separated by symptom-free intervals. CVS was long regarded as a disorder primarily experienced by children but is now known to present de novo in adulthood. Adult CVS has garnered more research attention over the past 20 years, and these efforts have identified some acute and prophylactic treatments for this disorder. However, CVS still lacks a unifying disease model, and this has hindered the development of new therapies. Here adult CVS is reframed as a neurogenic disorder, driven by various endophenotypic factors that shape patterns of activity within the neural circuits required for disease expression. The concept of the "CVS threshold" is put forth in parallel with exploring the remarkable similarity of adult CVS with features of chronic migraine, epilepsy, and panic disorder. Because of such shared neural mechanisms and overlapping endophenotypes, many therapies that have been developed for these other disorders could also be useful in managing CVS. This review seeks to achieve three primary aims: (1) to develop a comprehensive, explanatory framework for adult CVS pathogenesis, (2) to use this framework for identifying potentially novel therapies for CVS, and (3) to describe future research directions that are needed to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Levinthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
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248
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Kala M, Shaikh MV, Nivsarkar M. Development and optimization of psychological stress model in mice using 2 level full factorial design. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 82:54-61. [PMID: 27506311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychological stress has long been a silent killer, impairing normal physiological functions and leading to a variety of diseased conditions. However, the existing animal models for studying psychological stress have been marred by their inherent limitations warranting further research in their development and optimization. METHODS In this study 25 full factorial design was utilized for the development and optimization of psychological stress model in mice by applying different stressors viz., slanted cage(X1), restraint(X2), no bedding(X3), dirty bedding(X4) and isolation(X5) at two time duration levels of 30 and 60min. The development of behavioral changes like depression, anxiety and anhedonia was taken as criteria for development of stress. These responses were analyzed using Design Expert 7.1.6. (Stat-Ease, Inc., USA). The maximum effective responses obtained were taken as a criterion for optimization. The optimized model was applied to measure the change in serum cortisol level to confirm the stress development. RESULTS The statistical data showed that a quadratic model was fitted to the data obtained. All the factors were found to have a significant role in the development of stress among which restraint, slanted cage and dirty bedding were found to be more causal (p<0.05). Serum cortisol level was increased significantly in the stressed mice of optimized model (p<0.05). DISCUSSION Utilizing the magnitude of responses from the quadratic equations, it can be concluded that slanted cage, restraint and dirty bedding stressors should be applied for longer duration than other stressors for psychological stress development in mice. The study could lay a strong platform for the use of quality by design approach in the development of robust, efficient and resourceful animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manika Kala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India; Faculty of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Gota, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Muhammad Vaseem Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India; Faculty of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Gota, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Manish Nivsarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India.
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Shinoda Y, Tagashira H, Bhuiyan MS, Hasegawa H, Kanai H, Zhang C, Han F, Fukunaga K. Corticosteroids Mediate Heart Failure-Induced Depression through Reduced σ1-Receptor Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163992. [PMID: 27741227 PMCID: PMC5065174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are risk factors for depression in humans. We recently proposed that σ1 receptor (σ1R) stimulation rescued cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice. Importantly, σ1R stimulation reportedly ameliorates depression-like behaviors in rodents. Thus, we hypothesized that impaired σ1R activity in brain triggers depression-like behaviors in animals with cardiovascular disease. Indeed, here we found that cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure induced by TAC were associated with depression-like behaviors concomitant with downregulation of σ1R expression in brain 6 weeks after surgery. σ1R levels significantly decreased in astrocytes in both the hippocampal CA1 region and dentate gyrus. Oral administration of the specific σ1R agonist SA4503 (0.3-1.0mg/kg) significantly improved TAC-induced depression-like behaviors concomitant with rescued astrocytic σ1R expression in CA1 and the dentate gyrus. Plasma corticosterone levels significantly increased 6 weeks after TAC, and chronic treatment of mice with corticosterone for 3 weeks elicited depression-like behaviors concomitant with reduced astrocytic σ1R expression in hippocampus. Furthermore, the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone antagonized depressive-like behaviors and ameliorated decreased hippocampal σ1R expression in TAC mice. We conclude that elevated corticosterone levels trigger hippocampal σ1R downregulation and that σ1R stimulation with SA4503 is an attractive therapy to improve not only cardiac dysfunction but depression-like behaviors associated with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Shinoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tagashira
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Md. Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, United States of America
| | - Hideyuki Hasegawa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kanai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 31005, P. R. China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 31005, P. R. China
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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McCabe C. Neural signals of 'intensity' but not 'wanting' or 'liking' of rewards may be trait markers for depression. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:1020-7. [PMID: 27296275 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116653079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that participants 'at risk' of depression have decreased neural processing of reward suggesting this might be a neural biomarker for depression. However, how the neural signal related to subjective experiences of reward (wanting, liking, intensity) might differ as trait markers for depression is as yet unknown. Using SPM8 parametric modulation analysis the neural signal related to the subjective report of wanting, liking and intensity was compared between 25 young people with a biological parent with depression (FH) and 25 age/gender matched controls. In a second study the neural signal related to the subjective report of wanting, liking and intensity was compared between 13 unmedicated recovered depressed (RD) patients and 14 healthy age/gender matched controls. The analysis revealed differences in the neural signal for wanting, liking and intensity ratings in the ventral striatum, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and caudate respectively in the RD group compared with controls. Despite no differences in the FH group's neural signal for wanting and liking there was a difference in the neural signal for intensity ratings in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula compared with controls. These results suggest that the neural substrates tracking the intensity but not the wanting or liking for rewards and punishers might be a trait marker for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara McCabe
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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